Kazan

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Kazan
Казань (Russian)
Казан (Tatar)
-  City[1]  -
City of republic significance[1]
KAZ Collage 2015.png
Left to right, top to bottom: Spasskaya Tower; Söyembikä Tower; Qol Sharif Mosque; Farmers' Palace; Epiphany Cathedral; View of Kazan
Map of Russia - Republic of Tatarstan (2008-03).svg
Location of the Republic of Tatarstan in Russia
Kazan is located in Tatarstan
Kazan
Kazan
Location of Kazan in the Republic of Tatarstan
Coat of Arms of Kazan (Tatarstan).svg
Flag of Kazan.svg
Coat of arms
Flag
City Day August 30[2]
Administrative status (as of February 2014)
Country Russia
Federal subject Tatarstan[1]
Administratively subordinated to city of republic significance of Kazan[1]
Capital of Republic of Tatarstan[3]
Administrative center of city of republic significance of Kazan[1]
Municipal status (as of January 2012)
Urban okrug Kazan Urban Okrug[4]
Administrative center of Kazan Urban Okrug[4]
Mayor[5] Ilsur Metshin[5]
Representative body City Duma[6]
Statistics
Area 425.3 km2 (164.2 sq mi)[7]
Population (2010 Census) 1,143,535 inhabitants[8]
- Rank in 2010 8th
Population (2018 est.) 1,243,500 inhabitants[9]
Density 2,689/km2 (6,960/sq mi)[10]
Time zone MSK (UTC+03:00)[11]
Founded 1005[12] (see text)
Postal code(s)[13] 420xxx
Dialing code(s) +7 843[14]
Website www.kzn.ru
Kazan on Wikimedia Commons

Kazan (Russian: Каза́нь, IPA: [kɐˈzanʲ]; Tatar: Казан) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. With a population of 1.243.500,[9] it is the sixth most populous city in Russia. Kazan is one of the largest religious, economic, political, scientific, educational, cultural and sports centers in Russia. Kazan lies at the confluence of the Volga and Kazanka Rivers in European Russia, about 715 kilometres (444 mi) east from Moscow. The Kazan Kremlin is a World Heritage Site.

The Millennium of Kazan was celebrated in 2005.

In April 2009, the Russian Patent Office granted Kazan the right to brand itself as the "Third Capital" of Russia;[15] in 2009 it was chosen as the "Sports capital of Russia"[16] and it still is referred to as such.[17] In 2011, here was held the European Weightlifting Championships.The city hosted the 2013 Summer Universiade, 2014 World Fencing Championships, the 2015 World Aquatics Championships, and is one of the host cities for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and,for the first time in Russia, the official stage of the Red Bull Air Race World Championship under the auspices of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Also Kazan has held the World Wushu Championships.In 2018, Kazan became one of the cities where the 2018 FIFA World Cup was held.

In 2015, 2.1 million tourists visited Kazan, a 20% increase in comparison with 2014. 1.5 million tourists visited the Kazan Kremlin in 2015, and one million visited the city's hotel and entertainment complex with an aquapark called "Kazan Riviera".[18]

Etymology[edit]

The origin of the name Kazan is uncertain, the most accepted legends derive it from the Bulgar (and also modern Tatar) word qazan, which means 'boiler' or 'cauldron'. Most often appeal to the version of the boiling boiler: the sorcerer advised the Bulgars to build a city where without any fire will boil dug into the ground boiler with water, as a result, a similar place was found on the shore of lake Kaban. One legend claims that the city was named after the river Kazanka, which was named after the son of a Bulgar governor dropped a copper cauldron into it.[19] Other local legends, including research by the Tatar scholar Shigabetdin Marjani, claim that the city was named for the resemblance of the hill on which it sits to an upturned cauldron.

Qazan/Kazan was a choice name for the male Turkic/Mongol royalty, most notably that of the Ilkhanid Mongol king, Qazan Khan. It is likely that the city was named after a Mongol/Turkic khan by that name when the city was founded or soon after.

History[edit]

Main articles: History of Kazan and Timeline of Kazan

Middle Ages[edit]

A view of Kazan by Adam Olearius, 1630
A view of the city c. 1767

According to the official version adopted today, the city was founded more than 1000 years ago, the estimated date of the urban settlement on the site of Kazan is 1004-1005 years. The reason for this dating is found during excavations in the Kazan Kremlin Czech coin, dated by the Board of St. Wenceslaus(presumably, coinage 929-930 years) and became the earliest Czech coin, the remains of masonry and wooden city fence, Handicrafts and utensils (Hungarian type lining, women's beads, etc.), as well as other artifacts with less obvious dating. According to official statements, experts from 20 cities of Russia and 22 countries of the world were involved in the study of findings related to the age of Kazan[20][21].

Kazan was a border post between Volga Bulgaria and two Finnish tribes-Mari and Udmurt. Another vexatious question is where the citadel was built originally. Archaeological explorations have produced evidence of urban settlement in three parts of the modern city: in the Kremlin; in Bişbalta at the site of the modern Zilantaw monastery; and near the Qaban lake. The oldest of these seems to be the Kremlin.

After the Mongols ravaged the Bolğar and Bilär territories in the 13th century, the surviving Bulgars recovered in numbers and a small number of Kipchaks were assimilated from which they adopted their language (the so-called Bulgarism), or Kipchaks and Bulgars mixed to create a modern Kazan-Tatar population, some Tatars also went to Lithuania, brought by Vytautas the great. Kazan became the center of the Principality, which was dependent on The Golden Horde; in the XIII—XIV centuries, Kazan was growing, becoming an important trade and political center within The Golden Horde. The growth of the city was also promoted by the successful geographical location at the intersection of major trade routes connecting East and West. During the same period, the minting of currency began with the indication of the place of minting — "Bulgar al-Jadid", that is, a New Bulgar.

In 1438, the Bulgar fortress Kazan (ISKE-Kazan) was captured by the ousted Golden Horde Khan Ulu-Muhamedd, who killed the local Prince Swan and moved the fortress to a modern place (according to Russian Chronicles), the city became the capital of the Kazan khanate. The city Bazaar, Taş Ayaq (stone foot) has become the most important shopping center in the region, especially for furniture. Handicraft production also flourished, as the city gained a reputation for its leather and gold products, as well as the wealth of its palaces and mosques. Kazan had trade relations with Moscow, Crimea, Turkey and other regions.

Russian Tsardom period[edit]

Annunciation Cathedral of Kazan Kremlin, 1561–1562

As a result of the Siege of Kazan in 1552, Russia under Ivan the Terrible conquered the city and massacred the majority of the population.[22] Also as a result of the Siege of Kazan 8,000 slaves were set free,[23] during the subsequent governorship of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky, most of the khanate's Tatar residents were killed or forcibly Christianized, the Kerashen Tatars.[22] Mosques and palaces were ruined.[22] The surviving Tatar population was moved to a place 50 kilometers (31 mi) away from the city and this place was forcibly settled by Russian farmers and soldiers. Tatars in the Russian service were settled in the Tatar Bistäse settlement near the city's wall. Later Tatar merchants and handicraft masters also settled there, during this period, Kazan was largely destroyed as a result of several great fires. After one of them in 1579, the icon Our Lady of Kazan was discovered in the city.

In the early 17th century, at the beginning of the Time of Troubles in Russia, the Tsardom of Kazan declared independence with the help of the Russian population, but this independence was suppressed by Kuzma Minin in 1612.[citation needed]

Russian Empire period[edit]

Kazan city map from the 19th century, Russian edition

In 1708, the Tsardom of Kazan was abolished, and Kazan became the seat of Kazan Governorate, after Peter the Great's visit, the city became a center of shipbuilding for the Caspian fleet. The major Russian poet Gavrila Derzhavin was born in Kazan in 1743, the son of a poor country squire of Tatar ancestry though himself having a thoroughly Russian identity.

Before the building of modern dams, low-lying areas were regularly flooded in April and May. Kazan suffered major fires in 1595, 1672, 1694, 1742, 1749, 1757 1744, 1815 and 1842.

Kazan was largely destroyed in 1774 as a result of the Pugachev revolt (1774–1776), an uprising by border troops and peasants led by the Don Cossack ataman (Captain) Yemelyan Pugachev, but the city, formerly largely of timber construction, was soon afterwards rebuilt, using stone and according to a grid pattern plan, during the reign of Catherine the Great. Catherine also decreed that mosques could again be built in Kazan, the first being Marjani Mosque.

At the beginning of the 19th century Kazan State University and printing press were founded by Alexander I, it became an important center for Oriental Studies in Russia. The Qur'an was first printed in Kazan in 1801. Kazan became an industrial center and peasants migrated there to join its industrial workforce; in 1875, a horse tramway appeared; 1899 saw the installation of a tramway. After the Russian Revolution of 1905, Tatars were allowed to revive Kazan as a Tatar cultural center, the first Tatar theater and the first Tatar newspaper appeared.

Soviet period[edit]

In 1917 Kazan became one of the revolution centers; in 1918, Kazan was the capital of the Idel-Ural State, which was suppressed by the Bolshevist government. In the Kazan Operation of August 1918, it was briefly occupied by Czechoslovak Legions; in 1920 Kazan became the center of Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the 1920s and 1930s, most of the city's mosques and churches were destroyed, as occurred elsewhere in the USSR.[citation needed] After the Treaty of Rapallo (1922) until 1933, the German and the Russian army operated together the Kama tank school in Kazan.

During World War II, many industrial plants and factories to the west were relocated in Kazan, making the city a center of the military industry, producing tanks and planes. After the war Kazan consolidated as an industrial and scientific center; in 1979, the city's population reached one million.

Modern period[edit]

Dmitry Medvedev visits Kazan

In the late 1980s and in the 1990s, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kazan again became the center of Tatar culture and identity, and separatist tendencies intensified. With the return of capitalism, Kazan became one of the most important centers of the Russian Federation, the city went from 10th to 8th position in population ranking of Russian cities. In the early 2000s, the city earned the right to host both the 2013 Summer Universiade and 2018 FIFA World Cup.

Millennium of Kazan[edit]

  • Millennium Bridge

  • Millennium Bridge

  • Millennium Bridge

Since 2000, the city has been undergoing a total renovation, the historical center—including the Kremlin—has been rebuilt, however a large number of the city's historical districts were completely demolished in the renovation. Kazan celebrated its millennium in 2005, after a city-organized historical commission settled on 1005 as the official year of the city's founding,[12] during the millennium celebrations, one of the largest mosque in Russia, Qolsharif, was dedicated in the Kazan Kremlin, the holiest copy of Our Lady of Kazan was returned to the city, the "Millennium Bridge" was inaugurated that year,[24] and the Kazan Metro began operation. The government of the Russian Federation released the Medal "In Commemoration of the 1000th Anniversary of Kazan". In 2010, for the preparations to the 2013 Universiade, Kazan began even more renovation by modernizing its airport, fixing the streets, enhancing public transport, and adopting Russian, English, and Tatar languages in all transportation, large stores, and shopping centers.

Heraldry[edit]

The historical symbol of Kazan is the mythical dragon-like creature Zilant, often mentioned in legends, for example, when numerous snakes and reptiles severely hampered the development of the city, the hunters went in search of the King of snakes and defeated him, according to another version, the residents of the city bought off the giant snake with gold, after which all the snakes left the city. Another legend says that the giant dragon-like serpent always guarded the Khan's treasures, and that it still protects the hidden wealth before the capture of the city in the secret caves. Historically, it is true that snakes were once numerous in the Kazan region, but then their number has decreased dramatically, the first official coat of arms of Kazan was approved on October 18, 1781 and was described as "black snake under the crown of gold, Kazan, red wings, white field". In 1926, the country introduced a ban on such heraldry; in the 1980s, we again started talking about the coat of arms of Kazan, and in the 1990s Kazan Zilant in various styles began to appear in print media. Modern graphics of the emblem and flag appeared in 2005 — in a silver field on the green earth a black dragon with red wings and tongue, with gold paws, claws and eyes, topped with a gold crown, the shield is crowned with a Kazan cap. According to the traditions of heraldry, the dragon symbolizes power, wisdom and invincibility, the earth — life and wealth, the crown-development, and the cap above the shield-the capital of the city.[25][26]

Administrative and municipal status[edit]

Kazan is the capital of the republic.[citation needed] Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated as the city of republic significance of Kazan—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[1] As a municipal division, the city of republic significance of Kazan is incorporated as Kazan Urban Okrug.[4]

City divisions[edit]

City districts of Kazan

Kazan is divided into seven districts:

No. District Population[8] Area (km²)[citation needed]
1 Aviastroitelny 111,405 38.91
2 Vakhitovsky 86,202 25.82
3 Kirovsky 109,125 108.79
4 Moskovsky 130,537 38.81
5 Novo-Savinovsky 202,997 20.66
6 Privolzhsky 227,755 115.77
7 Sovetsky 275,514 167.00

Economy[edit]

Main article: Economy of Kazan
Kazanorgsintez chemical plant
Corston-Kazan with local World trade center
Tupolev Tu-160 strategic bomber
Tupolev Tu-204 airliner
Airplanes built by Kazan Aircraft Production Association
Mil Mi-14/Mil Mi-17 amphibious/middle helicopter
Kazan Ansat light helicopter
Helicopter built by Kazan Helicopters

Kazan is one of the largest industrial and financial centers of Russia, and a leading city of the Volga economic region in construction and accumulated investment.[27] City's Gross Regional Product had reached 380 billion rubles in 2011.[28]

Total banking capital of Kazan banks is third in Russia.[citation needed] The main industries of the city are: mechanical engineering, chemical, petrochemical, light and food industries. An innovative economy is represented by the largest IT-park in Russia which is one of the largest of its kind among Eastern Europe science parks.[29][30] Kazan ranks 174th (highest in Russia) in Mercer’s Worldwide Quality of Living Survey.[31]

Investments[edit]

In 2011 city organisations and businesses attract more than 87 billion rubles for economy and social sphere development, this is 44% more than 2010 number. In 2014 businesses attracts 86 billion rubles. Most of them have been implemented in real economy sector.

Because of unstable economic situation within the country, there is a decrease of investment rates in 2015 and according to the statistics of the first part of the year it composed 51684.2 million rubles.

There are head offices of 6 companies that are in rating of top-500 in terms of revenues in Russia. Total square of city business centres is 330 thousand square metres.

Innovative economy in Kazan is represented by the biggest IT-park in Russia and also the biggest technical park in Europe, the only one online platform for governmental trade except the Moscow one is operated in Kazan. During post-soviet period Kazan was the leader in terms of house construction in Volga region and now it holds the position and implement Republican program of liquidation of dilapidated housing which was unique for Russia.

According to Forbes, Kazan has a 15th place in "Best cities for business in Russia" rating of 2010.[32] Then in 2012 Kazan gets a 6th place in Quality of city environment rating, which is made by Russian Federation Ministry of Regional Development, Russian Alliance of Engineers, Federal Construction Agency, Federal Service of Supervision of Consumer Protection and Welfare and Moscow Federal University.[33]

Transportation[edit]

Cycling[edit]

On July 1, 2013, the Veli'k bicycle sharing system was launched in Kazan, the system includes seven self-service bicycle docking stations, and a total of 100 bikes, distributed throughout the centre of Kazan, near the most popular city destinations. The service is open to everyone from 16 years of age. To access the service, riders have to complete a simple sign-up procedure at www.Veli-k.ru, and buy a subscription for a suitable period of time. The first 30 minutes of every journey is free of charge, after the first half-hour, a service charge applies.

Public transit[edit]

Travel cards that work within the metropolitan area reduce the cost of travel to 15 rub on trolley buses and buses, and offer considerable discounts on the metro line, these travel cards can be purchased from the post office.

Bus[edit]

MAZ-103 low-entry bus

The Kazan Bus system (Wikidata) was totally renovated in 2007. 91 routes have an aggregate length of 1,981 km (1,231 mi). All 1,444 buses are colored red, as in London. A single trip costs 25 rub. Unlike in most Western cities, public bus routes are not municipal, but are operated by private companies. Half of the buses are imported, produced by "Golden Dragon", "Higer", "MAZ", "Yutong", "Hyundai". Other buses are mostly Russian made "NefAZ".

Tram[edit]

The Kazan Tram (Wikidata) system was founded in 1899. Six routes use 187 km (116.20 mi) of tracks and 197 tramcars. All trams are dark red[34] Single trip costs 25 rub. Rolling stock: LM-99, 71-608, 71-605.

Trolleybus[edit]

The Kazan trolleybus (Wikidata) electric bus system was founded in 1948. 355 km (220.59 mi) of lines are used for 14 routes. All trolleybuses are green[35] Single trip costs 25 rub. Vehicles: ZIU-682, Trolza-5275-05 "Optima", VMZ-5298.01-50 "Avangard".

Metro[edit]

A single-line Kazan Metro (running north to south-east), opened on 27 August 2005, the first and only metro system built in a post-soviet state after the collapse of the USSR, as of 2018, the Kazan Metro now has ten stations, and crosses the Kazanka River.

  • Trolza-5275 low-entry trolleybus

  • AKSM 843 tram

  • Subway train

Railways[edit]

Main railway station

Kazan is connected with Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Yoshkar-Ola and Yekaterinburg by train.

The main railway station Kazan–Passazhirskaya is located in the city centre and includes a main building (built in 1896), a commuter trains terminal, a ticket office building and some other technical buildings. Station serves thirty-six intercity trains and more than eight million passengers per annum,[36] the second terminus called "Kazan-2" is situated in the northern part of the city. Kazan also has nineteen platforms for commuter trains.

Highways[edit]

There are federal highway connections to Moscow and Ufa (E-22), Orenburg (R-239), Ul'yanovsk (R-241) and Igra (R-242). There are also R-175 federal highway and "Northern Europe – Western China" (in construction) route near the city.

There are five bridges across the Kazanka (Qazansu) river in the city, and one bridge connecting Kazan with the opposite bank of the Volga.

Intercity buses[edit]

There are two bus stations in Kazan—Central and Southern. Bus routes connect Kazan with all districts of Tatarstan, Samara, Ufa, Tolyatti, Orenburg, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, Sterlitamak, Buzuluk, Baki, and Aktobe. It is planned to build new stations in the East, West and North districts instead of Central for relieving city centre.

Waterways[edit]

Bolaq channel

This station serves intercity ships and commuter boats. Pneumocushion boats are used in winter. Daily passenger turnover reaches 6 thousand.

Kazan International Airport[edit]

Kazan International Airport
Night aerial view of radial Kazan

Kazan International Airport is located 26 kilometers (16 mi) from the city center. It is a hub for Tatarstan Airlines and Kazan Air Enterprise and hosts eleven air companies, the airport is connected with the city by bus route #97 and by a suburban train line.

There is also the Kazan Borisoglebskoye airfield, home to Kazan Aircraft Production Association, a major aircraft factory, famous in the past as "Aircraft Plant 22" ("22nd Zavod").

Adjacent to it lies a huge aircraft engines plant ("16th Zavod"), it produces versions of Tupolev 204 and 214 aircraft. In the past an Ilyushin-62, four-engine Russian mainliner, Tupolev-160 "Black Jack" supersonic strategic bomber and Tu-22M tactic bomber were also produced here. Both these plants and adjacent workers' housing make a whole city district known as "Aviastroitelny" ("Aircraft Builders").

Demographics[edit]

Population[edit]

Population of Kazan since 1800

Population: 1,143,535 (2010 Census);[8] 1,105,289 (2002 Census);[37] 1,094,378 (1989 Census).[38] Kazan metropolitan area's population is 1.65 million.

Year Population
1550 5,000
1557 7,000
1800 40,000
1830 43,900
1839 51,600
1859 60,600
1862 63,100
1883 140,000
1897 130,000
1917 206,600
1926 179,000
1939 398,000
1959 667,000
1979 989,000
1989 1,094,378 (census)
1997 1,076,000
2000 1,089,500
2002 1,105,289 (census)
2008 1,120,200
2009 1,130,717
2010 1,143,535 (census)
2016 1,216,965

Ethnicity[edit]

Main article: Kazan ethnic communities
Young women in the street, outside Kazan University

The city's population consists mostly of ethnic Russians (48.6%) and ethnic Tatars (47.6%). The other ethnicities are Chuvash, Ukrainians, Azerbaijanis, Vietnamese,[39][40][41] and Jews.[42]

Religion[edit]

See also: Interfaith relations in Kazan, Russia

Predominant faiths of Kazan city are Sunni Islam and Orthodox Christianity, with Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and the Bahá'í Faith also represented.

Languages[edit]

The Russian language is widely spoken in the city. Tatar is also widely spoken, mainly by Tatars.

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Satellite view

Kazan has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with long, cold winters (colder than Moscow), and warm, often dry summers. As a result of its far inland position, summers are extremely warm for its latitude and winters are quite cold compared to areas further west in Europe.

The warmest month is July with daily mean temperature near 20.2 °C (68.4 °F), and the coldest month is January, with a daily mean of −10.4 °C (13.3 °F).

The city set its two hottest days on record during the 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. Temperatures reached +39 °C (102 °F) in the hottest days during that time.

Climate data for Kazan
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 4.5
(40.1) 		5.2
(41.4) 		14.0
(57.2) 		29.5
(85.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		37.5
(99.5) 		38.9
(102) 		39.0
(102.2) 		32.3
(90.1) 		23.4
(74.1) 		15.0
(59) 		6.1
(43) 		39.0
(102.2)
Average high °C (°F) −7.2
(19) 		−6.7
(19.9) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		10.2
(50.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		25.5
(77.9) 		22.9
(73.2) 		16.3
(61.3) 		8.1
(46.6) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		8.7
(47.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −10.4
(13.3) 		−10.1
(13.8) 		−3.9
(25) 		5.5
(41.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		18.1
(64.6) 		20.2
(68.4) 		17.6
(63.7) 		11.7
(53.1) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		4.6
(40.3)
Average low °C (°F) −13.5
(7.7) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−7.2
(19) 		1.7
(35.1) 		8.3
(46.9) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		13.3
(55.9) 		8.2
(46.8) 		2.2
(36) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		−11.4
(11.5) 		1.0
(33.8)
Record low °C (°F) −46.8
(−52.2) 		−39.9
(−39.8) 		−31.7
(−25.1) 		−25.6
(−14.1) 		−6.5
(20.3) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		2.6
(36.7) 		1.6
(34.9) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−23.4
(−10.1) 		−36.6
(−33.9) 		−43.9
(−47) 		−46.8
(−52.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41
(1.61) 		34
(1.34) 		33
(1.3) 		30
(1.18) 		41
(1.61) 		63
(2.48) 		67
(2.64) 		59
(2.32) 		52
(2.05) 		53
(2.09) 		46
(1.81) 		43
(1.69) 		562
(22.13)
Average rainy days 3 2 4 11 15 18 16 16 18 17 10 5 135
Average snowy days 26 22 16 6 1 0 0 0 1 7 20 24 123
Average relative humidity (%) 84 80 76 67 58 65 68 70 75 80 85 84 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 49 89 150 205 282 293 291 254 160 84 41 33 1,931
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net[43]
Source #2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[44]

Central Kazan[edit]

Qolşärif Mosque grand mosque
Belltower of Epiphany Church

Kremlin[edit]

Main article: Kazan Kremlin

The city has a citadel (Russian: кремль, tr. kreml', or sometimes Tatar: kirman), which was declared a World Heritage Site in 2000. Major monuments in the kremlin are the five-domed six-columned Annunciation Cathedral (1561–62) and the mysterious previously-leaning Söyembikä Tower, named after the last queen of Kazan and regarded as the city's most conspicuous landmark.

Also of interest are the towers and walls, erected in the 16th and 17th centuries but later reconstructed; the Qol-Şarif mosque, which is already rebuilt inside the citadel; remains of the Saviour Monastery (its splendid 16th-century cathedral having been demolished by the Bolsheviks) with the Spasskaya Tower; and the Governor's House (1843–53), designed by Konstantin Thon, now the Palace of the President of Tatarstan.

Next door, the ornate baroque Sts-Peter-and-Paul's Cathedral on Qawi Nacmi Street and Marcani mosque on Qayum Nasiri Street date back to the 18th century.

Some towers of the Kremlin:

Spasskaya tower was built in 2 floors. XVI century Pskov architects Ivan Shiryai and Postnik Yakovlev, from the inside, the Northern side of the fortress to the Spasskaya tower adjoined gate Spasskaya Church, which has now become one with the tower. It typically Pskovian architectural elements of the facade facing the main street of the Kremlin, at the end of the XVII century, instead of 3 tiers, the tower was built with two brick 8-sided tiers with a brick tent, getting its present, familiar appearance to the Kazan citizens. Until 1917. the tower was crowned with the double-headed coat of arms of the Russian state, in the upper tier in the XVIII century were installed clock "with ringing" and even earlier moved from a small belfry (now lost, located on the castle wall on the left side of the tower) large bell. Before the tower until the middle of the XIX century was a moat with a stone bridge.

The South-Western tower was built simultaneously with the Spasskaya tower by Pskov masters and is a classic example of the Pskov style of defensive structures.

The Transfiguration tower, the name of the tower was from the Transfiguration monastery of the Savior, which she fenced from the North-West. Despite the fact that the Transfiguration tower was also built by Pskov architects Postnik and Barma, perhaps it was significantly rebuilt later, as it has strong traces of the architectural influence of the Moscow defensive architecture, the territory from the Transfiguration tower to the Spasskaya pass was added to the old Khan's fortress by Pskov masters.

Nameless round tower-brick buildings, presumably built by Moscow architects in the XVII century.

Tainitskaya tower-built in its present form in the 1550s by Postnik Yakovlev, was named after a secret source from which it was possible to take water during the siege (such "secret" sources were at the Vodovzvodnaya, corner Arsenal and Zamoskvoretskaya (Beklemisheva) towers of the Moscow Kremlin), the entrance to the tower is in the form of a" knee", which increased the defense of the Kremlin. In place of the tainitsky tower was at the time of the khanate of the tower Nur Ali, in Russian transcription Muraleeva, it is through Muraleeva tower 22-year-old Tsar Ivan the terrible entered the conquered city.

The North-Eastern round tower was demolished after the Pugachev's assault.

The consistor tower was built in brick by Moscow architects in the XVII century, its name was given in the XVIII century from the Spiritual Consistory located near the tower in the Kremlin. You can climb the tower and walk along the wall in the direction of the South — Eastern tower, near the tower archaeological excavations revealed the so-called tezitsky (tezik Arab. - merchant) ditch, which went from the Consistor tower to the Transfiguration, the famous archaeologist N. Kalinin and a number of scientists believed tezitsky moat southern border of the Khan's fortress.

The Southeast round tower is a bright example of Pskov architecture of the XVI century.

Bistä, or Posad[edit]

Central Kazan is divided into two districts by the Bolaq canal and Lake Qaban, the first district (Qazan Bistäse or Kazanskiy Posad), historically Russian, is situated on the hill, the second (İske Tatar Bistäse or Staro-Tatarskaya Sloboda), historically Tatar, is situated between the Bolaq and the Volga. Mosques, such as Nurullah, Soltan, Bornay, Apanay, Äcem, Märcani, İske Taş, Zäñgär are in the Tatar district. Churches, such as Blagoveschenskaya, Varvarinskaya, Nikol'skaya, Tikhvinskaya, are mostly in the Russian part of the city. The main city-centre streets are Bauman, Kremlyovskaya, Dzerzhinsky, Tuqay, Puşkin, Butlerov, Gorkiy, Karl Marx and Märcani.

An old legend says that in 1552, before the Russian invasion, wealthy Tatars (baylar) hid gold and silver in Lake Qaban.

Wooden Kazan[edit]

In the beginning of the 1900s most of Central Kazan was covered by wooden buildings, usually consisting of two floors. There was a historical environment of Kazan citizens, but not the best place to live in, during the Republican program "The liquidation of ramshackle apartments" most of them (unlike other Russian cities), especially in Central Kazan, where the land is not cheap, were destroyed and their population was moved to new areas at the suburb of the city (Azino, Azino-2, Quartal 39). Nearly 100,000 citizens resettled by this programme.

Other major buildings[edit]

The National Museum of Tatarstan
Palace of agriculture
Pyramid concert hall
Kazan circus
Children's palace
Temple of All Religions

Another significant building in central Kazan is the former "Smolentzev and Shmelev" tea house and hotel, now the Shalyapin Palace Hotel, it is located at 7/80 Universitetskaya Street, at the corner of Universitetskaya and Bauman. A major landmark of late-19th and early-20th century commercial architecture, it consists of two portions, the original portion, built for a merchant named Usmanov in the 1860s, was bought by the inter-related families of Efim Smolentzev and Pavel and Nikolai Shmelev in 1899.[45] They operated a store selling, among other things, tea; in 1910, the Smolentevs and Shmelevs constructed another portion, designed by architect Vasili Trifonov, and operated a hotel there.[46] After the Russian Revolution, the building eventually became the Hotel Soviet and after 2000 it was heavily renovated to reopen as the Shalyapin Palace Hotel.

Cityscape[edit]

A panoramic view of Kazan Kremlin, Vernicle temple and Kazanka river right bank
Kazanka right bank
Both banks of Kazanka

Education and science[edit]

Primary and secondary education[edit]

Primary and secondary education system of Kazan includes:

  • 282 nurseries, most of which are municipal
  • 178 schools, 2 of which are private
  • 28 vocational technical schools
  • 15 colleges
  • 10 special colleges

There are also 49 music schools, 43 sports school, and 10 fine-arts schools, including the Kazan Art School founded in 1895.

Higher education[edit]

See also: List of Kazan Universities
Kazan Federal University

There are 44 institutes of higher education in Kazan, including 19 branches of universities from other cities. More than 140,000 students are educated in the city. Kazan Federal University (founded in 1804) is third oldest university in Russia after Saint Petersburg State University (1724) and Moscow State University (1755). In 2009 KFU got Federal status as main university of Volga Region, some other prominent universities are:

Science[edit]

Main building of Tatarstan Academy of Sciences

Kazan is a major scientific centre in Russia. Kazan formed a big number of scientific areas and schools (mathematical, chemical, medical, linguistic, geological, geobotanical, etc.). Scientific discoveries are a subject of special pride, including: the creation of non-Euclidean geometry (Nikolai Lobachevsky), the discovery of the chemical element ruthenium (Karl Ernst Claus), the theory about the structure of organic compounds (Aleksandr Butlerov), the discovery of the electron paramagnetic resonance (Yevgeny Zavoisky) and acoustic paramagnetic resonance (Altshuler) and many others. The city hosts:

Public health[edit]

1814 year is considered to be an official year of the beginning of scientific medicine in Kazan. Exactly at that time University Hospital was open; in 1930 Faculty of Medicine is separated from the Kazan Federal University and holds a lot of specialized hospitals under its patronage. Nowadays Kazan becomes the largest public health center in Russia. 120 medical organisations are operated in the city. Kazan Interregional clinical-diagnostic center is the largest in Volga region in cardiovascular and neurological diseases, the largest hospital in Kazan is Republican Clinical Hospital.

Government and administration[edit]

Kazan town hall (before 1917 - the Hall of Nobility)
Cabinet of Ministers
Presidential Palace

Mayor[edit]

See also: List of Kazan mayors

İlsur Metşin became the mayor of Kazan on November 17, 2005.

City Duma[edit]

Kazan City Duma is a representative body of the city, elected every four years and holds its sessions in Kazan City Hall.

Executive committee[edit]

Executive committee is a municipal body of the executive organs .[clarification needed] The committee's head is Denis Kalinkin.[48]

Government of the Republic of Tatarstan[edit]

Kazan hosts Tatarstan President's residence and administration (in Kremlin), Tatarstan's Cabinet of Ministers and Council of State (on Freedom square).

Communication[edit]

Agency works 84 post offices belonging to the branch of "Russian Post", UFPS "Tatarstan pochtasy", the official opening of the Kazan city telephone network took place on 27 (15) November 1888. At the moment, there are 4 operators of wired telephone in Kazan, the total capacity of the telephone network in Kazan is about 456 thousand numbers. Services of IP-telephony operators in addition to the basic wired connection is also supported by the 5 companies[49]. The city has 6 mobile operators (Beeline, MegaFon, MTS, Tele2 Russia, Letai, Yota, and also operates virtual mobile operator "Mobile public communication"). By the number of Internet users — 428 thousand people — Kazan takes the 4th place in Russia. According to the General Director of Google Russia Vladimir Dolgov, Kazan is the largest center of information technology development, the level of Internet penetration is 75 %, which is a record figure for Russia. Access to the world wide web in Kazan is provided by 15 operators[50]. The most popular forms of Internet access are cable networks and ADSL. Previously popular Dial-up has almost lost its position, at the same time actively developing wireless technology Wi-Fi and Wi-Max. Scartel launched the first LTE network in Russia[51].

August 30, 2012 in Kazan it Park was held a solemn ceremony of launch of the fourth generation network (4G, LTE.). LTE network in Kazan was launched by 3 operators-Scartel LLC (Yota trademark), MegaFon OJSC and MTS OJSC. And on June 27, 2014 the LTE network of mobile operator "Fly"was launched.

Sports[edit]

Kazan Arena
"Basket-hall"
Kazan rowing center

Kazan now is one of the most developed cities in Russia in terms of sport, the city has hosted two Bandy World Championships, in 2005 and 2011, the World Summer Universiade 2013, the World Championship in fencing in 2014, the Aquatics Championship FINA 2015, 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup and other international competitions of various levels. In the future the city will hold the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

The city of Kazan is a leader in terms of winnings in various sports including its most popular sports teams.

Men's teams:

Club Sport Founded Current League League
Rank		 Stadium
Rubin Kazan Football 1958 Russian Premier League 1st Kazan Arena
Ak Bars Kazan Ice Hockey 1956 Kontinental Hockey League 1st Tatneft Arena
Bars Kazan Ice Hockey 2009 Minor Hockey League Jr. 1st Tatneft Arena
Irbis Kazan Ice Hockey 2011 Minor Hockey League Division B Jr. 2nd Tatneft Arena
Dynamo-Kazan Bandy 1958 Bandy Super League 1st Raketa Stadium
UNICS Kazan Basketball 1991 Professional Basketball League 1st Basket-Hall Arena
Zenit Kazan Volleyball 2000 Volleyball Super League 1st Kazan Volleyball Centre
Sintez Kazan Water Polo 1974 Water Polo Championship 1st Orgsintez

Notable athletes[edit]

Infrastructure[edit]

Important events[edit]

International relations[edit]

Kazan is actively engaged in international activities, the city has foreign diplomatic, trade and cultural representations, the Kazan Kremlin and the Institute of culture of peace are under the auspices of UNESCO, the city participates in partner movements, is a member of the world organizations of cities. The summit of the CIS heads, the Summit of the world security services and other important forums, conferences and events of the world level were held in Kazan, the head of China, the us Secretary of state, about three dozen presidents and Prime Ministers of foreign States paid visits to the capital of the Republic, as to few other cities of the country. Renovated in 2005, the international airport provides flights to dozens of cities in different countries, including the largest Airliners (class Boeing 747), and is gradually being rebuilt into a potential hub for the Universiade 2013 and the World Cup 2018; international rail links from the city.

Branch offices of embassies[edit]

Consulates[edit]

Four consulates general are found in Kazan.[53]

Visa centers[edit]

Twin towns and sister cities[edit]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Kazan is twinned with:[56]

Kazan has also partner relations with the following cities and regions:

International organizations membership[edit]

  • Organization of World Heritage Cities
  • United Cities and Local Governments. Mayor of Kazan is a co-president of UCLG.
  • Twin Cities International Association
  • Historic Cities International Association
  • General Conference of Mayors for Peace
  • Organisation of Islamic Capitals and cities (observer)
  • Metropolis
  • International Assembly of capitals and large cities of CIS

Kazan has an Alliance française center.

Kazan has an American Corner.[58]

Notable people[edit]

Main article: List of people from Kazan

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f Order #01-02/9
  2. ^ [1] Archived December 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  3. ^ "Welcome to the Republic of Tatarstan". tatarstan.ru. Archived from the original on September 16, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 
  4. ^ a b c Law #46-ZRT
  5. ^ a b Official website of the Mayor of Kazan Archived September 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. (in Russian)
  6. ^ Official website of Kazan. Kazan City Duma Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. (in Russian)
  7. ^ площадь собственно города, Федеральная служба государственной статистики Archived November 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. 
  9. ^ a b Численность населения муниципальных образований Республики Татарстан (Population of the Republic of Tatarstan municipalities report, per 1st Jan. 2018)Archived April 15, 2016[Date mismatch], at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ^ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
  11. ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  12. ^ a b Шаймиев, Минтимер Шарипович; Камиль Исхаков; Мансур Х Хәсәнов (September 10, 1999). "Выступления Президента РТ М. Шаймиева, мэра г.Казани К.Исхакова и президента АН РТ, академика М.Хасанова на торжественном собрании по случаю установления даты основания г.Казани". Гасырлар авазы/Эхо веков (3/4). Archived from the original on October 2, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2011. 
  13. ^ "Kazan Russia - a thousand-year Russian city travel guide". aboutkazan.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2007. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 
  14. ^ "Current Local Time in Kazan, Russia". www.timeanddate.com. Archived from the original on February 9, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 
  15. ^ "Kazan officially becomes Russia's Third Capital". Pravda. April 3, 2009. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved March 26, 2013. 
  16. ^ Komsomolskaya Pravda: Kazan - sports capital of Russia 14.12.2009 Archived July 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ^ "List of Best Tatars". Mytopdozen.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2013. 
  18. ^ "2,1 млн. туристов посетили Казань в 2015 году | www.tatar-inform.ru". tatar-inform.ru. Archived from the original on February 9, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016. 
  19. ^ "InTourist Kazan'". Legends about Kazan's foundation. Archived from the original on October 27, 2012. Retrieved 10 August 2012. 
  20. ^ Ярмила Хаскова, профессор, руководитель нумизматического отдела Национального музея Чехии (Прага) (1999). "Древнечешская монета из Казани" (1/2) (Гасырлар авазы / Эхо веков ed.). 
  21. ^ "Кто сказал, что Казани - 1000 лет? Аргументы и факты о возрасте города". www.1000kzn.ru. Retrieved 2017-11-18. 
  22. ^ a b c |url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ru&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Ftatarica.narod.ru%2Fcult%2Flibrary%2Fbook%2Fkazanhanligi%2Fchapter4.htm ХУДЯКОВ "Очерки по истории КАЗАНСКОГО ХАНСТВА"
  23. ^ ПСРЛ, том XIII. Издание 1-е. Летописный сборник, именуемый Патриаршею или Никоновскою летописью. - С. 513, 515.
  24. ^ Putin joins Tatarstan festivities Archived December 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. BBC News 2005-08-26
  25. ^ История гербов города Казани и городов Казанской губернии
  26. ^ "Герб города Казань". Геральдика.ру. geraldika.ru. Retrieved 2017-11-18. 
  27. ^ "БГД". www.gks.ru. Archived from the original on January 29, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 
  28. ^ Катаргин, Дмитрий. "Казань побила рекорд по инвестициям". БИЗНЕС Online (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-06-07. 
  29. ^ "В строительство IT-парка вложили 3 миллиарда". www.arendator.ru. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 
  30. ^ Инновационный технопарк Идея Archived February 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  31. ^ NZ cities excel in quality of living - Mercer worldwide survey finds Archived July 25, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  32. ^ "30 лучших городов для бизнеса — 2010". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011. Retrieved February 9, 2016. 
  33. ^ Мысько, Сергей Афанасьев, Влас. "Казань оценили на "6 с плюсом"". БИЗНЕС Online. Archived from the original on August 10, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2016. 
  34. ^ Выступление А. К. Абдулхакова на аппаратном совещании 09.02.2009 «Об итогах работы городского пассажирского транспорта за 2008 год» Archived March 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ^ "В 2008 году в Казани всеми видами городского транспорта перевезено 319,9 млн. пассажиров". www.tatar-inform.ru. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 
  36. ^ ГЖД в 2006 году больше всего пассажиров отправила со станции Горький-Московский Archived August 24, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  37. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (May 21, 2004). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек" [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian). Retrieved August 9, 2014. 
  38. ^ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014. 
  39. ^ Massive fire breaks out in Kazan market Archived December 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  40. ^ Funds raised to support Vietnamese people in Kazan Archived December 25, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  41. ^ Donation to Vietnamese people in Kazan. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
  42. ^ (RUS) Новый облик Казани Archived March 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  43. ^ "Weather and Climate-The Climate of Kazan" (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved December 10, 2015. 
  44. ^ "Kazan Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved December 10, 2015. 
  45. ^ "ИЗДАНИЯ ЦБС "Прогулки по городу"". Archived from the original on May 11, 2010. Retrieved 2008-02-20. 
  46. ^ "До тысячелетия Казани осталось 36 дней. Гостиница "Совет"". Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. Retrieved 2008-02-20. 
  47. ^ Структура АНРТ Archived July 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  48. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 13, 2015. 
  49. ^ IP телефония (VoIP) (Казань)Template:Недоступная ссылка
  50. ^ "Провайдеры - Подключить интернет вы можете, оставив заявку одному из провайдеров своего города в нашем каталоге". prov.nag.ru. Retrieved 2017-11-18. 
  51. ^ "Самый быстрый мобильный Интернет в мире запущен в Казани" (in Russian). www.tatar-inform.ru. 2010-08-30. Retrieved 2017-11-18. 
  52. ^ "Посольство Беларуси в России – Отделения". www.embassybel.ru. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 
  53. ^ Offices in Kazan Archived September 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  54. ^ Visa Management Service. Filiali Archived August 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  55. ^ Embassy of Finland Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
  56. ^ "Официальный портал Казани". www.kzn.ru. Archived from the original on May 19, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2018. 
  57. ^ "Braunschweigs Partner und Freundschaftsstädte" [Braunschweig - Partner and Friendship Cities]. Stadt Braunschweig [City of Braunschweig] (in German). Archived from the original on 2012-12-01. Retrieved 2013-08-07. 
  58. ^ "American Corners and Centers in Russia". Amcorners.ru. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved March 26, 2013. 

Sources[edit]

  • Министерство юстиции Республики Татарстан. Приказ №01-02/9 от 4 февраля 2014 г. «Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан», в ред. Приказа №01-02/160 от 11 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Приказ Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан от 04.02.2014 №01-02/9 "Об утверждении реестра административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов в Республике Татарстан"». Опубликован: Официальный сайт правовой информации Министерства юстиции Республики Татарстан (http://pravo.tatarstan.ru), 27 февраля 2014 г. (Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan. Order #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan, as amended by the Order #01-02/160 of March 11, 2015 On Amending the Order of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Tatarstan #01-02/9 of February 4, 2014 "On the Adoption of the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and Inhabited Localities in the Republic of Tatarstan". ).
  • Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан. Закон №46-ЗРТ от 15 сентября 2004 г. «О границах территории и статусе муниципального образования города Казани», в ред. Закона №132-ЗРТ от 26 декабря 2014 г. «Об изменении границ территорий отдельных муниципальных образований и внесении изменений в Законы Республики Татарстан "О границах территории и статусе муниципального образования города Казани" и "Об установлении границ территорий и статусе муниципального образования "Лаишевский муниципальный район" и муниципальных образований в его составе"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Республика Татарстан", №191, 21 сентября 2004 г. (State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. Law #46-ZRT of September 15, 2004 On the Borders of the Territory and the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Kazan, as amended by the Law #132-ZRT of December 26, 2014 On Changing the Borders of the Territories of Various Municipal Formations and on Amending the Laws of the Republic of Tatarstan "On the Borders of the Territory and the Status of the Municipal Formation of the City of Kazan" and "On Establishing the Borders of the Territories and the Status of the Municipal Formation of "Laishevsky Municipal District" and of the Municipal Formations It Comprises". Effective as of the official publication date.).
  • Álvarez Veinguer, Aurora (July 2007). "(Re)Presenting Identities: National Archipelagos in Kazan". Nationalities Papers. 35 (3): 457–476. doi:10.1080/00905990701368704. 

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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