1.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
2.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
3.
Cyprus
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Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean and the third largest and third most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located south of Turkey, west of Syria and Lebanon, northwest of Israel and Palestine, north of Egypt, the earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC, Cyprus was placed under British administration based on Cyprus Convention in 1878 and formally annexed by Britain in 1914. While Turkish Cypriots made up 18% of the population, the partition of Cyprus and creation of a Turkish state in the north became a policy of Turkish Cypriot leaders, following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence in 1960. On 15 July 1974, a coup détat was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalists and elements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at enosis and these events and the resulting political situation are matters of a continuing dispute. The Cyprus Republic has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus, as well as its territorial sea and exclusive economic area, another nearly 4% of the islands area is covered by the UN buffer zone. The international community considers the part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union. Cyprus is a major tourist destination in the Mediterranean, on 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprus joined the eurozone. The earliest attested reference to Cyprus is the 15th century BC Mycenaean Greek
4.
Limassol
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Limassol is a city on the southern coast of Cyprus and capital of the eponymous district. Limassol is the second largest urban area in Cyprus, with a population of 160. Limassol has been ranked by TripAdvisor as the 3rd up-and-coming destination in the world, the city is also ranked 87th worldwide in Mercers Quality of Living Survey. Limassol was built between two ancient cities, Amathus and Kourion, and during Byzantine rule it was known as Neapolis, limassols historical centre is located around its medieval Limassol Castle and the Old Port. Today the city spreads along the Mediterranean coast and has extended much farther than the castle and port, to the west of the city is the Akrotiri Area of the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia. The city of Limassol is situated between the ancient cities of Amathus and Kourion, Limassol was probably built after Amathus had been ruined. However, the town of Limassol has been inhabited since ancient times. Graves found there date back to 2000 BC and others back to the 8th and 4th centuries BC. These few remains show that a small colonisation must have existed which did not manage to develop, Ancient writers mention nothing about the foundation of the town. Bishop Leontios of Neapolis was an important church writer in the 7th century, the records of the 7th Synod refer to it as the bishop’s see. The town was known as Lemesos in the 10th century, the history of Limassol is largely known by the events associated with the Third Crusade. The king of England, Richard the Lionheart, was travelling to the Holy Land in 1191 and his fiancée Berengaria and his sister Joan, Queen of Sicily, were also travelling on a different ship. Because of a storm, the ship with the arrived in Limassol. Isaac Komnenos, the renegade Byzantine Greek governor of Cyprus invited the queens ashore, with the intention of holding them to ransom, so he refused them fresh water and they had to put out to sea again or yield to capture. When Richard arrived in Limassol and met Isaac Komnenos, he asked him to contribute to the crusade for the liberation of the Holy Land, while at the beginning Isaac had accepted, he later on refused to give any help. Richard then chased him and finally arrested him, the island was therefore taken over by the Anglo-Normans. Richard celebrated his marriage with Berengaria who had received the crown as queen of England in Cyprus, Richard destroyed Amathus and the inhabitants were transferred to Limassol. A year later, in AD1192, Cyprus was sold for the sum of 100,000 bezants to the Templars, rich monks, the knights enforced high taxes, in order to get back the money that had been given for the purchase of Cyprus
5.
The Bahamas
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The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence, the designation of the Bahamas can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas is the site of Columbus first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan, although the Spanish never colonised the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera, the Bahamas became a British Crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American War of Independence, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas, they brought their slaves with them, Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. Slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834, Today the descendants of slaves and free Africans make up nearly 90% of the population, issues related to the slavery years are part of society. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas, with an economy based on tourism and finance. The name Bahamas is derived from either the Taino ba ha ma, alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning. In English, the Bahamas is one of two countries whose self-standing short name begins with the word the, along with The Gambia. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century and they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus arrival in 1492, Columbuss first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador. Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island, an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbuss log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive, on the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour, the slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity, half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished, in 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom and they later settled New Providence, naming it Sayles Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks, in 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America
6.
Bali
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Bali is an island and province of Indonesia. The province includes the island of Bali and a few smaller neighbouring islands, notably Nusa Penida, Nusa Lembongan and it is located at the westernmost end of the Lesser Sunda Islands, between Java to the west and Lombok to the east. Its capital, Denpasar, is located in the part of the island. With a population of 3,890,757 in the 2010 census, and 4,225,000 as of January 2014, the island is home to most of Indonesias Hindu minority. According to the 2010 Census,83. 5% of Balis population adhered to Balinese Hinduism, followed by 13. 4% Muslim, Christianity at 2. 5%, Bali is a popular tourist destination, which has seen a significant rise in tourists since the 1980s. Tourism-related business makes up 80% of its economy and it is renowned for its highly developed arts, including traditional and modern dance, sculpture, painting, leather, metalworking, and music. The Indonesian International Film Festival is held every year in Bali, in March 2017, Tripadvisor named the island the worlds top destination in its Travelers choice award. Bali is part of the Coral Triangle, the area with the highest biodiversity of marine species, in this area alone over 500 reef building coral species can be found. For comparison, this is about 7 times as many as in the entire Caribbean, most recently, Bali was the host of the 2011 ASEAN Summit,2013 APEC and Miss World 2013. Bali is the home of the Subak Irrigation System, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by Austronesian people who migrated originally from Southeast Asia and Oceania through Maritime Southeast Asia. Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the people of the Indonesian archipelago, Malaysia, stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the islands west. In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, namely Pasupata, Bhairawa, Siwa Shidanta, Waisnawa, Bodha, Brahma, Resi, Sora, each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead. Inscriptions from 896 and 911 dont mention a king, until 914 and they also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where Buddhism and Sivaism were practiced simultaneously. Mpu Sindoks great-granddaughter, Mahendradatta, married the Bali king Udayana Warmadewa around 989 and this marriage also brought more Hinduism and Javanese culture to Bali. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150, jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204. Balinese culture was influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly Hindu culture. The name Bali dwipa has been discovered from inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by Sri Kesari Warmadewa in 914 AD. It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system subak to grow rice in wet-field cultivation, some religious and cultural traditions still practiced today can be traced to this period
7.
Tulamben
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Tulamben is a small fishing village on the north-east coast of Bali. It is among the most popular sites on Bali since the wreck of the Liberty. During high-season, up to 100 divers descend to the each day. The beach in Tulamben is not made of sand, but is covered with fairly large. The modern name evolved over time, first to Batulamben and finally settling on the contraction Tulamben, the wreck lies in shallow water and is considered appropriate for divers of all certification levels. The ship rests in 30 metres of water, is roughly 25 metres from shore, the highest point of the wreck tops out about 5 metres from the surface. The ship was torpedoed by the Japanese off the nearby Island of Lombok and the ship was towed to the beach at Tulamben for salvage operations. The 1963 eruption of Mt. Agung, which devastated much of the side of Bali, drove the ship into the water just off shore, where it became encrusted with coral. The best conditions for diving here are during October and November, when the weather is calm and during the start of southeast monsoon. Professional divers have praised local residents for minimizing local fishing activity
8.
AIDA International
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Association Internationale pour le Développement de lApnée is a worldwide rule- and record-keeping body for competitive breath holding events. It aims to set standards for safety, comparability of Official World Record attempts, AIDA International is the parent organization for national clubs of the same name. 2009, Fifth AIDA Individual World Championship, Aarhus, Denmark,2009, Sixth AIDA Individual World Championship, Deans Blue Hole, Bahamas. AIDA2 Star Freediver, 16m CWT,2 STA, 40m DYN, AIDA3 Star Freediver, 24m CWT,245 STA, 55m DYN. AIDA4 Star Freediver, 32m CWT,330 STA, 70m DYN, AIDA has 3 levels of Instructor qualifications and certifications, Instructor certifications AIDA Instructor, can teach up to 3 Star Freediver. AIDA Master Instructor, can teach up to 4 Star Freediver, AIDA Instructor Trainer, can teach all levels, and instructors. AIDA recognized world records as of July 31,2014 Deep freediving using bifins or a monofin. Men 214 m Name, Herbert Nitsch Austria Date, 2007-06-14 Place, Spetses, Greece Women 160 m Name, Tanya Streeter United States Date, 2002-08-17 Place, Turks and Caicos Immovable breath hold for time
9.
Kalamata
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Kalamata is the second most populous city of the Peloponnese peninsula, after Patras, in southern Greece and the largest city of the homonymous administrative region. The capital and chief port of the Messenia regional unit, it lies along the Nedon River at the head of the Messenian Gulf, the 2011 census recorded 69,849 inhabitants for the wider Kalamata Municipality, of which 62,409 in the municipal unit of Kalamata proper. Kalamata is renowned as the land of the Kalamatianos dance and Kalamata olives, the modern name Kalamáta is a corruption of the older name Καλάμαι, Kalámai, reeds. The phonetic similarity of Kalamáta with the phrase kalá mátia has led to folk etymologies.313 km2. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Kalamata and West Mani, the history of Kalamata begins with Homer, who mentions Pharai, an ancient city built more or less where the Kalamata Castle stands today. Pharai was rather unimportant in antiquity, and the site continued in obscurity until middle Byzantine times, Kalamata is first mentioned in the 10th-century Life of St. Prince William II of Villehardouin was born and died there, in the event, the town was recovered by the Franks through the intercession of a local Greek, a certain Sgouromalles. In 1298, the formed the dowry of Princess Matilda of Hainaut upon her marriage to Guy II de la Roche. Matilda retained Kalamata as her fief until 1322, when she was dispossessed, in 1358, Prince Robert gifted the châtellenie of Kalamata to his wife, Marie de Bourbon, who kept it until her death in 1377. Kalamata remained in Frankish hands until near the end of the Principality of Achaea, Kalamata was occupied by the Ottomans from 1481 to 1685, like the rest of Greece. He was soon forced to return to Crete, but the Venetians returned in the Morean War. The Venetian Republic ruled Kalamata from 1685 as part of the Kingdom of the Morea, during the Venetian occupation the city was fortified, developed and thrived economically. However, the Ottomans reoccupied Kalamata in the war of 1715, Kalamata was the first city to be liberated as the Greeks rose in the Greek War of Independence. On 23 March 1821, it was taken over by the Greek revolutionary forces under the command of generals Theodoros Kolokotronis, Petros Mavromichalis, however, in 1825, the invading Ibrahim Pasha destroyed the city. In independent Greece, Kalamata was rebuilt and became one of the most important ports in the Mediterranean sea and it is not surprising that the second-oldest Chamber of Commerce in the Mediterranean, after that of Marseille, exists in Kalamata. After World War II, and due to issues, Kalamata. That was a brake on the local economy, resulting in the decline of the port. During the 1970s and 1980s, development and growth in Kalamata were unknown, Kalamata was again in the news on 13 September 1986, with an earthquake that measured 6.2 on the surface wave magnitude scale
10.
Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
11.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
12.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
13.
Freediving
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There are also a range of competitive apnea disciplines, in which competitors attempt to attain great depths, times, or distances on a single breath. In ancient times freediving without the aid of devices was the only possibility, with the exception of the occasional use of reeds. The divers faced the problems as divers today, such as decompression sickness. Freediving was practised in ancient cultures to gather food, harvest resources like sponge and pearl, reclaim sunken valuables, in Ancient Greece, both Plato and Homer mention the sponge as being used for bathing. The island of Kalymnos was a centre of diving for sponges. By using weights of as much as 15 kilograms to speed the descent, harvesting of red coral was also done by divers. The Mediterranean had large amounts of maritime trade, as a result of shipwrecks, particularly in the fierce winter storms, divers were often hired to salvage whatever they could from the seabed. Divers would swim down to the wreck and choose the most valuable pieces to salvage, divers were also used in warfare. Defenses against sea vessels were often created, such as underwater barricades -, if barricades were found, it was divers who were used to disassemble them, if possible. In Japan, the Ama divers began to collect pearls about 2,000 years ago. For thousands of years, most seawater pearls were retrieved by divers working in the Indian Ocean, in such as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea. A fragment of Isidore of Charaxs Parthian itinerary was preserved in Athenaeuss 3rd-century Sophists at Dinner, Pearl divers near the Philippines were also successful at harvesting large pearls, especially in the Sulu Archipelago. At times, the largest pearls belonged by law to the sultan, nonetheless many pearls made it out of the archipelago by stealth, ending up in the possession of the wealthiest families in Europe. Pearling was popular in Qatar, Bahrain, Japan, and India, the Gulf of Mexico was also known for pearling. Spearfishing is an ancient method of fishing that has used throughout the world for millennia. Early civilizations were familiar with the custom of spearing fish from rivers, today modern spearfishing makes use of elastic powered spearguns and slings, or compressed gas pneumatic powered spearguns, to strike the hunted fish. Specialised techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments, spearfishing may be done using free-diving, snorkelling, or scuba diving techniques. Spearfishing while using scuba equipment is illegal in some countries, the use of mechanically powered spearguns is also outlawed in some countries and jurisdictions
14.
Aquathlon (underwater wrestling)
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Aquathlon is an underwater sport where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each others ankle band in order to win the bout. The combat takes place in a 5-metre square ring within a swimming pool, the sport originated during the 1980s in the former USSR and was first played at international level in 1993. It was recognised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques in 2008, the sport is conducted in a swimming pool with a water depth between 2 metres and 6 metres. The competition area consists of a 5 metres square ring and a 2.5 metres wide free area around the ring, one side of the ring is marked with a red rope while the opposite side is marked with a yellow rope. At the bottom of the pool, a 5 metres square mat with a circle in the centre is placed immediately underneath the competition area. At opposite sides of the mat, a red hoop and a yellow hoop, the red hoop is located underneath the red rope floating on the pool’s surface while the yellow hoop is below the yellow rope. Competitors wear a swimsuit, a mask, fins made of rubber or polyurethane. The Competitor on the red side wears a red or blue cap and yellow ribbons while the Competitor on the yellow side wears a white or yellow cap and red ribbons. A competition which is known as a combat consists of three each of 30 seconds duration, and an additional round held to establish the winner in the event of a tie. Intervals between rounds should not be less than 30 seconds and an interval of at least one minute is required between any two combats. The sport was created and developed during the years 1980 to 1982 by Igor Ostrovsky and it was first officially demonstrated in April 1982 in Moscow. The first International Competition was held during August 1993 in Moscow, during March 1996, representatives of diving federations from Russia, Ukraine and Israel met in Moscow to establish the International Aquathlon Association. The sport was presented to CMAS in 2007 at the CMAS Games in Bari and it received recognition from CMAS at the General Assembly held in May 2008 and international level competition under the auspices of CMAS commenced in late 2008. In 2009, the Aquathlon Commission was established within the CMAS Sport Committee with Igor Ostrovsky as its inaugural president, the governing body is the Aquathlon Commission of the CMAS Sports Committee. As of March 2013, the countries have affiliated with the Commission - Belarus, Croatia, Estonia, Italy, Kazakhstan. Prior to 1990, all competition was held in the Soviet Union, the 1st Russian Open Aquathlon Championship was held in Tula in 1992. In 1993, the 1st International Aquathlon Competition was held in Moscow with national teams from Israel, Russia, a series of Friendship Competitions were held between Israel and Jordan during 1997 in Aqaba, Jordan and during 1998 in Netanya, Israel. Between the years 2000 and 2006, international competitions were held in Moscow, Tula and Sochi in Russia, Istanbul in Turkey, and in Tiraspol in Moldova
15.
Finswimming
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Events exist over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water venues. Competition at world and continental level is organised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, the sports first world championship was held in 1976. It also has featured at the World Games as a trend sport since 1981 and was demonstrated at the 2015 European Games in June 2015. Competitors are described within the International Rules as swimmers rather than as finswimmers or divers, competition is divided in two classes, swimming pool and long distance. The International Rules do not permit the use of 25m length pools although these are used in regional and national competition, Long distance sites include both the sea and natural water bodies such as freshwater rivers and lakes. Site selection criteria include low current and tides and water quality appropriate for swimming as certified by a local authority. The site, when in use for competition, will be marked by buoys, patrolled by safety boats, surface swimming is swimming on the surface of water using mask, snorkel and monofins. SF races are held for distances of 50,100,200,400,800,1500,4 ×100 relay and 4 ×200 relay in swimming pools, apnoea finswimming is underwater swimming in a swimming pool using mask, monofin and holding ones breath. AP races are held for the distance of 50m, a swimmers face must be immersed for the duration of the race or risk disqualification. AP races are not conducted in water for safety and security reasons. Immersion swimming with breathing apparatus is underwater swimming using mask, monofin, while there are no requirements on how a breathing apparatus is carried, it cannot be exchanged or abandoned during a race. IM races are held for distances of 100 and 400 m, a swimmers face must be immersed for the duration of the race or risk disqualification. IM races are not conducted in water for safety and security reasons. Historically, IM swims were conducted in openwater up to distances of 1000m, bi-fins is swimming on the surface of water with mask, snorkel and a pair of fins using a crawling style. BF races are held for distances of 50,100 and 200 m in swimming pools and it is reported that BF was introduced in 2006 to provide the opportunity for competition by swimmers who cannot afford to purchase a set of monofins. Finswimming which is compared to sports swimming differs from that sport in the use of masks, fins, snorkels. This reflects the origins in the underwater diving techniques of snorkelling, breath-hold diving. Apart from requiring the use of a mask for protection of the eyes and for the ability to see underwater, centre-mounted snorkels are the only type approved for use subject to meeting minimum and maximum sizes
16.
Pearl hunting
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Pearl hunting is the act of recovering pearls from oysters in the sea. Pearl hunting used to be the industry in the Persian Gulf region. Before the beginning of the 20th century, the means of obtaining pearls was by manually gathering very large numbers of pearl oysters or mussels from the ocean floor or lake or river bottom. The bivalves were then brought to the surface, opened, more than a ton were searched in order to find at least 3-4 quality pearls. Because of the difficulty of diving and the nature of natural pearl growth in pearl oysters, pearls of the time were extremely rare. The Great Depression in the United States made it hard to get good prices for pearl shell, the natural pearls found from harvested oysters were a rare bonus for the divers. Many fabulous specimens were found over the years, by the 1930s, overharvesting had severely depleted the oyster beds. The government was forced to strictly regulate the harvest to prevent the oysters from becoming extinct, in the 19th century, divers in Asia had only very basic forms of technology to aid their survival at such depths. For thousands of years, most seawater pearls were retrieved by divers working in the Indian Ocean, in such as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea. A fragment of Isidore of Charaxs Parthian itinerary was preserved in Athenaeuss 3rd-century Sophists at Dinner, Pearl divers near the Philippines were also successful at harvesting large pearls, especially in the Sulu Archipelago. In fact, pearls from the Sulu Archipelago were considered the finest of the world which were found in high bred shells in deep, clear, and rapid tidal waters. At times, the largest pearls belonged by law to the sultan, nonetheless many pearls made it out of the archipelago by stealth, ending up in the possession of the wealthiest families in Europe. Pearling was popular in Qatar, Bahrain, Japan, India, the Gulf of Mexico was particularly famous for pearling, which was originally found by the Spanish explorers. In the time of slavery in northern South America, a unique occupation amongst slaves was that of a pearl diver. A divers career was often short-lived because the waters being searched were known to be shark-infested, however, a slave who discovered a great pearl could sometimes purchase his freedom. Today, pearl diving has largely supplanted by cultured pearl farms. Particles implanted in the oyster encourage the formation of pearls, todays pearl industry produces billions of pearls every year. Ama divers still work, primarily now for the tourist industry, Pearl diving in the Ohio and Tennessee rivers of the United States still exists today
17.
Spearfishing
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Spearfishing is an ancient method of fishing that has been used throughout the world for millennia. Early civilizations were familiar with the custom of spearing fish from rivers, today modern spearfishing makes use of elastic powered spearguns and slings, or compressed gas pneumatic powered spearguns, to strike the hunted fish. Specialised techniques and equipment have been developed for various types of aquatic environments, Spearfishing may be done using free-diving, snorkelling, or scuba diving techniques. Spearfishing while using scuba equipment is illegal in some countries, the use of mechanically powered spearguns is also outlawed in some countries and jurisdictions. Spearfishing is highly selective, normally uses no bait and has no by-catch, Spearfishing with barbed poles was widespread in palaeolithic times. Cosquer cave in Southern France contains cave art over 16,000 years old, there are references to fishing with spears in ancient literature, though, in most cases, the descriptions do not go into detail. An early example from the Bible is in Job 41,7, the Greek historian Polybius, in his Histories, describes hunting for swordfish by using a harpoon with a barbed and detachable head. Greek author Oppian of Corycus wrote a treatise on sea fishing. This is the earliest such work to have survived intact, Oppian describes various means of fishing including the use of spears and tridents. In a parody of fishing, a type of gladiator called retiarius carried a trident and he fought the murmillo, who carried a short sword and a helmet with the image of a fish on the front. Copper harpoons were known to the seafaring Harappans well into antiquity, early hunters in India include the Mincopie people, aboriginal inhabitants of Indias Andaman and Nicobar islands, who have used harpoons with long cords for fishing since early times. Spear fishing is an ancient method of fishing and may be conducted with a spear or a specialised variant such as an eel spear or the trident. A small trident type spear with a handle is used in the American South and Midwest for gigging bullfrogs with a bright light at night, or for gigging carp. Traditional spear fishing is restricted to shallow waters, but the development of the speargun allows fishing in deeper waters. With practice, divers are able to hold their breath for up to four minutes and sometimes longer, of course, in the 1920s, sport spearfishing using only watertight swimming goggles became popular on the Mediterranean coast of France and Italy. This led to development of the diving mask, fins. Modern scuba diving had its genesis in the use of rebreathers by Italian sport spearfishers during the 1930s. This practice came to the attention of the Italian Navy, which developed its frogman unit, by 1940 small groups of people in California, USA had been spearfishing for less than 10 years
18.
Underwater football
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Underwater football is a two-team underwater sport that shares common elements with underwater hockey and underwater rugby. As with both of those games, it is played in a pool with snorkeling equipment. The goal of the game is to manoeuvre a slightly negatively buoyant ball from one side of a pool to the other by players who are completely submerged underwater, scoring is achieved by placing the ball in the gutter on the side of the pool. Variations include using a toy rubber torpedo as the ball, and weighing down buckets to rest on the bottom and it is played in the Canadian provinces of Alberta, Manitoba, Newfoundland and Labrador and Saskatchewan. Underwater football was developed in the 1960s by an instructor who was teaching in the Manitobas Frank Kennedy Centre. The game developed from a training exercise that used a pool brick to develop the students snorkelling skills. It is still played there today, several ball types have been used throughout the games history. These include a 10-pound pool brick, a junior sized NFL-style football, pneumatic balls can be made negatively buoyant by filling them with a liquid that is denser than water instead of air, e. g. a strong saline solution or corn syrup. The sport is similar to polo, but it is played most of the time underwater. Each player can go up to the surface to air as many times needed. Like the traditional football, one players from each team manoeuvre the ball past their opponents to get to the ball to goal, each team has 13 players, but only five players are on the court at one time. The player with the ball can swim with it or pass the ball to his team players, meanwhile, the opponents will try to take the ball from the other player or intercept a pass. And at last the team which has the maximum scores will win. The court is 10 metres wide,15 metres long, and 4 metres deep, a match has two 20-minute rounds, and a half-time of 5 minutes. The governing body is the Manitoba Underwater Council, the MUC also supports competition by providing insurance required for the hire of swimming pools as well as sponsoring the cost of hire. Football Welcome to the Official Underwater Football Site Underwater football video Underwater football, the sport of the future
19.
Underwater hockey
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Underwater Hockey is now played worldwide, with the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques, abbreviated CMAS, as the world governing body. The first Underwater Hockey World Championship was held in Canada in 1980 after a start in 1979 brought about by international politics. Two teams of up to ten players compete, with six players in each team in play at any one time. The remaining four players are substituted into play from a substitution area. Before the start of play the puck is placed in the middle of the pool, at the start-of-play signal in-play members of both teams are free to swim anywhere in the play area and try to score by manoeuvring the puck into the opponents goal. Players hold their breath as they dive to the bottom of the pool, play continues until either a goal is scored, when players return to their wall to start a new point, or a break in play is signalled by a referee. Games consist of two halves of ten to fifteen minutes and a short half-time interval of usually three minutes. At half time the two teams switch ends, a typical playing formation is 3-3 of which 3-2-1 is a variation. Other options include 2-3-1, 1-3-2, or 2-2-2, formations are generally very fluid and are constantly evolving with different national teams being proponents of particular tweaks in formations, such as New Zealand with their box formation. If the penalty is minor, referees award an advantage puck, for major penalties, such as a dangerous pass or intentional or repeated fouls, the referees may eject players for a specified period of time or the remainder of the game. A defender committing a serious foul sufficiently close to his own goal may be penalized by the award of a penalty shot, since this is an underwater sport, surface spectators may be unaware of just how physical Underwater Hockey is. It is also important that they are able to well with their team members. Click to find out more about Underwater Hockey by watching a small clip, although Underwater Hockey is a non-contact sport, there is a significant risk of injury. 3-1.5 kg puck resulting in concussions, deep cuts to the head or dental trauma. Personal protective equipment is available to reduce these risks, There is also a risk of pulmonary capillary stress failure in some players. Players wear a mask, snorkel and fins, and carry in one hand a short stick for playing the puck. A full list of equipment is given below, There are usually no restrictions on swimwear, however baggy style trunks or shorts are not recommended as they reduce speed, typical swimwear is swim briefs for male players and one-piece swimsuits for female players. The rules require masks to have two lenses to reduce the risk and extent of injury due to puck impact with a lens. A variety of webbing strap designs are available to replace the head strap with a non-elastic strap that reduces the chances of the player being unmasked
20.
Underwater ice hockey
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Underwater Ice Hockey is a minor extreme sport that is a variant of Ice Hockey. It is played upside-down underneath frozen pools or ponds, participants wear diving masks, fins and wetsuits and use the underside of the frozen surface as the playing area for a floating puck. Competitors do not use any breathing apparatuses, but instead surface for air every 30 seconds or so and it is not to be confused with Underwater Hockey, in which the floor of a swimming pool and a sinking puck are used. The idea for the sport is attributed to Christian Redl, an Austrian freediver who is notable for various world free-diving depth records under ice, the first Underwater Ice Hockey World Cup was held at Weissensee, Austria in February 2007. Finland finished first, followed by Austria and Slovakia, the other playing nations were Czech Republic, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland and Slovenia. The second Underwater Ice Hockey World Cup was held in February 2013 at Weissensee, extreme Underwater Ice Hockey Underwater Ice Hockey
21.
Underwater rugby
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Underwater rugby is an underwater team sport. During a match two teams try to score a negatively buoyant ball into the goal at the bottom of a swimming pool. It originated from within the physical training regime existing in German diving clubs during the early 1960s and has little in common with rugby football except for the name. It was recognised by the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques in 1978 and was first played as a championship in 1980. It is played under water in a pool with a depth of 3. 5m to 5m, two teams, each with six players, try to score a goal by sending the slightly negatively buoyant ball into the opponents’ goal. It is a fast and exhausting game, therefore, the subs replace their players on the fly, the ball may be passed in any direction but must not leave the water. It flies about 2m or 3m before water resistance stops it and this makes good tactics and good positioning essential. The players need all sorts of different abilities, Strength, speed, in 1961 a member of the German Underwater Club in Cologne, Ludwig von Bersuda, came up with the idea of an underwater ball game. Air-filled balls are not suitable for games, as they are buoyant. The first underwater ball was invented when Bersuda filled the ball with saltwater, since the density of the ball was now greater than that of normal water, it no longer floated to the surface, but slowly sank to the bottom. The sink rate could, within limits, be controlled by the concentration of the salt solution. As soccer balls are too large to be practical, waterpolo balls are used, Ludwig von Bersuda spanned the middle of the pool with a net, as in volleyball, that stopped 1 m above the pool bottom. Two teams played against each other, the team had to carry the ball to the opposing field. The idea for the game was ready, and the DUC Cologne used it to warm up before normal training, other teams saw this and started to use saltwater-filled balls themselves. The Cologne Discipline was demonstrated as a sport at the national games in 1963. At the time, though, there was not much interest shown, dr. Franz Josef Grimmeisen, a member of the German Underwater Club in Duisburg, a city near Cologne, decided to make a competitive sport from this ball game. The German Lifeguard Association of Mülheim had founded a divers club, with their help, Grimmeisen arranged the first underwater rugby game on Sunday October 4,1964. It took place between DLRG Mülheim and DUC Duisburg, DUC Duisburg won the game 5-2
22.
Underwater target shooting
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The sport was developed in France during the early 1980s and is currently practised mainly in Europe. It is known as Tir sur cible subaquatique in French and as Tiro al Blanco Subacuático in Spanish, competitors must be 18 years of age in order to participate in International events while National competitions in some countries such as France include age classifications for juniors and masters. The sport allows completion by both men and women, individual events while conducted as mixed gender activities do have distinct men’s and women’s titles. Each competitor is required to have the equipment, diving mask, fins, snorkel, speargun, diving weighting system. Use of the equipment is permitted during the competition, replacement gun and replacement spear, positioning items. In lieu of supporting themselves with an arm on the bottom when shooting. This may consist of a weight or a suction cup both fitted with a handle, while corrective lenses and contact lenses are permitted to be used, the use of aiming systems such as underwater torches, telescopic sights, laser sights and holographic weapon sights is forbidden. A target consists of 33 cm by 35 cm panel whose centre is located 80 cm above the bottom and is supported by a frame. The panel is made of a plastic foam sufficiently rigid enough to allow a spear to remain impaled. The sport is conducted in a pool with a minimum pool size of 25 m x 10 m. In absence of a swimming pool, the French national rules permit the use of confined water sites containing non-moving water such as water-filled quarries. The pool space divided up as follows, the targets are located about 1 to 1.5 m, from the back wall of the pool and are centred 2.5 m apart to create a number of specific shooting ranges. The sport currently has 2 individual events and 1 team events currently described in the International Rules, however, Fédération Française dÉtudes et de Sports Sous-Marins, has an additional individual event known as Super Biathlon or Great Biathlon described in its national rules. This cycle is repeated within a frame of 5 minutes until 10 shots are fired. Biathlon is identical in conduct to that of the Precision event and this cycle is repeated within a time frame of 2 minutes 30 seconds for men and 3 minutes for women until 5 shots are fired. Relay is an event is identical to the Biathlon event but is conducted with 2 or 3 competitors. Each competitor takes turns in firing at the target until 9 shots are fired within a frame of 4 minutes 30 seconds. The governing body is the Target Shooting Commission of the Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Sports Committee, the sport was developed in France during the early 1980s as part of a winter season training regime for spearfishing
23.
Static apnea
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Static apnea is a discipline in which a person holds their breath underwater for as long as possible, and need not swim any distance. It requires that the tract be immersed, with the body either in the water or at the surface. † Conducted under Guinness World Record rules, not acknowledged by AIDA and this is not part of formal competitions, but is occasionally used to set individual records. Shallow water blackout AIDA disciplines definitions AIDA world records Are you in the mood for Freediving with Stephane Mifsud, GORAN ČOLAK SETS NEW GUINESS WORLD RECORD BREATH HOLD22 MIN AND30 SECONDS
24.
Diving mask
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A diving mask is an item of diving equipment that allows underwater divers, including, scuba divers, free-divers, and snorkelers to see clearly underwater. Surface supplied divers use a full face mask or diving helmet. When the human eye is in contact with water as opposed to air, its normal environment, light entering the eye is refracted by a different angle. By providing an air space in front of the eyes, light enters normally and this requires that the nose is included in the airspace of the diving mask. Equalisation during ascent is automatic as excess air easily leaks past the seal from inside, corrective lenses can be fitted to allow normal vision for people with focusing defects, or contact lenses may be worn inside the mask. A wide range of shapes and internal volumes are available. A good comfortable fit is important to the function of the mask. There are two categories of diving mask, The half mask covers the eyes and nose, and the full face mask covers eyes, nose and mouth. The half mask is described here, all masks have means to keep them in position, such as an elastic rubber strap or a velcro fabric strap. The elastomer skirt provides a seal between the lenses and the divers face, the material may be almost transparent, translucent or opaque. The skirt also encloses the nose, usually by means of a nose pocket, a rigid frame may be used to connect the lens to the skirt, or they may be permanently bonded together without using a frame. Masks that are used at depth must be constructed so that the diver can exhale through the nose into the mask to prevent the squeeze caused by increasing pressure during descent in water, some masks have a one-way purge valve under the nose to let water out. While common in snorkeling, this feature is less favored by scuba divers because of the possibility of the valve failing at depth, the straps are usually made of an elastomer that can sometimes cause hair tangling. This can be prevented by replacing the rubber strap with a customized neoprene strap or by covering the existing strap with a neoprene cover, sometimes masks are sold in sets with snorkels and/or swimfins. Low quality snorkelling masks may have a low-quality plastic or glass faceplate, masks that have the snorkel built in are considered hazardous as well. Divers may test whether a mask is a good fit by placing it on their face, without using the straps, if the mask stays on without any help this indicates that no air is being drawn in and that the fit is good. Proper sealing requires that hair strands do not cross under the edge of the seal and this is more a problem with the forehead hairline than with lower facial hair. Refraction of light entering the mask makes objects appear about 34% bigger, as the diver descends in clean water, the water acts as a colour filter eliminating the red end of the visible spectrum of the sunlight entering the water leaving only the blue end of the spectrum
25.
Diving suit
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A diving suit is a garment or device designed to protect a diver from the underwater environment. A diving suit may also incorporate a gas supply. But in most cases only to the environmental protective covering worn by the diver. The breathing gas supply is usually referred to separately, there is no generic term for the combination of suit and breathing apparatus alone. It is generally referred to as diving equipment or dive gear along with any other equipment necessary for the dive, the first diving suit designs appeared in the early 18th century. Two English inventors developed the first pressure-proof diving suits in the 1710s, john Lethbridge built a completely enclosed suit to aid in salvage work. It consisted of a pressure-proof air-filled barrel with a viewing hole. This suit gave the diver more maneouverability to accomplish useful underwater salvage work, after testing this machine in his garden pond Lethbridge dived on a number of wrecks, four English men-of-war, one East Indiaman, two Spanish galleons and a number of galleys. He became very wealthy as a result of his salvages, one of his better-known recoveries was on the Dutch Slot ter Hooge, which had sunk off Madeira with over three tons of silver on board. At the same time, Andrew Becker created a leather-covered diving suit with a featuring a window. Becker used a system of tubes for inhaling and exhaling, and demonstrated his suit in the River Thames, London, german-born British engineer Augustus Siebe developed the standard diving dress in the 1830s. Expanding on improvements made by another engineer, George Edwards. Later suits were made from waterproofed canvas invented by Charles Mackintosh, from the late 1800s and throughout most of the 20th century, most standard dress was made from a sheet of solid rubber laminated between layers of tan twill. Dry suits made of rubber were used in World War II by Italian frogmen who found them indispensable. They were made by Pirelli and patented in 1951, ambient pressure suits are a form of exposure protection protecting the wearer from the cold. They also provide some defence from abrasive and sharp objects as well as potentially harmful underwater life and they do not protect divers from the pressure of the surrounding water or resulting barotrauma and decompression sickness. There are five types of ambient pressure diving suits, dive skins, wetsuits and their derivative semi-dry suit and hot-water suits. Added buoyancy due to the volume of the suit is an effect of most diving suits
26.
Swimfin
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Very long fins and monofins used by freedivers as a means of underwater propulsion do not require high frequency leg movement. This improves efficiency and helps to minimize oxygen consumption, short, stiff-bladed fins are effective for short bursts of acceleration and maneuvering, and are useful for bodysurfing. Early inventors, including Leonardo da Vinci and Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, modern swimfins are an invention from the Frenchman Louis de Corlieu, capitaine de corvette in the French Navy. In 1914 De Corlieu made a demonstration of his first prototype for a group of navy officers, Yves le Prieur among them who, years later in 1926. De Corlieu left the French Navy in 1924 to fully devote himself to his invention, in April 1933 he registered a patent and called this equipment propulseurs de natation et de sauvetage. After struggling for years, even producing his fins in his own flat in Paris, the same year he issued a licence to Owen Churchill for mass production in the United States. To sell his fins in the USA Owen Churchill changed the French De Corlieus name to swimfins, Churchill presented his fins to the US Navy, which decided to acquire them for its Underwater Demolition Team. American UDT and British COPP frogmen used the Churchill fins during all prior underwater deminings, during the years after World War II had ended, De Corlieu spent time and efforts struggling in civil procedures, suing others for patent infringement. In 1946 Lillywhites imported about 1,100 pairs of swimfins, in 1948 Luigi Ferraro, collaborating with the Italian diving equipment company Cressi-sub, designed the first full-foot fin, the Rondine, named after the Italian word for swallow. A distinctive feature of Cressis continuing Rondine full-foot fin line is the outline of the bird on the foot pockets. In 1949 Ivor Howitt or a friend of his mailed to the Dunlop Rubber Company for swimfins, Dunlop answered that they had no plans to make swimfins, Howitt made his own swimfins with innertube rubber stretched across a frame of stiff rubber tube. Types of fins have evolved to address the requirements of each community using them, recreational snorkellers generally use lightweight flexible fins. Free divers favour extremely long fins for efficieny of energy use, scuba divers need large wide fins to overcome the water resistance caused by their diving equipment, and short enough to allow acceptable maneuvering. Ocean swimmers, bodysurfers, and lifeguards favour smaller designs that stay on their feet when moving through large surf, the structure of a swimfin comprises a blade for propulsion and a means of attaching the blade to the foot of the wearer. The vast majority of fins come as a pair, one fin is worn on each foot and this arrangement is also called bifins, to distinguish it from monofins. A monofin is used in finswimming and free-diving and it consists of a single fin blade attached to twin foot pockets for both the divers feet. Monofins and long bifin blades can be made of fibre or carbon fibre composites. The divers muscle power and swimming style, and the type of activity the fins are used for, determine the choice of size, stiffness, and materials
27.
Hawaiian sling
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The Hawaiian sling is a device used in spearfishing. The sling operates much like a bow and arrow does on land, mechanically, the device is simple, the only moving parts are the spear shaft and the rubber tubing. A loop of tubing is attached to a block of material, often wood, the shaft is placed in the hole, notched in the loop and pulled back, tensioning the tubing. When the shaft is released, the tubing propels it forward, the Hawaiian sling has some similarities to spearguns and polespears, in that all are powered by energy stored in rubber tubing. However, it occupies a middle ground between the two, the sling is somewhat more powerful than a polespear and offers a more comfortable grip. Like a pole spear, the diver must exert force on the shaft to keep it from releasing, whereas a spear gun has a trigger mechanism to accomplish this. Hawaiian slings are especially popular among divers who want a more challenging hunt, or those operating in areas where triggered spearguns are banned, such as the Bahamas, and Okinawa, Japan. The modern Hawaiian sling was popularised in the mid 1950s, however, essay on spearfishing with an Hawaiian sling
28.
Monofin
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A monofin is a type of swimfin typically used in underwater sports such as finswimming, free-diving and underwater orienteering. It consists of a single or linked surfaces attached to both of the divers feet, the divers appearance is then reminiscent of a mermaid or merman. The arrival of the monofin in the early 1970s led to the breaking of all records by the end of the decade due to the improved performance possible when used in lieu of bi-fins. To differentiate between the use of monofins and conventional fins, the latter are referred to as stereo fins or bi-fins. The monofin swimmer extends arms forward, locking hands together, locking the head between the biceps, the undulating movement starts in the shoulders, with maximum amplitude towards the hips, the legs almost dont bend to transfer the movement to the monofin. This technique is called the dolphin kick, by slowly oscillating the surface of the monofin when submerged, divers can generate large amounts of thrust even with small or slow movements. This preserves energy which helps when breathholding, monofins were introduced in 1972 by a Soviet finswimming club and have been used for finswimming competitions since, allowing monofin swimmers to reach speeds of 12 km/h. Monofins can be made of fiber, carbon fiber or aluminum. The divers muscle power, swimming style, and the type of activity the monofin is used for determining the choice of size, stiffness. Most monofins consist of a single, wide, glass or carbon reinforced composite blade with graded flexibility attached to the diver by two rubber foot pockets. The leading edge may be thickened and faired, the blade flexibility is generally controlled by tapering the amount of fibre and thickness of the blade to make the trailing edge thinner and more flexible. The Lunocet is a type of monofin which uses bio-mimicry of dolphin flukes in an attempt to improve efficiency. It uses cycling shoes to connect to the diver for comfortable wear, mermaiding Good monofin technique with the Lunocet Rick Waldock, Monofin - freediving in Bonaire Monofin Manufacturers
29.
Polespear
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A polespear is an underwater tool used in spearfishing, consisting of a pole, a spear tip, and a rubber loop. Polespears are often mistakenly called Hawaiian slings, but the tools differ, a Hawaiian sling is akin to a slingshot or an underwater bow and arrow, since the spear and the propelling device are separate, while a polespear has the sling attached to the spear. The pole is usually four feet and ten feet long and made of fiberglass, carbon fibre, aluminum, graphite. Longer versions often break down two or more pieces that screw together. The tip is either threaded to accept different kinds of spear tips or already has a fixed tip attached, the most popular spear tip on polespears are the paralyzer, and the Tahitian shaft. Some more serious hunters will equip the polespear with a slip-tip, at the butt end of the spear is an elastic loop, usually made of surgical tubing or a band of rubber. The spear is operated by placing the rubber loop in the crook of the thumb, then reaching up the shaft to stretch the elastic band. On flimsy spears, its useful to twist the spear as the stretches to keep the spear from bending. Shooting the spear involves releasing the grasp of the hand but still using the hand to guide the spear like a barrel to a gun, the firing distance of a polespear can be divided into two ranges. First, there is the distance of the stretch or the travel range. This second range is the distance that most are interested in as it is relevant to penetrating fish. For this reason, it is called the penetrating range, not all the travel of the spear being fired has the punch to penetrate through fish. Depending on the polespears attributes such as mass, drag, band strength, band stretch, other factors may include fish orientation, fish width, density, skin composition, etc. One would need to all the attributes into to account before firing a polespear towards a target. For example, the pull on a 10-foot polesear may stretch up to 6-feet of the polespear. It actually requires about 8-feet of polespear, measured from the rear, however, the penetrating range may only be half of the pull. This equals about 3 for a 10 footer, some fish, however, are thicker/denser and may require much closer shots. The more mass a polespear contains, the more power it will require to move the same speed as a polespear with less mass
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Snorkeling
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Snorkeling is the practice of swimming on or through a body of water while equipped with a diving mask, a shaped breathing tube called a snorkel, and usually swimfins. In cooler waters, a wetsuit may also be worn, use of this equipment allows the snorkeler to observe underwater attractions for extended periods with relatively little effort and to breathe while face-down at the surface. Snorkeling is a recreational activity, particularly at tropical resort locations. The primary appeal is the opportunity to observe life in a natural setting without the complicated equipment. It appeals to all ages because of how little there is. It is the basis of the two disciplines of the underwater sport of finswimming. Snorkeling is mentioned by Aristotle in his Parts of Animals and he refers to divers using instruments for respiration resembling the elephants trunk. The snorkel may be an item or may be integrated with a full-face snorkelling mask. The integrated system is suitable for surface snorkelling, but the separate snorkel may also be used for free-diving. It is used for breathing air from above the surface when the wearers mouth and nose are submerged. The snorkel may have a piece of rubber or a clip that attaches the snorkel to the outside of the strap of the diving mask. An alternative technique is fitting the snorkel between the mask-strap and the head, but this practice may increase the chance that the mask leaks, the optimum design length of the snorkel tube is at most 40 centimeters. A longer tube would not allow breathing when snorkelling deeper, since it would place the lungs in deeper water where the water pressure is higher. The lungs would then be unable to inflate when the snorkeler inhales, the pressure difference across the tissues in the lungs, between the blood capillaries and air spaces would increase the risk of pulmonary edema. The greater the volume of the tube, and the smaller the tidal volume of breathing, a smaller diameter tube reduces the dead volume, but also increases resistance to airflow and so increases the work of breathing. Occasional exhalation through the nose while snorkeling will slightly reduce the buildup of carbon dioxide, the simplest type of snorkel is a plain tube that is allowed to flood when underwater. The displacement method expels water by filling the snorkel with air, it is a technique that takes practice but clears the snorkel with less effort, clearing splash water while at the surface requires blast clearing. Some snorkels have a sump at the lowest point to allow a volume of water to remain in the snorkel without being inhaled when the snorkeler breathes
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Speargun
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A speargun is an underwater fishing implement designed to fire a spear at fish or other underwater animals or targets. The basic components of a speargun are a spear, a stock or barrel, spearguns are usually from 0.5 to 2 m long, round or roughly rectangular from 28 to 75 mm in diameter/width. The two most common types are, Rubber powered - which are the simplest and cheapest to maintain, with rubber being the predominant type, and, Air powered. A rubber powered gun, besides the barrel, has the parts, A spear. The trigger mechanism has a handle/grip below it or midway up the gun, once at the required pressure the spear is forced down the barrel to engage the trigger mechanism and is then loaded and ready. There will usually be a line at least twice the length of the gun connecting the spear to the front of the gun. When loaded great caution must be exercised as the speargun is now a dangerous weapon, without a trigger, rubber bands or air pressure the speargun cannot be loaded and therefore cannot function. This type of device is more correctly described as a harpoon gun. Underwater target shooting All spearguns have a mechanism that holds a spear in place along the barrel. South African speargun manufacturers have improved speargun designs with the use of a rail along the barrel that prevents the spear from flexing under pressure from the rubber bands, the speargun can have, Buoy or float, tethered to the speargun or directly to the spear. It helps to subdue large fish and it can also assist in storing fish, but is more importantly used as a safety device to warn boat drivers there is diver in the area. Floatline, connecting the buoy to the speargun, often made from woven plastic, they can also be a mono-filament encased in an airtight plastic tube, or made from stretchable bungee cord. Threaded shafts allow for different tips to be used by having them screw on or off, some tips include a basic short tip with a folding flopper and others use longer tips with a rotating feature, usually with multiple floppers. Hawaiian shafts are the simplest shaft as the tip is shaped on the end, there are different length floppers and sometimes multiples. In this setup, the most common, the speargun is attached to the shaft by a line, the line is usually a heavy monofilament, spectra, or other spectra-like material with 400-600+lb rating. The line wraps around the bottom or side of the gun upon loading and this is the most common method for taking fish by speargun and the majority of the other types of setups use the mentioned connection options to the shaft. Some newer setups offer an option to quickly attach line to, or disconnect from, here the spear gun is connected to a buoy via a float rope. After spearing a fish, the spearfisher detaches the float rope, the fish will then gradually slide up the float rope as the diver swims until it rests underneath the buoy
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Water polo cap
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A Water polo cap is a piece of headgear used in water polo and a number of underwater sports. The caps are used to both the player and their team, and to protect their ears from injury possibly caused by a water polo ball hitting the head. Caps are differentiated by the number printed on them as well as the color, players from the visiting team will wear white caps, whereas the home team players will wear blue caps. The goalkeepers wear quartered red caps, numbered 1, while substitute goalies have caps which are either numbered 1-A in NCAA games, opponents in underwater hockey and underwater rugby wear either one of two colours - white or dark caps while the water referees wear red caps. Underwater football appears to follow this precedent, caps are also used in Aquathlon for identification purposes, one competitor wears either a red or blue coloured cap while the other competitor wears a white or yellow coloured cap
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Deborah Andollo
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Deborah Andollo is a Cuban free-diving athlete who held several world records in different disciplines. She is currently married and is mother of a son named Ernesto and she is also engaged in an audiovisual project, teaches diving, and is involved in the ecological movement and environmental education. She earned a degree in Physical Education at Havana University and started out her career in figure swimming in 1979. In 1992 she switched to diving, and came to the attention of trainer Omar Oramas. He could see that the petite Cubana, only 5 foot 4 and 57 kilos and her first constant ballast dive only took her to 60 meters, but with a duration of 2 minutes,16 seconds. In 1993, she hit the 80 meter mark in a variable-ballast direct-immersion dive lasting 2 minutes and 50 seconds, a year later, on July 5,1994, she spent 2 minutes,24 seconds to get down 61 meters with constant ballast, a womens world record. Then, on May 26,1995, at Cayo Largo, she freedived to 60 meters without mask or fins, there remained to break the mythical 107 meter variable ballast no limits record, set by Angela Bandini in November 1989. On May 16,1996 at Pasaje Escondido, just off Punta Frances and her descent was linear to a depth of 60 meters, where she slowed to compensate. She reached her base platform in 1 minute and 15 seconds, at 2 minutes, and 15 seconds she was back topside with the new womens world Variable no limits breath-held record of 110 meters, or approximately 357 feet. Records set by Andollo include the following, http, //www. littleblueocean. com/freediving/content/fame. php DeeperBlue. com interview with Deborah Andollo
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Peppo Biscarini
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Peppo Biscarini is an Italian and American swimmer, freediver, actor and evangelist. Born in Milan, he came to the United States at age 19 to train for the 1984 Olympics and he headed back to Italy in 1999 to open the 1st Hedgefund marketing firm. He represented both Italy and the United States in various competitions and also won many titles. After retiring from his career, he had a long stint as coach. Later in life he responded to a calling and directed his life towards evangelism. Peppo Biscarini is an Italo-American born in Milan on November 4,1960, to Sergio Biscarini, a singer, and Griffi Clotilde. He moved to the United States in 1979 to train for the 1984 Olympics in swimming, in 1987, he was married to Jane in Santa Barbara, California. The couple have two children, Marco was born in 1992 and Isabella in 1997, started his swimming career at the age of 6 and participated at his first age group Nationals at the age of 11. Representative and best US athlete at the freediving World Cup in 1998 with national records of constant weight, dynamic swim, speaker at the World Clinic for swimming coaches, Chicago 1995. Blue water hunter writes often for Pesca Sub, an Italian specialty magazine, World spearfishing record 21st century for white sea bass 27.8 kg 1997. Former and current sponsors, Tarzasub, Technisub, Dacor, Mat-Mas, TYR, Topsub, after 15 years of successful business as an entrepreneur and hedge fund marketer with the 1st and largest Internet firm in this business, he was recruited by Campus Crusade for Christ. From 2000 to 2004 pursued theological studies while living and ministering to influencers in Palm Beach, returned to Italy as the National Director of GEM from 2004 to 2011. Preached in different churches and nonprofit organizations, wrote a manual for basic Christianity, Quale via, verità, vita. In 2012, he established ViaVeritas Inc as an tool for evangelism. In March 2014 he created a sister city relationship between Chattanooga, Tennessee, and Manfredonia, Italy, with the approval of the respective mayors, actively involved in student/economical exchanges between Chattanooga and Italy Official site for evangelist work Official site
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Sara Campbell
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Sara Campbell is a British freediver. She is the world record holder in free immersion, constant weight. She is the face of The Underwater Channel. Campbell was born in Banbury, Oxfordshire to Barbara and Rob Campbell, Campbell was working in public relations in London, and combining this with part-time aerobics instructing, when she decided to move to Dahab in 2005 and set up a yoga holiday business. Campbell stumbled upon freediving when one of her yoga students noticed she was good at holding her breath. On 2 April 2009, Sara Campbell set a new womens freediving world record in the Bahamas by diving to 96m in constant weight
36.
Carlos Coste
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Carlos Coste is a world class free-diver and record-holder. He started his training in Apnea and Free-diving in 1996, Coste became First AIDA Depth Individual World Champion, He won the World Championship making a new World Record in Constant Weight -105m, celebrated in Nice,2005. He broke the AIDA world record for Variable Weight Free-diving, with a 140-meter immersion in the Red Sea, Egypt and this record was superseded by Herbert Nitsch, on 7 December 2009 at Deans Blue Hole in the Bahamas. In 2010, after a relationship, He got married with his manager Gabriela Contreras. Additionally, Coste has broken several free-diving world records, including Constant Weight, Variable Weight and he is the current AIDA Individual World Champion Constant Weight. His achievements have been recognized with Venezuela National Sports Institute and with the Orden José Félix Rivas granted by the Venezuelan president and he studied Mechanical Engineering in the Central University of Venezuela. deepseabonaire. com/ http, //www. deeperblue. net/
37.
Robert Croft (diver)
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Robert Croft is a free-diver who, in 1967, became the first person to free-dive beyond the depth of 200 feet. Croft was a US Navy diving instructor in 1962 at the US Naval Submarine Base New London submarine school in Groton, at the submarine escape training tank, instructors train prospective submariners how to escape from a disabled submarine, which could be resting on the sea bottom. Working 5 hours per day,5 days a week at the 118-feet deep 250, with that high level of comfort, he wanted to see how far he could go beyond the 118-feet depth. In 1967, at the encouragement of his instructors, Croft set out to discover how deep he could dive while holding his breath. Croft is credited with inventing air packing, a used to overfill the lungs. He had developed this method as a living in Narraganset Bay, Rhode Island to swim further. He also served as a subject for 6 years, from 1962 to 1968. The discovery of the blood shift phenomenon opened a host of theories regarding free diving humans, Croft served as that research subject to determine if that same blood shift occurred in humans and measure it. This led to the study, Schaefer, Karl E. Allison, Robert D. Dougherty, James H. Jr. Carey, Charles R. Walker, Roger, Yost, Frank, & Parker. Pulmonary and circulatory adjustments determining the limits of depths in breathhold diving and he also qualified as a navy deep sea diver on air in 1968, and mixed gas in 1972. In the early 1970s, like many navy divers, he was certified as a NAUI instructor In 1980, he retired from the US Navy
38.
Mandy-Rae Cruickshank
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Mandy-Rae Cruickshank is a world champion free-diver and record-holder from Vancouver, British Columbia. Cruickshank holds several Canadian and world records and she set the womens world record for constant ballast by diving to a depth of 88 metres on one breath, in April 2007 in the Cayman Islands. On April 8,2005, Cruickshank set the new record in the Constant Weight without fins discipline. On April 11,2005, she set the new record in the Free Immersion discipline, diving to 74m by pulling herself down. As captain of the Canadian free-diving team at the 2004 AIDA World Freediving Championships, in May 2006 she was the subject of media attention as one of stage magician David Blaines Drowned Alive show safety divers. Along with Martin Štěpánek she dove into Blaines water-filled sphere to rescue him from drowning during his failed 9-minute breath-holding stunt and she was also cast in the 2009 documentary film The Cove
