1.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
2.
Karnataka
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Karnataka is a state in south western region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, originally known as the State of Mysore, it was renamed Karnataka in 1973. The capital and largest city is Bangalore, the state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres, or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India. It is the seventh largest Indian state by area, with 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population, comprising 30 districts. Kannada, one of the languages of India, is the most widely spoken. Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward into the Bay of Bengal, though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka, the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu, meaning elevated land. Karu nadu may also be read as karu, meaning black, the British used the word Carnatic, sometimes Karnatak, to describe both sides of peninsular India, south of the Krishna. With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic, Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient, the philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio-religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day. Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music, the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions, Karnatakas pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them to large areas of Karnataka. The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms, the Kadambas, the Kadamba Dynasty, founded by Mayurasharma, had its capital at Banavasi, the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital. These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription, the Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of 12th century. Parts of modern-day Southern Karnataka were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of 11th century, the Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule. At the turn of the first millennium, the Hoysalas gained power in the region, literature flourished during this time, which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres, and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture. The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh, in the early 14th century, Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital, Hosapattana, on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district. The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India, in 1565, Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota
3.
Dandeli
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Dandeli is a town in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India, in the Western Ghats region. The official and predominant language of communication is Kannada, the diversity of its population is reflected in its culture, and the Dasara, Ramleela, Ganesh Chaturthi and Deepavali festivals are all celebrated. As per the 1930 census, the population of Dandeli was only 515, most residents belonged to the Konkanis, Devali, Marathas, Kuruba, Lambani, Negro, and Muslim communities. The place was later called Old-Dandeli, ramachandra Ganapat Nayak migrated from Sanikatta near Gokarn to run the school. The school started with merely 18 students, three of whom were older than their teacher, R. G, in 1939 the school was recognised by the British government. A local legend states that the city is named after Dandelappa, a deity, a servant of the Mirashi landlords. Dandeli is located at 15. 247719N,74. 629678W and it has an average elevation of 473 metres and has received heavy rainfall during August to November. Because of good forest cover and moderate elevation, the location has a highland climate. Dandeli is a habitat for wildlife, including tigers, leopards, black panthers, elephants, gaur, deer, antelopes. It is the second largest wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka and was designated as a reserve in 2007. The jungle is home to several varieties of reptiles and almost 300 varieties of birds. The rapid expansion of industry has raised fears of damage to the area. As of the 2001 India census, Dandeli had a population of 53,287, males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Dandeli has an literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 65%, male literacy is 81%. In Dandeli, 11% of the population is under six years of age, Kannada is the predominant language spoken Dandelis population was higher in the past, but lack of employment has forced people to migrate elsewhere. Jobs pay poorly, and traditional businesses have been disappearing for lack of customers, the company was promoted by Shree Digvijay Cement Company Limited, Sikka, Gujarat State in 1955. This company is also the main contributor of unpleasant odor affecting otherwise very pleasant city. L. E, Dandeli resorts have become an attraction for wealthier, mobile residents from India and elsewhere. The biodiversity in the forest has attracted sufficient tourism to support a number of resorts in the vicinity of Dandeli, the government has promoted eco-tourism with proper planning of the healthy breeding of wild animals
4.
Sadashivgad
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Sadashivgad is a fort located in Karwar, Uttara Kannada district, in the state of Karnataka in India. Significant and picturesque, the fort is now a popular tourist destination located by the Kali river bridge, which has built at the confluence of the river. Konkani is spoken as a local language, the fort was built on an old fortified site on the north bank of Kali River where it meets the sea. It had about 8 meters high ramparts which were about 2 metres wide at the top, there were towers and openings for guns. The citadel was at the highest point, an outwork was on the west, near the sea at the base of the cliff and was appropriately called Pani Killa. There was another outwork on the eastern slope, the citadel had single arched gateway. Samvargad was a small fort, about 60 metres by 20 metres on top of a hillock east of Sadashivgad. It was a fort guarding the former on its east & north east. The fort was named Sadashivgad by Basavlingraj after his father Sadashivlingraj in 1715 and they were chieftains of Sonda who assumed the title of Raja after incorporating Chittakula, Simveshwar, Kadra, Kadwad, Ankola and some other parts of Canara. The old Karwar fort was pulled down and its used to build Sadashivgad. Cintacora as known to the Portuguese was an old port and was also known as Chitrakul. When Sadashivgad was built in area, the village also came to be known by that name. A fort existed at Cintacora which was captured and burnt by the Portuguese in 1510 and they called it Pir fort due to the Muslim Dargah they found there - & was known in Portuguese language as Forte de Piro or Pito. The creek at the mouth of the Kali River was a center from early days. It came into prominence after Sadashivgad was built and the Portuguese realized the advantages of its sheltered harbor. In 1638 a rival English trading body, the Courteen Association, muslin was the chief commodity purchased but Karwar was also a source for pepper, cardamom, cassier and coarse blue cotton cloth. Situated on Indias west coast,50 miles south-east of Goa, in 1649 the Courteen Association united with the Company and Karwar became a Company factory. Having marched from Bednore in the south, visiting on his way the temple at Gokarna, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj seized Ankola
5.
Nandangadda
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Nandangadda is a coastal village located in Karwar Taluka of Uttara Kannada district, in the Indian state of Karnataka. The Jai Shri Santoshimata Temple located in Nandangadda is a must visit, the view of the Kali river estuary merging with the Arabian sea can be seen from here. The above said view is seen from an age old temple by name Naagnaath Temple also known as Aarav in the local language of konkani spoken by the majority residents. This temple is dedicated to the Lord Snake King, Jai Shri Santoshimata Temple located on the coastline
6.
River
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A river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water, small rivers can be referred to using names such as stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for the term river as applied to geographic features. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location, examples are run in parts of the United States, burn in Scotland and northeast England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always, Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. Potamology is the study of rivers while limnology is the study of inland waters in general. Extraterrestrial rivers of liquid hydrocarbons have recently found on Titan. Channels may indicate past rivers on other planets, specifically outflow channels on Mars and rivers are theorised to exist on planets, a river begins at a source, follows a path called a course, and ends at a mouth or mouths. The water in a river is confined to a channel. In larger rivers there is also a wider floodplain shaped by flood-waters over-topping the channel. Floodplains may be wide in relation to the size of the river channel. This distinction between river channel and floodplain can be blurred, especially in areas where the floodplain of a river channel can become greatly developed by housing. Rivers can flow down mountains, through valleys or along plains, the term upriver refers to the direction towards the source of the river, i. e. against the direction of flow. Likewise, the term describes the direction towards the mouth of the river. The term left bank refers to the bank in the direction of flow. The river channel typically contains a stream of water, but some rivers flow as several interconnecting streams of water. Extensive braided rivers are now found in only a few regions worldwide and they also occur on peneplains and some of the larger river deltas. Anastamosing rivers are similar to braided rivers and are quite rare
7.
Uttara Kannada
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Uttara Kannada is a district in the Indian state of Karnataka. The city of Karwar is the headquarters of the district. Sirsi, Dandeli and Bhatkal are the major developing towns of the district. Uttara Kannada was the home of the Kadamba kingdom from the 350 to 525, after the subjugation of the Kadambas by the Chalukyas, the district came under successive rule of empires like Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas and Vijayanagar empire. Famous Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta is said to have stayed for a time in the district under the protection of Nawayath Sultan Jamal Al-Din at Hunnur and this place is presently known as Hosapattana and is located in the town of Honnavar. Ruins of an old mosque and its minaret can still be seen in the village, the district came under the rule of Maratha Empire in the 1750s and later part of Mysore Kingdom, who ceded it to the British at the conclusion of the Fourth Mysore War in 1799. It was initilally part of Kanara district in Madras Presidency, the district was divided to North and South Kanara districts in 1859. The British finally transferred Uttara Kannada district to Bombay Presidency in 1862, after Indias independence in 1947, Bombay Presidency was reconstituted as Bombay State. In 1956 the southern portion of Bombay State was added to Mysore State, Uttara Kannada was an ancient site of sea trade visited by the Arabs, Dutch, Portuguese, French and later the British. Ibn Battuta passed through this route during one or more of his journeys, the renowned Bengali poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, who visited Uttara Kannada in 1882, dedicated an entire chapter of his memoirs to this town. The 22-year-old Rabindranath Tagore stayed with his brother, Satyendranath Tagore, there is a substantial amount of Chardo families in this area as they had migrated due to the persecution of the Portuguese in Goa. Cintacora, also known as Chitrakul and Sindpur, was known to the Portuguese as an old port. PCr7 is from karwar. When Sadashivgad was built in area, the village also came to be known by that name. Pir fort, named for the Dargah of Shahkaramuddin, was captured, the creek at the mouth of the Kali River was a trading center which came into greater prominence after Sadashivgad was built and the Portuguese realised the advantages of its sheltered harbor. In 1638 a rival English trading body, the Courteen Association and it was a trade port frequented by traders from Arabia and Africa. Baitkhol port was famous for its natural harbour, the name Baithkhol is Arabic term, Bait-e-kol, meaning bay of safety. Muslin was the chief commodity purchased but Uttara Kannada was also a source for pepper, cardamom, cassia, situated on Indias west coast,50 miles south-east of Goa, Uttara Kannada was noted for its safe harbour. In 1649 the Courteen Association united with the British East India Company, in the Treaty of Mangalore signed in 1784, between Tipu Sultan and the East India Company, one finds reference to Uttara Kannada and Sadashivgad written as Karwar and Sadasewgude respectively
8.
Electricity
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Electricity is the set of physical phenomena associated with the presence of electric charge. Although initially considered a separate to magnetism, since the development of Maxwells Equations both are recognized as part of a single phenomenon, electromagnetism. Various common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static electricity, electric heating, electric discharges, in addition, electricity is at the heart of many modern technologies. The presence of a charge, which can be either positive or negative. On the other hand, the movement of charges, which is known as electric current. When a charge is placed in a location with non-zero electric field, the magnitude of this force is given by Coulombs Law. Thus, if that charge were to move, the field would be doing work on the electric charge. Electrical phenomena have been studied since antiquity, though progress in theoretical understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Even then, practical applications for electricity were few, and it would not be until the nineteenth century that engineers were able to put it to industrial and residential use. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time transformed industry, electricitys extraordinary versatility means it can be put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport, heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the backbone of modern industrial society, long before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the Thunderer of the Nile, Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Patients suffering from such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them. Ancient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, Thales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. He coined the New Latin word electricus to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed and this association gave rise to the English words electric and electricity, which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Brownes Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646. Further work was conducted by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray, in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a key to the bottom of a dampened kite string. A succession of jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature
9.
Supa Dam
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Supa Dam is built across Kalinadi or Kali river in state of Karnataka in India. The dam is situated in Joida taluk of Uttara Kannada district, the power house at the foot of the dam has two electricity generators of fifty megawatt each. The electricity generated is supplied to different parts of Karnataka, the dam was built by Hindustan Steel Works Construction Limited and is now operated by Karnataka Power Corporation Limited. The power house was commissioned in 1985, the construction started in 1974 and ended in 1987. It has a storage capacity of 4178 Mcum and a live storage of 4115.25 Mcum of water. It is designed having two generators of 55 MVA and has a voltage of 11KV. The entire generator output accounts for 100 MW of electricity with 2916 Terminal Amp/unit and they generate about 542 Million Units annually. The output four lines of the grid are distributed between the substations at Ponda and Ambewadi equally. It is a gravity dam with a height of 101 m. List of dams and reservoirs in India
10.
Arabian Sea
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The Arabian Sea is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by northeastern Somalia and the Arabian Peninsula, and on the east by India. Historically the sea has been known by names including the Erythraean Sea. Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 and its depth is 4,652 metres. The Gulf of Aden is in the southwest, connecting the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, the Arabian Sea has been crossed by important marine trade routes since the third or second millennium BCE. Major seaports include Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai, the Port of Karachi and the Gwadar Port in Pakistan, other important ports include in India, Kandla Port, and Mormugao in Goa. The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include Socotra, Masirah Island, Astola Island, the Arabian Seas surface area is about 3,862,000 km2. The maximum width of the Sea is approximately 2,400 km, the biggest river flowing into the Sea is the Indus River. There are also the gulfs of Khambhat and Kutch on the Indian coast, the countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Iran, Pakistan, India and the Maldives. There are several cities on the seas coast including Mumbai, Surat, Karachi, Gwadar, Pasni, Ormara, Aden, Muscat, Keti Bandar, Salalah, Duqm. International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows, the Eastern limit of the Gulf of Aden. A line joining Ràs al Hadd, East point of Arabia, a line running from the South extremity of Addu Atoll, to the Eastern extreme of Ràs Hafun. The Western limit of the Laccadive Sea, by the time of Julius Caesar, several well-established combined land-sea trade routes depended upon water transport through the Sea around the rough inland terrain features to its north. Each major route involved transhipping to pack animal caravan, travel through country and risk of bandits. Later the kingdom of Axum arose in Ethiopia to rule a mercantile empire rooted in the trade with Europe via Alexandria, Jawaharlal Nehru Port in Mumbai is the largest port in the Arabian Sea, and the largest container port in India. The Port of Karachi is Pakistans largest and busiest seaport, handling about 60% of the nations cargo and it is located between the Karachi towns of Kiamari and Saddar, close to the main business district and several industrial areas. The geographic position of the places it in close proximity to major shipping routes such as the Strait of Hormuz. The history of the port is intertwined with that of the city of Karachi, several ancient ports have been attributed in the area including Krokola, Morontobara, Barbarikon (the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, and Debal. It warns sailors about whirlpools and advises them to safety in Kaurashi harbour if they found themselves drifting dangerously
11.
National Highway 66 (India)
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National Highway 66, commonly referred to as NH66, is a busy National Highway in India that runs roughly north–south along the western coast of India, parallel to the Western Ghats. It connects Panvel to Kanyakumari, passing through the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, the highway is undergoing a major overhaul in Karnataka, where the state government has accepted the NHAIs request of international standard, 60-metre-wide national highway with grade separators. The complete stretch from the Goa border to the Kerala border is being widened to four lanes, there was protests for a narrower stretch from the people who will lose lands, but the Karnataka government has not heeded to the public protests. But, road widening in other such as Kerala and Goa has not started. Initially Kerala demanded for a 30-metre-wide highway, but NHAI threatened to work in the state and concentrate on the other states. Widening of this highway into a 60-meter wide, 4-lane, international standard highway is in progress in Karnataka, Maharashtra section of this highway will be converted into a Flexible pavement road with 4-lane. This expressway will be parallel to NH-66 and will be located majorly in Coastal Karnataka, Expressway is expected to be a 6/8 lane access-controlled 3D Right of Way designed Expressway. It starts at Panvel, at the junction of National Highway 4, NH-66 mainly traverses through the west coast of India, sometimes touching shores of Arabian sea. The NH66 touches the Arabian Sea at Maravanthe in Karnataka, Thalassery, Alappuzha and it passes through the Indian states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The NHAI has got approval to upgrade complete stretch of highway from start to end to 4-lane highway, out of four states through which highway goes through Karnataka and Maharashtra have got approval from centre for the 60 metre wide highway. Kerala and Goa have requested for narrower width of 45 metres, NHAI feels the Kerala state government was lethargic in acquiring land. The four-laning of NH-66 has been completed till Thalapadi in Karnataka-Kerala border, tunnels will be constructed in the stretches where the road goes through forest or ghat section. As forest department does not allow land acquisition for road widening purposes, tunnels which can accommodate 4-lane expressways are proposed, one of the such proposal is Maharashtra governments proposal of 1.4 kilometre tunnel at the Karnala bird sanctuary. Currently, the road is narrow and without dividers for most part. Lack of dividers has led to increased incidence of head-on collisions between vehicles, at some places, signboards indicating left or right turns, speed-breakers, etc. are either damaged or missing. In addition to its span, there are no guard railings along the sides of the highway. The sides of the road are at times at a lower level compared to the road, one can find carcasses of animals on the road, indicating the risk on inattentive animals coming in your way. Two-wheeler vehicles must take a note of this
12.
Goa
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Goa /ˈɡoʊ. ə/ is a state in India within the coastal region known as the Konkan in western India. It is bounded by Maharashtra to the north and Karnataka to the east and it is Indias smallest state by area and the fourth smallest by population. Goa is Indias richest state, with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country, Panaji is the states capital, while Vasco da Gama is its largest city. The historic city of Margao still exhibits the influence of the Portuguese. Goa is a former Portuguese province, the Portuguese overseas territory of Portuguese India existed for about 450 years until it was annexed by India in 1961. Goa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year for its beaches, places of worship and it has rich flora and fauna, owing to its location on the Western Ghats range, a biodiversity hotspot. In ancient literature, Goa was known by names, such as Gomanchala, Gopakapattana, Gopakapattam, Gopakapuri, Govapuri, Govem. In the 3rd century BC, Goa was known as Aparantha and is mentioned by the Greek geographer Ptolemy, in the 13th century, the Greeks referred to Goa as Nelkinda. Other historical names for Goa are Sindapur, Sandabur, and Mahassapatam, Goas history goes back 20, 000–30,000 years. The rock art engravings exhibit the earliest traces of life in India. Upper Paleolithic or Mesolithic rock art engravings have been found on the bank of the river Kushavati at Usgalimal. Petroglyphs, cones, stone-axe, and choppers dating to 10,000 years ago have been found in places in Goa, such as Kazur, Mauxim. Evidence of Palaeolithic life is seen at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigao, Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, difficulty in carbon dating the laterite rock compounds poses a problem for determining the exact time period. Early Goan society underwent radical change when Indo-Aryan and Dravidian migrants amalgamated with the aboriginal locals, in the 3rd century BC, Goa was part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha. Buddhist monks laid the foundation of Buddhism in Goa, between the 2nd century BC and the 6th century AD, Goa was ruled by the Bhojas of Goa. The rule later passed to the Chalukyas of Badami, who controlled it between 578 and 753, and later the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed from 753 to 963, from 765 to 1015, the Southern Silharas of Konkan ruled Goa as the feudatories of the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas. Over the next few centuries, Goa was successively ruled by the Kadambas as the feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani, in 1312, Goa came under the governance of the Delhi Sultanate. The kingdoms grip on the region was weak, and by 1370 it was forced to surrender it to Harihara I of the Vijayanagara empire, the Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469, when it was appropriated by the Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga
13.
Western Ghats
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Western Ghats மேற்கு தொடர்ச்சி மலை is a mountain range that runs parallel to the western coast of the Indian peninsula, located entirely in India. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the eight hottest hot-spots of biological diversity in the world and it is sometimes called the Great Escarpment of India. The range runs north to south along the edge of the Deccan Plateau. These hills cover 160,000 km2 and form the catchment area for complex riverine drainage systems that drain almost 40% of India, the Western Ghats block southwest monsoon winds from reaching the Deccan Plateau. The average elevation is around 1,200 m, at least 325 globally threatened species occur in the Western Ghats. The Western Ghats are the mountainous faulted and eroded edge of the Deccan Plateau, geologic evidence indicates that they were formed during the break-up of the supercontinent of Gondwana some 150 million years ago. Geophysical evidence indicates that the west coast of India came into being somewhere around 100 to 80 mya after it broke away from Madagascar, after the break-up, the western coast of India would have appeared as an abrupt cliff some 1,000 m in elevation. Basalt is the predominant rock found in the reaching a thickness of 3 km. Other rock types found are charnockites, granite gneiss, khondalites, leptynites, metamorphic gneisses with detached occurrences of limestone, iron ore. Residual laterite and bauxite ores are found in the southern hills. The Western Ghats extend from the Satpura Range in the north and it traverses south past the states of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala. Major gaps in the range are the Goa Gap, between the Maharashtra and Karnataka sections, and the Palghat Gap on the Tamil Nadu and Kerala border between the Nilgiri Hills and the Anaimalai Hills. The mountains intercept the rain-bearing westerly monsoon winds, and are consequently an area of high rainfall, particularly on their western side. The northern portion of the coastal plain between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea is known as the Konkan, the central portion is called Kanara. The foothill region east of the Ghats in Maharashtra is known as Desh, the range is known as Sahyadri in Maharashtra and Karnataka. The Western Ghats meets the Eastern Ghats at Nilgiris in northwestern Tamil Nadu, Nilgiris connects Biligiriranga Hills in southeastern Karnataka with the Shevaroys and Tirumala hills. In the southern part of the range is Anamudi, the highest peak in Western Ghats, following is a list of some of the highest peaks of the Western Ghats, The Western Ghats form one of the four watersheds of India, feeding the perennial rivers of India. The major river systems originating in the Western Ghats include Godavari, Kaveri, Krishna, Thamiraparani, majority of streams draining the Western Ghats join these rivers and carry large volume of water during the monsoon months
14.
Karwar, Karnataka
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Karwar is a city in Uttara Kannada district in the South Indian state of Karnataka and the administrative centre of Uttara Kannada district. Karwar lies on the west coast of Southern India at the mouth of the Kali river and its geography creates a natural harbour with protection against monsoon weather. Being a port town, Karwar is a centre for agriculture, manufacturing, Karwar derived its name from the nearby village of Kadwad. Kade means last and wado means precinct or area in Konkani, before Indian independence, the name Karwar was spelt Carwar. The name Baithkhol, is an Arabic term, kot Siveshvar, another fortress, was built near Karwar by the Sultan of Bijapur to counterattacks from the north. At the ruins of Fort Siveshvar are a Muslim graveyard and a tunnel at the eastern gate, Portuguese traders knew Karwar as Cintacora, Chitrakul, Chittakula or Sindpur. In 1510, the Portuguese captured and burnt a fort at Karwar and they called it Fort Pir, Forte de Piro or Pito due to the presence of a Muslim Dargah. In the 17th century, refugees from Portuguese rule in Goa moved to Karwar, Marathas, Having marched from Bednore in the south, visiting on his way the sacred temple at Gokarna, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj seized Ankola and the next day came to Karwar. Both the East India Company and Sher Shah, the sardar of Bijapur, were very much alarmed at this sudden development and they collected huge amount and offering it to Shivaji, prayed that they may be spared. The common commodities were muslin, black pepper, cardamom, cassier, in 1649 the Courteen Association merged with the British East India Company, and Karwar became a company town. The East India Company built fighting ships in the Karwar harbour, for example, the Britannia which had 18 guns was built to defend Bombay from attacks by Maratha admiral Kanhoji Angre. In the 1700s Karwar was part of the Maratha Empire, in 1784, at the time of the Treaty of Mangalore between Tipu Sultan and the East India Company, Karwar and Sadashivgad were spelt Carwar and Sadasewgude, respectively. After the defeat of the Marathas in the Third Anglo-Maratha War, Karwar fell to the British, the Bengali poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore, who visited Karwar in 1882, dedicated a chapter of his memoirs to this town. At 22 years, Tagore stayed with his brother, Satyendranath Tagore. From 1862 to the re-organisation of the states, Uttara Kannada district was part of the Bombay Presidency, during World War II Karwar was an Indian Naval training site. Karwar is a city on the west coast of the Indian peninsula. To the east are the Western Ghats, Karwar is situated on the banks of the Kali river which flows west to the Arabian sea from its headwaters at Bidi village in the Western Ghats. The Kali river has a length of about 153 km and is the source of irrigation for Karnataka
15.
Kali Tiger Reserve
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Kali Tiger Reserve is a protected area and tiger reserve. It is located in Uttara Kannada district, in Karnataka, India, the park is a habitat of Bengal tigers, black panthers and Indian elephants, amongst other distinctive fauna. The Kali River flows through the reserve and is the lifeline of the ecosystem. The Tiger reserve is spread over an area of 1300 square kilometers, the forest in the area was declared the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary on 10 May 1956. The state proposed carving out a section of the sanctuary to form the Anshi national park, the initial proposal covered 250 square kilometres. When the final notification of the area was issued in 2002. It was renamed to Kali Tiger Reserve in Dec 2015, the park is home to several hydroelectric dams and a nuclear power station. It is notable that Anshi National Park and Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary were together granted the status of Project Tiger tiger reserve, in December 2015, Dandeli Anshi Tiger reserve was renamed to Kali Tiger Reserve. The river Kali is the lifeline of the people of Uttara Kannada district and integrates Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary spread across 400 km2, the river cuts across the whole park and the renaming has given the area a single identity. The change of name was also to bring focus and awareness to Kali River, the name change was prompted following a universal response from policymakers after the release of the movie Kali which brought to importance the role of Kali River to the ecosystem. Located in the Western Ghats range from l4°54 to l5°07 N latitude and 74°l6 to 74°30’ E longitude, despite high rainfall in this area, water holes go dry very early in the summer because the soil is laterite, with minimal water-holding capacity. The management of National parks and sanctuaries in the state is the responsibility of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Kali Tiger Reserve is headed by the Director of the Park who is also the Chief Conservator of Forests. The park is in the ecoregions of North Western Ghats montane rain forests and North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests, the black panther, elephants and tigers live in the park but are rarely seen. Interesting birds include the Ceylon frogmouth, great hornbill, Malabar pied hornbill, Malabar grey hornbill, Indian grey hornbill, around 200 species of birds are recorded in the park. The best months to visit are October to May, the park is open from 6,00 am to 6,00 pm. The nature camp at Kulgi has accommodations available in tents, deluxe tents, the climate is quite humid year around. The usual plans are visiting the Bird Trail, Mammal trail in Kulgi which is a 3-km walk. The water sports like jacuzzi, boating, rafting, and canoeing can be planned in the river Kali, signboards are written in Kannada and English
16.
Real (TV channel)
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Real was a Urdu entertainment channel launched by Turner International India Pvt Ltd. in a 50,50 joint venture with Alva Brothers Entertainment on 2 March 2009 based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. This is the first Hindi entertainment channel launched by Turner Broadcasting System, the channel has been followed by an English general entertainment channel WB from the Turner stable. The channel ceased all its operations in March 2010 due to low GRPs, also, the channel lacked sponsors and new shows since September 2009 and aired re-runs of its former shows. Hindi Hai Hum Namak Haraam Ninja Pandav Vicky Ki Taxi Sarkaar Ki Duniya Sitaron Ko Choona Hai PokerFace, Dil Sachcha Chehra Jhootha
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Sarkaar Ki Duniya
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Sarkaar Ki Duniya was a Reality television show that aired on Real TV since March 2,2009. It took place on Mango Island in Karwar, Karnataka,18 contestants were selected from all over India to be put together. Every week, there is a Dal Nayak who is elected and assigned a task along with an assigned amount, the Dal Nayak has immunity and is exempt from the elimination. Each player has to pay tax once a week and the least three tax payers are up for Nishkasan, the rest of the Dal eliminates one player every week. When the game reached the last four stage, the Nishkasan rights were revoked, the final four were Puneesh, Rahshid, Ali Mughal and Sanju. The Grand Finale was telecast on July 3,2009, the winner was Mr. Puneesh Sharma from Delhi and he won Rs. The show was hosted by film actor Ashutosh Rana
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National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
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NGA was known as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency until 2003. NGA headquarters is located at Fort Belvoir in Springfield, Virginia, the NGA campus, at 2.3 million square feet, is the third-largest government building in the Washington metropolitan area after The Pentagon and the Ronald Reagan Building. U. S. mapping and charting efforts remained relatively unchanged until World War I, using stereo viewers, photo-interpreters reviewed thousands of images. Many of these were of the target at different angles and times, giving rise to what became modern imagery analysis. The Engineer Reproduction Plant was the Army Corps of Engineerss first attempt to centralize mapping production, printing and it was located on the grounds of the Army War College in Washington, D. C. Previously, topographic mapping had largely been a function of individual field engineer units using field surveying techniques or copying existing or captured products, in addition, ERP assumed the supervision and maintenance of the War Department Map Collection, effective April 1,1939. With the advent of the Second World War aviation, field surveys began giving way to photogrammetry, photo interpretation, during wartime, it became increasingly possible to compile maps with minimal field work. Out of this emerged AMS, which absorbed the existing ERP in May 1942 and it was located at the Dalecarlia Site on MacArthur Blvd. just outside Washington, D. C. in Montgomery County, Maryland, and adjacent to the Dalecarlia Reservoir. AMS was designated as an Engineer field activity, effective July 1,1942, by General Order 22, OCE, the Army Map Service also combined many of the Armys remaining geographic intelligence organizations and the Engineer Technical Intelligence Division. The agencys credit union, Constellation Federal Credit Union, was chartered during the Army Map Service era and it has continued to serve all successive legacy agencies employees and their families. After the war, as capacity and range improved, the need for charts grew. The Army Air Corps established its map unit, which was renamed ACP in 1943 and was located in St. Louis, ACP was known as the U. S. Air Force Aeronautical Chart and Information Center from 1952 to 1972. A credit union was chartered for the ACP in 1948, called Aero Chart Credit Union and it was renamed Arsenal Credit Union in 1952, a nod to the St. Louis sites Civil War-era use as an arsenal. Shortly before leaving office in January 1961, President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorized the creation of the National Photographic Interpretation Center, lundahl, combining Central Intelligence Agency, Army, Navy, and Air Force assets to solve national intelligence problems. NPIC was a component of the CIAs Directorate of Science and Technology, NPIC first identified the Soviet Unions basing of missiles in Cuba in 1962. The Defense Mapping Agency was created on January 1,1972, dMAs birth certificate, DoD Directive 5105.40, resulted from a formerly classified Presidential directive, Organization and Management of the U. S. Foreign Intelligence Community, which directed the consolidation of mapping functions previously dispersed among the military services, DMA became operational on July 1,1972, pursuant to General Order 3, DMA. On Oct.1,1996, DMA was folded into the National Imagery, DMA was first headquartered at the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D. C, then at Falls Church, Virginia
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Konkani language
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Konkani is an Indo-Aryan language belonging to the Indo-European family of languages and is spoken along the South western coast of India. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages mentioned in the 8th schedule of the Indian Constitution, the first Konkani inscription is dated 1187 A. D. It is a minority language in Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Konkani is a member of the southern Indo-Aryan language group. It retains elements of Old Indo-Aryan structures and shows similarities with both western and eastern Indo-Aryan languages and it is quite possible that Old Konkani was just referred to as Prakrit by its speakers. Among the inscriptions at the foot of the statue of Bahubali at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka are two lines reading thus, Sri Chamundaraje Karaviyale and Sri Ganga raje sutthale karaviyale. The first line was inscribed circa 981 AD and the line in 116-17 AD. The language of these lines is Konkani according to Dr. S. B, considering these arguments, these inscriptions at Sravanabelegola may be considered the earliest Konkani inscriptions in Devanagari script. Reference to the name Konkani is not found in prior to 13th century. The first reference of the name Konkani is in Abhanga 263 of the 13th century Marathi saint poet, Konkani has been known by a variety of names, Canarim, Concanim, Gomantaki, Bramana, and Goani. It is called Amchi Bhas by native speakers, and Govi or Goenchi Bhas by others, learned Marathi speakers tend to call it Gomantaki. Konkani was commonly referred to as Lingua Canarim by the Portuguese, the Portuguese later started referring to Konkani as Lingua Concanim. The name Canarim or Lingua Canarim, which is how the 16th century European Jesuit and it is possible that the term is derived from the Persian word for coast, kinara, if so, it would mean the language of the coast. The problem is that this term overlaps with Kanarese or Kannada, All the European authors, however, recognised two forms of the language in Goa, the plebeian, called Canarim, and the more regular, called Lingua Canarim Brámana or simply Brámana de Goa. The latter was the choice of the Europeans, and also of other castes, for writing, sermons. There are different views as to the origin of the word Konkan, the word Konkan comes from the Kukkana tribe, who were the original inhabitants of the land Konkani originated from. According to some Hindu legends, Parashurama shot his arrow into the sea, the new piece of land thus recovered came to be known as Konkan meaning piece of earth or corner of earth, kōṇa + kaṇa. This legend is mentioned in Sahyadrikhanda of the Skanda Purana, Konkan is synonymous with Konkani, but it is today divided into three states, Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka. Olivinho Gomes in his essay Medieval Konkani Literature also mentions the Mundari substratum, Goan Indologist Ramakrishna Shenvi Dhume identified many Austroloid Munda words in Konkani, like mund, mundkar, dhumak, goem-bab
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Amoghavarsha JS
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Amoghavarsha is an award-winning wildlife photographer, filmmaker and storyteller from Bangalore, India. He has photographed the thick evergreens of Arunachal and the landscapes of Ladakh in India, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Having worked as a naturalist and hailing from a technology background, after completing a degree in Computer Science, he joined Amazon as a Software Engineer. He later worked for the local search startup Asklaila as its first employee and he quit his job in 2008 to pursue his passion for wildlife photography. Amoghavarsha works with government forest departments, non-profit organisations and media institutions on conservation and education projects and he works closely with CEE and has helped set up interpretation centres.5 million people. He has contributed to Microsoft research on the cutting-edge digital narratives media project at Hampi and he also conducts photography workshops and expeditions. His work has exhibited in various national and international events. Jaya hai Kannada thaye – India’s first wildlife music video with music from Grammy winner Ricky Kej which was launched on 6 regional channels, huli - How to Save the Tiger. - A short film that sheds light on the forest staff that protects our forests, River Terns of Bhadra - A film on the lives of beautiful River tern that throng the bhadra backwaters in summers. This is one of Indias first wildlife film to be licensed under creative commons, nominated at Indias top wildlife film festival CMS Vatavaran 2015. Kali - An award winning film on the Kali River that flows through the western ghats of India. Following the journey of a 100-year-old grand mother as she journeys to the source of the river and he was also invited to Convention on Biological Diversity in 2012 to talk about the importance of photography and media in conservation education. He was invited by Dr Ramesh Srinivasan to University of California, Los Angeles to present his work on use of media, huli, Technology to the Frontiers of Tiger Conservation River Terns of Bhadra Kali
21.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
22.
Hydrography
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The origins of hydrography lay in the making of charts to aid navigation, by individual mariners as they navigated into new waters. These were usually the property, even closely held secrets. National organizations, particularly navies, realized that the collection, systematization and distribution of this gave it great organizational. Thus were born dedicated national hydrographic organizations for the collection, organization, publication and distribution of hydrography incorporated into charts, prior to the establishment of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Royal Navy captains were responsible for the provision of their own charts. In practice this meant that ships often sailed with inadequate information for safe navigation, and that when new areas were surveyed, the Admiralty appointed Alexander Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1795, with a remit to gather and distribute charts to HM Ships. Within a year existing charts from the two centuries had been collated, and the first catalogue published. The first chart produced under the direction of the Admiralty, was a chart of Quiberon Bay in Brittany, under Captain Thomas Hurd the department received its first professional guidelines and the first catalogues were published and made available to the public and to other nations as well. In 1829, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, as Hydrographer, developed the eponymous Scale, and introduced the first official tide tables in 1833, the word hydrography comes from the Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water and γράφω, to write. The science of oceanography is, in part, an outgrowth of classical hydrography, in many respects the data are interchangeable, but marine hydrographic data will be particularly directed toward marine navigation and safety of that navigation. Marine resource exploration and exploitation is a significant application of hydrography, hydrographical measurements include the tidal, current and wave information of physical oceanography. Bottom measurements also include collection of the nature of the bottom as it pertains to effective anchoring, unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural and manmade, that aid in navigation. Hydrography, mostly for reasons of safety, adopted a number of conventions that have affected its portrayal of the data on nautical charts, the former are the mariners tools to avoid accident. The latter are best representations of the seabed, as in a topographic map, for scientific. Trends in hydrographic practice since c, 2003–2005 have led to a narrowing of this difference, with many more hydrographic offices maintaining best observed databases, and then making navigationally safe products as required. This has been coupled with a preference for multi-use surveys, so that the data collected for nautical charting purposes can also be used for bathymetric portrayal. For instance, if there is an area that can not be reached because it is surrounded by shallow water. The color filled areas that show different ranges of water are not the equivalent of contours on a topographic map since they are often drawn seaward of the actual shallowest depth portrayed. A bathymetric chart does show marine topology accurately, details covering the above limitations can be found in Part 1 of Bowditchs American Practical Navigator
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Arkavati
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The Arkavati is an important mountain river in Karnataka, India, originating at Nandi Hills of Chikkaballapura district. It is a tributary of the Kaveri, which it joins at 34 km south of Kanakapura, called Sangama in Kannada, the river drains into the Chikkarayappanahalli Lake near Kanivenarayanapura. Kumudavathi and Vrishabhavathi rivers are tributaries to this river and it forms Chunchi falls near Haroshivanahalli. The river is used by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board to provide 135 million litres of drinking water per day to the city of Bengaluru, as it is filtered in the nearby mountain aquifer, the water is fresh and crystal clear. The water is taken from two reservoirs built on the river, the Hesaraghatta, which was built in 1894, and the Tippagondanahalli Reservoir, there is Manchanabele dam that is across the river further downstream. Ponnaiyar River Palar River Vrishabhavathi River Hesaraghatta Lake Thippagondanahalli Reservoir
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Bhadra River
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The Bhadra River is a river in Karnataka state in southern India. It flows through the towns of Kudremukh, Kalasa, Horanadu, Balehonnur, Balehole, a dam is built across the river near Lakkavalli which forms the Bhadra reservoir. From here the river continues its journey through the city of Bhadravathi, the Bhadra meets the Tunga River at Koodli, a small town near Shivamogga. The combined river continues east as the Tungabhadra, a tributary of the Krishna. Flood Every year in season due to heavy rain in Western Ghats the Bhadra Dam will reach to its peak. Map of Bhadra River Noisy scenes at meeting of Bhadra farmers, officials Jabir bhr Assessing Irrigation Performance of Rice-Based Bhadra Project in India Crocodiles are abundant in the Bhadra river
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Chitravathi River
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The Chitravathi is an inter-state river in southern India that is a tributary of the Pennar River. Rising in Karnataka, it flows into Andhra Pradesh and its covers a area of over 5,900 km2. The pilgrim town of Puttaparthi is located on its banks, the Chitravati river basin covers an area of 5,908 km2. Among the mandals that it drains in the two states are Bagepalli, Hindupur, Bukkapatnam, Dharmavaram, Tadipatri and Kadiri. The river joins the Pennar at Gandikota in Kadapa district where the Gandikota irrigation project is being undertaken by the Government of Andhra Pradesh as part of its Jalayagnam project, Chitravathi is a seasonal river that comes alive after the monsoons. Along with the Papagni, it forms a part of the middle Pennar sub-basin and is a right tributary of the Pennar. Sand mining, much of it illegal, is rampant in the Chitravathi basin, Chitravathi is also known as the Deva Kanya and it flows through the pilgrim town of Puttaparthi, the abode of Satya Sai Baba. It is considered sacred by many people on account of its association with Satya Sai Baba
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Gangavalli River
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Gangavalli River is one of the many small rivers that originates and flows entirely within the western part of state of Karnataka in India. Gangavalli River originates from the Western Ghats the south of Dharwad as Shalmala, here the River embraces the name Gangavalli from the Goddess Ganga, the village in this area carries the same name Gangavalli. This stream joins at Kalghatgi about 30 km lower down to the Bedthi River that takes its birth near Hubli, River then flows west and then south-west for a total distance of 69 km. This river has a catchment area of 3,574 km2 and has a length of 152 km. On its course towards the Arabian Sea, the falls from a height of 180 metre at a point called Manjguni a new resort place on the western face of the Sahyadri. It is significant and picturesque at the confluence of the river, the bed fall of the river is gentle for the first 72 km. After that point the river bed falls rapidly with a clear over fall of 183 km at Magod and is known as The Magod Falls. Afterwards river runs in deep gorges with a steep bed falls, the Souda joins the river after the falls. The Ganagavalli village is 11 km away from the Ankola town and 4 km from Belambar one of the new resort areas of the Uttar Kannada district. Gokarna town is 4 km away in the direction on Gangavalli road. The river flows through Dharwad and Uttar Kannada districts, the river has dense evergreen and semi-evergreen forests along its path. Bedthi, Shalmali and Souda Soils in the Gangavalli basin are mainly lateritic in origin, the various type of soil found here is clay loamy, clayey, clayey-skeletal, and loamy. With a major part of the lying in the Western Ghats. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 1,700 mm to 6,000 mm, about 95% of the rainfall is received during the month of June to September when the southwest monsoon is at its climax. There is some rainfall in the post monsoon season in the form of thundershowers mostly during October and some rainfall occurs during the summer months of April. During heavy monsoons, the floods to nearby villages and dumps dirt. April is usually the hottest month with the daily maximum temperature at 36˚C. During the morning, the relative humidity exceeds 75% for most times of the year, during the months of monsoon, the relative humidity during the afternoons is approximately 60%
27.
Ghataprabha River
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The Ghataprabha river is an important right-bank tributary of the Krishna River and flows eastward for a distance of 283 kilometers before its confluence with the Krishna River at Almatti. The river basin is 8,829 square kilometers wide and stretches across Karnataka, Ghataprabha River originates in the Western Ghats near chaukul village, tehsil sawantwadi in the Sindhudurg district of Maharahtra. It arises about 12 km away from the well-known hill-station of Amboli forming at the east-face of the hills which give birth to the Hiranyakeshi river. From hereon, the river eastward into the Kolhapur district of Maharashtra forming the Phatakwadi lake. It is the dam built on this river within the jurisdiction of Maharashtra. The river ends its course within Maharashtra near the town Daddi. The river provides a boundary between the adjoining states of Maharashtra and Karnataka for a short length of about 10 km. It then collects into the Hidkal reservoir providing water through the man-made canals, the river is then joined by the Hiranyakeshi river, its most important left-bank tributary. It then runs through hills near Gokak before running over a cliff to form the Gokak Falls. Less than a kilometer from the falls, the Markandeya river, the river takes a north-easterly course towards the town of Mudhol and thereafter turns south-easterly untl it reaches Bagalkot. Hiranyakeshi river and Markandeya river are tributaries of Ghataprabha, the river is crossed by a suspension bridge near the Gokak Falls. The bridge was constructed in the late 1800s/early 1900s
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Hemavati River
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The Hemavati is a river in Karnataka, India, an important tributary of the Kaveri. The Hemavati River starts in the Western Ghats at an elevation of about 1,219 metres near Ballala rayana durga in the Chikmagalur District of the state of Karnataka, in southern India. It flows through Hassan District where it is joined by its tributary, the Yagachi River. It is approximately 245 km long and has an area of about 5,410 km². A dam across the Hemavati was completed in 1979, above Gorur in Hassan district, the church was constructed by French Missionaries in the 1860s, and has a mighty and magnificent structure in the Gothic Architecture. In 1960, when the government decided to build the dam, when the water level is low, sometimes coracles are used to go inside the church. National Water Development Agency - Netravati - Hemavati Link
29.
Kabini River
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The Kabani, also called Kabini or Kapila, is a river in southern India. It originates in the Wayanad District of Kerala state by the confluence of the Panamaram River and it flows eastward to join the Kaveri River at Tirumakudalu Narasipura in Karnataka. The Kaveri river then irrigates Tamil Nadu and it is drinking water source before emptying into the Bay of Bengal near kaveripoompattinam. Close to the town of Sargur it forms the huge Kabani Reservoir, the backwaters of the Kabani reservoir are very rich in wildlife especially in summer when the water level recedes to form rich grassy meadows. The Kabani dam is 2,284 ft in length with a gross storage of 19.52 tmcft. The Kabani Dam is situated between villages Bichanahalli and Bidarahalli having distance of 17 km 6 km away from Sargur town in Heggadadevana kote taluk and it is 80 km away from Mysuru and 205 km from Bengaluru, and comprises the south-eastern part of Nagarahole National Park. Situated on the banks of the Kabini River, thet reserve is spread over 55 acres of forestland, steep valleys, once a private hunting lodge of the Maharaja of Mysore, Kabini was a popular shikar hotspot for British Viceroys and Indian royalty. Now it is considered to be one of the best wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka, famous for its spectacular wildlife, the river originates in the Pakramthalam hills at Kuttiady-Mananthavady road. Makkiyad river and Periya river join it near Korome and Valad respectively, after flowing through Mananthavady town, Panamaram river joins Kabini near Payyampally. One branch of the Panamaram river starts from the Banasura Sagar reservoir near Padinjarethara, after traversing 2 kilometres from the confluence of Panamaram river Kabini forms an island called Kuruva Island, spreading over 520 acres with diverse flora and fauna. Within 20 km it reaches the Kabini reservoir bordering Kerala and Karnataka for some distance, between Kabani reservoir and Kuruva island Kalindi river joins Kabini. Kalindi river originates from Brahmagiri hills which on reaching near Thirunelli Temple the rivulet Papanasini joins it, taraka and Nugu are the two small rivers in Heggadadevana kote taluk that join the Kapila. The Kabani dam is built on the River Kabini in the district of Mysore, the dam is 696 meters in length and was built in 1974. The exact location of the dam is near village Beechanahally, in Taluk Heggadadevanakote, the catchment area of the dam is 2,141.90 km2. It caters to the needs of around 22 villages and 14 hamlets and this dam also provides water to the combined system of Sagaredoddakere and Upper Nugu Dams. There is an arrangement of lifting and transfer of 28.00 TMC of water during the months from the Kabini dam to the other two smaller dams. The dam is spread over an area of 55 hectares covering forests, rivers, lakes and valleys
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Kaveri
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The Kaveri is a large Indian river. Rising in southwestern Karnataka, it flows southeast some 800 kilometres to enter the Bay of Bengal, in Mandya district it forms the island of Shivanasamudra, on either side of which are the scenic Shivanasamudra Falls that descend about 100 metres. The river is the source for an irrigation system and for hydroelectric power. The river has supported irrigated agriculture for centuries and served as the lifeblood of the ancient kingdoms, after the river leaves the Kodagu hills and flows onto the Deccan plateau, it forms two islands in mandya districts Srirangapatna and Shivanasamudra. First comes the Srirangapatna which forms the sangam and then comes Shivanasamudra, at Shivanasamudra the river drops 98 metres, forming the famous Shivanasamudra Falls known separately as Gagana Chukki and Bhara Chukki. Asias first hydroelectric plant was on the falls and supplied power to the city of Bangalore. In its course through Karnataka, the channel is interrupted by 12 anekattu for the purpose of irrigation, three kilometers away from Srirangapatna, the Kaveri is the basis for the Ranganthittu Bird Sanctuary. Near Srirangapatna is also an aqueduct, the Bangara Doddi Nala and it is said to be the only aqueduct where the water from a river, dammed upstream, is carried by the aqueduct over the very same river few miles downstream. The river enters Tamil Nadu through Dharmapuri district leading to the plains where it meanders. It drops into the Hogenakkal Falls just before it arrives in the town of Hogenakkal in Tamil Nadu, the three minor tributaries, Palar, Chennar and Thoppar enter into the Kaveri on her course, above Stanley Reservoir in Mettur, where the dam has been constructed. It then flows further through the length of Erode district where the river Bhavani, running through the breadth of the district, merges with it. The confluence of the rivers Kaveri, Bhavani and Akash Ganga is at the place of Bhavani, Tamil Nadu Kooduthurai or Tiriveni Sangamam. While passing through Erode, two tributaries merge. Thirumani Mutharu joins it in a village called Kududurai in Namakkal District, noyyal and Amaravathi join it in Karur district before it reaches Tiruchirapalli district. Here the river becomes wide, with a bed. The northern branch of the river is called the Kollidam while the southern branch retains the name Kaveri and these two rivers join again and form the Srirangam island that is a part of the city of Tiruchirapalli. The fourth oldest functional damGrand Anicut or Kallanai was present at this place, from Thanjavur, the river splits and goes to few places in the Delta kaveri. It was built as far back as 1,800 years ago or even more, on both sides of the river are found walls spreading to a distance of 330 metres
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Krishna River
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The Krishna River is the fourth-biggest river in terms of water inflows and river basin area in India, after the Ganga, Godavari and Brahmaputra. The river is almost 1,300 kilometres long, the river is also called Krishnaveni. It is a source of irrigation for Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana. Krishna river originates in the western ghats near Mahabaleshwar at an elevation of about 1,300 metres and it is one of the longest rivers in India. The Krishna river is around 1,400 km in length and it flows through the state of Karnataka before entering Telangana State. The delta of river is one of the most fertile regions in India and was the home to ancient Satavahana. Vijayawada is the largest city on the River Krishna and it causes heavy soil erosion during the monsoon floods. It flows fast and furious, often reaching depths of over 75 feet, ironically, there is a saying in Marathi Shant vaahate Krishnamaai which means quiet flows Krishna. This term is used to describe that a person should be as quiet as Krishna, there are four rivers that join the Krishna at a confluence known as Preeti Sangam, or Lovers Meeting Point in the Satara District. These are Venna River, Urmodi River, Tarli River and Koyna River, three tributaries meet Krishna river near Sangli. These places are considered very holy and it is said that Lord Dattatreya spent some of his days at Audumber on the banks of river Krishna. Sangameswaram of Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh is a pilgrim center for Hindus where Tungabhadra. The Sangameswaram temple is now drowned in the Srisailam reservoir, Krishna Basin extends over an area of 258,948 km2 which is nearly 8% of the total geographical area of the country. This large basin lies in the states of Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, the Krishna river rises in the Western Ghats, at an elevation of about 1,337 m just north of Mahabaleshwar, about 64 km from the Arabian Sea. It flows for about 1,400 km and outfalls into the Bay of Bengal, the principal tributaries joining Krishna are the Ghataprabha River, Malaprabha River, Bhima River, Tungabhadra River and Musi River. Most of this basin comprises rolling and undulating country, except for the western border, the important soil types found in the basin are black soils, red soils, laterite and lateritic soils, alluvium, mixed soils, red and black soils and saline and alkaline soils. An average annual surface water potential of 78.1 km3 has been assessed in this basin, out of this,58.0 km3 is utilizable water. Culturable area in the basin is about 203,000 km2, the irrigation canals of Prakasam Barrage form part of National Waterway 4
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Malaprabha River
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The Malaprabha River is a tributary of the Krishna River and flows through the state of Karnataka in India. It rises in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 792.4 m in the states Belgaum district, the river joins Krishna River at Kudalasangama in Bagalkot district. Malaprabha River originates in the Sahyadri mountains at an altitude of 792.4 metres at Kanakumbi village 16 km west of Jamboti village, Khanapur taluka, Belgaum District, at the origin of the Malaprabha is an ancient temple dedicated to Shree Mauli Devi. Malaprabha birthplace is a center with mythological origins. A symbol in rock carved by hand near the source of the river Malaprabha depicts the origin of the river for the purpose of safety showered for the well being of humankind and it is a source of highly stable mineral water. Presence of discontinuities has major effects on properties of contours at source of river, permeability is dependent on orientation of the region. It revealed from the RTC maintained by the Tahasildar, Khanapur Revenue Dept, Government of Karnataka, India that Yuvaraj Kurtkoti has legal ownership, no.127 of Kankumbi, Jamboti Circle, Khanapur Taluka, Belgaum Dist. Bennihalla, Hirehalla and Tuparihalla are the tributaries to Malaprabha of Dharwad district. Navilatirtha Dam is between Saundatti and Munavalli in Belgaum District, the reservoir created by the dam is called Renukasagara, its catchment area is 11,549 km3. This reservoir irrigates more than 2,000 km2 of agricultural land, there is an ancient temple of the deity Yellamma on a nearby hill. This is a centre for thousands of devotees. Also the temples of Aihole, Pattadakal and Badami are on the banks of the Malaprabha and these are listed as World Heritage sites by UNESCO. Aihole Badami Cave Temples Badami Chalukya Architecture The Kalasa-Banduri Nala project Mahakuta
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Manjira River
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The Manjeera also spelled Manjiira is a tributary of the river Godavari. It passes through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka and Telangana and it originates in the Balaghat range of hills near Ahmednagar district at an altitude of 823 metres and empties into the Godavari River. It has a catchment area of 30,844 square kilometres. Tributaries Manjara is the river which Its origin is near the Gaukhadi Village of Beed district. The river flows from the boundaries of the Osmanabad district and cutting across the Latur district goes to Karnataka State. It flows on the Balaghat plateau along with its tributaries, Terna, Tawarja, the other three tributaries of Manjara are Manyad, Teru and Lendi which flow on the northern plains. Terna River, This is the tributary of Manjara which flows on the southern boundary of the Ausa taluka. Manyad, This river takes its origin at Dharmapuri in Beed district, Lendi, The river has its origin in Udgir taluka and flowing through the Ahmadpur taluka joins the Tiru river in Nanded district. Gharni, The river has its origin near Wadval and flows through Chakur taluka, Tawarja, Tawarja originates near Murud in Latur taluka and joins the Manjara river at Shivani on the Latur-Ausa boundary. Nizam Sagar was constructed across the Manjra River between Achampeta and Banjapalle villages of the Nizamabad district in Telangana, India, the most outstanding feature of the project is the gigantic masonry dam sprawling across the river for 3 kilometers with a motorable road of 14 feet width. The Singur Reservoir on Manjra River in Medak District is the drinking water source for the Medak. Manjra river is also serving for Bidar city
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Netravati River
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The Netravati River has its origins at Bangrabalige valley, Yelaneeru Ghat in Kudremukh in Chikkamagaluru district of Karnataka, India. This river flows through the famous pilgrimage place Dharmasthala and is considered as one of the Holy rivers of India and it merges with the Kumaradhara River at Uppinangadi before flowing to the Arabian Sea, south of Mangalore city. This river is the source of water to Bantwal and Mangalore. The Netravati railway bridge is one of the bridges which serve as the gateway to Mangalore. Earlier in the last century it was known as the Bantwal River, a reference to the River Netravati, as unfordable during the South-West Monsoon, can be seen in the Gazetteer of Southern India, published in 1855. It has an apparent breadth of about 200 yards with a bed encumbered by large masses, chiefly of hornblende rock, containing spangles of mica. Sienites also occur, as fragments of a pegmatite with flesh coloured feldspar are seen in the beds of rivulets. The Netravati River is navigable by country craft for many miles. The train Netravati Express, passing through Mangalore, is named after this river, often Bantwal has been submerged in bygone years during the monsoon by overflowing river Netravati. Many residents left the town, settled elsewhere, and prospered, the major floods remembered by the elders of the town occurred in 1928 and 1974. Netravati river originates in the Western Ghats in Bangrabalike forest Valley in Yellaner Ghats of Kudremukha range in Karnataka State, the river drains an area of about 1,353 square miles. The Kumaradhara River, which originates in the Subramanya range of Western Ghats, meets the Netravati river near Uppinangadi village, every year nearly around more than 100 tmc of water flowing to Arabian sea. The main occupation of the people who have settled on the bank of river is agriculture. This river is the source of water for agriculture during off monsoon. The river is rich in water life, majority of the people settling around the river have practiced fishing which provides bread to many families. People also trade fine sand which is used for construction and this sand is taken from the bed of the river. A recent controversy has arisen, from a proposal to change the path of the river so that the dry land areas above the Western Ghats can be irrigated, changing the path of the river might lead to unforeseen environmental disasters according to some experts. For example, it affect the marine life due to reduced outflow of freshwater
