1.
KENZ (FM)
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KENZ is a top 40/CHR radio station broadcasting to Salt Lake City, Utah and the surrounding areas. The station is licensed to Provo and it is owned and operated by Cumulus Media. The stations studios are located in South Salt Lake and its site is located on Lake Mountain. The station and frequency was previously owned and operated by Millcreek Broadcasting, in early summer 2008, the station was acquired by Citadel Broadcasting. Millcreek Broadcasting moved The Blaze to a new frequency, KZZQ97.5 FM, as a result of the purchase of 94.9, Citadel divested KKAT-FM to Wasatch Radio, LLC as Trustee due to ownership limitations. Citadel did not acquire the property rights to maintain the former station slogan The Blaze. Starting in 1981, the station was known as KLRZ, while with those call letters, the station carried an adult contemporary format, which later flipped to CHR as KBNG. As KTOU the station carried a new age format, the format lasted a few years before the station became KZHT, and the format changed to rock. The station, as KZHT, was popular among teens along the Wasatch Front, KZHT moved up the dial to 97.1 FM in 2004 and maintained the top 40 format, while KHTB became an active rock station which became known better as The Blaze. The reason for the move was based on signal. The 94.9 transmitter is located on Lake Mountain south of Salt Lake, the station was quite popular through most of its run and then in August 2008, Citadel acquired the frequency and The Blaze moved to 97.5 which was then the defunct KOAY. KHTB then became known as 94.9 Z-Rock, a rock station going up against KXRK. Sister station KBER moved to rock at the same time. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16,2011, on September 2,2013, KHTB shifted to an alternative rock format, branded as ALT94.9. On September 4,2015,94.9 began simulcasting on KENZ as part of a format transfer,94.9 and 101.9 simulcasted for the weekend, while directing listeners to the latter frequency. On September 8,2015, at 5 PM, KHTB ended the simulcast with KENZ and switched to a hip hop format. On September 23,2015, KHTB and KENZ swapped call letters, on January 25,2017, at 4 p. m. KENZ flipped to Top 40/CHR, branded as Power 94.9. The flip brings the format back to the 94.9 frequency for the first time in 13 years, Query the FCCs FM station database for KENZ Radio-Locator information on KENZ Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KENZ
2.
Ogden, Utah
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Ogden /ˈɒɡdɛn/ is a city and the county seat of Weber County, Utah, United States, approximately 10 miles east of the Great Salt Lake and 40 miles north of Salt Lake City. The population was 84,316 in 2014, according to the US Census Bureau, the city served as a major railway hub through much of its history, and still handles a great deal of freight rail traffic which makes it a convenient location for manufacturing and commerce. Ogden is also known for its historic buildings, proximity to the Wasatch Mountains. Ogden is a city of the Ogden–Clearfield, Utah Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Weber, Morgan, Davis. The 2010 Census placed the Metro population at 597,159, in 2010, Forbes rated the Ogden-Clearfield MSA as the 6th best place to raise a family. Ogden has had a Sister City relationship to Hof since 1954, originally named Fort Buenaventura, the city of Ogden was the first permanent settlement by people of European descent in the region that is now Utah. It was established by the trapper Miles Goodyear in 1846 about a mile west of where downtown Ogden is currently located, in November 1847, Fort Buenaventura was purchased by the Mormon settlers for $1,950. There is some confusion in which Ogden was the first to set foot in the Utah city, peters older brother Samuel Ogden traveled though the western United States on an exploration trip in 1818. The site of the original Fort Buenaventura is now a Weber County park, Ogden is the closest sizable city to the Golden Spike location at Promontory Summit, Utah, where the First Transcontinental Railroad was joined in 1869. Railroad passengers traveling west to San Francisco from the eastern United States typically passed through Ogden, in 1972, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints completed construction of and dedicated the Ogden Utah Temple in Ogden. The temple was built to serve the large LDS population in the area, in 2010, the LDS Church announced a major renovation of the Ogden Temple and the adjacent Tabernacle. The Temple was rededicated in 2014, because Ogden has historically been the second largest city in Utah, it is home to a large number of historic buildings. However, by the 1980s, several Salt Lake City suburbs, the Defense Depot Ogden Utah operated in Ogden from 1941 to 1997. Some of its 1,128 acres has since converted into a commercial and industrial park called the Business Depot Ogden. Ogden is located at 41°13′11″N 111°58′16″W, at the foot of the Wasatch Mountains, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 26.6 square miles, all land. Elevations in the city range from about 4,300 to 5,200 feet above sea level, the Ogden and Weber Rivers, which originate in the mountains to the east, flow through the city and meet at a confluence just west of the city limits. Pineview Dam is located in the Ogden River Canyon 7 miles east of Ogden, the reservoir behind the dam provides over 110,000 acre feet of water storage and water recreation for the area. Prominent mountain peaks near Ogden include Mount Ogden to the east, Ogden experiences a dry summer continental climate
3.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
4.
North Ogden, Utah
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North Ogden is a city in Weber County, Utah, United States. The population was 17,357 at the 2010 census, North Ogden is on SR-235, three miles north of Ogden. It is a suburb of that city and is part of the Ogden –Clearfield, North Ogden was originally settled during the winter of 1850 by two sets of cattle ranchers from Ogden. The Campbells and the Riddles had been warned by Brigham Young not to venture from the fort in Ogden due to the troubles with the local Shoshone, after a few months wintering their cattle, they were forced to return to Ogden in fear of Shoshone reprisals. The following year, after the trouble with the Shoshone had been partially settled, one important early industry in the mid to late 19th century was the sugar beet industry, and a processing and canning plant was built in the town for this. The owner of the plant during its operation was David Ephriam Randall. North Ogden also built a spur from the Union Pacific Station in Ogden, large fruit orchards were developed and their harvest became an economic staple for the community, with the establishment of the North Ogden Fruit Exchange in 1924. This became the regions first fruit cooperative, using the railroad to sell fruit on the interstate market, in the 1930s, increasing demand for water led the city to officially incorporate on February 1,1934. David Gilbert Randall was elected the first mayor and he served in this position for ten years. That same decade saw the creation of the Cherry Days celebration on July 4, as North Ogden grew after World War II, it became a primary suburb for Ogden and other larger cities. Its industries flagged, and most agricultural areas began to be parcelled out for homes, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 6.5 square miles, all of it land. North Ogden is situated at the base of Ben Lomond Peak, as of the census of 2010, there were 17,357 people,5,569 households, and 4,633 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,310.4 people per square mile, there were 5,799 housing units at an average density of 701.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 94. 3% White,0. 5% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,1. 8% from other races, and 1. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 4% of the population,14. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 5. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.40 and the family size was 3.68. In the city, the population was out with 31. 4% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,24. 5% from 25 to 44,24. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 32.9 years, for every 100 females there were 101.2 males
5.
Provo, Utah
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Provo /ˈproʊvoʊ/ is the third-largest city in the U. S. state of Utah, located 43 miles south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. Provo is the largest city and county seat of Utah County and it lies between the cities of Orem to the north and Springville to the south. With a population at the 2010 census of 112,488, Provo is the city in the Provo-Orem metropolitan area. It is the third-largest metropolitan area in Utah after Salt Lake City, the city is the location of Brigham Young University, a private higher education institution, which is operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Provo also has the largest Missionary Training Center for the LDS Church, the city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion dollar startups operating in Provo. Provo was the city in the United States to work with Google Fiber. The citys Peaks Ice Arena was a venue for the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics in 2002, Sundance Resort is located 13 miles northeast at Provo Canyon. In 2015, Provo was cited among the Best Small And Medium-Size Cities For Jobs, and Utah County, in 2013, Forbes ranked Provo the No.2 city on its list of Best Places for Business and Careers. Provo was ranked first for community optimism, first for volunteerism and its metropolitan area was projected to have the greatest population increase in the 2010 United States Census. The area was originally called Timpanogots and was inhabited by the Timpanogos and it was the largest and most settled area in modern-day Utah. The ample food from the Provo River made the Timpanogos a peaceful people, the area also served as the traditional meeting place for the Ute and Shoshone tribes and as a spot to worship their creator. Father Silvestre Velez de Escalante, a Spanish Franciscan missionary-explorer, is considered the first European explorer to have visited the area and he was guided by two Timpanogos Utes, whom he called Silvestre and Joaquin. Escalante chronicled this first European exploration across the Great Basin desert, the Europeans did not build a permanent settlement, but traded with the Timpanogos whom they called Lagunas or Come Pescado. In 1847, the Mormon Pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, at first, they were friendly with the Mormons. But, as relations deteriorated with the Shoshoni and Utes because of land claims and stealing of livestock by the Indians, tensions rose. Because of the stolen goods of settlers by the Utes, Brigham Young gave a small militia orders to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future. ”This ended in what is known as the Battle Creek Massacre, in modern-day Pleasant Grove. The Mormons continued pushing into Timpanog lands, in 1849,33 Mormon families from Salt Lake City established Fort Utah. In 1850, Brigham Young sent an army from Salt Lake to drive out the Timpanogos in what is called the Provo War, the ruthlessness of the Mormon invaders angered the Timpanog, which contributed to the Walker War and Black Hawk War
6.
Slogan
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The Oxford Dictionary of English defines a slogan as a short and striking or memorable phrase used in advertising. A slogan usually has the attributes of being memorable, very concise and these attributes are necessary in a slogan, as it is only a short phrase. Therefore, it is necessary for slogans to be memorable, as well as concise in what the organisation or brand is trying to say, the word slogan is derived from slogorn which was an Anglicisation of the Scottish Gaelic and Irish sluagh-ghairm. Slogans vary from the written and the visual to the chanted and their simple rhetorical nature usually leaves little room for detail and a chanted slogan may serve more as social expression of unified purpose than as communication to an intended audience. George E. Shankels research states that, English-speaking people began using the term by 1704, the term at that time meant the distinctive note, phrase or cry of any person or body of persons. Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the Middle Ages, crimmins research suggests that brands are an extremely valuable corporate asset, and can make up a lot of a businesss total value. With this in mind, if we take into consideration Kellers research and these include, name, logo and slogan. Brands names and logos both can be changed by the way the receiver interprets them, therefore, the slogan has a large job in portraying the brand. Therefore, the slogan should create a sense of likability in order for the name to be likable. Dass, Kumar, Kohli, & Thomas research suggests there are certain factors that make up the likability of a slogan. The clarity of the message the brand is trying to encode within the slogan, the slogan emphasizes the benefit of the product or service it is portraying. The creativity of a slogan is another factor that had an effect on the likability of a slogan. Lastly, leaving the name out of the slogan will have a positive effect on the likability of the brand itself. The original usage refers to the usage as a clan motto among Highland clans, marketing slogans are often called taglines in the United States or straplines in the United Kingdom. Europeans use the terms baselines, signatures, claims or pay-offs, sloganeering is a mostly derogatory term for activity which degrades discourse to the level of slogans. Slogans are used to convey a message about the product, service or cause that it is representing and it can have a musical tone to it or written as a song. Slogans are often used to capture the attention of the audience it is trying to reach, if the slogan is used for commercial purposes, often it is written to be memorable/catchy in order for a consumer to associate the slogan with the product it is representing. A slogan is part of the aspect that helps create an image for the product
7.
Frequency
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Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. It is also referred to as frequency, which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, for example, if a newborn babys heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second. Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as vibrations, audio signals, radio waves. For cyclical processes, such as rotation, oscillations, or waves, in physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics, acoustics, and radio, frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by the Greek letter ν or ν. For a simple motion, the relation between the frequency and the period T is given by f =1 T. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz, named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a previous name for this unit was cycles per second. The SI unit for period is the second, a traditional unit of measure used with rotating mechanical devices is revolutions per minute, abbreviated r/min or rpm. As a matter of convenience, longer and slower waves, such as ocean surface waves, short and fast waves, like audio and radio, are usually described by their frequency instead of period. Spatial frequency is analogous to temporal frequency, but the axis is replaced by one or more spatial displacement axes. Y = sin = sin d θ d x = k Wavenumber, in the case of more than one spatial dimension, wavenumber is a vector quantity. For periodic waves in nondispersive media, frequency has a relationship to the wavelength. Even in dispersive media, the frequency f of a wave is equal to the phase velocity v of the wave divided by the wavelength λ of the wave. In the special case of electromagnetic waves moving through a vacuum, then v = c, where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, and this expression becomes, f = c λ. When waves from a monochrome source travel from one medium to another, their remains the same—only their wavelength. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency is, the latter method introduces a random error into the count of between zero and one count, so on average half a count. This is called gating error and causes an error in the calculated frequency of Δf = 1/, or a fractional error of Δf / f = 1/ where Tm is the timing interval. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small, an older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating objects is to use a stroboscope
8.
Hertz
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The hertz is the unit of frequency in the International System of Units and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in SI multiples kilohertz, megahertz, gigahertz, kilo means thousand, mega meaning million, giga meaning billion and tera for trillion. Some of the units most common uses are in the description of waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio-. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers, the hertz is equivalent to cycles per second, i. e. 1/second or s −1. In English, hertz is also used as the plural form, as an SI unit, Hz can be prefixed, commonly used multiples are kHz, MHz, GHz and THz. One hertz simply means one cycle per second,100 Hz means one hundred cycles per second, and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, the rate of aperiodic or stochastic events occur is expressed in reciprocal second or inverse second in general or, the specific case of radioactive decay, becquerels. Whereas 1 Hz is 1 cycle per second,1 Bq is 1 aperiodic radionuclide event per second, the conversion between a frequency f measured in hertz and an angular velocity ω measured in radians per second is ω =2 π f and f = ω2 π. This SI unit is named after Heinrich Hertz, as with every International System of Units unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case. Note that degree Celsius conforms to this rule because the d is lowercase. — Based on The International System of Units, the hertz is named after the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, who made important scientific contributions to the study of electromagnetism. The name was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1930, the term cycles per second was largely replaced by hertz by the 1970s. One hobby magazine, Electronics Illustrated, declared their intention to stick with the traditional kc. Mc. etc. units, sound is a traveling longitudinal wave which is an oscillation of pressure. Humans perceive frequency of waves as pitch. Each musical note corresponds to a frequency which can be measured in hertz. An infants ear is able to perceive frequencies ranging from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz, the range of ultrasound, infrasound and other physical vibrations such as molecular and atomic vibrations extends from a few femtoHz into the terahertz range and beyond. Electromagnetic radiation is described by its frequency—the number of oscillations of the perpendicular electric and magnetic fields per second—expressed in hertz. Radio frequency radiation is measured in kilohertz, megahertz, or gigahertz
9.
Alternative rock
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Alternative rock is a genre of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1980s and became widely popular in the 1990s and 2000s. In this instance, the word refers to the genres distinction from mainstream rock music. The terms original meaning was broader, referring to a generation of musicians unified by their debt to either the musical style or simply the independent. Ethos of punk rock, which in the late 1970s laid the groundwork for alternative music, Alternative rock is a broad umbrella term consisting of music that differs greatly in terms of its sound, its social context, and its regional roots. Most of these subgenres had achieved minor mainstream notice and a few bands representing them, such as Hüsker Dü, with the breakthrough of Nirvana and the popularity of the grunge and Britpop movements in the 1990s, alternative rock entered the musical mainstream and many alternative bands became successful. By the end of the decade, alternative rocks mainstream prominence declined due to a number of events that caused grunge and Britpop to fade, emo attracted attention in the larger alternative rock world, and the term was applied to a variety of artists, including multi-platinum acts. Post-punk revival artists such as Modest Mouse and The Killers had commercial success in the early, before the term alternative rock came into common usage around 1990, the sort of music to which it refers was known by a variety of terms. In 1979, Terry Tolkin used the term Alternative Music to describe the groups he was writing about, in 1979 Dallas radio station KZEW had a late night new wave show entitled Rock and Roll Alternative. College rock was used in the United States to describe the music during the 1980s due to its links to the radio circuit. In the United Kingdom, dozens of small do it yourself record labels emerged as a result of the punk subculture, according to the founder of one of these labels, Cherry Red, NME and Sounds magazines published charts based on small record stores called Alternative Charts. The first national chart based on distribution called the Indie Chart was published in January 1980, at the time, the term indie was used literally to describe independently distributed records. By 1985, indie had come to mean a particular genre, or group of subgenres, at first the term referred to intentionally non–mainstream rock acts that were not influenced by heavy metal ballads, rarefied new wave and high-energy dance anthems. The use of alternative gained further exposure due to the success of Lollapalooza, for which festival founder, in the late 1990s, the definition again became more specific. Defining music as alternative is often difficult because of two conflicting applications of the word, the name alternative rock essentially serves as an umbrella term for underground music that has emerged in the wake of punk rock since the mid-1980s. Alternative bands during the 1980s generally played in clubs, recorded for indie labels. Sounds range from the gloomy soundscapes of gothic rock to the guitars of indie pop to the dirty guitars of grunge to the 1960s/1970s revivalism of Britpop. This approach to lyrics developed as a reflection of the social and economic strains in the United States and United Kingdom of the 1980s, by 1984, a majority of groups signed to independent record labels mined from a variety of rock and particularly 1960s rock influences. This represented a break from the futuristic, hyper-rational post-punk years
10.
Effective radiated power
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Effective radiated power, synonymous with equivalent radiated power, is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency power transmitted from a theoretical half-wave dipole antenna. It is differentiated from effective isotropic radiated power mainly by use of antenna gain instead of absolute gain in the calculation. The term antenna gain is assumed to be absolute unless specifically stated to be relative, the gain is then multiplied by the power actually accepted by the antenna to result in the actual ERP value. Power losses which occur prior to the antenna, e. g. in the line or from inefficiency in the generator itself are therefore not included in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Antenna gain is closely related to directivity and often used interchangeably. However, gain is less than directivity by a factor called radiation efficiency. Whereas directivity is entirely a function of wavelength and the geometry and type of antenna, specifically, accelerating charge causes electromagnetic radiation per Maxwells equations. Therefore, antennas use a current distribution on radiating elements to generate electromagnetic energy that propagates away from the antenna and this coupling is never 100% efficient, and therefore antenna gain will always be less than directivity by this efficiency factor. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference, maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole is a constant, i. e.0 dBd =2.15 dBi. Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP, the ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator, and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. Unfortunately, the distinction between dBd and dBi is often left unstated and the reader is forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi-Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at intervals to create better energy focusing than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dBd, obviously this ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi-Uda antennas maximum directivity is 8.77 dBd =10.92 dBi and its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, let us assume a 100 Watt transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to the antenna. ERP <22. 77dBW and EIRP <24. 92dBW, polarization has not been taken into account so far, but properly it must be. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that the antenna is circularly polarized
11.
Height above average terrain
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Height above average terrain is a measure of how high an antenna site is above the surrounding landscape. HAAT is used extensively in FM radio and television, as it is more important than effective radiated power in determining the range of broadcasts. Stations that want to increase above a certain HAAT must reduce their power accordingly, the entire radial graph could be rotated to achieve the best effect for the station. The altitude of the site, minus the average altitude of all the specified points, was the HAAT. This can create some unusual cases, particularly in mountainous regions—it is possible to have a number for HAAT. The FCC has divided the Contiguous United States into three zones for the determination of spacing between FM and TV stations using the same frequencies, FM and TV stations are assigned maximum ERP and HAAT values, depending on their assigned zones, to prevent co-channel interference. The FCC regulations for ERP and HAAT are listed under Title 47, Maximum HAAT,150 meters Maximum ERP,50 kW Minimum co-channel separation,241 km Maximum HAAT,600 meters Maximum ERP,100 kW Minimum co-channel separation,290 km. In addition, Zone I-A consists of all of California south of 40° north latitude, Puerto Rico, zones I and I-A have the most grandfathered overpowered stations, which are allowed the same extended coverage areas that they had before the zones were established. One of the most powerful of these stations is WBCT in Grand Rapids, Michigan, Zone III consists of all of Florida and the areas of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas within approximately 241.4 kilometers of the Gulf of Mexico. Zone II is all the rest of the Continental United States, Alaska and Hawaii
12.
Cumulus Media
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Cumulus Media, Inc. is an American broadcasting company and is the second largest owner and operator of AM and FM radio stations in the United States. Cumulus owned 570 stations in 150 markets as of September 16,2011, the company also owns Westwood One. Cumuluss headquarters are located in Atlanta, Georgia, owns radio stations outside the United States and operates a subsidiary, Clear Channel Outdoor. The company was started in August 1998 by radio consultant Lewis Dickey Jr. and media, the Telecommunications Act of 1996, among other things removed restrictions on the number of radio stations a single owner could control in a market and overall. Dickey, then a known radio programming consultant, was acting as a consultant to a small radio group in which Weening had a personal investment. Dickey and Weening joined forces around Dickeys idea to acquire and operate stations in mid-size markets where giant Clear Channel was not focusing. Dickey was the expert and Weening was the corporate finance. Weening had successful experience as a start-up CEO in book and magazine publishing, online services and he was then CEO of QUAESTUS & Co. Inc. a private equity firm specializing in media and technology start-ups. A student of classics, Weening came up with the name Cumulus which means accumulation in Latin and best described Dickey, QUAESTUS provided the seed capital to make the first station acquisitions as a model for the Cumulus strategy. Full scale operations started on May 22,1997, Weening assumed the role of Executive Chairman focusing on acquisitions deal structuring, corporate finance and internet from headquarters in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Dickey selected stations to buy and oversaw radio programming, operations, Dickey brought in highly regarded radio operator William Bungeroth to serve as President of Cumulus broadcasting from new offices in Chicagos Hancock Center. Bungeroth had a reputation as a sales leader. He would oversee market level tactical execution including the integration of newly acquired stations into market operating units, John Dickey, Lews brother and himself an experienced programming consultant would oversee station content. SWIBs investment was followed by another $50 million from Wisconsin-based Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. Financial backing secured, Dickey and Weening set out to radio stations working hard to stay as much under the radar as possible not wishing to attract notice or competition. In the first 12 months Cumulus acquired over 100 stations in 31 markets, almost as soon as the acquisition spree started it was clear the Company would require more than a billion dollars for acquisitions in its sights and plans were laid for a public offering. At the time, newspaper display and classified advertising claimed the largest share of advertising dollars. By offering a range of audiences like newspapers, Cumulus could gain more share of the local advertising dollar than the individual stations could garner on their own
13.
KBEE
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KBEE, branded as B98.7, is a commercial FM radio station in Salt Lake City, Utah, broadcasting at 98.7 MHz. It is one of the oldest FM stations in the Western United States, the station is owned by Cumulus Media and it airs an adult contemporary radio format. KBEEs studios are located in South Salt Lake, the station is also broadcast on HD radio. In 1947, the station first signed on as KDYL-FM and it was the sister station to KDYL, one of the first AM radio stations in Utah, which went on the air in 1922. KDYL-FM mostly simulcast its AM counterpart through its early years, the owner, Sidney S. Fox, is considered a pioneer in Utah broadcasting history. Two years later, in 1949, he put Salt Lake Citys first TV station on the air, in 1953, Fox sold KDYL-AM-FM-TV to publisher Time-Life Corporation for $2.1 million. In 1959, the stations were purchased by Columbia Pictures and the station call letters were changed to KCPX. The two stations carried a Top 40 format that was popular in the Salt Lake City area. During this time, the stations competed heavily for listeners with crosstown rival 1280 KNAK, in 1967 the Federal Communications Commission required FM stations in medium to large cities to be programmed separately from their AM sister stations for most of the day. KCPX-FM switched to a rock format, while 1320 KCPX continued as a Top 40 station. In the 1980s, when AM1320 left the Top 40 format, KCPX-FM picked up its CHR sound, first known as HitRadio 99 KCPX, Columbia Pictures, which had just been acquired by The Coca-Cola Company, sold KCPX and KCPX-FM to Price Broadcasting in 1982. KCPX-FMs Top 40/CHR format would last until December 1992, when it flipped to hot adult contemporary as Variety 98.7, in May 1995, after Citadel Broadcasting bought the station, the station rebranded as B98.7 and adopted new KBEE call letters. The stations music focus has varied slightly over the past decade, however, in 2002, the station returned to its roots as an AC station as B98.7. In 2010, the station changed formats to adult top 40, in July 2011, KBEE was moved to the hot adult contemporary panel per Mediabase. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16,2011, by February 2012, the station reverted to adult contemporary per Mediabase reports. Even with the changes, Cumulus has always described the station as an AC. It is now listed on the Nielsen BDS AC chart. On July 3,2013, KBEE again moved to adult top 40, on March 6,2015, KBEE returned to adult contemporary
14.
KBER
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KBER is a radio station broadcasting a mainstream rock format. Licensed to Ogden, Utah, United States, the serves the Salt Lake City metropolitan area. The station is owned by Cumulus Media. The stations studios are located in South Salt Lake (behind the I-15/I-80 interchange, prior to March 1986, KBER was known as KDAB, and was licensed to Ogden. It was known then as B101, KBER began on 106.5, but moved to its current position during the 1990s. It was purchased by Citadel Broadcasting during that time and it also morphed into 101 The Bear. The station employed a number of talent including Uncle Nasty. Uncle Nastys irreverent style translated into an instant following especially with Men 18-34, Uncle Nasty was on air 7pm to 12am, then moved to morning drive a year later. In 1998 the station reverted to the more familiar KBER101 slogan of its earlier years and is currently a top rated rock station in Salt Lake City Utah. By 2008, the sister station KHTB became a modern rock station. KBER gradually began to change its playlist to include classic rock songs. Later on, Mediabase & Nielsen BDS began reporting KBER on the rock panel. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16,2011, the station arrived as one of the leading FM radio stations in the market with on air personalities Street and Katherine, Tom Collins, Kevin Lewis, John Edwards and Mark Christiansen to name a few. The early to mid 90s were the days with Cory Porn Master Draper, Casey The Night Rocker Baird, Kevin Easy Eason. Those were the days of Mike Marbles wildly successful KBER-RAFTERS Showcase Concert Series, the Ron & Allen Morning Show was wildly popular and they even had their own television show called Rock Utah which aired on local channel 30. The show was every bit as wild as anything being done at the time in the largest markets, Darby hosted the midday show prior to Kelly Hammer taking over in 2008. Prior to Darby, the shift was hosted by Helen Powers. Mornings during the week on KBER previously featured the sydnicated Bob, the morning show is now handled by Victor Cade along with co-host Rebecca Cade
15.
KRRF
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KADH is a radio station licensed to Murray, Utah, United States. It serves the Salt Lake City area, the station is owned by Cumulus Media. The station began as KMUR, founded by Oral J. Wilkinson, the station was first licensed by the FCC on February 2nd,1949. At that time it was a low-power,250 watt community station airing contemporary hits, during the 1960s, the power was increased to 1,000 watts daytime, the format switched to country western and the call letters were changed to KMOR. Its studios and transmitter were located at 4646 South State Street. The studios and transmitter were later relocated to a field west of I-15 near 4900 South but were torn down later to make way for an amusement park. The station went back on the air as KLAF on June 22,1983, on April 15,1986, the station changed its call sign to KOLC, airing contemporary hits again. On April 30,1986, the station changed again to KMGR, on November 1,2001, the station returned to air, with the KJQS calls. On January 19,2017 Cumulus Media filed an application with the FCC to transfer the license to Pentecostal Church of God, the application was granted on March 3,2017. On February 16,2017, with the approval of Cumulus Media, the application was accepted for filing on February 21,2017. As KMUR, the station aired mostly Top 40 hits, as KMOR, the station played contemporary country western type music. As KLAF, the became an all-comedy formatted station. When the station became KOLC, it reverted to the contemporary hits. As KMGR, the station played LDS music, similar to KSFI, in 1997, the station became KWUN, which carried a talk radio format. In 2001, the station settled at its current sports format, carrying programming from ESPN Radio until 2009 when KALL700 became the ESPN Radio affiliate, later it simulcast the sports talk format of sister station KFNZ1320 AM. On March 31,2015 KJQS went silent due to a failure, on March 23,2016 KRUZ returned to the air with sports. On November 30,2015 its calls were changed to KRUZ, on February 17,2017 KRUZ changed their call letters to KRRF. On March 24,2017 KRRF changed their call letters to KADH, currently, the station is operating at reduced power via a special temporary authority from the FCC, with a temporary tower located near the studios on Bearcat Drive
16.
KKAT (AM)
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KKAT is an AM radio station broadcasting a talk format. KKAT is licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah and is owned by Cumulus Media, the stations studios are located in South Salt Lake and its transmitter site is located in West Valley City. KKAT carries mostly nationally syndicated shows, largely from the co-owned Westwood One Network, hosts include Armstrong & Getty, Jonathan Brandmeier, Michael Savage, Mark Levin, John Batchelor and Andrea Tantaros with Red Eye Radio airing overnight and Bob Brinker heard on weekends. Westwood One News airs at the beginning of most hours, the station was first licensed on November 15,1955, with the call sign KWHO. The station aired a Classical music format, initially, KWHO operated during daytime hours only with 1000 watts of power. In July 1985, the station became KUTR, and it began airing an LDS Contemporary format, on June 21,1989, the stations callsign was changed to KLZX, and it began simulcasting the classic rock format of its sister station 93.3 KLZX-FM. On November 15,1990, the changed its call letters to KCNR. As KCNR, the station carried programming from CNN Headline News and was branded News Radio 860 AM, in 1992 KCNRs format and call sign moved to 1320 AM, and the station again simulcast its classic rock sister station 93.3 KLZX-FM Z-93. On August 11,1992, the station changed its call sign to KLZX. On September 6,1994, the station airing an all-news format from Associated Press Newsworld, and on January 23,1995. On August 20,1996, KCNRs news/talk format moved from 1320 to 860, on November 18,1996, the station became an affiliate of Radio Disney. On March 3,1999, the callsign was changed to KBEE. In 2003, Radio Disney moved to AM910, and on May 15,2003, while a classic country station, the station was branded The Coyote. On July 5,2004, the callsign was changed to KKAT. In October 2007, the station changed formats from country to oldies. While airing a format, the station was branded The Wolf. On October 5,2009, the changed to a talk format branded Utahs Big Talker. Query the FCCs AM station database for KKAT Radio-Locator Information on KKAT Query Nielsen Audios AM station database for KKAT FCC History Cards for KKAT
17.
KUBL-FM
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KUBL-FM is a radio station broadcasting a country format. Licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, it serves the Salt Lake City area, the stations studios are located in South Salt Lake and its transmitter site is located southwest of the city on Farnsworth Peak in the Oquirrh Mountains. The station was known as KWHO-FM, which shared call signs with what is now KKAT. Prior to 1995, KUBL was also known as KLTQ-FM and then KLZX, in May 1995, KLZX became KUBL, switching from classic rock to the current country format. The station has since become Utahs New Country Leader K-BULL93, in addition to the main station, KUBL-FM is relayed by an additional translator to widen its broadcast area. Query the FCCs FM station database for KUBL Radio-Locator information on KUBL Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KUBL
18.
Webcast
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A webcast is a media presentation distributed over the Internet using streaming media technology to distribute a single content source to many simultaneous listeners/viewers. A webcast may either be distributed live or on demand, essentially, webcasting is broadcasting over the Internet. The largest webcasters include existing radio and TV stations, who simulcast their output through online TV or online radio streaming, Webcasting usually consists of providing non-interactive linear streams or events. Rights and licensing bodies offer specific webcasting licenses to those wishing to carry out Internet broadcasting using copyrighted material, Webcasting is used extensively in the commercial sector for investor relations presentations, in e-learning, and for related communications activities. However, webcasting does not bear much, if any, relationship to web conferencing, the ability to webcast using cheap/accessible technology has allowed independent media to flourish. There are many notable independent shows that broadcast regularly online, often produced by average citizens in their homes they cover many interests and topics. Webcasts relating to computers, technology, and news are particularly popular, Webcasting differs from podcasting in that webcasting refers to live streaming while podcasting simply refers to media files placed on the Internet. Webcasting is the distribution of media files through the internet, pakman from Apple, they launched the Macintosh New York Music Festival from July 17–22,1995. This event audio webcast concerts from more than 15 clubs in New York City, Apple later webcast a concert by Metallica on June 10,1996 live from Slims in San Francisco. In 1995, Benford E. Standley produced one of the first audio/video webcasts in history, on August 13,1998, it is generally believed the first webcast wedding took place, between Alan Knecht and Carrie Silverman in Toronto Canada. The live signal was broadcast via satellite to PA, then encoded and streamed via the BGEA website, the first teleconferenced/webcast wedding to date is believed to have occurred on December 31,1998. Dale Ficken and Lorrie Scarangella wed on this date as they stood in a church in Pennsylvania, on November 4,1994, Stef van der Ziel distributed the first live video images over the web from the Simplon venue in Groningen. On November 7,1994, WXYC, the radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill became the first radio station in the world to broadcast its signal over the internet. Translated versions including Subtitling are now possible using SMIL Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language, a wedcast is a webcast of a wedding. It allows family and friends of the couple to watch the wedding in time on the Internet. Webcasting a funeral is also a service provided by funeral homes. Although it has been around for a decade, cheaper broadband, the strain of travel. International Webcasting Association Media clip Podcast Streaming media Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language Video blog Web radio Webisode Webinar PR Newswire
19.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated
20.
Radio station
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A radio station is a set of equipment necessary to carry on communication via radio waves. Generally, it is a receiver or transmitter, an antenna, Radio stations play a vital role in communication technology as they are heavily relied on to transfer data and information across the world. More broadly, the definition of a radio station includes the aforementioned equipment, such a station may include several radio stations defined above. This definition of a station is more often referred to as a transmitter site. Each station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily», transmitter - Takes the electrical output of a microphone and then modulates a higher-frequency carrier signal and transmits it as radio waves. Receiver - The broadcast message is received by the receiver and decodes the radio sine waves, antenna - An antenna is required for transmission, it is also required to receive radio waves. The main use of an antenna is to radio signals. Aerial feeder - system of feeding HF-Energy in the antenna Transmission lines - Transmission lines are used to transfer the radio signals from one location to another. For example, a line was used in Luftwaffe, Germany during WW II to send information from camps back to their base. Connectors Interface panel remote control – This is used to various different types of the equipment used in a radio station. To input broadcast data into a transmitter an interface panel will need to be used, cable – A cable can be used to connect the various devices. Equipment Rack – To hold all equipment in a secure and logical manner, power protection equipment – For holding equipments in a stable, secure and logical manner. UPS – For uninterrupted power supply and these are the most used/important devices and items for most radio stations. A microphone is used to capture the input of sound created by people speaking into the device. The sounds are turned into electrical energy, this energy then flows along a metal antenna. As the electrons in the current move back and forth up the antenna. The waves travel at the speed of light, taking the program with them. A compound of both a transmitter and a receiver is called a transceiver, they are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing, when no circuitry is common between the transmit and receive functions, the device becomes a transmitter-receiver
21.
South Salt Lake, Utah
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South Salt Lake is a city in Salt Lake County, Utah, United States and is part of the Salt Lake City Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 23,617 at the 2010 census, incorporated in 1938, South Salt Lake celebrated its 75th-year Diamond Anniversary in 2013. Nestled among and often confused for neighboring larger cities, it is close to everything from golf courses to a night life while still maintaining its small town feel. Some of Utahs best ski resorts are about a 30-minute drive, in 1936 Central Park incorporated as its own town. Jesse Fox Jr. developed the area South Salt Lake refers to as Central Park around 1890 and it runs approximately from State Street to 300 East and 2500 South to 3000 South. Mr. Fox chose the name after visiting New York and seeing Central Park there and he was impressed by the park, and the urban planning. He wanted his development to be related to the status of the Central Park in New York, South Salt Lake was a rural place at the time but he was so impressed at what he saw back east, he wanted to make a connection to the development here. A few of the names in the neighborhood have a connection to Mr. Fox. He had a daughter named Esther Vidas Fox, and another named Lucy Beryl Fox, there was no daughter named Leslie. However, there was a relative, Lester Fox who went by Leslie. In 1925 the LDS Central Park Ward was created and named after the development, on August 14,1936 a resolution creating the Town of Central Park was approved by the Board of County Commissioners. There were 37 pages of signatures in favor of incorporating the town, on or about July 15,1937, one-fourth or more of the legal voters of said Town of Central Park, Utah petitioned to disincorporate the town. On November 2,1937,1013 votes were cast,731 were for the dis-incorporation, almost a year later the Town of South Salt Lake was established in September 1938. The property formerly known as Woodrow Wilson Elementary was renamed Central Park Community Center to reflect the history in the area and it boasts a ball diamond, a playground, a Head Start Pre-School, and the Pete Suazo Boxing Gym. Every day you can see kids playing soccer, or baseball, animal lovers with their dogs, joggers, on Thursday, September 29,1938 a meeting was called to order at 8,30 p. m. by Robert R. Fitts. Also in attendance at this meeting were Alma Kasteler, A. S, dykman, Clyde H. Peck, and Ariel A. Jensen. The official resolution as passed by Salt Lake County creating the Town of South Salt Lake, Board members took their oath before Justice Herman Gygi. And so it began, The Town of South Salt Lake with Mr. Fitts as the first town president, the town was created because of a need for a sewer system
22.
Interstate 15
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Interstate 15 is a major Interstate Highway in the western United States. I-15 begins near the Mexico–US border in San Diego County and stretches north to Alberta, Canada, passing through the states of California, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, and Montana. The interstate serves the cities of San Diego, Las Vegas, St. George, Salt Lake City, Pocatello and Butte. It also passes close to the areas of Orange County, California, Los Angeles County, California, Provo, Utah, Ogden, Utah. The stretches of Interstate 15 in Idaho, Utah, and Arizona have been designated as the Veterans Memorial Highway, since its creation, I-15 has served as a long-haul route for North American commerce. Also since the construction of I-15, California, Nevada, as a result, the route of I-15 has substantially increased in population and commuter traffic. The northern terminus is in Sweet Grass, Montana, at the Canada–US border and it is 1,433 miles long from San Diego to Sweet Grass. North of its junction with the Riverside Freeway, State Route 91, in the Inland Empire near Corona, the route roughly follows the former routes of State Route 31. North of Devore, the highway follows the alignment of historic U. S. Highway 66 along with U. S. Highway 91. U. S.395 breaks away at Hesperia and the route continues on a path to Barstow 35 miles to the north. Meanwhile, the old alignments of U. S.91, at that point, I-15 follows the old route of U. S.91 exclusively as U. S.66 turned east toward Needles. For many parts of the highway, high-voltage power lines, such as Path 46 and Path 27, almost all originating from the Hoover Dam, many of these link distant power stations to the Los Angeles metropolitan area. The southern starting point of Interstate 15 was in 1947 planned to be in San Bernardino and this was logical as I-15 was following the old alignment of the historic Route 66 which passed through San Bernardino. But in 1964, legislation was passed to extend the interstate to San Diego. This segments alignment is generally northeast to southwest for about 15 miles, then, in Fontana/Rancho Cucamonga, its directional alignment shifts to north–south where it eventually junctions with Interstate 10. The segment that had built from Devore to San Bernardino was retained as an interstate. Note that during the construction of I-15s present alignment, and for some time afterwards, I-215 was numbered as I-15E, I-15 runs for a total of 287 miles in California. Interstate 15 begins in Primm and continues through Las Vegas along the Las Vegas Strip corridor, then the interstate crosses the border with Arizona in Mesquite
23.
Interstate 80
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Interstate 80 is a transcontinental limited-access highway in the United States that runs from downtown San Francisco, California, to Teaneck, New Jersey, in the New York City Metropolitan Area. The highway was designated in 1956 as one of the routes of the Interstate Highway System. Its final segment was opened to traffic in 1986 and it is the second-longest Interstate Highway in the United States, following I-90. I-80 is the Interstate Highway that most closely approximates the route of the historic Lincoln Highway, from near Chicago east to near Youngstown, Ohio, I-80 is a toll road, containing the majority of both the Indiana Toll Road and the Ohio Turnpike. I-80 runs concurrently with I-90 from near Portage, Indiana, to Elyria, in Pennsylvania, I-80 is known as the Keystone Shortway, a non-tolled freeway that crosses rural north-central portions of the state on the way to New Jersey and New York City. I-80 begins at an interchange with U. S. Route 101 in San Francisco and it then heads northeast through Vallejo, Sacramento, and the Sierra Nevada mountains before crossing into Nevada. A portion of the route through Pinole involved the experimental transplantation of the rare species Santa Cruz tarweed in the right-of-way, in Nevada, I-80 traverses the northern portion of the state. The Nevada portion of I-80 follows the paths of the Truckee and Humboldt rivers, the Interstate also follows the historical routes of the California Trail, First Transcontinental Railroad, and Feather River Route throughout portions of the state. I-80 in Nevada closely follows, and at points directly overlaps, the original route of the Victory Highway, State Route 1. After crossing Utahs western border in Wendover, I-80 crosses the desolate Bonneville Salt Flats west of the Great Salt Lake, the longest stretch between exits on an Interstate Highway is located between Wendover and Knolls, with 37.4 miles between those exits. This portion of I-80, crossing the Great Salt Lake Desert, is flat and straight, dotted with large warning signs about driver fatigue. It ascends Parleys Canyon and passes within a few miles of Park City as it follows a route through the mountains towards the junction with the terminus of the western section of I-84. From the junction it continues up Echo Canyon and on towards the border with Wyoming, the route of the Utah section of I-80 is defined in Utah Code Annotated § 72-4-113. In Wyoming, I-80 reaches its maximum elevation of 8,640 feet above sea level at Sherman Summit, near Buford, farther west in Wyoming, the Interstate passes through the dry Red Desert and over the Continental Divide. I-80 enters Nebraska west of Bushnell, the western portion of I-80 in Nebraska runs very close to the state of Colorado, without entering the state. The intersection of I-76 and I-80 is visible from the Colorado–Nebraska state line, from its intersection with I-76 to Grand Island, I-80 lies in the valley of the South Platte River and the Platte River. Along this length, the road does not vary from a straight line by more than a few yards. After Lincoln, I-80 turns northeast towards Omaha and it then crosses the Missouri River in Omaha to enter the state of Iowa
24.
Farnsworth Peak
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Farnsworth Peak is a peak located on the northern end of the Oquirrh Mountain range, approximately 18 miles south west of Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. The mountain is named for Philo Farnsworth, the inventor of the first completely electronic television and it is used mainly for radio and television transmission, but could potentially become part of a ski resort owned by nearby Kennecott Land. On the eastern side of the mountain, the land is completely private, the peak can be reached by hiking from the Tooele side, which is mostly public land. The Bureau of Land Management land extends from Ridge Peak west to the base of the mountain, public access to this land is available off SR-36 near Lake Point. Several cattle gates need to be opened and closed, but are access roads to hiking, mountain biking, Farnsworth Peak, in local radio terms, refers to three separate radio transmitter sites. They are known as Big Farnsworth, The KSTU Site, each site hosts a number of transmission towers which broadcast radio and television stations. Extensive studies of RF radiation from the site were conducted in 2003 in an effort to aid engineers who work on the mountain, Farnsworth Peak contains a vast majority of Salt Lake FM signals. The following is a complete list of FM stations with transmitters located on Farnsworth Peak, local television networks KSL-TV, KSTU and other sites on Farnsworth Peak have provided space for HAM radio repeater operation. Farnsworth peak serves as a hub, connecting western and southern Utah to the Utah Intermountain Intertie main hub repeater a top the Snowbird Tram on Hidden Peak. Farnsworth Peak is home to full service television stations. KSL-TV is perhaps the best known transmitter site on the mountain, but the peak houses transmitters for KSTU-TV, the local FOX affiliate, KUCW, and KUTV among others. KTMW, an independent station and KUPX, the local Ion affiliate, KSL-TV was the first television station to use the mountain for broadcasting. It also is responsible for transmitters on the mountain, having engineers on site for periods of time in case of emergencies, a large number of the television stations located on the peak previously carried their analog signals from the same sites. Farnsworth Peak was one of the first places in the United States to construct a facility specifically for television transmission. Specifically, Farnsworth Peak houses transmitters for the stations, On September 13,2009. The lightning strike took eight stations in total off the air, according to the engineers on site, the combiner was leaking oil. The lightning strike of the tower caused a failure of the waveguide switch control system. An engineer on site was able to correct that situation within hours, by the next day, the problem had been fixed and the stations were back on the air and all were in working order
25.
Oquirrh Mountains
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The Oquirrh Mountains /ˈoʊkər/ is a mountain range that runs north-south for approximately 30 miles to form the west side of Utahs Salt Lake Valley, separating it from Tooele Valley. The range runs from northwest Utah County–central, east Tooele County, the highest elevation is Flat Top Mountain at 10,620 ft. The name Oquirrh was taken from the Goshute word meaning wood sitting. The Oquirrh Mountains have been mined for gold, silver, lead, as seen from Salt Lake City, the view of the mountain range is dominated by the displaced rock material dug from the Kennecott mine. At the north end of the range is Kennecotts smelter complex which refines ore concentrates from the mine into useful metals, dark colored tailings from past metal refining at the complex can be observed from the adjacent freeway, I-80. The value of the minerals taken from the range has been estimated to far exceed the value of those taken in the California, Nevada. The range has many canyons and dense forests, consisting mainly of conifers, the area is also home to thriving populations of butterflies, deer, mountain lions, and squirrels. Two of the most popular canyons are Yellow Fork Canyon and Butterfield Canyon, Yellow Fork Canyon is home to a trail administered by Salt Lake County and numerous gated communities. Butterfield Canyon contains a road that connects Tooele with Herriman. Butterfield Canyon road climbs to a summit of 9,180 ft. above sea level, at night the mouth of the canyon is a dangerous area as large herds of deer move into the farmlands for feeding. The north end of the range features a peak known as Farnsworth Peak which houses almost all Salt Lake City FM. The peak is also used for emergency communications, several local businesses and amateur radio operators have transmitters on Farnsworth Peak. Media related to Oquirrh Mountains at Wikimedia Commons Harkers Canyon Oquirrh Mountain Utah Temple Pictures of Butterfield Canyon
26.
KWNR
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KWNR is a commercial radio station located in Henderson, Nevada, broadcasting to the Las Vegas Valley area on 95.5 FM. KWNR airs a music format. Its studios are in Las Vegas a mile west of the Strip, KWNR has been a country station in the Las Vegas area since 1990. 95.5 FM first signed on the air in 1972 as KILA,95.5 was the original home for Christian KILA from 1972 until 1985. When KILA moved to frequency, the short lived KYYX95.5 FM began. It was another country format specifically designed to compete with KFMS, KYYX never was able to compete with KFMS and floundered after two years. And 95.5 switched to Hot AC KLSQ in 1987, in 1989, the station switched calls to KWNR and was known as Winner 95.5. Winner 95.5 KWNR lasted about a year before switching to New Country 95.5 in September 1990. In 2004, New Country was dropped and the station was known as 95.5 KWNR, the New Country label came back in the summer of 2006. You can also listen online worldwide and it is the Las Vegas home of After Midnite. On September 20,2013 KWNR rebranded as 95.5 The Bull
27.
KSOP-FM
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KSOP-FM is a radio station broadcasting a Country music format. Licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, the serves the Salt Lake City area. The station is owned by Ksop, Inc. Its studios are located along Redwood Road, and the site is atop Farnsworth Peak. KSOP-FM also has a station with the same call sign on AM1370 kHz. On August 1,2011, at midnight, after stunting with a countdown of 10 popular non-country pop songs, in addition to the main station, KSOP is relayed by ten additional translators to widen its broadcast area. Query the FCCs FM station database for KSOP Radio-Locator information on KSOP Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KSOP
28.
God Bless the U.S.A.
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God Bless the USA is an American patriotic song written and recorded by country music artist Lee Greenwood, and is considered to be his signature song. The first album it appears on is 1984s Youve Got a Good Love Comin, the song was also re-recorded in 2003 and released as God Bless the USA2003. The song also rose up in popularity in May 2011 when Osama bin Laden was killed by an American raid in Pakistan, Greenwood also wrote a Canadian version of this song called God Bless You Canada. The song has sold over a million copies in the United States by July 2015, Greenwood wrote God Bless the USA in response to his feelings about the shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007. He said that he wanted to write it my whole life, when I got to that point, we were doing 300 days a year on the road, and we were on our fourth or fifth album on MCA. I called my producer, and I said I have a need to do this, ive always wanted to write a song about America, and I said we just need to be more united. As for writing the song itself, Greenwood wrote that it more or less wrote itself, and that the lyrics flowed naturally from the music as a reflection of his pride to be American. In the song, a man sings about how, if he were to lose everything he had and had to start again from scratch. A music video was released for this song in 1984, depicting Greenwood as a farmer who loses the family farm, the video was produced and edited by L. A. Johnson and directed by Gary Burden. A second video was released in 1991, also on VHS, a third music video was also released after the September 11,2001 attacks. God Bless the USA debuted on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of May 26,1984, pop group Jump5 covered the song for the September 11 attacks in October 2001. In 2003, the song was performed by the American Idol season two finalists and released as a single, with part of the going to American Red Cross. It raised $155,000 for the charity, a word was changed in the released single at the request of one of the finalists who performed the song, Josh Gracin who was also a Marine. The men in the line and I won’t forget the men who died was replaced with ones because Gracin felt that men and women have died, and the word was therefore changed to reflect that fact. It reached No.4 on the Billboard Hot 100, again, following the death of bin Laden, R&B singer Beyoncé re-released her 2008 cover of the song, the proceeds of which will go to charity. Knowles performed the song on Piers Morgan Tonight on May 5,2011, after the performance, her version was released as a single to the iTunes Store. In a statement Knowles said, I cannot think about anything more appropriate to do to help these families, almost 10 years, it is still so painful for all Americans, especially those who lost loved ones. We were all affected by the tragedies of 9/11 and continue to keep the families who lost loved ones close to our hearts, dan Martin of The Guardian felt that the cover was in contrast to Knowles last intervention in national affairs, the Lets Move
29.
Thank God I'm a Country Boy
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Thank God Im a Country Boy, also known as Country Boy, is a song written by John Martin Sommers and recorded by American singer/songwriter John Denver. The song was included on Denvers 1974 album Back Home Again. A version recorded live on August 26,1974, at the Universal Amphitheatre in Los Angeles was included on his 1975 album An Evening with John Denver. The live version was released as a single and went to No.1 on both the Billboard magazine Hot Country Singles and Billboard Hot 100 charts, the song topped both charts for one week each, first the country chart, and the Hot 100 chart a week later. Thank God Im a Country Boy was one of six songs released in 1975 that topped both the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard Hot Country Singles charts, Denvers two-sided hit Im Sorry/Calypso also received that distinction. The song was written by John Martin Sommers, a player in Denvers backup band, on December 31,1973 when he was driving from his home in Aspen. Sommers recalls that at the time he was feeling “peaceful, happy and content” with his lot in life and they served as the inspiration for the song. The song is in cut time that is typical of two-step, both the verse and chorus comprise eight measures with 3/2 added between the first four measures and last three measures. Emotionally, this creates an intended slight stall, a cover version was released by country music artist Billy Dean in 2004, Deans cover peaked at No.27 on the Billboard U. S. Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts, a Western version was recorded by Alvin and the Chipmunks for their 1981 album Urban Chipmunk. Canadian country music artist Brad Johner did a cover on his 2003 album Free, canadian Country rock group The Road Hammers recorded a version for their 2009 album The Road Hammers II. Hampton the Hampster performs a cover of the song on Hampsterdance Hits in 2001, christian group Point of Grace has been performing a cover of the song in recent concerts, calling it Thank God Im a Country Girl. Australian Lee Kernaghan performs a cover of the song, the song is also played during the seventh-inning stretch at Atlanta Braves, Buffalo Bisons, and Vanderbilt Commodores games. It is also played regularly at Montana Grizzlies, Washington Glory, Calgary Flames, Ottawa Senators, Toronto Maple Leafs, Colorado Avalanche, Spokane Chiefs, the American version Country Bear Vacation Hoedown has used the song Thank God Im a Country Bear as the shows finale. In Stephen Kings novel The Dead Zone, Thank God Im a Country Boy is played at a rally for rising politician. The song is featured in the Pauly Shore film Son in Law, also mentioned was a song called Sunshine on my Nutsack. Jim Nabors performed Thank God Im a Country Boy when he appeared on The Muppet Show in 1976. Party Ben remixed a City Boy Remix of the song in 2006 for a guest D. J. spot where the theme was electro meets hoedown as a sloppy but well-meaning tribute
30.
John Denver
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He was one of the most popular acoustic artists of the decade and one of its best selling artists. By 1974, he was established as Americas best selling performer. After traveling and living in numerous locations while growing up in his military family, Denver recorded and released approximately 300 songs, about 200 of which he composed, with total record sales of over 33 million. He recorded and performed primarily with a guitar and sang about his joy in nature, his disdain for city life, his enthusiasm for music. Denver starred in films and several television specials in the 1970s and 1980s. He continued to record in the 1990s, also focusing on issues by lending vocal support to space exploration. He lived in Aspen, Colorado for much of his life and was known for his love of Colorado which he sang about numerous times, in 1974 Denver was named poet laureate of the state. The Colorado state legislature also adopted Rocky Mountain High as one of its two songs in 2007. Denver was a pilot and died at the age of 53 in a single-fatality crash of his personal experimental aircraft. Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. was born in Roswell, New Mexico, to Lt. Col. Henry John Deutschendorf, Sr. an Air Force officer, Henry Sr. was of German ancestry, and met and married his Oklahoma Sweetheart. Denvers Irish Catholic and German maternal grandmother was the one who imbued Denver with his love of music. In his autobiography, Take Me Home, Denver described his life as the eldest son of a family shaped by a father who could not show his love for his children. He is also the nephew of singer Dave Deutschendorf of The New Christy Minstrels, because Denvers father was in the military and his family moved often, it was difficult for him to make friends and fit in with other children of his own age. Constantly being the new kid was troubling for the introverted Denver, and he grew up feeling like he should be somewhere else. While living in Tucson, Arizona, Denver was a member of the Tucson Arizona Boys Chorus for two years, Denver was happy living in Tucson, but his father was transferred to Montgomery, Alabama, then in the midst of the Montgomery boycotts. The family later moved to Fort Worth, Texas, where Denver graduated from Arlington Heights High School, attending high school in Fort Worth was a distressing experience for the disenfranchised Denver. In his third year of school, he borrowed his fathers car and ran away to California to visit family friends. His father flew to California in a jet plane to retrieve him
31.
R.E.M.
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R. E. M. was an American rock band from Athens, Georgia, that was formed in 1980 by drummer Bill Berry, lead guitarist Peter Buck, bassist/backing vocalist Mike Mills, and lead vocalist Michael Stipe. Released its first single—Radio Free Europe—in 1981 on the independent record label Hib-Tone, the single was followed by the Chronic Town EP in 1982, the bands first release on I. R. S. Following years of success, R. E. M. Achieved a mainstream hit in 1987 with the single The One I Love, the group signed to Warner Bros. Records in 1988, and began to espouse political and environmental concerns while playing large arenas worldwide. By the early 1990s, when alternative rock began to experience mainstream success, R. E. M. was viewed by subsequent acts such as Nirvana. The band then released its two most commercially successful albums, Out of Time and Automatic for the People, which veered from the established sound. R. E. M. s 1994 release, Monster, was a return to a more rock-oriented sound, the band began its first tour in six years to support the album, the tour was marred by medical emergencies suffered by three of the band members. Re-signed with Warner Bros. for a reported US$80 million, at the time the most expensive recording contract in history and its 1996 release, New Adventures in Hi-Fi, though critically acclaimed, fared worse commercially than expected. The following year, Bill Berry left the band, while Stipe, Buck, in 2007, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, in their first year of eligibility. Disbanded amicably in September 2011, announcing the split on its website, in January 1980, Michael Stipe met Peter Buck in Wuxtry Records, the Athens record store where Buck worked. The pair discovered that they shared similar tastes in music, particularly in rock and protopunk artists like Patti Smith, Television. Stipe said, It turns out that I was buying all the records that was saving for himself, Stipe and Buck soon met fellow University of Georgia students Mike Mills and Bill Berry, who had played music together since high school and lived together in Georgia. The quartet agreed to collaborate on songs, Stipe later commented that there was never any grand plan behind any of it. Their still-unnamed band spent a few months rehearsing and played its first show on April 5,1980, at a friends birthday party held in a converted Episcopal church in Athens. After considering names like Twisted Kites, Cans of Piss, and Negro Wives, the band members eventually dropped out of school to focus on their developing group. They found a manager in Jefferson Holt, a store clerk who was so impressed by an R. E. M. performance in his hometown of Chapel Hill, North Carolina. R. E. M. s success was almost immediate in Athens and surrounding areas, the band drew progressively larger crowds for shows, over the next year and a half, R. E. M. Toured throughout the Southern United States, touring was arduous because a touring circuit for alternative rock bands did not then exist
32.
Monarch Cablesystems
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Monarch was founded in the 1960s, and had expanded throughout Northern and Eastern British Columbia, with portions of service extending into southern Alberta as well. In 1976, Monarch had expanded into broadcasting by purchasing CBC Television affiliate CKRD-TV in Red Deer, the station would later be sold to Allarcom in 1989. Monarch Broadcasting would later purchase Prince George, British Columbias CKPG-TV in 1990 from Q Broadcasting, the station, along with the entire Monarch Broadcasting division would be sold to Jim Pattison Broadcasting group, a division of the Jim Pattison Group on December 21,2000
33.
Citadel Broadcasting
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Citadel Broadcasting Corporation was a Las Vegas, Nevada-based broadcast holding company. Citadel owned 243 radio stations across the United States and was the third-largest radio station owner in the country, only iHeartMedia and Cumulus Media owned more stations prior to Citadels merger with Cumulus. On March 10,2011, Cumulus Media announced that it would purchase Citadel Broadcasting, after receiving conditional regulatory approval from the Department of Justice and the Federal Communications Commission, the deal was approved by Citadel shareholders on September 15,2011. The merger of the two companies closed on September 16,2011, and Citadel was immediately absorbed into Cumulus Media, the company was founded in 1984 in Phoenix, Arizona by Larry Wilson as Citadel Associates Limited Partnership. In 1990 it was renamed Citadel Associates Montana Limited Partnership for the purpose of owning and operating stations in Montana that were owned by CALP. A year later, Citadel Broadcasting was officially incorporated and in 1984 it acquired all of the stations owned by its predecessors. Within a decade, Citadel expanded to 26 states, in 2001, Larry Wilson sold Citadel to private equity firm Forstmann Little & Company for $2.1 billion. By that time, the company had grown to 205 stations in 42 markets, Citadel Broadcasting launched an online service called Citadel Interactive in 2005, and a year later launched Right Now Radio. By July 2007, more than 180 of their stations were streaming online, on February 6,2006, Forstmann Little and The Walt Disney Company agreed to merge Citadel with Disneys ABC Radio. Shares representing 57% of Citadel were distributed to shareholders of The Walt Disney Company following the acquisition of 22 stations from ABC Radio. In order to comply with FCC ownership limitations, Citadel has sold off 12 of its radio stations, ten of the stations licenses have been transferred to a newly formed trust company, The Last Bastion Station Trust, LLC. According to FCC documents, KKWD was re-absorbed into Citadels station portfolio on July 9,2009, on April 2,2009, the staff of Citadel Broadcasting changed the name of ABC Radio to Citadel Media to reflect on its ownership of the major network. In addition to Citadel Media, Citadel owned the Arkansas Radio, Tennessee Titans Radio, Buffalo Bills, on March 1,2008, the former Disney/ABC Radio stations in Citadels portfolio faced severe financial problems. That same day, hundreds of personalities were dismissed, on February 27,2009, the NYSE carried out that action. After an IPO of $20.67 in August 2003, delisting happened on March 5,2009. Since the delisting, the staff of Citadel Broadcasting ceased holding conference calls, but the 10-Q filed May 7,2010 at the U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission indicated that Citadel expected to remain in compliance with lender covenants through 2009. Given the conditions, it was unlikely that the company would meet the benchmarks it had to hit in 2010, Citadel was carrying $2 billion in debt following the June 12,2007 deal with Disney for the ABC Radio properties. Overall, Citadels revenue fell almost 23%, in a quarterly SEC filing, the company disclosed the possibility of a Chapter 11 bankruptcy
34.
KXRK
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KXRK is a commercial radio station located in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States, broadcasting an alternative rock music format to the Provo, Ogden, and Salt Lake City area. Owned by Broadway Media, the studios are located in Downtown Salt Lake City. KXRK had a history in the Utah market, first concentrating on Provo, as a top-40 station in the 1970s and 1980s as KAYK. In 1978–1979, Lee Charles Kelley—who is now a mystery novelist living in New York City—worked the evening shift at K-96, as KXRK was then known, in 1981, Kidd Kraddick was hired to take over the 6-10 pm shift. W. Eugene Manning was the manager at the time. Fox News commentator Glenn Beck also worked at K-96 in late 1982 to 1983 when he was 18 and it was his second professional job in broadcasting. The format began to drift and some say it was never the same again, in 1988, Marriott Corp sold the station to a local Native American tribe and the station changed to a satellite oldies format as KZOL on September 1,1988. In 1990, the station began to add more current songs, however, in February 1992 the station abruptly changed to alternative and took the present callsign KXRK. KXRK was founded and began broadcasting in February 1992, the new station was owned by Acme Broadcasting, which had been organized by a group of DJs and managers who left KJQ in a programming dispute. X96 used to broadcast at frequency 96.1, but changed to 96.3 when it increased broadcast wattage in 1996, in April 1998, ownership of the station switched hands from Acme Broadcasting to Simmons Media Group. Prior to this it was located across the street from the Salt Palace in a building known as Arrow Press Square. X96 was the first station in Utah to broadcast with a connection to its tower. Since fall 1995, X96 has hosted an annual music festival called the Big Ass Show featuring nationally-touring alternative and punk bands. The most recent Big Ass Show, which was held on May 8,2015, featured artists including 311, Rise Against, at The Disco, The Airborne Toxic Event, and others. Radio From Hell Jon Smith Todd Nukeem Corey OBrien Chet Tapp, Cuzzin Brad, Mister West, Weekends Jimmy Chunga, Morning Show producer
35.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
36.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
37.
Futurama
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Futurama is an American animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was envisioned by Groening in the mid-1990s while working on The Simpsons, he later brought David X. Cohen aboard to develop storylines and characters to pitch the show to Fox. In the United States, the series aired on Fox from March 28,1999, to August 10,2003, Futurama also aired in reruns on Cartoon Networks Adult Swim from 2002 to 2007, until the networks contract expired. It was revived in 2007 as four direct-to-video films, the last of which was released in early 2009, Comedy Central entered into an agreement with 20th Century Fox Television to syndicate the existing episodes and air the films as 16 new, half-hour episodes, constituting a fifth season. In June 2009, producing studio 20th Century Fox announced that Comedy Central had picked up the show for 26 new half-hour episodes, the show was renewed for a seventh season, with the first half airing in June 2012 and the second set for mid-2013. It was later revealed that the season would be the final season. The series finale aired on September 4,2013, while Groening has said he will try to get it picked up by another network, David X. Cohen stated that the episode Meanwhile would be the last episode of season 7 and also the series finale. Throughout its run, Futurama has received critical acclaim, the show has been nominated for 17 Annie Awards and 12 Emmy Awards, winning seven of the former and six of the latter. Futurama-related merchandise has also released, including a tie-in comic book series and video game, calendars. In 2013, TV Guide ranked Futurama as one of the top 60 Greatest TV Cartoons of All Time, Fox expressed a strong desire in the mid-1990s for Matt Groening to create a new series, and he began conceiving Futurama during this period. In 1996, he enlisted David X. Cohen, then a writer and producer for The Simpsons, the two spent time researching science fiction books, television shows, and films. When they pitched the series to Fox in April 1998, Groening and Cohen had composed many characters and story lines, Groening described trying to get the show on the air as by far the worst experience of my grown-up life. With The Simpsons the network has no input, Fox was particularly disturbed by the concept of suicide booths, Doctor Zoidberg, and Benders anti-social behavior. Groening explains, When they tried to give me notes on Futurama, I just said, and they said, Well, we dont do business that way anymore. And I said, Oh, well, thats the only way I do business, the episode I, Roommate was produced to address Foxs concerns, with the script written to their specifications. Fox strongly disliked the episode, but after negotiations, Groening received the same independence with Futurama, the name Futurama comes from a pavilion at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. Designed by Norman Bel Geddes, the Futurama pavilion depicted how he imagined the world would look in 1959, many other titles were considered for the series, including Aloha, Mars. and Doomsville, which Groening notes were resoundly rejected, by everyone concerned with it. It takes approximately six to nine months to produce an episode of Futurama, the long production time results in several episodes being worked on simultaneously
38.
Classic rock
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Classic rock is a radio format which developed from the album-oriented rock format in the early 1980s. In the United States, the rock format features music ranging generally from the late 1960s to the late 1980s. The radio format became popular with the baby boomer demographic by the end of the 1990s. The classic rock format evolved from AOR radio stations that were attempting to appeal to an audience by including familiar songs of the past with current hits. In 1980, AOR radio station M105 in Cleveland, Ohio began billing itself as Clevelands Classic Rock, similarly, WMET called itself Chicagos Classic Rock in 1981. In 1982, radio consultant Lee Abrams developed the Timeless Rock format which combined contemporary AOR with hits from the 1960s and 1970s, KRBE, Houston was another early classic rock radio station. In 1983 program director Paul Christy designed a format which played only early album rock, from the 1960s and early 1970s, KRBE was the first station to use the term classic rock on the air. Classic rock soon became the widely used descriptor for the format, in the mid-1980s, the formats widespread proliferation came on the heels of Jacobs Medias success at WCXR, Washington, D. C. and Edinborough Rands success at WZLX, Boston. Between Guthrie and Jacobs, they converted more than 40 major market stations to their individual brand of classic rock over the next several years. Billboard magazines Kim Freeman posits that while classic rocks origins can be traced back earlier,1986 is generally cited as the year of its birth, by 1986, the success of the format resulted in oldies accounting for 60–80% of the music played on album rock stations. Although it began as a niche format spun off from AOR, during the mid-1980s, the classic rock format was mainly tailored to the adult male demographic ages 25–34, which remained its largest demographic through the mid-1990s. As the formats audience aged, its demographics skewed toward older age groups, by 2006, the 35–44 age group was the formats largest audience and by 2014 the 45–54 year-old demographic was the largest. Typically, classic rock stations play songs from the mid-1960s through the 1980s. Unlike AOR radio stations, which played all tracks from albums, classic rock plays a more limited playlist of charting singles and popular album tracks from artists. Music scholar Jon Stratton traced classic rocks origins to the emergence of a classic-rock canon and this canon arose in part from music journalism and superlative lists ranking certain albums and songs that are consequently reinforced to the collective and public memory. Pepper era through the end of the 1970s as the focus of their playlists, though classic rock draws its inspiration and most of its heroes from the 60s, it is, of course, a construction of the 70s, he wrote in 1991 for Details magazine. It was invented by radio programmers who knew that before they could totally commodify 60s culture theyd have to rework it—that is. In the official rock pantheon the Doors and Led Zeppelin are Great Artists while Chuck Berry and Little Richard are Primitive Forefathers and James Brown, not for nothing did classic rock crown the Doors mystagogic middlebrow escapism and Led Zeps chest-thumping megalomaniac grandeur
