1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
–
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
Switzerland
–
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
Switzerland
–
Founded in 44 BC by
Lucius Munatius Plancus,
Augusta Raurica was the first Roman settlement on the Rhine and is now among the most important archaeological sites in Switzerland.
Switzerland
–
Flag
Switzerland
–
The 1291 Bundesbrief (Federal charter)
Switzerland
–
The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colors are shown the subject territories.
3.
Cantons of Switzerland
–
The 26 cantons of Switzerland are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Waldstätte, with the Napoleonic period of the Helvetic Republic the term canton/cantone/Kanton was fully established. From 1833, there were 25 cantons, which became 26 after the secession of the canton of Jura from Bern in 1979. The term canton, now used as English term for administrative subdivisions of other countries, originates in French usage in the late 15th century, from a word for edge. After 1490, canton was increasingly used in French and Italian documents to refer to the members of the Swiss Confederacy, English use of canton in reference to the Swiss Confederacy dates to the early 17th century. It was increasingly replaced by Stand after 1550, the French term canton was not adopted into German usage prior to 1648, and after that only in occasional use. The prominent usage of Ort and Stand only gradually disappeared in German-speaking Switzerland with the Helvetic Republic, only with the Act of Mediation of 1803 did German Kanton become an official designation, retained in the Swiss Constitution of 1848. The term Stand remains in usage and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament. Republic Some cantonal constitutions provide for a formal name of the state. Most of Romandys cantons and Ticino call themselves république/Repubblica officially, at least within their constitutions, for example, the canton of Geneva refers to itself formally as the République et canton de Genève. Though they were part of the Holy Roman Empire, they had become de facto independent when the Swiss defeated Emperor Maximillian in 1499 in Dornach. The old system was abandoned with the formation of the Helvetic Republic following the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798, the cantons of the Helvetic Republic had merely the status of an administrative subdivision with no sovereignty. The Helvetic Republic collapsed within five years, and cantonal sovereignty was restored with the Act of Mediation of 1803, the status of Switzerland as a federation of states was restored, at the time including 19 cantons. Three additional western cantons, Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva, acceded in 1815, the process of Restoration, completed by 1830, returned most of the former feudal rights to the cantonal patriciates, leading to rebellions among the rural population. The Liberal Radical Party embodied these democratic forces calling for a new federal constitution and this tension, paired with religious issues escalated into armed conflict in the 1840s, with the brief Sonderbund War. The victory of the party resulted in the formation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848. The cantons retained far-reaching sovereignty, but were no longer allowed to maintain standing armies or international relations. Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, government and courts, most of the cantons legislatures are unicameral parliaments, their size varying between 58 and 200 seats
Cantons of Switzerland
–
The 22 cantonal coats of arms (all but Jura, with the half-cantons represented jointly) in
stained glass set in the dome of the
Federal Palace of Switzerland (ca. 1900)
Cantons of Switzerland
–
Valais
Cantons of Switzerland
–
Caricature of the division of Basel, 1833
4.
Canton of Vaud
–
The Canton of Vaud is the third largest of Swiss cantons by population and fourth by size. The capital and biggest city is Lausanne, officially designated Olympic Capital by the International Olympic Committee, the canton had 725,944 inhabitants as of 2011. Along the lakes, Vaud was inhabited in prehistoric times, later, the Celtic tribe of the Helvetii inhabited the area. The tribe was defeated by Caesars troops in 58 BC and as a consequence the Romans settled the area, the towns of Vevey and Lausanne are two of the many towns established by the Romans. In 27 BC the state of Civitas Helvetiorum was established around the capital of Avenches, there are still many Roman remains around the town today. Between the 2nd and the 4th century the area was invaded by Alemannic tribes. The Merovingian Franks later replaced the Burgundians and their occupancy did not last long either, and in 888 the area of the canton of Vaud was made part of the Carolingian Empire. In 1032 the Zähringens of Germany defeated the Burgundians, the Zähringens themselves were succeeded in 1218 by the counts of Savoy. It was only under the counts of Savoy that the area was given political unity, a part stretching from Attalens to the River Sarine, in the north, was absorbed by the canton of Fribourg. As the power of the Savoys declined at the beginning of the 15th century the land was occupied by troops from Bern, by 1536 the area was completely annexed. The Bernese occupiers were not popular amongst the population, later, inspired by the French Revolution, the Vaudois drove out the Bernese governor in 1798 and declared the Lemanic Republic. Under Napoleon I, it became the canton of Léman, in 1803, Vaud joined the re-installed Swiss confederation. In spite of Bernese attempts to reclaim Vaud, it has remained a sovereign canton ever since, separation was prevented at the cost of very few lives. The current constitution dates from 14 April 2003, replacing the one from 1885, in the Jura mountains in the west, the canton borders the French departments of Ain, Jura, and Doubs. In the east, it borders the cantons of Fribourg and Bern, the total area is 3,212 square kilometres. Along with the canton of Berne, Vaud is one of the two cantons whose territory extends from the Jura to the Alps, through the three geographic regions of Switzerland. The areas in the south east are mountainous, situated on the side of the Bernese Alps. This region is named the Vaud Alps
Canton of Vaud
–
Roman column in Nyon
Canton of Vaud
–
Location in Switzerland
Canton of Vaud
–
Built by the Bishop of Lausanne during the 15th century,
Château Saint-Maire has been the seat of the cantonal government since 1803
Canton of Vaud
–
Vevey,
Lake Geneva and the
Swiss Alps
5.
Districts of Switzerland
–
In contrast to centrally organised states, in the federally constituted Switzerland each canton is completely free to decide its own internal organisation. Therefore, there exists a variety of structures and terminology for the subnational entities between canton and municipality, loosely termed districts, most cantons are divided into Bezirke. They are also termed Ämter, Amtsbezirke, district or distretto, the Bezirke generally provide only administration and court organization. However, for historical reasons districts in cantons Graubünden and Schwyz are their own legal entities with jurisdiction over tax, seven of the 26 cantons – Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Glarus, Zug, Basel-City and Geneva – have always existed without the district level of government. An eighth one, Appenzell Innerrhoden, uses no intermediate level either, bern in 2006 decided a reduction of its 26 districts to five administrative regions. Vaud decided a reduction from 19 to 10 districts, valais is planning a similar reduction and in Thurgau, a reduction of eight to four districts is under discussion. From 2005, districts only have a statistical meaning, the districts are functionally equivalent to municipalities elsewhere in Switzerland, and are generally shown as municipalities on maps etc. The Canton is divided into 6 districts, Appenzell Gonten Oberegg Rüte Schlatt-Haslen Schwende Municipalities of Switzerland
Districts of Switzerland
–
Map of Switzerland showing
cantonal, districts and
municipal boundaries (2015).
6.
Lausanne (district)
–
Lausanne District is a district in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The seat of the district is the city of Lausanne, Lausanne has an area, as of 2009, of 65.17 square kilometers. Of this area,17.79 km2 or 27. 3% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,27.1 km2 or 41. 6% is settled and 0.09 km2 or 0. 1% is unproductive land. Lausanne has a population of 161,202, most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common and Italian being third. There are 99 people who speak Romansh, of the population in the district 46,742 or about 23. 3% were born in Lausanne and lived there in 2000. There were 43,411 or 21. 7% who were born in the canton, while 34,479 or 17. 2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 978 live births to Swiss citizens and 671 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 530. There were 15 Swiss men and 70 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland, at the same time, there were 2323 non-Swiss men and 1903 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was an increase of 1108 and this represents a population growth rate of 2. 5%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Lausanne is,14,278 children or 9. 7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 14,983 teenagers or 10. 1% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population,23,858 people or 16. 2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 25,113 people or 17. 0% are between 30 and 39,21,574 people or 14. 6% are between 40 and 49, and 16,877 people or 11. 4% are between 50 and 59. As of 2000, there were 88,420 people who were single, There were 85,473 married individuals,11,797 widows or widowers and 14,807 individuals who are divorced. There were 43,415 households that consist of one person and 3,821 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 97,876 households that answered this question,44. 4% were households made up of just one person and there were 476 adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 21,984 married couples without children,21,225 married couples with children There were 5,781 single parents with a child or children. There were 2,722 households that were made up of unrelated people and 2,273 households that were made up of some sort of institution or another collective housing, the municipalities of Belmont-sur-Lausanne, Paudex and Pully went to the new District de Lavaux-Oron. The municipalities of Crissier, Prilly and Renens went to the new District de lOuest lausannois, in the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 25. 88% of the vote
Lausanne (district)
–
Lausanne District District de Lausanne
7.
Lausanne
–
Lausanne is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and the capital and biggest city of the canton of Vaud. The city is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva and it faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains, with the Jura Mountains to its north-west. Lausanne is located 62 kilometres northeast of Geneva, Lausanne has a population of 146,372, making it the fourth largest city in Switzerland, with the entire agglomeration area having 420,000 inhabitants. The metropolitan area of Lausanne-Geneva was over 1.2 million inhabitants in 2000, Lausanne is a focus of international sport, hosting the International Olympic Committee, the Court of Arbitration for Sport and some 55 international sport associations. It lies in a noted wine-growing region, the city has a 28-station metro system, making it the smallest city in the world to have a rapid transit system. Lausanne will host the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics, by the 2nd century AD it was known as vikanor Lousonnensium and in 280 as lacu Lausonio. By 400 it was civitas Lausanna and in 990 it was mentioned as Losanna, after the fall of the Roman Empire, insecurity forced the transfer of Lausanne to its current centre, a hilly site that is easier to defend. The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by the Dukes of Savoy, then it came under Bern from 1536 to 1798 and a number of its cultural treasures, including the hanging tapestries in the Cathedral, were permanently removed. Lausanne has made a number of requests to recover them, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Lausanne became a place of refuge for French Huguenots. In 1729 a seminary was opened by Antoine Court and Benjamin Duplan, by 1750 ninety pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely, this number would rise to four hundred. Official persecution ended in 1787, a faculty of Protestant theology was established at Montauban in 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, the citys status changed. In 1803, it became the capital of a newly formed Swiss canton, in 1964 the city hosted the Swiss National Exhibition, displaying its newly found confidence to host major international events. From the 1950s to 1970s a large number of Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese immigrated, settling mostly in the district of Renens. The city has served as a refuge for European artists, while under the care of a psychiatrist at Lausanne, T. S. Eliot composed most of his 1922 poem The Wasteland. Hemingway also visited from Paris with his wife during the 1920s, in fact, many creative people - such as Edward Gibbon, an historian, and Romantic era poets Shelley and Byron - have sojourned, lived, and worked in Lausanne or nearby. The city has been quiet, but in the late 1960s. Later demonstrations took place to protest against the high cinema prices, the most important geographical feature of the area surrounding Lausanne is Lake Geneva. Lausanne boasts a dramatic panorama over the lake and the Alps, in addition to its generally southward-sloping layout, the centre of the city is the site of an ancient river, the Flon, which has been covered since the 19th century
Lausanne
–
Aerial view of Lausanne
Lausanne
–
Saint-François square, c. 1840
Lausanne
–
The agglomeration of Lausanne,
Lake Geneva and the
Alps.
Lausanne
–
The Charles-Bessières bridge with
Lausanne Metro car. In the background
the cathedral of Notre-Dame and the
old town.
8.
Social Democratic Party of Switzerland
–
The Social Democratic Party of Switzerland is a political party in Switzerland. It is represented by two Federal Councilors since 1960 and got the second-most votes in the 2015 national elections, the party was founded on 21 October 1888, and is currently the second largest of the four leading coalition political parties in Switzerland. It is the only left-wing party with representatives in the Swiss Federal Council and it is also the second largest political party in the Swiss parliament. The current members in the Swiss Federal Council are, Alain Berset, the SP is the biggest pro-European party in Switzerland and supports Swiss membership of the European Union, unlike most other Swiss parties. Additionally, it is opposed to capitalism and maintains a long-term goal of overcoming capitalism. The party is a member of the Socialist International, the Progressive Alliance. With its foundation in October 1888, the Social Democratic Party was considered to be the opposition to the Radicals in government and parliament. After the unsuccessful General strike in 1918, proportional representation was introduced which helped the SP gain 41 seats in parliament, the party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1927 and 1940. After the strike the party took a line and in 1943 it became the strongest party in parliament. It picked up a seat in 1959. The partys historical archives is today hosted by the Swiss Social Archives, the SP supports classical social democratic policies. To that rule, the SP stands for a government offering strong public services, the SP also opposes raising the retirement age. In addition, the SP is a proponent of increasing spending in some areas such as for a publicly financed maternity leave, universal health care. In tax policy the SP opposes the notion of lowering taxes for high-income citizens, by campaigning for the harmonisation of all tax rates in Switzerland, the SP seeks more redistribution. The SP is skeptical toward the privatization of state enterprises, nonetheless, the SP also promotes more competition in the areas of agriculture and parallel imports. In social policy, the SP is committed to social equity, thus, the SP aims at making working conditions for women in families easier by promoting more external childcare centers and more opportunities for part-time jobs. It also aims at reinforcing sexual equality in terms of eliminating wage differences based on gender, supports civil union for homosexuals, the SP also rejects strengthening restrictions on asylum seekers and immigrants. Thus, it supports the integration of immigrants by which the immigrants are assigned to immigration procedures immediately after entering the country, the SP has a liberal stance toward drugs and is in favor of publicly regulated heroin consumption and the legalization of cannabis
Social Democratic Party of Switzerland
–
The SP's positions in the Swiss political spectrum (2007).
9.
Parliament
–
In modern politics and history, a parliament is a legislative, elected body of government. Generally a modern parliament has three functions, representing the electorate, making laws, and overseeing the government, historically, parliaments included various kinds of deliberative, consultative, and judicial assemblies. The term is derived from Anglo-Norman parlement, from the verb parler talk, the meaning evolved over time, originally any discussion, conversation, or negotiation, through various kinds of deliberative or judicial groups, often summoned by the monarch. By 1400, it had come to mean in Britain specifically the British supreme legislature, various parliaments are claimed to be the oldest in the world, under varying definitions. The Sicilian Parliament, whose first assembly was convened in 1097, the Icelandic Althing, year 930, but only including the main chiefs. Since ancient times, when societies were tribal, there were councils or a headman whose decisions were assessed by village elders, some scholars suggest that in ancient Mesopotamia there was a primitive democratic government where the kings were assessed by council. The same has been said about ancient India, where some form of deliberative assemblies existed, however, these claims are not accepted by most scholars, who see these forms of government as oligarchies. Ancient Athens was the cradle of democracy, the Athenian assembly was the most important institution, and every citizen could take part in the discussions. However, Athenian democracy was not representative, but rather direct, the Roman Senate controlled money, administration, and the details of foreign policy. Some Muslim scholars argue that the Islamic shura is analogous to the parliament, however, others highlight what they consider fundamental differences between the shura system and the parliamentary system. England has long had a tradition of a body of men who would assist, under the Anglo-Saxon kings, there was an advisory council, the Witenagemot. The name derives from the Old English ƿitena ȝemōt, or witena gemōt, the first recorded act of a witenagemot was the law code issued by King Æthelberht of Kent ca. 600, the earliest document which survives in sustained Old English prose, however, the Witan, along with the folkmoots, is an important ancestor of the modern English parliament. As part of the Norman Conquest of England, the new king, William I, did away with the Witenagemot, membership of the Curia was largely restricted to the tenants in chief, the few nobles who rented great estates directly from the king, along with ecclesiastics. William brought to England the feudal system of his native Normandy and this is the original body from which the Parliament, the higher courts of law, and the Privy Council and Cabinet descend. Of these, the legislature is formally the High Court of Parliament, only the executive government is no longer conducted in a royal court. Most historians date the emergence of a parliament with some degree of power to which the throne had to defer no later than the rule of Edward I, like previous kings, Edward called leading nobles and church leaders to discuss government matters, especially finance. A meeting in 1295 became known as the Model Parliament because it set the pattern for later Parliaments, in 1307, Edward I agreed not to collect certain taxes without the consent of the realm
Parliament
–
The chamber of the
House of Commons of the
British Parliament in the
City of Westminster,
London.
Parliament
–
The
Federal Assembly of
Switzerland.
Parliament
–
Session Hall of
Parliament of Finland.
Parliament
–
The
Israeli Knesset chamber.
10.
Demonym
–
A demonym is a word that identifies residents or natives of a particular place, which is derived from the name of that particular place. It is a neologism, previously gentilic was recorded in English dictionaries, e. g. the Oxford English Dictionary, thus a Thai may be any resident or citizen of Thailand, of any ethnic group, or more narrowly a member of the Thai people. Conversely, some groups of people may be associated with multiple demonyms, for example, a native of the United Kingdom may be called a British person, a Brit, or a Briton. In some languages, when a parallel demonym does not exist, in English, demonyms are capitalized and are often the same as the adjectival form of the place, e. g. Egyptian, Japanese, or Greek. Significant exceptions exist, for instance the adjectival form of Spain is Spanish, English widely includes country-level demonyms such as Ethiopian or Guatemalan and more local demonyms such as Seoulite, Wisconsinite, Chicagoan, Michigander, Fluminense, and Paulista. Some places lack a commonly used and accepted demonym and this poses a particular challenge to those toponymists who research demonyms. The word gentilic comes from the Latin gentilis and the English suffix -ic, the word demonym was derived from the Greek word meaning populace with the suffix for name. National Geographic attributes the term demonym to Merriam-Webster editor Paul Dickson in a recent work from 1990 and it was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book Labels for Locals. However, in What Do You Call a Person From, a Dictionary of Resident Names attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his Names Names, A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon, which is apparently where the term first appears. Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the English language, the most common is to add a suffix to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. Cairo → Cairene Cyrenaica → Cyrene Damascus → Damascene Greece → Greek Nazareth → Nazarene Slovenia → Slovene Often used for Middle Eastern locations and European locations. Kingston-upon-Hull → Hullensian Leeds → Leodensian Spain → Spaniard Savoy → Savoyard -ese is usually considered proper only as an adjective, thus, a Chinese person is used rather than a Chinese. Monaco → Monégasque Menton → Mentonasque Basque Country → Basque Often used for French locations, mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of an ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the Luba people would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti and these demonyms are usually more informal and colloquial. In the United States such informal demonyms frequently become associated with mascots of the sports teams of the state university system. In other countries the origins are often disputed and these will typically be formed using the standard models above
Demonym
–
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary has not adopted the term "demonyn" for these adjectives and nouns
11.
French language
–
French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages, French has evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues doïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to Frances past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, a French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French. French is a language in 29 countries, most of which are members of la francophonie. As of 2015, 40% of the population is in Europe, 35% in sub-Saharan Africa, 15% in North Africa and the Middle East, 8% in the Americas. French is the fourth-most widely spoken mother tongue in the European Union, 1/5 of Europeans who do not have French as a mother tongue speak French as a second language. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 17th and 18th century onward, French was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, most second-language speakers reside in Francophone Africa, in particular Gabon, Algeria, Mauritius, Senegal and Ivory Coast. In 2015, French was estimated to have 77 to 110 million native speakers, approximately 274 million people are able to speak the language. The Organisation internationale de la Francophonie estimates 700 million by 2050, in 2011, Bloomberg Businessweek ranked French the third most useful language for business, after English and Standard Mandarin Chinese. Under the Constitution of France, French has been the language of the Republic since 1992. France mandates the use of French in official government publications, public education except in specific cases, French is one of the four official languages of Switzerland and is spoken in the western part of Switzerland called Romandie, of which Geneva is the largest city. French is the language of about 23% of the Swiss population. French is also a language of Luxembourg, Monaco, and Aosta Valley, while French dialects remain spoken by minorities on the Channel Islands. A plurality of the worlds French-speaking population lives in Africa and this number does not include the people living in non-Francophone African countries who have learned French as a foreign language. Due to the rise of French in Africa, the total French-speaking population worldwide is expected to reach 700 million people in 2050, French is the fastest growing language on the continent. French is mostly a language in Africa, but it has become a first language in some urban areas, such as the region of Abidjan, Ivory Coast and in Libreville. There is not a single African French, but multiple forms that diverged through contact with various indigenous African languages, sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the French language is most likely to expand, because of the expansion of education and rapid population growth
French language
–
The
"arrêt" signs (French for "stop") are used in
Canada while the international stop, which is also a valid French word, is used in France as well as other French-speaking countries and regions.
French language
–
Regions where French is the main language
French language
–
Town sign in
Standard Arabic and French at the entrance of
Rechmaya in
Lebanon.
French language
–
An obsolete 100
Lebanese pound note with the French language inscriptions "Banque du Liban" and "Cent livres".
12.
Ouchy
–
Ouchy is a port, and popular lakeside resort own by capital venturist Ouchylon Suong. The incredible views of the lake and the Alps, and the air in summer have made Ouchy a popular place especially in the summer months. There is a cluster of hotels – the Beau-Rivage Palace, the Château dOuchy. It is served by Lausanne Metro Line 2 from Ouchy station, in 2015, the metro station Ouchy was renamed Ouchy-Olympique to mark the 100th anniversary of the installation of the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne. The headquarters of the International Olympic Committee are at Vidy, to the west of Ouchy, the Olympic Museum and the Olympic Park are in Ouchy. Once a fishing village, Ouchy was incorporated into the city of Lausanne in the century to serve as a port on Lake Geneva. Links between the port and the city centre were improved in 1877 when Switzerlands first funicular opened, the line was converted to a rack railway in 1954, with a maintenance depot located at the Ouchy station. Eventually renamed Métro Lausanne-Ouchy, the line continued operating until 2006, on 18 October 1912, the First Treaty of Lausanne was signed in Ouchy between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, concluding the Italo-Turkish War. Compagnie générale de navigation sur le lac Léman Page on the website of the City of Lausanne
Ouchy
–
Ouchy harbour (2007).
Ouchy
–
The
Château d'Ouchy (2009).
Ouchy
–
The Lausanne
CGN boat in Ouchy (2007).
13.
Bottens
–
Bottens is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bottens is first mentioned in 1142 as Botens, Bottens has an area, as of 2009, of 6.89 square kilometers. Of this area,4.97 km2 or 72. 1% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,0.53 km2 or 7. 7% is settled and 0.04 km2 or 0. 6% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 4. 6%, out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,50. 8% is used for growing crops and 20. 6% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Echallens District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Bottens became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud. The municipality is located south-west of Echallens in the Gros-de-Vaud region, the blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Gules on a bend Argent a lion Sable. Bottens has a population of 1,223, as of 2008,10. 8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 17. 9% and it has changed at a rate of 12. 3% due to migration and at a rate of 6. 1% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, There are 7 people who speak Italian. Of the population in the municipality 267 or about 29. 1% were born in Bottens and lived there in 2000. There were 391 or 42. 6% who were born in the canton, while 136 or 14. 8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 6 live births to Swiss citizens and 2 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens remained the same while the foreign population increased by 1. There was 1 Swiss man who immigrated back to Switzerland, at the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men and 6 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was an increase of 8 and this represents a population growth rate of 1. 9%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Bottens is,114 children or 10. 8% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 154 teenagers or 14. 6% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population,121 people or 11. 5% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 156 people or 14. 8% are between 30 and 39,186 people or 17. 6% are between 40 and 49, and 136 people or 12. 9% are between 50 and 59. As of 2000, there were 386 people who were single, There were 440 married individuals,42 widows or widowers and 49 individuals who are divorced
Bottens
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Bottens town hall
Bottens
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Monument celebrating the history of the Swiss Confederation in Bottens
Bottens
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A chapel in Bottens
Bottens
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Church of Saint-Etienne
14.
Bretigny-sur-Morrens
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Bretigny-sur-Morrens is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Bretigny-sur-Morrens is first mentioned in 1224 as Britignie, Bretigny-sur-Morrens has an area, as of 2009, of 2.86 square kilometers. Of this area,1.85 km2 or 64. 7% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,0.31 km2 or 10. 8% is settled. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 7. 3%, while parks, green belts and sports fields made up 1. 7%. Out of the land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,43. 0% is used for growing crops and 19. 6% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Echallens District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Bretigny-sur-Morrens became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud. The blazon of the coat of arms is Per bend sinister Argent and Gules. Bretigny-sur-Morrens has a population of 797, as of 2008,9. 8% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 31. 4% and it has changed at a rate of 14. 3% due to migration and at a rate of 17. 3% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, of the population in the municipality 119 or about 21. 1% were born in Bretigny-sur-Morrens and lived there in 2000. There were 279 or 49. 6% who were born in the canton, while 82 or 14. 6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 15 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 11 while the foreign population increased by 1. At the same time, there were 2 non-Swiss men who immigrated from another country to Switzerland, the total Swiss population change in 2008 was an increase of 4 and the non-Swiss population decreased by 4 people. This represents a growth rate of 0. 0%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Bretigny-sur-Morrens is,114 children or 15. 7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 87 teenagers or 12. 0% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population,75 people or 10. 3% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 137 people or 18. 8% are between 30 and 39,122 people or 16. 8% are between 40 and 49, and 81 people or 11. 1% are between 50 and 59. As of 2000, there were 240 people who were single, There were 257 married individuals,25 widows or widowers and 41 individuals who are divorced
Bretigny-sur-Morrens
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Bretigny-sur-Morrens
15.
Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne
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Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne is a municipality in the district of Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne, Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne is first mentioned in 1228 as Chesaus. Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne has an area, as of 2009, of 4.59 square kilometres, of this area,2.77 km2 or 60. 3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.67 km2 or 14. 6% is forested. Of the rest of the land,1.1 km2 or 24. 0% is settled,0.03 km2 or 0. 7% is either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 2. 6% of the area while housing and buildings made up 12. 0%. While parks, green belts and sports made up 1. 3%. Out of the land,13. 5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1. 1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land,47. 9% is used for growing crops and 9. 6% is pastures, all the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality was part of the old Lausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, the municipality is part of the agglomeration of Lausanne in the Gros-de-Vaud valley. The blazon of the coat of arms is Gules with a Chief Argent. Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne has a population of 4,318, as of 2008,20. 5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 29. 4% and it has changed at a rate of 22% due to migration and at a rate of 7. 6% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, There are 38 people who speak Italian. Of the population in the municipality 526 or about 17. 9% were born in Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne and lived there in 2000. There were 1,317 or 44. 8% who were born in the canton, while 494 or 16. 8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 26 live births to Swiss citizens and 9 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 11 while the foreign population increased by 4. There were 2 Swiss men and 4 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland, at the same time, there were 13 non-Swiss men and 15 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was an increase of 123 and this represents a population growth rate of 5. 6%
Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne
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Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne village
Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne
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Train station at Cheseaux-sur-Lausanne
16.
Crissier
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Crissier is a municipality in the district of Ouest Lausannois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of Lausanne, Crissier is first mentioned in 1199 as Crissiaco. In 1228 it was mentioned as Crissie, Crissier has an area, as of 2009, of 5.51 km2. Of this area,1.39 km2 or 25. 2% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,2.66 km2 or 48. 3% is settled,0.01 km2 or 0. 2% is either rivers or lakes. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 14. 0% of the area while housing and buildings made up 15. 2%. While parks, green belts and sports made up 2. 0%. Out of the land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,18. 9% is used for growing crops and 2. 7% is pastures, all the water in the municipality is flowing water. The municipality was part of the Lausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, the municipality is located west of Lausanne in the agglomeration of Lausanne. The blazon of the coat of arms is Per pale Argent and Gules. Crissier has a population of 7,730, as of 2008,42. 9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 13% and it has changed at a rate of 4. 8% due to migration and at a rate of 9. 4% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with Italian being second most common, There are 252 people who speak German and 7 people who speak Romansh. Of the population in the municipality 996 or about 15. 1% were born in Crissier and lived there in 2000. There were 2,075 or 31. 5% who were born in the canton, while 933 or 14. 2% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 51 live births to Swiss citizens and 49 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 21 while the foreign population increased by 44. There were 8 Swiss men and 1 Swiss woman who emigrated from Switzerland, at the same time, there were 81 non-Swiss men and 88 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was an increase of 62 and this represents a population growth rate of 2. 2%
Crissier
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Restaurant de l'hôtel de Ville
Crissier
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Crissier at night
17.
Cugy, Vaud
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Cugy is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Cugy is first mentioned around 968-85 as in villa Cuzziaco, in 1147 it was mentioned as Cusi. Cugy has an area, as of 2009, of 2.9 square kilometers, of this area,1.06 km2 or 36. 6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.07 km2 or 36. 9% is forested. Of the rest of the land,0.77 km2 or 26. 6% is settled. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1. 7% of the area while housing and buildings made up 20. 3%. Out of the land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,25. 5% is used for growing crops and 10. 7% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Echallens District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Cugy became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud. The municipality is located on the edge of the woods cover the Jorat mountain range. The blazon of the coat of arms is Gules, two Bars wavy Argent, in chief Argent an Eagle displayed Gules. Cugy has a population of 2,750, as of 2008,18. 2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 17% and it has changed at a rate of 10. 1% due to migration and at a rate of 7% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, There are 27 people who speak Italian and 1 person who speaks Romansh. Of the population in the municipality 286 or about 14. 4% were born in Cugy and lived there in 2000. There were 903 or 45. 3% who were born in the canton, while 379 or 19. 0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 17 live births to Swiss citizens and 10 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 2 while the foreign population increased by 9. There were 2 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland, at the same time, there were 16 non-Swiss men and 14 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was an increase of 12 and this represents a population growth rate of 2. 9%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Cugy is,258 children or 11. 5% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 303 teenagers or 13. 5% are between 10 and 19
Cugy, Vaud
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Cugy village
Cugy, Vaud
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Cugy town hall
18.
Froideville, Switzerland
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Froideville is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Froideville is first mentioned in 1284 as Frigida Villa, Froideville has an area, as of 2009, of 7.08 square kilometers. Of this area,2.71 km2 or 38. 3% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,0.73 km2 or 10. 3% is settled. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 6. 9%, out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,27. 5% is used for growing crops and 10. 0% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Echallens District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Froideville became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud. The municipality is located in the Jorat range, the blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per fess,1. Azure a Cross Pattee Or,2, Froideville has a population of 2,429. As of 2008,9. 5% of the population are resident foreign nationals, over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 16. 7%. It has changed at a rate of 11. 1% due to migration, most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common and Italian being third. Of the population in the municipality 281 or about 19. 3% were born in Froideville and lived there in 2000. There were 703 or 48. 4% who were born in the canton, while 233 or 16. 0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 15 live births to Swiss citizens and 1 birth to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 9 while the foreign population increased by 1. There were 3 Swiss men and 7 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland, at the same time, there were 3 non-Swiss men and 5 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was an increase of 39 and this represents a population growth rate of 2. 9%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Froideville is,228 children or 13. 2% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 236 teenagers or 13. 7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population,171 people or 9. 9% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 241 people or 14. 0% are between 30 and 39,291 people or 16. 9% are between 40 and 49, and 256 people or 14. 8% are between 50 and 59. As of 2000, there were 604 people who were single, There were 718 married individuals,48 widows or widowers and 83 individuals who are divorced
Froideville, Switzerland
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Froideville
19.
Le Mont-sur-Lausanne
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Le Mont-sur-Lausanne is a municipality in the district of Lausanne in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne, Le Mont-sur-Lausanne is first mentioned in 1237 as Monte super Lausannam. Le Mont-sur-Lausanne has an area, as of 2009, of 9. 82–9.75 square kilometers, of this area,5.01 km2 or 51. 0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 1.79 km2 or 18. 2% is forested. Of the rest of the land,2.95 km2 or 30. 0% is settled. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 3. 8% of the area while housing and buildings made up 17. 1%. While parks, green belts and sports made up 1. 4%. Out of the land,16. 5% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1. 7% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land,42. 6% is used for growing crops and 6. 4% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Lausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Le Mont-sur-Lausanne became part of the new district of Lausanne. The municipality is located in the portion of the agglomeration of Lausanne. It consists of the sections of Le Petit-Mont, Le Grand-Mont. The blazon of the coat of arms is Gules, three Hills Argent, growing from the middle one a Horse Chestnut Tree, chief of the same. Le Mont-sur-Lausanne has a population of 7,282, as of 2008,18. 1% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 7. 1% and it has changed at a rate of 5. 6% due to migration and at a rate of 1. 4% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, There are 2 people who speak Romansh. Of the population in the municipality 884 or about 17. 1% were born in Le Mont-sur-Lausanne and lived there in 2000. There were 2,194 or 42. 3% who were born in the canton, while 965 or 18. 6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 34 live births to Swiss citizens and 6 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 11 while the foreign population increased by 4. There were 7 Swiss men and 7 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland, at the same time, there were 15 non-Swiss men and 25 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland
Le Mont-sur-Lausanne
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Le Mont-sur-Lausanne
20.
Montpreveyres
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Montpreveyres is a municipality in the district of Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Montpreveyres is first mentioned in 1154 as Monteproverio, in 1177 it was mentioned as Montpreuero. Then in 1167 and again in 1228 it was called Mons Presbiteri, Montpreveyres has an area, as of 2009, of 4.1 square kilometers. Of this area,1.67 km2 or 40. 7% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,0.38 km2 or 9. 3% is settled and 0.01 km2 or 0. 2% is unproductive land. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 5. 9%, out of the forested land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,20. 0% is used for growing crops and 19. 0% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Oron District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Montpreveyres became part of the new district of Lavaux-Oron. The municipality is located on the slopes of the Haut-Jorat region. The blazon of the coat of arms is Azure, on two Hills as many Columns Argent, in chief Argent on a Branch Vert stantant a Nightingale proper. Montpreveyres has a population of 626, as of 2008,19. 6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 54. 3% and it has changed at a rate of 42. 5% due to migration and at a rate of 10. 7% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common and Albanian being third. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Montpreveyres is,85 children or 15. 9% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 68 teenagers or 12. 7% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population,60 people or 11. 2% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 91 people or 17. 0% are between 30 and 39,108 people or 20. 2% are between 40 and 49, and 51 people or 9. 6% are between 50 and 59. As of 2000, there were 158 people who were single, There were 185 married individuals,17 widows or widowers and 13 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000, there were 156 private households in the municipality, There were 49 households that consist of only one person and 10 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 158 households that answered this question,31. 0% were households made up of just one person and there was 1 adult who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 42 married couples without children,54 married couples with children There were 6 single parents with a child or children
Montpreveyres
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Montpreveyres
21.
Morrens
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Morrens is a municipality in the district of Gros-de-Vaud in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Morrens is first mentioned in 1147 as Morrens, Morrens has an area, as of 2009, of 3.66 square kilometers. Of this area,2.41 km2 or 65. 8% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,0.56 km2 or 15. 3% is settled. Of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 9. 8%, out of the forested land,17. 8% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2. 2% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land,48. 9% is used for growing crops and 15. 6% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Echallens District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Morrens became part of the new district of Gros-de-Vaud. It consists of the village of Morrens and the hamlet of Les Biolettes, since the 1970s it has been part of the agglomeration of Lausanne. The blazon of the coat of arms is Per bend sinistre,1. Or, Semi-Wolf rampant issuant Sable langued Gules,2, Morrens has a population of 1,054. As of 2008,11. 6% of the population are resident foreign nationals, over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 12. 4%. It has changed at a rate of 6. 4% due to migration, most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common and Italian being third. Of the population in the municipality 159 or about 17. 9% were born in Morrens and lived there in 2000. There were 416 or 46. 8% who were born in the canton, while 169 or 19. 0% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 10 live births to Swiss citizens and 3 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 4 while the foreign population increased by 2. There were 4 Swiss men and 4 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland, at the same time, there was 1 non-Swiss man and 3 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was a decrease of 8 and this represents a population growth rate of -0. 8%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Morrens is,124 children or 12. 6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 113 teenagers or 11. 5% are between 10 and 19. Of the adult population,88 people or 9. 0% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 121 people or 12. 3% are between 30 and 39,167 people or 17. 0% are between 40 and 49, and 139 people or 14. 2% are between 50 and 59
Morrens
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Morrens
22.
Prilly
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Prilly is a municipality in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Ouest Lausannois. It is one of the suburbs of the city of Lausanne. Prilly is first mentioned around 976-77 as in uilla que uocatur presliacus, by 1185 it was known as Prillie. Prilly has an area, as of 2009, of 2. 19–2.18 square kilometers, of this area,0.24 km2 or 11. 0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.14 km2 or 6. 4% is forested. Of the rest of the land,1.8 km2 or 82. 2% is settled. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 6. 4% of the area while housing and buildings made up 51. 6%. While parks, green belts and sports made up 9. 1%. Out of the land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,7. 8% is used for growing crops and 2. 7% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Lausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Prilly became part of the new district of Ouest Lausannois. The village of Prilly is developed along the Lausanne-Jougne street and is now part of the agglomeration of Lausanne and it consists of the village of Prilly and the hamlets of Le Chasseur, La Fleur-de-Lys and LUnion, all three of which developed along the Prilly-Neuchâtel road. The blazon of the coat of arms is Party gules and vert. Prilly has a population of 11,968, as of 2008,36. 9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 7. 5% and it has changed at a rate of 6. 1% due to migration and at a rate of 2. 9% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with Italian being second most common, There are 6 people who speak Romansh. Of the population in the municipality 1,716 or about 15. 7% were born in Prilly and lived there in 2000. There were 3,455 or 31. 5% who were born in the canton, while 1,738 or 15. 9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 67 live births to Swiss citizens and 69 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 23 while the foreign population increased by 49. There were 2 Swiss men and 3 Swiss women who emigrated from Switzerland, at the same time, there were 149 non-Swiss men and 128 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland
Prilly
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Town hall of Prilly
Prilly
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Vineyards in Prilly
Prilly
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Prilly village church
23.
Pully
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Pully is a municipality in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Lavaux-Oron. It is one of the suburbs of the city of Lausanne, located on the shores of Lake Geneva and at the foot of the vineyards of Lavaux on the road to Vevey. Pully is first mentioned in 994 as Pulliacum, in 1826 a neolithic cemetery with about 30 graves was uncovered at Pierra-Portray. However, the artifacts were not fully preserved and only one flint blade, near Pierra-Portray, along the Chemin de Chamblandes, Albert Naef examined 23 tombs in 1901-10. These tombs belonging to a set of tombs which were sporadically excavated and recorded between 1880-1993. The local rectangular graves consisted of boxes assembled from four vertical slabs of about 1 meter in length, with a plate that served as a lid. The dead were lying on their side with their legs drawn up to the chest. The largest find of stone box graves in Pully was the cemetery at Chamblandes, due to the number of finds at Chamblandes, all similar cist or stone box graves in the surrounding area came to be known as Chamblandes type graves. The cemetery of Chamblandes extends over a length of about a hundred meters and included 76 graves and this Middle Neolithic graveyard included as grave goods, ocher, various commodities and jewelry. Two collars, one needle, a dagger and a bronze knife-blade hatchet are attributed to an early Bronze Age grave, in 1992 a cremation grave was discovered that dated from the Late Bronze Age. In the 1970s, while working on foundation of a terrace of the Le Prieuré building, the villa dates from the period between the second half of the 1st Century and 4th Century AD. The accompanying small thermal baths, a pool and several walls were already known from earlier excavations. The heart of the east wing of the villa is a multi-level, the lower hall is decorated with, in situ preserved, wall paintings which represent a chariot race. The painting dates from the first quarter of the 2nd Century, finds from the 4th and 5th Centuries show that the site was also, at least partially populated, during the late antiquity period. Between the 5th and 6th Century, the baths were converted into a Christian burial chapel with numerous burials, during the Carolingian era the additional buildings were built around the burial chapel. During the Early Middle Ages a cemetery was operating at Les Deserts, in the 10th Century the royal family of Burgundy granted their vineyards at Pully to Payerne Priory. The priory retained this land in Pully until 1536, in 1079, Bishop Burkhard of Oltigen received some property from the Emperor in Pully. This land had belonged to Rudolf of Swabia
Pully
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Pully lake front
Pully
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Pully, as seen from Lausanne
Pully
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Houses in Pully
24.
Renens
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Renens is a municipality in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It is located in the district of Ouest Lausannois, and is a suburb of the city of Lausanne and it is the fourth largest city in the canton. It is considered a multiethnic town, as more than 50% of the inhabitants are resident foreign nationals from about a hundred different countries. Renens is first mentioned around 888-896 as in villa Runingis, Renens has an area, as of 2009, of 2. 96–2.95 square kilometers. Of this area,0.1 km2 or 3. 4% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,2.78 km2 or 93. 9% is settled. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 13. 9% of the area while housing and buildings made up 41. 6%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other developed areas made up 3. 4% of the area while parks. Out of the land, all of the forested land area is covered with heavy forests. Of the agricultural land,1. 0% is used for growing crops, the municipality was part of the Lausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Renens became part of the new district of Ouest Lausannois. The municipality is the capital of the new district of Ouest lausannois and it is part of the agglomeration of Lausanne, and Lausanne Métro line 1 terminates at Renens railway station. The Swiss Federal Railway line connects Renens to Lausanne more directly, Renens is located close to junctions 17 and 18 of the A1 motorway. The blazon of the coat of arms is Gules, two Pales wavy Argent, Chief of the same. Renens has a population of 20,537, as of 2008,51. 2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 14. 4% and it has changed at a rate of 10. 4% due to migration and at a rate of 5. 9% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with Italian being second most common, There are 567 people who speak German and 11 people who speak Romansh. Of the population in the municipality 2,992 or about 16. 3% were born in Renens and lived there in 2000. There were 4,431 or 24. 1% who were born in the canton, while 2,566 or 13. 9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 92 live births to Swiss citizens and 141 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 16 while the foreign population increased by 112
Renens
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Renens castle
Renens
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View of Renens at sunset
Renens
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Row of houses in Renens
Renens
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View of an apartment block in Renens
25.
Romanel-sur-Lausanne
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Romanel-sur-Lausanne is a municipality in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland, located in the district of Lausanne. Romanel-sur-Lausanne is first mentioned in 1184 as Romanes, Romanel-sur-Lausanne has an area, as of 2009, of 2. 88–2.92 square kilometers. Of this area,1.72 km2 or 59. 7% is used for agricultural purposes, of the rest of the land,1.09 km2 or 37. 8% is settled. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 5. 2% of the area while housing and buildings made up 14. 2%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other developed areas made up 3. 1% of the area while parks. Out of the land,1. 7% of the total land area is heavily forested and 2. 1% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land,55. 6% is used for growing crops and 1. 4% is pastures, the municipality was part of the olf Lausanne District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Romanel-sur-Lausanne became part of the new district of Lausanne. The municipality is part of the agglomeration of Lausanne, until the 1960s, it consisted of a linear village on the Lausanne-Echallens road, which then grew to become part of the greater Lausanne area. The blazon of the coat of arms is Gules, a Fountain Gules and Argent fimbriated Argent. Romanel-sur-Lausanne has a population of 3,357, as of 2008,19. 4% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 5. 9% and it has changed at a rate of -1. 3% due to migration and at a rate of 7. 8% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, There is 1 person who speaks Romansh. Of the population in the municipality 605 or about 19. 7% were born in Romanel-sur-Lausanne and lived there in 2000. There were 1,276 or 41. 6% who were born in the canton, while 572 or 18. 6% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 32 live births to Swiss citizens and 5 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by 18 while the foreign population increased by 3. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland and 2 Swiss women who immigrated back to Switzerland, at the same time, there were 19 non-Swiss men and 14 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was a decrease of 25 and this represents a population growth rate of -0. 1%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Romanel-sur-Lausanne is,346 children or 10. 6% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 392 teenagers or 12. 0% are between 10 and 19
Romanel-sur-Lausanne
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Romanel-sur-Lausanne church
Romanel-sur-Lausanne
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Romanel-sur-Lausanne old train station and surrounding town
Romanel-sur-Lausanne
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Romanel-sur-Lausanne old train station
26.
Saint-Sulpice, Vaud
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Saint-Sulpice is a municipality in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Ouest Lausannois. It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne, Saint-Sulpice is first mentioned in 1228 as Sanctus Surpiscius. Saint-Sulpice has an area, as of 2009, of 1.9 square kilometers, of this area,0.28 km2 or 15. 1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 0.13 km2 or 7. 0% is forested. Of the rest of the land,1.41 km2 or 75. 8% is settled. Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 6. 5% of the area while housing and buildings made up 41. 9%. Power and water infrastructure as well as other developed areas made up 3. 2% of the area while parks. Out of the land,5. 4% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1. 6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land,13. 4% is used for growing crops and 1. 1% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Morges District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Saint-Sulpice became part of the new district of Ouest Lausannois. The municipality is located along Lake Geneva between the Venoge and Chamberonne river and it consists of the village of Saint-Sulpice, the residential development of Les Pierrettes and the industrial zone of En Champigny. The blazon of the coat of arms is Gules, Chief Argent. Saint-Sulpice has a population of 3,904, as of 2008,27. 3% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 4% and it has changed at a rate of 1. 6% due to migration and at a rate of 3. 1% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, There are 58 people who speak Italian. Of the population in the municipality 377 or about 12. 9% were born in Saint-Sulpice and lived there in 2000. There were 1,015 or 34. 8% who were born in the canton, while 610 or 20. 9% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were 15 live births to Swiss citizens and 16 births to non-Swiss citizens, ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 3 while the foreign population increased by 15. There were 4 Swiss men who immigrated back to Switzerland, at the same time, there were 25 non-Swiss men and 46 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was a decrease of 58 and this represents a population growth rate of 0. 3%
Saint-Sulpice, Vaud
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Saint-Sulpice
Saint-Sulpice, Vaud
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Shore of
Lake Geneva
Saint-Sulpice, Vaud
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Police station in Saint-Sulpice
Saint-Sulpice, Vaud
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Swiss Reformed Church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine and Priory
27.
Savigny, Switzerland
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Savigny is a municipality in Switzerland in the canton of Vaud, located in the district of Lavaux-Oron. Savigny is first mentioned in 1224 as Savignie and it was part of Lutry until 1823 when it separated to become an independent municipality. Savigny has an area, as of 2009, of 16.02 square kilometres, of this area,9.22 km2 is used for agricultural purposes, while 4.87 km2 is forested. Of the rest of the land,1.96 km2 is settled and 1 ha is unproductive land, of the built up area, housing and buildings made up 7. 6% and transportation infrastructure made up 2. 9%. Of the agricultural land,45. 8% is used for growing crops and 9. 8% is pastures, the municipality was part of the Lavaux District until it was dissolved on 31 August 2006, and Savigny became part of the new district of Lavaux-Oron. Savigny lies 793 m above sea-level,8 km east from Lausanne the capital of its canton, the thinly distributed community stretches across the Swiss landscape and ends on the Jorat to the south east overlooking Lake Geneva. The district encompasses an area that includes a part of the Molasse peaks in the Jorat and it consists of the hamlets of Mollie-Margot, La Goille, Le Martinet and La Claie-aux-Moines along with scattered settlements. The blazon of the coat of arms is Per fess Gules and Argent. Savigny has a population of 3,342, as of 2008,19. 2% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has changed at a rate of 10. 8% and it has changed at a rate of 6. 8% due to migration and at a rate of 4% due to births and deaths. Most of the population speaks French, with German being second most common, There are thirty people who speak Italian and two people who speak Romansh. Of the population in the municipality 643 or about 20. 8% were born in Savigny and lived there in 2000. There were 1,139 or 36. 9% who were born in the canton, while 588 or 19. 1% were born somewhere else in Switzerland. In 2008 there were live births to Swiss citizens and two births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were sixteen deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens increased by eighteen while the population remained the same. There were two Swiss men and one Swiss woman who immigrated back to Switzerland, at the same time, there were thirty-three non-Swiss men and thirty-six non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 was a decrease of twenty-nine and this represents a population growth rate of 1. 1%. The age distribution, as of 2009, in Savigny is,360 children or 10. 7% of the population are between 0 and 9 years old and 410 teenagers or 12. 2% are between 10 and 19
Savigny, Switzerland
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Mollie-Margot village
28.
German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form
German language
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Old Frisian (Alt-Friesisch)
German language
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The widespread popularity of the
Bible translated into German by
Martin Luther helped establish modern German
German language
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Examples of German language in
Namibian everyday life
German language
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German-language newspapers in the U.S. in 1922
29.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
Italian language
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Dante Alighieri (above) and
Petrarch (below) were influential in establishing their
Tuscan dialect as the most prominent literary language in all of
Italy in the
Late Middle Ages
Italian language
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The geographic distribution of the Italian language in the world: large Italian-speaking communities are shown in green; light blue indicates areas where the Italian language was used officially during the Italian colonial period.
Italian language
Italian language
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Pietro Bembo was an influential figure in the development of the Italian language from the Tuscan dialect, as a literary medium, codifying the language for standard modern usage
30.
Romansh language
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Romansh has also been recognized as a national language of Switzerland since 1938 and as an official language along with German, French and Italian since 1996. It is sometimes grouped with Ladin and Friulian as a Rhaeto-Romance language, Romansh has also been heavily influenced by German in vocabulary and morphosyntax. The language gradually retreated to its current area over the centuries, being replaced by Alemannic, the earliest writing identified as Romansh dates from the 10th or 11th century, although major works do not appear until the 16th century when several regional written varieties began to develop. The 19th century saw a shrinkage of the language area but also a literary revival. In the 2000 Swiss census,35,095 people indicated Romansh as the language of best command, in 2010, Switzerland switched to a yearly system which uses a combination of municipal citizen records and a limited number of surveys. Based on this system, the number of people aged 15. The language area and number of speakers of Romansh have been continually shrinking, Romansh is divided into five different regional dialects, each with its own standardized written language. In addition, a variety called Rumantsch Grischun was introduced in 1982. Romansh is a Romance language descending from Vulgar Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. Within the Romance languages, Romansh stands out because of its peripheral location, another distinguishing feature is the centuries-long language contact with German, which is most noticeable in the vocabulary and to a lesser extent the syntax of Romansh. Romansh belongs to the Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages, which includes such as French, Occitan. The main feature placing Romansh within the Gallo-Romance languages is the fronting of Latin /u/ to or, as seen in Latin muru wall, which is mür or mir in Romansh. This sound change is partially absent in some varieties of Romansh, however, especially in Sursilvan, retention of word-final -s as in buns chavals good horses as opposed to Italian buoni cavalli. Retention of L following /p b k ɡ f/, Latin clavem key > clav as opposed to Italian chiave, another defining feature of the Romansh language is the use of unstressed vowels. Whether or not Romansh, Friulan and Ladin should compose a separate Rhaeto-Romance subgroup within Gallo-Romance is an unresolved issue, some linguists posit that these languages are descended from a common language, which was then fractured geographically through the spread of German and Italian. This position goes back to the Italian linguist Graziadio Ascoli, who first made the claim in 1873, linguists who take this position often point out that the similarities between the languages are comparatively few. This position was first introduced by the Italian dialectologist Carlo Battisti and this linguistic dispute became politically relevant for the Italian irredentist movement. Italian nationalists interpreted Battistis hypothesis as implying that Romansh, Friulan and Ladin were not separate languages and they used this as an argument to claim the territories where these languages were spoken for Italy
Romansh language
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"La mort da Benedetg Fontana", a Romansh passage in a Latin chronicle by Durich Chiampel
Romansh language
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From top left to bottom right: Sutsilvan inscription on a house in
Andeer, Sursilvan house inscription in
Trun, Rumantsch Grischun sign in the
Swiss National Park, Vallader
Sgraffito in
Guarda.
Romansh language
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Front page of Ilg Vêr Sulaz da pievel giuvan
Romansh language
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Cover page of Ortografia et ortoëpia del idiom romauntsch d'Engiadin'ota
31.
Romandy
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Romandy is the French-speaking part of western Switzerland. In 2010 about 1.9 million people, or 24. 4% of the Swiss population, the bulk of romand population lives in the Arc Lémanique region along Lake Geneva, connecting Geneva, Vaud and the Lower Valais. The adjective romand is a dialectal variant of roman, in Old French used as a term for the Gallo-Romance vernaculars. Suisse romande is used in contrast to Suisse alémanique, Alemannic Switzerland, formed by analogy is Suisse italienne, which is composed of Ticino and of a part of Graubünden. Simple Westschweiz western Switzerland may also be used as a loose synonym, in four Swiss cantons, French is the sole official language, Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Jura. There are three cantons where French and German have co-official status, Bern, Fribourg and Valais, the linguistic boundary between French and German is known as Röstigraben. The term is humorous in origin and refers both to the division and to perceived cultural differences between the Romandy and the German-speaking Swiss majority. The term can be traced to the WWI period, but it entered mainstream usage in the 1970s in the context of the Jurassic separatism virulent at the time. It then follows the border between Neuchâtel and Bern and turns south towards Morat, again traversing an areal of traditional bilinguism including the communities of Morat and Fribourg. Cutting across the High Alps at Les Diablerets, the boundary separates the French-speaking Lower Valais from the Alemannic-speaking Upper Valais. It then cuts southwards into the High Alps again, separating the Val dAnniviers from the Mattertal, traditionally speaking the Franco-Provençal or Patois dialects of Upper Burgundy, the romand population now speak a variety of Standard French. Today, the differences between Swiss French and Parisian French are minor and mostly lexical, although in rural speakers, in particular, some parts of the Swiss Jura participate in the Frainc-Comtou dialect spoken in the Franche-Comté region of France. Since the 1970s, there has been an amount of linguistic revivalism. In this context, the Franco-Provençal dialects are called Arpitan and their historical area Arpitania, the cultural identity of Romandy is supported by Télévision Suisse Romande, Radio Suisse Romande and the universities of Geneva, Fribourg, Lausanne and Neuchâtel. Historically, most of Romandy has been strongly Protestant, especially Calvinist, however, Roman Catholicism continued to predominate in Jura, Valais, and Fribourg. In recent decades, due to significant immigration from France and Southern European countries, languages of Switzerland Swiss French Röstigraben Jurassic separatism Bernese Jura Lake Geneva region Rhodanic Republic Arpitania Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
Romandy
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A road sign in
Saint-Gingolph, Valais, spelling a dialectal greeting bondzo! alongside the Standard French bienvenue (2013 photograph).
Romandy
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Language distribution in Switzerland (2000). Romandy shown in green
32.
Vaud
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The Canton of Vaud is the third largest of Swiss cantons by population and fourth by size. The capital and biggest city is Lausanne, officially designated Olympic Capital by the International Olympic Committee, the canton had 725,944 inhabitants as of 2011. Along the lakes, Vaud was inhabited in prehistoric times, later, the Celtic tribe of the Helvetii inhabited the area. The tribe was defeated by Caesars troops in 58 BC and as a consequence the Romans settled the area, the towns of Vevey and Lausanne are two of the many towns established by the Romans. In 27 BC the state of Civitas Helvetiorum was established around the capital of Avenches, there are still many Roman remains around the town today. Between the 2nd and the 4th century the area was invaded by Alemannic tribes. The Merovingian Franks later replaced the Burgundians and their occupancy did not last long either, and in 888 the area of the canton of Vaud was made part of the Carolingian Empire. In 1032 the Zähringens of Germany defeated the Burgundians, the Zähringens themselves were succeeded in 1218 by the counts of Savoy. It was only under the counts of Savoy that the area was given political unity, a part stretching from Attalens to the River Sarine, in the north, was absorbed by the canton of Fribourg. As the power of the Savoys declined at the beginning of the 15th century the land was occupied by troops from Bern, by 1536 the area was completely annexed. The Bernese occupiers were not popular amongst the population, later, inspired by the French Revolution, the Vaudois drove out the Bernese governor in 1798 and declared the Lemanic Republic. Under Napoleon I, it became the canton of Léman, in 1803, Vaud joined the re-installed Swiss confederation. In spite of Bernese attempts to reclaim Vaud, it has remained a sovereign canton ever since, separation was prevented at the cost of very few lives. The current constitution dates from 14 April 2003, replacing the one from 1885, in the Jura mountains in the west, the canton borders the French departments of Ain, Jura, and Doubs. In the east, it borders the cantons of Fribourg and Bern, the total area is 3,212 square kilometres. Along with the canton of Berne, Vaud is one of the two cantons whose territory extends from the Jura to the Alps, through the three geographic regions of Switzerland. The areas in the south east are mountainous, situated on the side of the Bernese Alps. This region is named the Vaud Alps
Vaud
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Roman column in Nyon
Vaud
–
Map of Vaud
Vaud
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Built by the Bishop of Lausanne during the 15th century,
Château Saint-Maire has been the seat of the cantonal government since 1803
Vaud
–
Vevey,
Lake Geneva and the
Swiss Alps
33.
Lake Geneva
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Lake Geneva is a lake on the north side of the Alps, shared between Switzerland and France. It is one of the largest lakes in Western Europe and the largest on the course of the Rhône,59. 53% of it comes under the jurisdiction of Switzerland, and 40. 47% under France. Lake Geneva has been explored by four submarines, the Auguste Piccard, forel, both built by Jacques Piccard, and the two Mir submersibles. Following the rise of Geneva it became Lac de Genève, in the 18th century, Lac Léman was revived in French and is the customary name in that language. In contemporary English, the name Lake Geneva is predominant, a note on pronunciation, English, Lake Geneva /ˌleɪk dʒᵻˈniːvə/ French, le lac Léman, le Léman or le lac de Genève German, Genfersee or Genfer See Italian, Lago Lemano, Lago di Ginevra. The Chablais Alps border is its southern shore, the western Bernese Alps lie over its eastern side, the high summits of Grand Combin and Mont Blanc are visible from some places. Compagnie Générale de Navigation sur le lac Léman operates boats on the lake, the lake lies on the course of the Rhône. Other tributaries are La Dranse, LAubonne, La Morges, La Venoge, La Vuachère, Lake Geneva is the largest body of water in Switzerland, and greatly exceeds in size all others that are connected with the main valleys of the Alps. It is in the shape of a crescent, with the horns pointing south, the northern shore being 95 km, the crescent form was more regular in a recent geological period, when the lake extended to Bex, about 18 km south of Villeneuve. The lakes surface is the lowest point of the cantons of Valais, the culminating point of the lakes drainage basin is Monte Rosa at 4,634 metres above sea level. The beauty of the shores of the lake and of the sites of many of the places near its banks has long been celebrated, however, it is only from the eastern end of the lake, between Vevey and Villeneuve, that the scenery assumes an Alpine character. The shore between Nyon and Lausanne is called La Côte because it is flatter, between Lausanne and Vevey it is called Lavaux and is famous for its hilly vineyards. The average surface elevation of 372 m above sea level is controlled by the Seujet Dam in Geneva, simulations indicate that the Tauredunum event was most likely caused by a massive landslide near the Rhône delta, which caused a wave eight meters high to reach Geneva within 70 minutes. In 888 the town was part of the new Kingdom of Burgundy, in the late 1960s, pollution made it dangerous to swim at some beaches of the lake, indeed, visibility under water was near zero. By the 1980s, intense environmental pollution had almost wiped out all the fish, today, pollution levels have been dramatically cut back, and it is again considered safe to swim in the lake. Major leisure activities practiced include sailing, wind surfing, boating, rowing, on a scientific footnote, in 1827, Lake Geneva was the site for the first measurement of the speed of sound in water. The loud airborne sound coupled into the lake, establishing an underwater sound that could be measured at a distance. The flash of the exploding gunpowder provided the starting cue for the timepiece
Lake Geneva
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Satellite image
Lake Geneva
–
View of Lake Geneva about between
Vevey in front,
Lausanne in the back behind
Mont Pèlerin (CH) on the right and
Évians-les-Bains (F) on the left, shot from a place between
Caux and
Glion above
Montreux
Lake Geneva
–
View of the lake and the Chablais Alps from
Caux
Lake Geneva
–
CGN paddle steamer in 1926 near Vevey with the Dents du Midi in background
34.
Jura Mountains
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The Jura Mountains French, Massif du Jura, are a sub-alpine mountain range located north of the Western Alps, mainly following the course of the France–Switzerland border. The Jura separates the Rhine and Rhône basins, forming part of the watershed of each, the name Jura is derived from juria, a Latinized form of a Celtic stem jor- forest. The mountain range gives its name to the French department of Jura, the Swiss Canton of Jura, the Jurassic period of the timescale. The Jura Mountains are a province of the larger Central European uplands. In France, the Jura covers most of the Franche-Comté region, the range reaches its highest point at Le Crêt de la Neige in the department of Ain and finds its southern terminus in the northwestern part of the department of Savoie. The north end of the Jura extends into the tip of the Alsace region. Roughly 1,600 square kilometres of the range in France is protected by the Jura Mountains Regional Natural Park. The Swiss Jura is one of the three geographical regions of Switzerland, the other being the Swiss plateau and the Swiss Alps. In Switzerland, the covers the western border with France in the cantons of Basel-Landschaft, Solothurn, Jura, Bern, Neuchâtel. Much of the Swiss Jura region has no association with Early Modern Switzerland and was incorporated as part of the Swiss Confederacy only in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a movement of Jurassic separatism developed which resulted in the creation of the canton of Jura in 1979, the Swiss Jura has been industrialized since the 18th century and became a major centre of the watchmaking industry. The area has several cities at very high altitudes, such as La Chaux-de-Fonds, Le Locle, the Jura range proper is continued as the Table Jura in the cantons of Basel-Landschaft and Aargau, and further to Schaffhausen and into southern Germany towards the Swabian and Franconian plateaus. The range is built up vertically while decreasing in size laterally and this deformation accommodates the compression from alpine folding as the main Alpine orogenic front moves roughly northwards. The deformation becomes less pervasive away from the younger, more active Alpine mountain building, the geologic folds comprise three major bands of building that date from three epochs, the Lias, the Dogger and the Malm geologic periods. Each era of folding reveals effects of shallow marine environments as evidenced by beds with carbonate sequences, containing abundant bioclasts. Structurally, the Jura consists of a sequence of geologic folds, the highest peak in the Jura range is Le Crêt de la Neige at 1,720 metres. Vosges and Jura coal mining basins The Jura range offer a variety of tourist activities including hiking, cycling, downhill skiing, there are many signposted trails including the Jura ridgeway, a 310 km hiking route. Tourist attractions include natural features such as the Creux du Van, lookout peaks such as the Chasseral, caves such as the Grottes de lOrbe, and gorges such as Taubenloch
Jura Mountains
–
Looking towards
Lélex from near the
Crêt de la Neige
Jura Mountains
Jura Mountains
–
Creux du Van, Switzerland
Jura Mountains
–
Lac de Joux, the largest lake in the range, in Swiss Jura
35.
Geneva
–
Geneva is the second most populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic, the municipality has a population of 198,072, and the canton has 484,736 residents. In 2014, the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France, within Swiss territory, the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.25 million. This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains, Geneva is the city that hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world. It is also the place where the Geneva Conventions were signed, Geneva was ranked as the worlds ninth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index, ahead of Frankfurt, and third in Europe behind London and Zürich. A2009 survey by Mercer found that Geneva has the third-highest quality of life of any city in the world, the city has been referred to as the worlds most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital. In 2009 and 2011, Geneva was ranked as, respectively, the city was mentioned in Latin texts, by Caesar, with the spelling Genava, probably from a Celtic toponym *genawa- from the stem *genu-, in the sense of a bending river or estuary. The medieval county of Geneva in Middle Latin was known as pagus major Genevensis or Comitatus Genevensis, the name takes various forms in modern languages, Geneva /dʒᵻˈniːvə/ in English, French, Genève, German, Genf, Italian, Ginevra, and Romansh, Genevra. The city in origin shares its name, *genawa estuary, with the Italian port city of Genoa, Geneva was an Allobrogian border town, fortified against the Helvetii tribe, when the Romans took it in 121 BC. It became Christian under the Late Roman Empire, and acquired its first bishop in the 5th century, having been connected to the bishopric of Vienne in the 4th. In the Middle Ages, Geneva was ruled by a count under the Holy Roman Empire until the late 14th century, around this time the House of Savoy came to dominate the city. In the 15th century, a republican government emerged with the creation of the Grand Council. In 1541, with Protestantism in the ascendancy, John Calvin, by the 18th century, however, Geneva had come under the influence of Catholic France, which cultivated the city as its own. France also tended to be at odds with the ordinary townsfolk, in 1798, revolutionary France under the Directory annexed Geneva. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, on 1 June 1814, in 1907, the separation of Church and State was adopted. Geneva flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries, becoming the seat of international organizations. Geneva is located at 46°12 North, 6°09 East, at the end of Lake Geneva. It is surrounded by two chains, the Alps and the Jura
Geneva
–
Top left:
Palace of Nations, Middle left:
ATLAS experiment at
CERN, Right:
Jet d'Eau, Bottom: View over Geneva and the
lake.
Geneva
–
L'Escalade, the failed surprise-attack (12 December 1602) made by troops sent by
Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, to take Geneva
Geneva
–
Geneva seen from SPOT Satellite
Geneva
–
The Geneva area seen from the Salève in France. The Jura mountains can be seen on the horizon.
36.
Metropolitan area
–
As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
Metropolitan area
–
Greater Buenos Aires,
Argentina
Metropolitan area
–
Paris (
France), one of Europe's major centres
Metropolitan area
–
Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area,
Israel
Metropolitan area
–
Perth, Western Australia, an isolated metropolitan area
37.
Sport
–
SPORT was an American sports magazine. Launched in September 1946 by New York-based publisher Macfadden Publications, SPORT pioneered the use of color photography – it carried eight full-color plates in its first edition. SPORT predated the launch of Sports Illustrated by eight years, and is remembered for bringing several editorial innovations to the genre, as well as creating, in 1955, the SPORT Magazine Award. What made SPORT the most distinctive from Sports Illustrated, however, was that it was a magazine as opposed to SIs weekly distribution. SPORT was published continually between its launch and August 2000, when its then-owner, British publisher EMAP PLC, made the decision to close the money-losing title. Launched in September 1946, Macfaddens SPORT magazine broke new ground, as the first mainstream national sports publication, the emphasis was not on the games or the teams, but on the elements of human drama that lay beneath. SPORT was an icon in the league of LIFE, Look and it continued to thrive for a quarter-century or so, as SI struggled to reach profitability, and to find the right blend of spectator and participatory sports. Ogden Nash wrote his baseball poem Line-Up for Yesterday for the magazine in 1949, the concept was expanded over the years until a SPORT magazine award was presented to the outstanding post-season performer in all four major team sports, as sanctioned by the leagues. But by the early 1970s, Macfadden, lacking Time Magazines deep pockets, was fading, in 1976, Downe and its family of magazines that included Ladies Home Journal and Redbook, was acquired by The Charter Company. Under Downe and Charter, there was a zig-zag in editorial direction, and gradually SPORT lost its way, its distinctive voice, and circulation declined. In 1980, SPORT was purchased from the Charter Company by its VP of Corporate and Investor Relations, Park Beeler, Beeler quickly restructured the personnel of SPORT and named Don Hanrahan, a former publisher under Downe, to return to that role. Beeler and Hanrahan immediately implemented a plan of editorial and circulation repositioning with a return to a sports in depth theme as opposed to attempts to cover sports news. Beeler and Hanrahan also solidified SPORTs historic role of awarding of the MVP Awards for the Super Bowl, World Series, Stanley Cup, circulation practices were improved and re-validated. This quickly revived the magazine and its advertising base, Beeler then sold MVP Sports to Raymond Hunt of Dallas, who integrated it into his existing publishing enterprises, Southwest Media, which included the very successful D Magazine, which was headed by. Hanrahan, Allison and Bauer all moved on to other projects after a few years, the magazine was sold by Ray Hunt to Peterson Publishing Company in 1988, at which time SPORTs decline resumed. In August 2000, after appearing every month for 54 years under 10 different owners, allen Barra, writing in Salon. com, put it this way, Though it didnt make any headlines, the news of the death of SPORT magazine. Must have put a lump in the throat of those old enough to remember the greatest of all American sports magazines. Sports Illustrated was great, but SI, in an era when you couldnt see all the highlights every night, was read for news, there is also a second location in Vancouver, Canada
Sport
38.
International Olympic Committee
–
The International Olympic Committee is the supreme authority of the worldwide Olympic movement. It is an international, non-profit, non-governmental organization based in Lausanne and its mission is enshrined in the Olympic Charter, to support the development of competitive sport by ethical and environmentally sustainable means. The IOC was created by Pierre de Coubertin, on 23 June 1894 with Demetrios Vikelas as its first president, today its membership consists of 100 active members,32 honorary members, and 1 honour member. The IOC is the authority of the worldwide modern Olympic movement. The IOC organises the modern Olympic Games and Youth Olympic Games, held in summer and winter, the first Summer Olympics organised by the IOC was held in Athens, Greece, in 1896, the first Winter Olympics was in Chamonix, France, in 1924. Until 1992, both Summer and Winter Olympics were held in the same year, the first Summer Youth Olympics were in Singapore in 2010 and the first Winter Youth Olympics were held in Innsbruck in 2012. In 2009, the UN General Assembly granted the IOC Permanent Observer status and this decision enables the IOC to be directly involved in the UN Agenda and to attend UN General Assembly meetings where it can take the floor. This has provided the possibility to promote sport at a new level, during each proclamation at the Olympics, announcers speak in different languages, French is always spoken first followed by an English translation and the dominant language of the host nation. The stated mission of the International Olympic Committee is to promote Olympic throughout the world and it is the IOC’s supreme organ and its decisions are final. Extraordinary Sessions may be convened by the President or upon the written request of at least one third of the members, among others, the powers of the Session are, To adopt or amend the Olympic Charter. To elect the members of the IOC, the Honorary President, to elect the President, the Vice-Presidents and all other members of the IOC Executive Board. To elect the host city of the Olympic Games, the Olympic Laurel is awarded to individuals for promoting education, culture, development, and peace through sport. For most of its existence, the IOC was controlled by members who were selected by other members, countries that had hosted the Games were allowed two members. When named, they did not become the representatives of their countries to the IOC. The membership of IOC members ceases in the circumstances, Resignation. Non re-election, any IOC member ceases to be a member without further formality if they are not re-elected, age limit, any IOC member ceases to be a member at the end of the calendar year during which they reach the age of 80. Failure to attend Sessions or take part in IOC work for two consecutive years. Transfer of domicile or of main center of interests to an other than the country which was theirs at the time of their election
International Olympic Committee
–
The headquarters of the International Olympic Committee in
Lausanne,
Switzerland.
International Olympic Committee
–
The first IOC, at the
1896 Athens Games
International Olympic Committee
–
1985
German Democratic Republic stamp
39.
Court of Arbitration for Sport
–
The Court of Arbitration for Sport is an international quasi-judicial body established to settle disputes related to sport through arbitration. Its headquarters are in Lausanne and its courts are located in New York City, Sydney, temporary courts are established in current Olympic host cities. Generally speaking, a dispute may be submitted to the CAS only if there is an agreement between the parties which specifies recourse to the CAS. According to rule 61 of the Olympic Charter, all disputes in connection with the Olympic Games can only be submitted to CAS, all Olympic International Federations have recognised the jurisdiction of CAS for at least some disputes. Starting in 2016, a division of CAS judges doping cases at the Olympic Games. These decisions can be appealed to CASs ad hoc court in the Olympic host city or, if the ad hoc court is no longer available, the inaugural anti-doping division handled eight cases, of which seven where doping cases within its jurisdiction. As a Swiss arbitration organization, decisions of the CAS can be appealed to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, as of March 2012 there have been seven successful appeals. Six of the appeals were procedural in nature, and only once has the Federal Supreme Court overruled a CAS decision on the merits of the case. This was in the case of Matuzalém, a Brazilian football player, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany ruled against the German speed-skater Claudia Pechstein, recognising a lack of jurisdiction to revisit her case. With the intermixing of sports and politics, the body was conceived by International Olympic Committee president Juan Antonio Samaranch to deal with disputes arising during the Olympics. It was established as part of the IOC in 1984, in 1992, the case of Gundel v. La Fédération Equestre Internationale was decided by the CAS, and then appealed to the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, challenging CAS impartiality. The Swiss court ruled that the CAS was a court of arbitration. In response, the CAS underwent reforms to make itself more independent of the IOC, as of 2004, most recent cases that were considered by the CAS dealt with transfer disputes within professional association football or with doping. The Court of Arbitration for Sport is planning to move its headquarters from the Château de Béthusy to the part of the Palais de Beaulieu. Prior to that, the case of skater Claudia Pechstein had been decided on similar grounds, according to CAS, those abnormal values were not caused by an error occurred in a laboratory, as the athlete asserted, but due to the banned manipulation of the athlete’s blood. In 2001, the decided the case of Andreea Răducan versus International Olympic Committee. This was a controversial anti-doping case, where it was clear the athlete received cold. This resulted in a urine test, with the court concluding, The Panel is aware of the impact its decision will have on a fine, young
Court of Arbitration for Sport
–
The entrance of the headqarters of the Court of Arbitration for Sport, in
Lausanne,
Switzerland.
40.
Rapid transit
–
Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems
Rapid transit
–
The
New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by
track length and by number of
stations, at 469.
Rapid transit
–
The
Moscow Metro is
one of the busiest metro systems in the world and is the busiest in Europe.
Rapid transit
–
Metro M1 kit on
line C in
Prague Metro
Rapid transit
–
Line 2 subway train in Toronto
41.
Roman Republic
–
It was during this period that Romes control expanded from the citys immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world. During the first two centuries of its existence, the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, by the following century, it included North Africa, most of the Iberian Peninsula, and what is now southern France. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean. By this time, internal tensions led to a series of wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar. The exact date of transition can be a matter of interpretation, Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. Over time, the laws that gave exclusive rights to Romes highest offices were repealed or weakened. The leaders of the Republic developed a tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war, making military. Many of Romes legal and legislative structures can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states, the exact causes and motivations for Romes military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism and they argue that Romes expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors, and the new contingencies that these decisions created. In its early history, as Rome successfully defended itself against foreign threats in central and then northern Italy, with some important exceptions, successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation, but to the restoration of the way things were. But the defeated city would be weakened and thus able to resist Romanizing influences. It was also able to defend itself against its non-Roman enemies. It was, therefore, more likely to seek an alliance of protection with Rome and this growing coalition expanded the potential enemies that Rome might face, and moved Rome closer to confrontation with major powers. The result was more alliance-seeking, on the part of both the Roman confederacy and city-states seeking membership within that confederacy. While there were exceptions to this, it was not until after the Second Punic War that these alliances started to harden into something more like an empire and this shift mainly took place in parts of the west, such as the southern Italian towns that sided with Hannibal. In contrast, Roman expansion into Spain and Gaul occurred as a mix of alliance-seeking, in the 2nd century BC, Roman involvement in the Greek east remained a matter of alliance-seeking, but this time in the face of major powers that could rival Rome. This had some important similarities to the events in Italy centuries earlier, with some major exceptions of outright military rule, the Roman Republic remained an alliance of independent city-states and kingdoms until it transitioned into the Roman Empire. It was not until the time of the Roman Empire that the entire Roman world was organized into provinces under explicit Roman control
Roman Republic
–
Route of Pyrrhus of Epirus
Roman Republic
–
Roman consul accompanied by two
lictors
Roman Republic
–
Gaius Gracchus, tribune of the people, presiding over the
Plebeian Council
Roman Republic
–
A Roman
denarius struck in 56 BC showing on one side the bust of the
Goddess Diana, and on the reverse the Roman general
Lucius Cornelius Sulla is offered an olive branch by his ally
Bocchus I as the captive
Jugurtha kneels beside Sulla with his hands bound.
42.
Celt
–
The history of pre-Celtic Europe remains very uncertain. According to one theory, the root of the Celtic languages, the Proto-Celtic language, arose in the Late Bronze Age Urnfield culture of Central Europe. Thus this area is called the Celtic homeland. The earliest undisputed examples of a Celtic language are the Lepontic inscriptions beginning in the 6th century BC. Continental Celtic languages are attested almost exclusively through inscriptions and place-names, Insular Celtic languages are attested beginning around the 4th century in Ogham inscriptions, although it was clearly being spoken much earlier. Celtic literary tradition begins with Old Irish texts around the 8th century, coherent texts of Early Irish literature, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge, survive in 12th century recensions. Between the 5th and 8th centuries, the Celtic-speaking communities in these Atlantic regions emerged as a cohesive cultural entity. They had a linguistic, religious and artistic heritage that distinguished them from the culture of the surrounding polities. By the 6th century, however, the Continental Celtic languages were no longer in wide use, Insular Celtic culture diversified into that of the Gaels and the Celtic Britons of the medieval and modern periods. A modern Celtic identity was constructed as part of the Romanticist Celtic Revival in Great Britain, Ireland, today, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton are still spoken in parts of their historical territories, and Cornish and Manx are undergoing a revival. The first recorded use of the name of Celts – as Κελτοί – to refer to a group was by Hecataeus of Miletus, the Greek geographer, in 517 BC. In the fifth century BC Herodotus referred to Keltoi living around the head of the Danube, the etymology of the term Keltoi is unclear. Possible roots include Indo-European *kʲel ‘to hide’, IE *kʲel ‘to heat’ or *kel ‘to impel’, several authors have supposed it to be Celtic in origin, while others view it as a name coined by Greeks. Linguist Patrizia De Bernardo Stempel falls in the group. Yet he reports Celtic peoples in Iberia, and also uses the ethnic names Celtiberi and Celtici for peoples there, as distinct from Lusitani, pliny the Elder cited the use of Celtici in Lusitania as a tribal surname, which epigraphic findings have confirmed. Latin Gallus might stem from a Celtic ethnic or tribal name originally and its root may be the Proto-Celtic *galno, meaning “power, strength”, hence Old Irish gal “boldness, ferocity” and Welsh gallu “to be able, power”. The tribal names of Gallaeci and the Greek Γαλάται most probably have the same origin, the suffix -atai might be an Ancient Greek inflection. Proto-Germanic *walha is derived ultimately from the name of the Volcae and this means that English Gaul, despite its superficial similarity, is not actually derived from Latin Gallia, though it does refer to the same ancient region
Celt
–
Celtic
stele from
Galicia, 2nd century AD: “APANA·AMBO / LLI· F(ilia)·CELTICA /
SUPERTAM(arica) · / (j) MIOBRI· / AN(norum)· XXV·H(ic)·S(ita)·E(st)· / APANUS·FR(ater)· F(aciendum)·C(uravit)”
Celt
–
Core
Hallstatt territory, by the 6th century BC
Celt
–
Reconstruction of a late La Tène period settlement in Altburg near
Bundenbach (1st century BC).
Celt
–
Reconstruction of a late La Tène period settlement in
Havranok, Slovakia (2nd–1st century BC).
43.
Lutry
–
Lutry is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud, located in the Lavaux-Oron. Lutry is first mentioned in 908 as in Lustraco villam, in 1124 it was mentioned as monasterium Sancti Martini cum villa quae dicitur Lustriacus and in 1147 it was Lustriey. In 1835 and again in 1894, neolithic graves were discovered in Châtelard, the graves contained a total of some thirty stone box graves of the so-called Chamblandes type. They contained three ax blades of worked flint, as well as parts of a shell necklace, in 1895, several graves of the same type were discovered in Montagny. They contained important new items such as antler shafts made for axes, while these type of items were often found in the remains of littoral neolithic settlements, they are rarely found in graves, which made the discovery at Montagny especially significant. However, in 1927, archaeologists incorrectly assumed that these findings were assigned to the tombs in error, without further evidence, they wrote that there was an undiscovered littoral settlement below Montagny. In August 1984, during the construction of the car park in La Possession. 18 of the stones were re-erected next to it in the original formation, the thirteen large standing stones were arranged in a line, while the eleven subsequent smaller stones described a curve to the south. The standing stones are assigned to the beginning of the middle neolithic period. However local pottery indicates a date, to the late Neolithic or early Bronze Age. Menhir No.14 is a stele, in which geometric ornamentation were carved. Similar symbols can also be found on standing stones in southern France, at various places in the municipality, including Curtinaux, Le Châtelard, Savuit and Gantennaz, there are traces of Roman era settlements. These include bricks, walls, parts of buildings and ornaments, Lutry was a royal estate of the Burgundian House of Welf. A fortified tower was built in the 11th century in Crêt-Bernard to help govern the estate, after the death of Rudolph III the estate passed to Conrad of Swabia and became an imperial estate. In 1079, Emperor Henry IV donated the estate to the Bishop of Lausanne, the Bishop held the estate until 1536. By 1263, the Abbey of Saint-Maurice possessed some land in Lutry, between 1025 and 1124, due to the donation of a man named Anselme, a Benedictine priory was founded on the alluvial delta of the Lutrive river. The priory was under the abbey of Savigny-en-Lyonnais, the priory was the recipient of numerous gifts and church records from the dioceses of Lausanne, Sion and Geneva. Initially it held about fifteen monks, but it expanded and had authority over the villages of Lutry, Villette
Lutry
–
Lutry village
Lutry
–
Menhirs in Lutry
Lutry
–
Bertholod tower and surrounding vineyards
Lutry
–
Lutry street
44.
Roman Empire
–
Civil wars and executions continued, culminating in the victory of Octavian, Caesars adopted son, over Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the annexation of Egypt. Octavians power was then unassailable and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally granted him overarching power, the imperial period of Rome lasted approximately 1,500 years compared to the 500 years of the Republican era. The first two centuries of the empires existence were a period of unprecedented political stability and prosperity known as the Pax Romana, following Octavians victory, the size of the empire was dramatically increased. After the assassination of Caligula in 41, the senate briefly considered restoring the republic, under Claudius, the empire invaded Britannia, its first major expansion since Augustus. Vespasian emerged triumphant in 69, establishing the Flavian dynasty, before being succeeded by his son Titus and his short reign was followed by the long reign of his brother Domitian, who was eventually assassinated. The senate then appointed the first of the Five Good Emperors, the empire reached its greatest extent under Trajan, the second in this line. A period of increasing trouble and decline began with the reign of Commodus, Commodus assassination in 192 triggered the Year of the Five Emperors, of which Septimius Severus emerged victorious. The assassination of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the Crisis of the Third Century in which 26 men were declared emperor by the Roman Senate over a time span. It was not until the reign of Diocletian that the empire was fully stabilized with the introduction of the Tetrarchy, which saw four emperors rule the empire at once. This arrangement was unsuccessful, leading to a civil war that was finally ended by Constantine I. Constantine subsequently shifted the capital to Byzantium, which was renamed Constantinople in his honour and it remained the capital of the east until its demise. Constantine also adopted Christianity which later became the state religion of the empire. However, Augustulus was never recognized by his Eastern colleague, and separate rule in the Western part of the empire ceased to exist upon the death of Julius Nepos. The Eastern Roman Empire endured for another millennium, eventually falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the Roman Empire was among the most powerful economic, cultural, political and military forces in the world of its time. It was one of the largest empires in world history, at its height under Trajan, it covered 5 million square kilometres. It held sway over an estimated 70 million people, at that time 21% of the entire population. Throughout the European medieval period, attempts were made to establish successors to the Roman Empire, including the Empire of Romania, a Crusader state. Rome had begun expanding shortly after the founding of the republic in the 6th century BC, then, it was an empire long before it had an emperor
Roman Empire
–
The
Augustus of Prima Porta (early 1st century AD)
Roman Empire
–
Aureus of
Augustus, the first
Roman Emperor.
Roman Empire
–
A segment of the ruins of Hadrian's Wall in northern England
Roman Empire
–
A 5th-century
papyrus showing a parallel Latin-Greek text of a speech by
Cicero
Portugal
France
Italy
Spain
Kosovo
Germany
Turkey
United Kingdom
Brazil
Ecuador
Serbia
Congo-Kinshasa
Sri Lanka
Morocco
United States
Belgium
Tunisia
China
Canada
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
Lausanne travel guide from Wikivoyage
