1.
USS Essex (CV-9)
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USS Essex was an aircraft carrier and the lead ship of the 24-ship Essex class built for the United States Navy during World War II. She was the fourth US Navy ship to bear the name, commissioned in December 1942, Essex participated in several campaigns in the Pacific Theater of Operations, earning the Presidential Unit Citation and 13 battle stars. Decommissioned shortly after the end of the war, she was modernized and recommissioned in the early 1950s as an attack carrier, in her second career, she served mainly in the Atlantic, playing a role in the Cuban Missile Crisis. She also participated in the Korean War, earning four battle stars and she was the primary recovery carrier for the Apollo 7 space mission. She was decommissioned for the last time in 1969 and sold for scrap in 1975, Essex was laid down on 28 April 1941 by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Co. After the Pearl Harbor attack her building contract was reworked, after an accelerated construction, she was launched on 31 July 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Artemus L. Gates, the wife of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air. She was commissioned on 31 December 1942 with Captain Donald B. Duncan commanding, following her accelerated builders trials and shakedown cruise, Essex moved to the Pacific by May 1943. Departing from Pearl Harbor, she participated with Task Force 16 in carrier operations against Marcus Island, on 31 August 1943, she was designated the flagship of TF14 and struck Wake Island on 5 to 6 October. On 11 November she took part in operations during the Rabaul strike, alongside USS Bunker Hill. She then launched an attack with Task Group 50.3 against the Gilbert Islands where she took part in her first amphibious assault during the Battle of Tarawa, while refueling at sea, she cruised as flagship of TG50.3 to attack Kwajalein on 4 December. Her second amphibious assault delivered in company with TG58.2 was against the Marshall Islands on 29 January to 2 February 1944. While en route to the Mariana Islands to sever Japanese supply lines and it then continued with the scheduled attack upon Saipan, Tinian, and Guam on 23 February 1944. After this operation, Essex proceeded to San Francisco for her single wartime overhaul, following her overhaul, Essex became the carrier for Air Group 15, the Fabled Fifteen, commanded by the U. S. Navys top ace of the war, David McCampbell. She then joined carriers USS Wasp and USS San Jacinto in TG12.1 to strike Marcus Island on 19 to 20 May 1944, on 2 October, she weathered a typhoon and four days later departed with Task Force 38 for the Ryukyus. She resumed the offensive and delivered attacks on Manila and the northern Philippine Islands during November, on 25 November, for the first time in her far-ranging operations and destruction to the enemy, Essex received damage. A kamikaze hit the edge of her flight deck landing among planes gassed for takeoff, causing extensive damage, killing 15. Following quick repairs, she operated with the force off Leyte supporting the occupation of Mindoro on 14 to 16 December 1944. She rode out Typhoon Cobra and made a search for survivors afterward
2.
Essex-class aircraft carrier
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The Essex class was a class of aircraft carriers of the United States Navy that constituted the 20th centurys most numerous class of capital ships. The class consisted of 24 vessels, which came in both short-hull and long-hull versions, thirty-two ships were originally ordered, however as World War II wound down, six were canceled before construction, and two were canceled after construction had begun. No Essex-class ships were lost to enemy action, despite several vessels sustaining very heavy damage, at the time of the repudiations, both Italy and Japan had colonial ambitions, intending on or already conducting military conquests. A longer, wider deck and a deck-edge elevator facilitated more efficient aviation operations. Machinery arrangement and armor protection was improved from previous designs. These features, plus the provision of more guns, gave the ships much enhanced survivability. Some ships in the class would serve until well after the end of the Vietnam War, debates raged, and continue to this day, regarding the effect of strength deck location. British designers comments tended to disparage the use of deck armor. After the abrogation of disarmament treaties by Japan in 1936, the U. S. took a look at its naval strength. With the Naval Expansion Act of Congress passed on 17 May 1938 and this permitted the building of Hornet, which was the third Yorktown-class CV, and Essex, which was the lead ship of a new class. CV-9 was to be the prototype of the 27, 000-ton aircraft carrier, considerably larger than Enterprise, the Navy ordered the first three of the new design, CV-9, CV-10 and CV-11, from Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock on 3 July 1940. These were to become known as Essex-class carriers, under the terms of the Two-Ocean Navy Act, ten more of these carriers were programmed. After the US declaration of war, Congress appropriated funds for nineteen more Essexes, ten were ordered in August 1942 and three more in June 1943. Only two of these were completed in time to see active World War II service, six ships ordered in 1944 were canceled before construction was begun. The first eight hulls were originally assigned names from historic Navy ships, Lexington was originally laid down as Cabot, but was renamed during construction after the original USS Lexington was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942. Yorktown, originally to be named Bon Homme Richard, was renamed after the original USS Yorktown was lost at the Battle of Midway on 7 June 1942, Lexington and Yorktown share the unique distinction of being named after both historic ships and historic battles. The erstwhile Valley Forge was renamed Princeton after USS Princeton was sunk in the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944, at the conclusion of the war, the six ships ordered but never laid down were canceled. Of the nine still unfinished six were completed, two were scrapped, and Oriskany was taken in hand for modification to an improved design, in drawing up the preliminary design for Essex, particular attention was directed at the size of both the flight and hangar decks
3.
MS Voyager of the Seas
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MS Voyager of the Seas is the lead ship of the Voyager-class of cruise ships operated by Royal Caribbean International. She measured 137,276 GT at launch with a displacement of 58,000 t, and she is 311 m long overall, has a waterline beam of 47.4 m and a height of 63 m. Voyager of the Seas contains the first rock climbing wall at sea, today the ice is used throughout the cruise as a public ice-skating venue and for professional ice shows. The Royal Promenade is a marble floored street stretching just over 3/4 the length of the ship including shops, all cabins on Voyager of the Seas feature en-suite bathrooms and an interactive television service, and most outward facing cabins on the upper decks feature balconies
4.
Voyager-class cruise ship
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The Voyager class refers to a design of post-Panamax cruise ships owned and operated by Royal Caribbean International cruiselines. The Voyager class ships were built at Kværner Masa-Yards Turku New Shipyard and these ships include a 350-foot indoor mall known as the Royal Promenade, featuring indoor pubs, shops, cafes, and bars. Activity options on all five ships include a court, at least 3 pools, a mini-golf course, a rock wall, an ice skating rink and, originally. These same upgrades were added to Adventure of the Seas in 2014, Navigator of the Seas, Voyager of the Seas, and Explorer of the Seas replaced their inline skating tracks with Flowrider surf simulators in 2014 and 2015. Voyager-class ships have a diesel-electric powertrain and they are powered by six Wärtsilä Vasa 46 diesel engines, giving a total output of 75,600 kW. The generated electric power drives three 14 MW ABB Azipod azimuth thrusters, the Voyager class featured some world firsts for cruise ships when it debuted, including the first rock climbing wall and ice-skating rink at sea. Voyager-class ships also feature the Royal Promenade, a marble floored street stretching just over 3/4 the length of the ship featuring shops and light dining venues. The Royal Promenade extends through the decks of the ships, giving most upper level cabins a window. This design was first used in the cruiseferry Silja Serenade in 1990, all cabins on Voyager-class ships feature an en-suite bathrooms and an innovative interactive television service, and most outward facing cabins on the upper decks feature balconies. Navigator of the Seas and Mariner of the Seas make up the generation of Voyager-class vessels. Major differences include a larger Windjammer buffet area, which extends out over the aft of the ship, the second-generation ships also feature glass balconies that extend out from the side of the ship, while the first-generation ships had metal-walled balconies recessed into the superstructure. In addition, the aquarium in the first-generation Schooner Bar was replaced with a piano. These design changes were carried over to the later Freedom class, at 139,570 gross tons, Navigator of the Seas is the eighteenth largest passenger ship at sea as of 2016. Royal Caribbean factsheet on the Voyager class
5.
Ship class
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A ship class is a group of ships of a similar design. This is distinct from a type, which might reflect a similarity of tonnage or intended use. For example, USS Carl Vinson is an aircraft carrier of the Nimitz class. In the course of building a class of ships, design changes might be implemented, in such a case, the ships of different design might not be considered of the same class, each variation would either be its own class, or a subclass of the original class. If ships are built of a class whose production had been discontinued, ships in a class often have names linked by a common factor, e. g. Trafalgar-class submarines names all begin with T, and Ticonderoga-class cruisers are named after American battles. Ships of the class may be referred to as sister ships. The name of a ship class is most commonly the name of the lead ship. However, other systems can be used without confusion or conflict, a descriptive name may be used, for example it was decided to group destroyers made to the same design as HMS Tomahawk, all named after weapons, as the Weapon rather than Tomahawk class. In European navies a class is named after the first ship commissioned regardless of when she was ordered or laid down, the West German Navy used a three-digit type number for every class in service or in advanced project state. Modified versions were identified by a letter suffix. After the reunification of Germany the German Navy kept the system, informally, classes are also traditionally named after their lead ships. The Indonesian Navy has a naming for its ships. Moreover, the type and missions can be identified by the first number on the ships three-digit hull number, which is placed on the front bows. That project sometimes, but not always, had a metaphorical name, in addition, the ships of the class would be numbered, and that number prefixed by a letter indicating the role of that type of vessel. For example, Project 641 had no name, though NATO referred to its members as Foxtrot-class submarines. The British Royal Navy has used methods of naming classes. For instance, the Amphion class is known as the A class. Most destroyer classes were known by the letter used in naming the vessels, e. g. V
6.
Ship
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Historically, a ship was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit. Ships are generally distinguished from boats, based on size, shape, Ships have been important contributors to human migration and commerce. They have supported the spread of colonization and the trade, but have also served scientific, cultural. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from, Ship transport is responsible for the largest portion of world commerce. As of 2016, there were more than 49,000 merchant ships, of these 28% were oil tankers, 43% were bulk carriers, and 13% were container ships. Military forces operate vessels for naval warfare and to transport and support forces ashore, the top 50 navies had a median fleet of 88 surface vessels each, according to various sources. There is no definition of what distinguishes a ship from a boat. Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ability to operate independently for extended periods. A legal definition of ship from Indian case law is a vessel that carries goods by sea, a common notion is that a ship can carry a boat, but not vice versa. American and British 19th Century maritime law distinguished vessels from other craft, ships and boats fall in one legal category, a number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. Other types of vessel which are traditionally called boats are Great Lakes freighters, riverboats. Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, in most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a ship class often named after its first ship. The first known vessels date back about 10,000 years ago, the first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat and this allowed men to explore widely, allowing for the settlement of Oceania for example. By around 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble wooden planks into a hull and they used woven straps to lash the planks together, and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams. Sneferus ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded to a ship being referred to by name, the ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their skills was the Khufu ship. Aksum was known by the Greeks for having seaports for ships from Greece, a panel found at Mohenjodaro depicted a sailing craft
7.
Prototype
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A prototype is an early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process or to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from. It is a used in a variety of contexts, including semantics, design, electronics. A prototype is used to evaluate a new design to enhance precision by system analysts. Prototyping serves to provide specifications for a real, working system rather than a theoretical one, in some design workflow models, creating a prototype is the step between the formalization and the evaluation of an idea. The word prototype derives from the Greek πρωτότυπον prototypon, primitive form, neutral of πρωτότυπος prototypos, original, primitive, from πρῶτος protos, first and τύπος typos, a Working Prototype represents all or nearly all of the functionality of the final product. A Visual Prototype represents the size and appearance, but not the functionality, a User Experience Prototype represents enough of the appearance and function of the product that it can be used for user research. A Functional Prototype captures both function and appearance of the design, though it may be created with different techniques. A Paper Prototype is a printed or hand-drawn representation of the interface of a software product. In some cases, the final production materials may still be undergoing development themselves, process - Mass-production processes are often unsuitable for making a small number of parts, so prototypes may be made using different fabrication processes than the final product. Differences in fabrication process may lead to differences in the appearance of the prototype as compared to the final product, verification - The final product may be subject to a number of quality assurance tests to verify conformance with drawings or specifications. These tests may involve custom inspection fixtures, statistical sampling methods, prototypes are generally made with much closer individual inspection and the assumption that some adjustment or rework will be part of the fabrication process. Prototypes may also be exempted from some requirements that apply to the final product. Engineers and prototype specialists will attempt to minimize the impact of these differences on the role for the prototype. Engineers and prototyping specialists seek to understand the limitations of prototypes to exactly simulate the characteristics of their intended design and it is important to realize that by their very definition, prototypes will represent some compromise from the final production design. Due to differences in materials, processes and design fidelity, it is possible that a prototype may fail to perform acceptably whereas the design may have been sound. In general, it can be expected that individual prototype costs will be greater than the final production costs due to inefficiencies in materials. Prototypes are also used to revise the design for the purposes of reducing costs through optimization and it is possible to use prototype testing to reduce the risk that a design may not perform as intended, however prototypes generally cannot eliminate all risk. As an alternative, rapid prototyping or rapid application development techniques are used for the prototypes, which implement part
8.
Shakedown (testing)
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A shakedown is a period of testing or a trial journey undergone by a ship, aircraft or other craft and its crew before being declared operational. For example, if a bolt has a hidden flaw introduced during manufacturing, most racing cars require a shakedown test before being used at a race meeting. For example, on May 3,2006, Luca Badoer performed shakedowns on all three of Ferraris Formula One cars at the Fiorano Circuit, in preparation for the European Grand Prix at the Nürburgring. Badoer was the Ferrari F1 teams test driver at the time, while the drivers were Michael Schumacher. Aircraft shakedowns check avionics, flight controls, all systems, in aircraft there are two forms of shakedown testing, shakedown testing of the design as a whole, aka flight-tests, and shakedown testing of individual aircraft. Flight-testing proceeds conservatively, demonstrating that each test condition can be achieved before proceeding to the next. Prototype aircraft are generally heavily instrumented in order to support these flight-test objectives by capturing large amounts of data for both analysis and for analysis post-flight. Shakedown testing of aircraft is a simplified version of prototype testing. The design has been demonstrated to be safe, the object is now to demonstrate that the components on an individual aircraft operate appropriately, a shakedown for a ship is generally referred to as a sea trial. The maiden voyage takes place after a successful shakedown, a related term, the pack shakedown, is when a novice hiker has a more experienced hiker suggest changes to the novices equipment, often simply suggesting things to leave out. Bathtub curve, the concept behind shakedowns
9.
Pennsylvania-class battleship
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The Pennsylvania-class consisted of two super-dreadnought battleships built for the United States Navy just before the First World War. The ships were named Pennsylvania and Arizona, after the American states of the same names, the class was the second standard type battleship class to join the US Navy, along with the preceding Nevada and the succeeding New Mexico, Tennessee and Colorado classes. For the remainder of the period, the ships were used in exercises. Both Pennsylvania and Arizona were present during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Arizona was sunk by a massive magazine explosion and was turned into a memorial after the war, while Pennsylvania, in dry dock at the time, received only minor damage. After a refit from October 1942 to February 1943, Pennsylvania went on to serve as a shore bombardment ship for most of the remainder of the war, Pennsylvania was present at the Battle of Surigao Strait, the last battle ever between battleships, but did not engage. Pennsylvania was severely damaged by a torpedo on 12 August 1945, with minimal repairs, it was used in Operation Crossroads, part of the nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll, before being expended as a target ship in 1948. The preceding Nevada-class battleships represented a leap forward from previous American battleship technology and they were the first in the world to employ the all or nothing armor scheme that characterized every succeeding American battleship. The new system envisioned that, at long ranges, ships would be attacked with only armor-piercing projectiles, medium or light armor would only serve to detonate the shells. In issuing desired specifications for the design that would become the Nevada-class, moreover, there was a major benefit in weight thanks to the accompanying loss of an armored barbette and turret. These weight savings were applied to the protection, making the all or nothing concept a reality. The Nevadas were also the first American battleships to use oil fuel. The cumulative effect of the change was measured by the navy as a fifty-five percent increase in production per pound of fuel. Within a few years oil tanks below the waterline were considered indispensable parts of the armor scheme employed in American dreadnoughts. The General Boards call for a new 1913 fiscal year battleship design was sent in June 1911 with the recent Nevada innovations in mind. They desired a ship with a battery of twelve 14-inch guns in triple turrets, a secondary battery of twenty-two 5-inch guns, a speed of 21 knots. C&Rs first sketch was unsatisfactory, their design of 625 feet and 30,000 long tons actually had less armor than the Nevadas. The design process was marked by efforts to meet the General Boards specifications with only a moderate increase in tonnage over the Nevada-class. Between January and March 1912, thirteen sketches were prepared for consideration by C&R with reciprocating or turbine engines that traded either speed or metacentric height for armor
10.
Battleship
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A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries the battleship was the most powerful type of warship, the word battleship was coined around 1794 and is a contraction of the phrase line-of-battle ship, the dominant wooden warship during the Age of Sail. The term came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ironclad warship. In 1906, the commissioning of HMS Dreadnought heralded a revolution in battleship design, subsequent battleship designs, influenced by HMS Dreadnought, were referred to as dreadnoughts. Battleships were a symbol of naval dominance and national might, the launch of Dreadnought in 1906 commenced a new naval arms race. Jutland was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of battleships in the war, the Naval Treaties of the 1920s and 1930s limited the number of battleships, though technical innovation in battleship design continued. The value of the battleship has been questioned, even during their heyday, there were few of the decisive fleet battles that battleship proponents expected, and used to justify the vast resources spent on building battlefleets. Battleships were retained by the United States Navy into the Cold War for fire support purposes before being stricken from the U. S. Naval Vessel Register in the 2000s. A ship of the line was a large, unarmored wooden sailing ship which mounted a battery of up to 120 smoothbore guns, from 1794, the alternative term line of battle ship was contracted to battle ship or battleship. The sheer number of guns fired broadside meant a sail battleship could wreck any wooden enemy, holing her hull, knocking down masts, wrecking her rigging, and killing her crew. However, the range of the guns was as little as a few hundred yards. The first major change to the ship of the concept was the introduction of steam power as an auxiliary propulsion system. Steam power was introduced to the navy in the first half of the 19th century, initially for small craft. The French Navy introduced steam to the line of battle with the 90-gun Napoléon in 1850—the first true steam battleship, Napoléon was armed as a conventional ship-of-the-line, but her steam engines could give her a speed of 12 knots, regardless of the wind condition. This was a decisive advantage in a naval engagement. The introduction of steam accelerated the growth in size of battleships, the adoption of steam power was only one of a number of technological advances which revolutionized warship design in the 19th century. The ship of the line was overtaken by the ironclad, powered by steam, protected by metal armor, and armed with guns firing high-explosive shells. In the Crimean War, six ships and two frigates of the Russian Black Sea Fleet destroyed seven Turkish frigates and three corvettes with explosive shells at the Battle of Sinop in 1853
11.
USS Pennsylvania (BB-38)
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USS Pennsylvania was the lead ship of the Pennsylvania class of United States Navy super-dreadnought battleships. She was the third Navy ship named for the state of Pennsylvania and she was laid down on 27 October 1913, by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia. She was launched on 16 March 1915, sponsored by Elizabeth Kolb of Philadelphia, upon commissioning, Pennsylvania was attached to the Atlantic Fleet. On 12 October 1916, she became flagship of Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, in January 1917, Pennsylvania steamed for Fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea. She returned to her base at Yorktown, Virginia, on 6 April and she did not sail to join the British Grand Fleet since she burned fuel oil rather than coal, and tankers could not be spared to carry additional fuel to the British Isles. In the light of this circumstance, only coal-burning battleships were selected for this mission, while at Yorktown, on 11 August 1917, Pennsylvania manned the rail and rendered honors as Mayflower, with President Woodrow Wilson aboard, stood in and anchored. At 12,15, President Wilson returned the call of Commander, Battle Force, on 2 December 1918, Pennsylvania steamed to anchor off Tompkinsville, New York. On 4 December, she got underway for Brest, France, at 11,00, the transport George Washington, flying the flag of the President of the United States, stood out with an escort of 10 destroyers. Pennsylvania manned the rail and fired a 21-gun salute and she took position ahead of George Washington as guide for the Presidents escort. Arriving in Brest on 13 December, the crew manned the rail, on 14 December, Pennsylvania departed for New York, arriving on 25 December. In February 1919, Pennsylvania steamed for Fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea, while at New York on 30 June, Admiral Mayo was relieved as Commander in Chief, Atlantic Fleet, by Vice Admiral Henry B. Wilson, the first captain of the ship, at Tompkinsville on 8 July, Pennsylvania embarked Vice President Thomas R. Marshall, Cabinet Secretaries Daniels, Glass, Wilson, Baker, Lane, and Senator Champ Clark, and then put to sea. At 10,00, Oklahoma was sighted with George Washington flying the Presidents flag, Pennsylvania fired a presidential salute, then took position ahead of Oklahoma and steamed to New York, stopping en route to disembark her distinguished guests before proceeding to her berth. On 7 January 1920, she departed New York for Fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea and she resumed a schedule of local training operations until 17 January 1921, when she departed New York for the Panama Canal. On 21 January, the Fleet sailed from Balboa, en route to Callao, Peru, departing on 2 February, Pennsylvania returned to Balboa on 14 February, and then conducted brief exercises while based at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Upon her return to Hampton Roads on 28 April, she rendered a 21-gun salute as she passed Mayflower, the Secretary of the Navy, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Assistant Secretary of the Navy came aboard for a reception for the President of the United States. At 11,40, President Warren Harding came aboard and his flag was broken at the main mast, on 22 August 1922, Pennsylvania departed Lynnhaven Roads to join the Pacific Fleet. After a visit to Wellington, New Zealand, she returned to San Pedro on 26 September and she remained in the yard for nearly two years
12.
Royal Navy
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The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
13.
Tribal-class frigate
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The Type 81, or Tribal class, were ordered and built as Sloops to carry out similar duties to the immediate post war Improved Black Swan Sloops and Loch class frigates in the Gulf. In 1979-80 age and crew and fuel shortages, saw them transferred to the stand by squadrons, the Tribals were designed during the 1950s as a response to the increasing cost of single-role vessels such as the Type 14s. They were first such multi role vessels for the Royal Navy and they were designed specifically with colonial gunboat duties in mind, particularly in the Middle East. The G6 gas turbine proved reliable and was used to leave port during the frigates career. They were armed with two 4. 5-inch Mark 5 main guns salvaged from scrapped Second World War destroyers, although these mountings were refurbished with Remote Power Control operation, they still required manual loading on an exposed mounting. The automatic guns were rejected on account of weight, space, from the outset they were designed to carry the new GWS-21 Sea Cat anti-aircraft missile system but all except Zulu initially shipped single Mark 7 Bofors guns in lieu. The rest of the class were fitted with Sea Cat in the 1970s using surplus missile systems, leftover from Battle-class destroyers and County-class destroyer refits. The Tribals were the first modern RN ships designed to use a combination of power sources, an additive mix of steam and gas turbine called COmbined Steam and Gas COSAG was used. This gave the rapid start-up and acceleration of a gas turbine engine coupled with the cruising efficiency and they would cruise on the steam plant and use both systems driving the same shaft for a high-speed boost. They suffered however from being single-shaft vessels which severely limited manoeuvrability, the single screw proved significantly limiting when they were used in the 1970s Cod Wars in terms of manoeuvering in ramming manoeuvers, for and against, Icelandic coast guard cutters. The costs for the Tribal Class ships escalated above the costs first envisaged, only 4 would have been built if it had been possible to cancel the contractual commitments the Royal Navy had entered into for the supply of complex engines and machinery for eight frigates. The ships were small, at 360 feet, which reduced the options for later modernisation and were always going to be limited by their single-shaft propulsion. The later Royal Navy Type 21 Amazon Class General Purpose Frigates were originally envisaged for a similar role to the Tribal Class ships. The class served throughout the 1960s and into the 1970s fulfilling their designed general purpose colonial gunboat role, when change in British foreign policy made this role redundant they found themselves being pressed into service in home waters in the Cod Wars of the 1970s. All were decommissioned from the Royal Navy during the mid-to-late 1970s with the crisis also attributing to the rapid removal of the class from service. The remaining units were cannibalised for parts to enable the 3 ships to be refitted. These ships were sold in 1984 to Indonesia, the building costs given above are official figures from the Navy/Defence Estimates. Note that Janes Fighting Ships quotes a lower cost for Ashanti of £5,220,000
14.
Frigate
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A frigate /ˈfrɪɡᵻt/ is any of several types of warship, the term having been used for ships of various sizes and roles over the last few centuries. In the 17th century, this term was used for any warship built for speed and maneuverability and these could be warships carrying their principal batteries of carriage-mounted guns on a single deck or on two decks. The term was used for ships too small to stand in the line of battle. In the late 19th century, the frigate was a type of ironclad warship that for a time was the most powerful type of vessel afloat. The term frigate was used because such ships still mounted their principal armaments on a continuous upper deck. Ship classes dubbed frigates have more closely resembled corvettes, destroyers, cruisers. The rank frigate captain derives from the name of type of ship. The term frigate originated in the Mediterranean in the late 15th century, referring to a lighter galleass type ship with oars, sails and a light armament, built for speed and maneuverability. The etymology of the word is unknown, although it may have originated as a corruption of aphractus, aphractus was, in turn, derived from the Ancient Greek phrase ἄφρακτος ναῦς, or undefended ship. In 1583, during the Eighty Years War, Habsburg Spain recovered the Southern Netherlands from the rebellious Dutch and this soon led to the occupied ports being used as bases for privateers, the Dunkirkers, to attack the shipping of the Dutch and their allies. To achieve this they developed small, maneuverable, sailing vessels that came to be referred to as frigates, in French, the term frigate became a verb, meaning to build long and low, and an adjective, adding further confusion. Even the huge English Sovereign of the Seas could be described as a frigate by a contemporary after her upper decks were reduced in 1651. The navy of the Dutch Republic was the first navy to build the larger ocean-going frigates, the first two tasks required speed, shallowness of draft for the shallow waters around the Netherlands, and the ability to carry sufficient supplies to maintain a blockade. The third task required heavy armament, sufficient to fight against the Spanish fleet, the first of these larger battle-capable frigates were built around 1600 at Hoorn in Holland. The effectiveness of the Dutch frigates became most visible in the Battle of the Downs in 1639, encouraging most other navies, especially the English, to adopt similar designs. The fleets built by the Commonwealth of England in the 1650s generally consisted of ships described as frigates, the largest of which were two-decker great frigates of the third rate. Carrying 60 guns, these vessels were as big and capable as great ships of the time, however, most other frigates at the time were used as cruisers, independent fast ships. The term frigate implied a long hull design, which relates directly to speed and also, in turn, in Danish, the word fregat is often applied to warships carrying as few as 16 guns, such as HMS Falcon which the British classified as a sloop
15.
HMS Mohawk (F125)
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HMS Mohawk was a Tribal-class frigate of the Royal Navy in service from 1963. She was named after a tribe of Native Americans located in southeast Canada, Mohawk was built by Vickers, of Barrow-in-Furness, at a cost of £4,705,000. She was launched on 5 April 1962 and commissioned on 29 November 1963 and her construction had been disrupted by a labour dispute. In 1965, Mohawk deployed to the Persian Gulf and she joined the Beira Patrol, intended to enforce an oil blockade of Rhodesia, in 1966. The following year, Mohawk deployed to the West Indies and the Mediterranean, by 1969, Mohawk had returned to the West Indies. Mohawk underwent a conversion to accommodate her planned utilisation as a training ship, the refit entailed the removal of Mohawks aft 4. 5-inch gun, but the process was abandoned. In 1973, Mohawk and the destroyer Antrim relieved the destroyer Devonshire, Mohawk contributed to the Beira Patrol before returning to Britain in 1973. Later that year she embarked on a tour of the Norwegian coast and she was called onto assist in the search for Gaul, a fishing vessel that went missing in the Barents Sea. In 1974, Mohawk served in the West Indies and the Mediterranean, in 1977, Mohawk joined Naval On-call Force of the Mediterranean, a NATO multi-national squadron. Later that year, Mohawk formed part of a force designated Group 6, led by the cruiser Tiger. During the groups return journey the following year, Mohawk suffered hull damage in the port of Valletta, Malta after slipping her moorings early, in 1979, Mohawk was reduced to the reserve and allocated to the Standby Squadron. After being placed on the disposal list in 1981, Mohawk was sold for scrap and broken up at Cairnryan. Ships of the Royal Navy, The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy, conways All The Worlds Fighting Ships, 1947-1995
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Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate
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The Oliver Hazard Perry class is a class of guided missile frigates named after the American Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry, the hero of the naval Battle of Lake Erie. In Admiral Elmo Zumwalts high low fleet plan, the FFG-7s were the low capability ships with the Spruance-class destroyers serving as the high capability ships, fifty-five ships were built in the United States,51 for the United States Navy and four for the Royal Australian Navy. In addition, eight were built in Taiwan, six in Spain, former U. S. Navy warships of this class have been sold or donated to the navies of Bahrain, Egypt, Poland, Pakistan, Taiwan and Turkey. The first of the 51 U. S. Navy built Oliver Hazard Perry frigates entered service in 1977, and the last remaining in active service. The retired vessels were mothballed or transferred to other navies for continued service. The ships were designed by the Bath Iron Works shipyard in Maine in partnership with the New York-based naval architects Gibbs & Cox, the Oliver Hazard Perry-class ships were produced in 445-foot long short-hull and 453-foot long long-hull variants. The long-hull ships carry the larger SH-60 Seahawk LAMPS III helicopters, while the short-hulled warships carry the smaller, the FFG8,29,32, and 33 were built as short-hull warships but were later modified into long-hull warships. Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates were the class of surface ship in the US Navy to be built with gas turbine propulsion. The gas turbine propulsion plants also allowed the speed to be controlled directly from the bridge via a throttle control. American shipyards constructed Oliver Hazard Perry-class ships for the U. S. Navy, early American-built Australian ships were originally built as the short-hull version, but they were modified during the 1980s to the long-hull design. Shipyards in Australia, Spain, and Taiwan have produced several warships of the design for their navies. Although the per-ship costs rose greatly over the period of production, during the design phase of the Oliver Hazard Perry class, head of the Royal Corps of Naval Constructors, R. J. Daniels, was invited by an old friend, US Chief of the Bureau of Ships, Adm Robert C Gooding, to advise upon the use of variable-pitch propellers in the class. During the course of conversation, Daniels warned Gooding against the use of aluminium in the superstructure of the FFG-7 class as he believed it would lead to structural weaknesses. A number of ships subsequently developed structural cracks, including a 40 ft fissure in USS Duncan and they could also provide air defense against 1970s- and 1980s-era aircraft and anti-ship missiles. These warships are equipped to escort and protect aircraft carrier groups, amphibious landing groups, underway replenishment groups. They can conduct independent operations to such tasks as surveillance of illegal drug smugglers, maritime interception operations. The addition of the Naval Tactical Data System, LAMPS helicopters, and they are well suited to operations in littoral regions, and for most war-at-sea scenarios
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Adelaide-class frigate
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The Adelaide class is a ship class of six guided missile frigates constructed in Australia and the United States of America for service in the Royal Australian Navy. The class is based on the United States Navys Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates, the first four vessels were built in the United States, while the other two were constructed in Australia. The first ship entered service in November 1980, and three of the six ships are active as of 2015, Sydney was decommissioned in late 2015, after spending most of the year as a moored training ship. The Hobart-class air-warfare destroyers will replace the remaining frigates from 2016 onwards, following the cancellation of the Australian light destroyer project in 1973, the British Type 42 destroyer and the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate were identified as alternatives. Although the Type 42 met the RANs requirements as a replacement for the cancelled light destroyers, despite this, the Australian government approved the purchase of two US-built Perry-class ships in 1974. The risk of acquiring an unproven design was seen as acceptable because of the success of the USNs Charles F, adams-class destroyer, when compared to the equivalent British ships the RAN would have purchased. Final government approval to order two ships was granted in 1976, with a ship ordered in 1977. The order was expanded in April 1980 with the order of a fourth unit, the first, HMAS Adelaide was built to the Flight I design, while Canberra and Sydney were the first and last ships of the Flight II design, respectively. The final American-built ship was Darwin, constructed to the Flight III design, in 1980, two more ships were ordered, but were built in Australia by AMECON of Williamstown, Victoria, and did not receive USN numbers. Since the withdrawal of the Perth-class destroyers, these ships are the RANs primary air defence vessels and they also have significant anti-surface capability, being armed with a 76-millimetre Mk 75 gun and the Harpoon ASM, and a pair of triple torpedo tubes for ASW. In addition, two S-70B Seahawk helicopters are carried, from 2005 onwards, all RAN frigates deploying to the Persian Gulf are fitted with two M2HB.50 calibre machine guns in Mini Typhoon mounts, installed on the aft corners of the hangar roof. Two TopLite EO directors are used with the guns, there have been two major upgrades distinguishing the Adelaide class from the American Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates. The first three ships were constructed to the Perry class short hull design, with a length for both the main deck and the keel. Ships from FFG-36 onwards were built with an increase in overall length—achieved by angling the transom to increase the area of the flight deck and allow the operation of Seahawk helicopters. Adelaide, Canberra, and Sydney were later upgraded to match the larger ships. In the mid-1990s, the Australian government commenced SEA1390, also known as the FFG Upgrade Project. Originally costing A$1 billion, which has expanded to A$1.46 billion, the project includes improvements to the combat and fire system, the sonar suite. The upgrade was for four ships and intended to expand their service life to approximately 2020, the project cost was partly offset by the decommissioning of the two oldest units, Canberra paying off in 2005 and Adelaide in 2008
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Royal Australian Navy
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The Royal Australian Navy is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, the ships and resources of the colonial navies were integrated into a national force. Originally intended for defence, the navy was granted the title of Royal Australian Navy in 1911. Britains Royal Navy continued to support the RAN and provided additional blue-water defence capability in the Pacific up to the years of World War II. Then, rapid expansion saw the acquisition of large surface vessels. In the decade following the war, the RAN acquired a number of aircraft carriers. Today, the RAN consists of 47 commissioned vessels,3 non-commissioned vessels, the current Chief of Navy is Vice Admiral Tim Barrett. The Commonwealth Naval Forces were established on 1 March 1901, two months after the federation of Australia, when the forces of the separate Australian colonies were amalgamated. As a result, the force structure was set at one battlecruiser. On 10 July 1911, King George V granted the service the title of Royal Australian Navy. The first of the RANs new vessels, the destroyer Yarra, was completed in September 1910, in this time the focus of Australias naval policy shifted from defence against invasion to trade protection, and several fleet units were sunk as targets or scrapped. By 1923, the size of the navy had fallen to eight vessels, following the outbreak of the Pacific War and the virtual destruction of British naval forces in south-east Asia, the RAN operated more independently, or as part of United States Navy formations. As the navy took on a greater role, it was expanded significantly and at its height the RAN was the fourth-largest navy in the world. A total of 34 vessels were lost during the war, including three cruisers and four destroyers, after the Second World War, the size of the RAN was again reduced, but it gained new capabilities with the acquisition of two aircraft carriers, Sydney and Melbourne. The RAN saw action in many Cold War–era conflicts in the Asia-Pacific region and operated alongside the Royal Navy and United States Navy off Korea, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Since the end of the Cold War, the RAN has been part of Coalition forces in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, operating in support of Operation Slipper and it was also deployed in support of Australian peacekeeping operations in East Timor and the Solomon Islands. The strategic command structure of the RAN was overhauled during the New Generation Navy changes, the RAN is commanded through Naval Headquarters in Canberra. The professional head is the Chief of Navy, who holds the rank of Vice Admiral, NHQ is responsible for implementing policy decisions handed down from the Department of Defence and for overseeing tactical and operational issues that are the purview of the subordinate commands
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Sun Princess
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Sun Princess is a Sun-class cruise ship built in 1995 and operated by Princess Cruises. At the time of her construction, she was one of the largest cruise ships in the world and she is the lead ship of her class that includes sister ships Dawn Princess, Sea Princess and the P&O ship, Oceana. Sun Princess was the ship on which the television show Love Boat, since November 2007, Sun Princess has been seasonally based at Sydney, Australia. Cruises offered from that time circumnavigations Australia, circumnavigations New Zealand, in 2012 she offered her first World Cruise. In April 2008, Sun Princess was based in Australia operating out of Sydney during the winter months, for the 2008/2009 season the cruise program included Australian circumnavigations, Fremantle - Malacca Straits return, Melbourne - New Zealand / South Pacific. Sun Princess also sailed from Sydney for Melbourne plus Whitsundays return, a Japan return itinerary, during summer 2008/9 whilst Sun Princess was operating out of Melbourne, she was joined by Dawn Princess operating out of Sydney. Dawn Princess was also based in Australia from that time which was a change from Princess Cruises original plans. Demand for Sun Princess cruises between Sydney and Fremantle and beyond from April to June 2008 was so strong that Princess Cruises scheduled additional sailings for 2009, the company also decided to base the vessel in Fremantle from April to August that year. Cruises on Sun Princess from Fremantle in 2009 included the first Indian Ocean voyage of its kind from Australia, a 46-night sailing from Fremantle visited Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, India, the Maldives, the Seychelles, South Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius and Réunion. In 2013, Sun Princess sailed round-trip cruises from Tokyo, Japan marking the first of Princess Cruises deployments from there, in 2014, she sailed an extended Japan cruise program, sailing from Otaru, Hokkaido and Kobe. She was joined by Diamond Princess which replaced her Tokyo sailings, in October 2013, a 73-year-old man disappeared from Sun Princess which was sailing a 16-day cruise from Fremantle, Western Australia to Sydney. The man was reported missing by his wife, a search was conducted approximately 40 nautical miles north of Cape Londonderry. NT News reported that the ship was joined by patrol ship HMAS Maryborough. Although the weather was good, the passenger was not rescued nor his body located. In November 2014, an 84-year-old elderly man fell overboard off the coast of Sydney, the ship was returning to White Bay in Sydney after a 13-day New Zealand cruise
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Sun-class cruise ship
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The Sun class is a class of cruise ships operated primarily by Princess Cruises, a subsidiary of Carnival. The class was designed and its component vessels constructed by Fincantieri Cantieri Navali Italiani in Italy, the first Sun-class vessel, Sun Princess, entered service in 1995 and the last, Ocean Princess, entered service in the year 2000. At the time of launch, the Sun class was amongst the largest cruise ships in the world, the vessels are promoted as big ship choice and small ship feel
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Cruise ship
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Transportation is not the only purpose of cruising, particularly on cruises that return passengers to their originating port, with the ports of call usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even cruises to nowhere or nowhere voyages where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call, by contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do line voyages and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. The gradual evolution of passenger ship design from ocean liners to cruise ships has seen passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas, the distinction between ocean liners and cruise ships has blurred, particularly with respect to deployment. Larger cruise ships have also engaged in longer trips such as transoceanic voyages which may not return to the port for months. Some former ocean liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo, the only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a liner of December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard fleet. The industrys rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships. These are displaced by new ships in the growth areas. The worlds largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean Internationals Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships by about 2.15 meters, the birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837, in 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular, P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, the company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger. Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and she was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe, however, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an account of it as Backschisch. The first vessel built exclusively for cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin. The ship was completed in 1900, the practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings
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