1.
Beijing Foreign Studies University
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Beijing Foreign Studies University, formerly known as the Beijing Foreign Languages Institute, is a university located in Beijing, China. It is Chinas pre-eminent foreign language teaching university according to recent collegiate rankings, the universitys campus occupies 304,553 square meters, with a student dormitory area of 40,000 m² and a library of 9997 m², and is divided in two by Beijings Third Ring Road. Other facilities on campus include a center, a gymnasium, dining halls. The university is known as Běiwài in Mandarin and BFSU in English. The wide-ranging studies at BFSU are provided by over 600 faculty members, in addition to approximately 120 international experts, BFSU qualified for the first round of the competition in its efforts to enter Project 211, a university development programme launched by the Ministry of Education in 1996. The team was renamed as Yan’an Foreign Languages School. In the Chinese Civil War, the school moved several times, till it settled down in Beijing in 1949, the current name was used since 1994. It was the first institution in the country to specialize in foreign language studies and they have compiled a number of influential corpora, such as Chinese English learners corpora, and parallel corpora of Chinese-English translation. They also have a great many corpora on the CQPweb, the report also said the facilities are modern and the teaching staff is dedicated
2.
Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
3.
Gaudeamus igitur
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Despite its use as a formal graduation hymn, it is a jocular, light-hearted composition that pokes fun at university life. The song is thought to originate in a Latin manuscript from 1287 and it is in the tradition of carpe diem with its exhortations to enjoy life. The lyrics reflect an endorsement of the mayhem of student life while simultaneously retaining the grim knowledge that one day we will all die. The song contains humorous and ironic references to sex and death, in private, students will typically sing ribald words. The song is known by its opening words, Gaudeamus igitur or simply Gaudeamus. In the UK, it is affectionately known as The Gaudie. The centuries of use have given rise to slightly different versions. The proposition that the lyrics originate in 1287 is based on a held in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris. The music accompanying this poem bears no relation to the melody which is now associated with it, a German translation of these verses was made in about 1717 and published in 1730 without music. A Latin version in a handwritten student songbook, dating from some time between 1723 and 1750, is preserved in the Berlin State Library, however, this differs considerably from the modern text. The current Latin lyrics with a German translation were published by Halle in 1781 in Studentenlieder written by Christian Wilhelm Kindleben, below is Kindlebens 1781 Latin version, with two translations to English. The pseudo-Latin word antiburschius refers to opponents of the 19th-century politically active German student fraternities, the letter j used in some modern transcriptions does not occur in classical Latin. When sung, the first two lines and the last line of each stanza are repeated, for instance, Gaudeamus igitur, Nos habebit humus — Nos habebit humus. The first publication of the present Latin text together with the present melody was probably in Ignaz Walters 1797 operatic setting of Doktor Faust and it is also heard in Berlioz Damnation of Faust. Johannes Brahms quoted the hymn in the section of his Academic Festival Overture. Sigmund Romberg used it in the operetta The Student Prince, which is set at the University of Heidelberg and it is quoted in Johann Strauss IIs, Studenten-Polka (Française, Op.263, first performed at the Redoutensaal on 24 February 1862. The hymn is quoted, along with other student songs, in the overture of Franz von Suppés 1863 operetta Flotte Burschen, based on the original melody Franz Liszt has composed the Gaudeamus igitur—Paraphrase and later the Gaudeamus igitur—Humoreske. The melody is woven through the soundtrack of Harold Lloyds silent film The Freshman, the song is sung in the James Stewart movie The Mortal Storm
4.
Anthem of Europe
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Ode to Joy is the anthem of both the Council of Europe and the European Union. It is based on the movement of Beethovens 9th Symphony composed in 1823. Friedrich Schiller wrote the poem An die Freude in 1785 as a celebration of the brotherhood of man, in later life, the poet was contemptuous of this popularity and dismissed the poem as typical of the bad taste of the age in which it had been written. After Schillers death, the poem provided the words for the movement of Ludwig van Beethovens 9th Symphony. Beethoven was generally seen as the choice for a European anthem. In 1974 the same piece of music was adopted as the National Anthem of Rhodesia and he wrote his decisions on the score, notably those concerning the tempo. Karajan decided on minim =80 whereas Beethoven had written crotchet =120, the anthem was launched via a major information campaign on Europe Day in 1972. In 1985, it was adopted by EU heads of State and it is not intended to replace the national anthems of the member states but rather to celebrate the values they all share and their unity in diversity. It expresses the ideals of a united Europe, freedom, peace, a declaration was attached to the treaty, in which sixteen member states formally recognised the proposed symbols. In response, the European Parliament decided that it would make use of the anthem. In October 2008, the Parliament changed its rules of procedure to have the anthem played at the opening of Parliament after elections and at formal sittings. Ode to Joy is the anthem of the Council of Europe and it is used on occasions such as Europe Day and formal events such as the signing of treaties. In 2008 it was used by Kosovo as its national anthem until it adopted its own, in 1992 the anthem was used by CIS national football team at the 1992 UEFA European Football Championship. On 4 October 2010 the anthem was used when a European team beat a team representing the United States of America to win the Ryder Cup golf tournament. The European Ryder Cup captain Colin Montgomerie decided to break with tradition and it was similarly employed at the 2014 Ryder Cup prizegiving ceremony on 28 September, after Europe had beaten America under its captain, Paul McGinley. Ode to Joy is used as the song to the 2016 UEFA Euro qualifying. In 2017, MPs from Scotland National Party first whistled and then sang Ode to Joy at the House of Commons to protest against the Brexit referendum. Aside from this, several translations of the used by Beethoven as well as original works have attempted to provide lyrics to the anthem in various languages
