1.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle
2.
National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
3.
Binghamton University
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Since its establishment as Triple Cities College in 1946, the school has evolved from a small liberal arts college to a large doctoral-granting institution. Presently consisting of eight colleges and schools, it is now home to more than 17,000 undergraduate and graduate students, Binghamton is one of the four university centers in the State University of New York system. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching has classified the school as a Research University with high research activity, the Vestal campus is listed as a census-designated place with a residential population of 6,177 as of 2010. Binghamton University was first established in 1946 in Endicott, New York, Thomas J. Watson, a founding member of IBM in Broome County, viewed the Triple Cities region as an area of great potential. Originally, Triple Cities College students finished their bachelors degrees at Syracuse, by the 1948–1949 academic year these could be completed entirely at the College. At the time it joined Champlain College in Plattsburgh as the two liberal arts schools in the New York state system. When Champlain finally closed in 1952 to make way for the Plattsburgh Air Force Base, Harpur also received 16,000 non-duplicate volumes and the complete contents of the Champlain College library. In 1955, Harpur began to plan its current location in Vestal, a site large enough to anticipate future growth was purchased, with the schools move to its new 387-acre campus being completed by 1961. Colonial Hall, Triple Cities Colleges original building in Endicott, stands today as the villages Visitors Center, in 1965 Harpur College was selected to join New York state schools at Stony Brook, Albany, and Buffalo as the four new SUNY university centers. Redesignated the State University of New York at Binghamton, the new name reflected its status as an advanced degree granting institution. In a nod to tradition, its undergraduate College of Arts, with more than 60% of undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in Harpurs degree programs it is the largest of Binghamtons constituent schools. In 1967, the School of Advanced Technology was established, the precursor to the Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science founded in 1983. Since 1992 the school has made an effort to distinguish itself from the SUNY system, rebranding itself as Binghamton University, or Binghamton University, the first president of Harpur College, who began as dean of Triple Cities College, was Glenn Bartle. The second president, G. Bruce Dearing, served several years during the Vietnam era before leaving to become vice chancellor for academic affairs at the SUNY Central Administration in Albany. Next was C. Peter Magrath, former president of the University of Nebraska. He was asked to take on the job of acting president in the fall of 1974 when Magrath left for Minnesota, clark was selected as president and served from March 1975 through mid-1990. During this time he led the evolution from primarily a four-year liberal arts college to a research university. DeFleur became the fifth president upon Clarks retirement in 1990
4.
3D film
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A three-dimensional stereoscopic film is a motion picture that enhances the illusion of depth perception, hence adding a third dimension. The most common approach to the production of 3D films is derived from stereoscopic photography, 3D films are not limited to theatrical releases, television broadcasts and direct-to-video films have also incorporated similar methods, especially since the advent of 3D television and Blu-ray 3D. 3D films became more and more throughout the 2000s, culminating in the unprecedented success of 3D presentations of Avatar in December 2009. The stereoscopic era of motion pictures began in the late 1890s when British film pioneer William Friese-Greene filed a patent for a 3D film process, in his patent, two films were projected side by side on screen. The viewer looked through a stereoscope to converge the two images, because of the obtrusive mechanics behind this method, theatrical use was not practical. Frederic Eugene Ives patented his stereo camera rig in 1900, the camera had two lenses coupled together 1¾ inches apart. On June 10,1915, Edwin S. Porter and William E. Waddell presented tests to an audience at the Astor Theater in New York City. However, according to Adolph Zukor in his 1953 autobiography The Public Is Never Wrong, My 50 Years in the Motion Picture Industry, nothing was produced in this process after these tests. The earliest confirmed 3D film shown to an audience was The Power of Love. The camera rig was a product of the producer, Harry K. Fairall. Whether Fairall used colored filters on the ports or whether he used tinted prints is unknown. After a preview for exhibitors and press in New York City, the film dropped out of sight, apparently not booked by exhibitors, and is now considered lost. Kelley then struck a deal with Samuel Roxy Rothafel to premiere the first in his series of Plasticon shorts entitled Movies of the Future at the Rivoli Theater in New York City. Also in December 1922, Laurens Hammond premiered his Teleview system, Teleview was the first alternating-frame 3D system seen by the public. Using left-eye and right-eye prints and two interlocked projectors, left and right frames were alternately projected, each pair being shown three times to suppress flicker. Viewing devices attached to the armrests of the seats had rotary shutters that operated synchronously with the projector shutters, producing a clean. The show ran for weeks, apparently doing good business as a novelty. In 1922, Frederic Eugene Ives and Jacob Leventhal began releasing their first stereoscopic shorts made over a three-year period, the first film, entitled Plastigrams, was distributed nationally by Educational Pictures in the red-and-blue anaglyph format
5.
Cornell University Library
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The Cornell University Library is the library system of Cornell University. As of 2014, it holds over 8 million printed volumes, more than 90 percent of its current 120,000 periodical titles are available online. It is the sixteenth largest library in North America, ranked by number of volumes held, the library is administered as an academic division, the University Librarian reports to the university provost. The John M. Olin Library is the research library for the social sciences and humanities. The Albert R. Mann Library specializes in agriculture, the life sciences, the Carl M. Kroch Library includes the universitys Rare & Manuscript Collections as well as its extensive Asia Collections. The Southeast Asia Collection at the Kroch Library, named in honor of John M. Initially, daniel Willard Fiske, Cornells first librarian, donated his entire estate to the university upon his death, as did President Andrew Dickson White. Under Fiskes direction, Cornells library introduced a number of innovations, including allowing undergraduate students to browse through the books, by 1885, the library had installed electric lights and stayed open 12 hours per day, which allowed students to use it as a reference library. The library plays an role in furthering online archiving of scientific. It provides stewardship and partial funding for arXiv. org e-print archive, arXiv has changed the way many physicists and mathematicians communicate, making the eprint a viable and popular form for announcing new research. The Project Euclid initiative creates one resource joining commercial journals with low-cost independent journals in mathematics and statistics, the project is aimed at enabling affordable scholarly communication through the Internet. Besides archival purposes, primary goals of the project is to facilitate journal searches, the Cornell Library Digital Collections are online collections of historical documents. The library houses several rare manuscripts and it also holds a copy of The Birds of America, which is considered the most expensive book in the world. The library also has first editions of Darwins Origin of Species, the Book of Mormon, Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art is a research repository for new media art. It was founded in 2002 by Timothy Murray, Professor of Comparative Literature and English, the collection contains work ranging from the 1960s up to the present day. Apart from the collection, the Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art houses many special collections. Some of them are the following, The Renew Media Fellowships in New Media and it contains works by artists from both the contemporary and first generation of video art. It is the repository for the Turbulence. org archive, a project of New Radio and Performing Arts, Inc. the Computerfinearts. com. In addition, the Archive serves as a repository for the online journal of net. art, CTHEORY Multimedia
6.
Experimental Television Center
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The Experimental Television Center was a nonprofit Electronic and Media Art center located in upstate New York. The Experimental Television Center was founded in 1971 by Ralph Hocking, the center was the result of the expansion of a media access program that Ralph Hocking established as Professor of video and computer art at Binghamton University in 1969. Some years later, in July 1979, the center was moved from Binghamton to Owego, the ETC, directed by Ralph Hocking and Sherry Miller Hocking, was devoted to the exploration and development of potential uses of new technology in video and media art. Artists, social, cultural and educational organizations and also interested individuals worked in innovative image processing tools, using all the equipment, the Center for more than 40 years had provided a residency program that emphasized the aesthetic experimentation of electronic and media art though new technologies. Artists from around the world and students were trained and worked with rare and unique analog, for Ralph Hocking, the center was a learning place, where artists and engineers worked in tandem. In addition, the center organized exhibitions, workshops, cultural events, conferences and provided grand programs to support artists, in 2011, the Residency and Grants Program of the center was closed. The center’s media arts collection has since been archived and housed at the Rose Goldsen Archive of New Media Art through Cornell University Library’s Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections. This video synthesizer was designed by Shuya Abe and Nam June Paik and built at the center by David Jones and Robert Diamond, the project was funded by the New York State Council on the Arts. In the early of 1970s, the center was the home to many innovative tools that artists in residency took advantage of to make complex and technologically progressive artworks. The Abe colorizer for example, a processing device, was the precursor of many of special effects that nowadays are taken for granted. In addition, the Rutt/Etra scan processor was part of the ETC studio and invented by Steve Rutt, in 1973, the center started a long-term collaboration with the artist and engineer Dave Jones, who was repairing, modifying and building video equipment for the center. After becoming the ETC’s full-time technician, Jones designed a series of tools for image processing to be used at the Center by a number of video artists. Its purpose was to make a digital imaging system more user-friendly to the artists, from the beginning of the 1980s, the center’s interest transitioned to the new Amiga computer. Subsequently, in the 1990s, the image processing system was enriched by commercially available tools. In addition, at the beginning of the 1990s, using a relational database. Structuring time, notes on making movies, Experimental film and video, an anthology. The problematic of video art in the museum, 1968-1990, the Vasulka Archives Official Signal Culture website Experimental Television Center video at the Vimeo
