1.
Neighbourhood
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A neighbourhood, or neighborhood, is a geographically localised community within a larger city, town, suburb or rural area. Neighbourhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face interaction among members, the Old English word for neighbourhood was neahdæl. ”Most of the earliest cities around the world as excavated by archaeologists have evidence for the presence of social neighbourhoods. Historical documents shed light on life in numerous historical preindustrial or nonwestern cities. Neighbourhoods are typically generated by social interaction among people living near one another, in this sense they are local social units larger than households not directly under the control of city or state officials. In addition to social neighbourhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, administrative districts are typically larger than neighbourhoods and their boundaries may cut across neighbourhood divisions. In some cases, however, administrative districts coincided with neighbourhoods, for example, in the T’ang period Chinese capital city Chang’an, neighbourhoods were districts and there were state officials who carefully controlled life and activity at the neighbourhood level. Neighbourhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialisation or differentiation, ethnic neighbourhoods were important in many past cities and remain common in cities today. One factor contributing to neighbourhood distinctiveness and social cohesion in past cities was the role of rural to urban migration and this was a continual process in preindustrial cities, and migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past. Neighbourhoods have been the site of delivery or service interventions in part as efforts to provide local, quality services. Alfred Kahn, as early as the mid-1970s, described the experience, theory and fads of neighbourhood service delivery over the decade, including discussion of income transfers. Neighbourhoods, as an aspect of community, also are the site of services for youth, including children with disabilities. While the term neighbourhood organisation is not as common in 2015, community and economic development activists have pressured for reinvestment in local communities and neighbourhoods. Community and Economic Development may be understood in different ways, and may involve faith-based groups, urban sociology even has a subset termed neighbourhood sociology which supports the study of local communities and the diversity of urban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods are also used in studies from postal codes and health disparities. Neighbourhoods are convenient, and always accessible, since you are already in your neighbourhood when you walk out your door, successful neighbourhood action frequently requires little specialised technical skill, and often little or no money. Action may call for an investment of time, but material costs are often low, with neighbourhood action, compared to activity on larger scales, results are more likely to be visible and quickly forthcoming. The streets are cleaner, the crosswalk is painted, the trees are planted, visible and swift results are indicators of success, and since success is reinforcing, the probability of subsequent neighbourhood action is increased. The social support that a neighbourhood may provide can serve as a buffer against various forms of adversity
2.
Rideau Canal
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The Rideau Canal, also known unofficially as the Rideau Waterway, connects the city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, on the Ottawa River to the city of Kingston, Ontario, on Lake Ontario. It is 202 kilometres in length, the name Rideau, French for curtain, is derived from the curtain-like appearance of the Rideau Rivers twin waterfalls where they join the Ottawa River. The canal system uses sections of two rivers, the Rideau and the Cataraqui, as well as several lakes, the Rideau Canal is operated by Parks Canada. The canal was opened in 1832 as a precaution in case of war with the United States and it remains in use today primarily for pleasure boating, with most of its original structures intact, operated by Parks Canada. The locks on the open for navigation in mid-May and close in mid-October. It is the oldest continuously operated system in North America. Lawrence River, which would have severed the lifeline between Montreal and Kingston, the British built a number of other canals as well as a number of forts to impede and deter any future American invasions of Canadian territory. The initial purpose of the Rideau Canal was military, as it was intended to provide a secure supply, westward from Montreal, travel would proceed along the Ottawa River to Bytown, then southwest via the canal to Kingston and out into Lake Ontario. The objective was to bypass the stretch of the St. Lawrence bordering New York, the canal also served a commercial purpose. The Rideau Canal was easier to navigate than the St. Lawrence River because of the series of rapids between Montreal and Kingston, as a result, the Rideau Canal became a busy commercial artery from Montreal to the Great Lakes. However, by 1849, the rapids of the St. Lawrence had been tamed by a series of locks, the construction of the canal was supervised by Lieutenant-Colonel John By of the Royal Engineers. Colonel John By decided to create a canal system instead of constructing new channels. This was an approach as it required fewer workers, was more cost effective. The canal work started in the fall of 1826, and it was completed by the spring of 1832, the final cost of the canals construction was £822,804 by the time all the costs, including land acquisitions costs, were accounted for. Given the unexpected cost overruns, John By was recalled to London and was retired with no accolades or recognition for the tremendous accomplishment hed achieved, once the canal was constructed, no further military engagements took place between Canada and the United States. Although the Rideau Canal never had to be used as a supply route. Tens of thousands of immigrants from the British Isles travelled the Rideau in this period, hundreds of barge loads of goods were shipped each year along the Rideau, allowing Montreal to compete commercially in the 1830s and 40s with New York as a major North American port. In 1841, for instance, there were 19 steamboats,3 self-propelled barges and 157 unpowered or tow barges using the Rideau Canal, as many as one thousand of the workers died from malaria, other diseases and accidents
3.
Rideau River
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The Rideau River is an Eastern Ontario river which flows north from Upper Rideau Lake and empties into the Ottawa River at Rideau Falls in Ottawa, Ontario. The Rideau Canal, which travel from Ottawa to the city of Kingston. The river diverges from the Canal at Hogs Back Falls in Ottawa and this practice has been going on for more than 100 years. The regulatory authority charged with protecting the Rideau River and its tributaries is the Rideau Valley Conservation Authority, ISBN 0-8020-2573-0 – via Google Books. Rideau Valley Conservation Authority Biodiversity of the Rideau River
4.
Algonquin College
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Algonquin College of Applied Arts and Technology is a publicly funded English-language college and member of Polytechnics Canada located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The college serves the National Capital Region and the areas of Eastern Ontario, Western Quebec. The college has three campuses, a campus located in Ottawa, Ontario, and secondary campuses located in Perth, Ontario. The enabling legislation is the Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities Act, the college was established during the formation of Ontario’s college system in 1967. Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology were established on May 21,1965 when the Ontario system of colleges was created. The founding institutions were the Eastern Ontario Institute of Technology and the Ontario Vocational Centre Ottawa, the original 8 acres site on Woodroffe Avenue was donated to the city by Mr and Mrs Frank Ryan. The corporate campus or modernist academic acropolis spread across North America in the early 1960s, the entrance is via a deeply recessed terrace thats overhung with small white ceramic tiles and vintage can lights. The long walls are bumped out to float over the foundation, the foundation plantings keep the blocks from appearing stark. The first Principal of the Ontario Vocational Centre was Kenneth G. Shoultz, Principal Shoultz took on the leadership of OVC in 1965 after working as a technical studies teacher and then as an inspector for the Ontario Department of Education. K. G. Shoultz continued on as the first Dean of the Technical Centre after OVC was amalgamated with Algonquin College in 1967, Algonquin College is named after the Algonquin First Nations Peoples who were the original inhabitors of the area. In 1964, the Rideau Campus was established, “Satellite” campuses in Pembroke, Hawkesbury, Perth, Carleton Place and Renfrew were established in the late 1960s. The Vanier School of Nursing became a part of the Woodroffe Campus when nursing programs began to be offered at the college, in 1973, the School of Prescott-Russell joined the Algonquin family and the Colonel By Campus was created through the acquisition of St. Patrick’s College. With the creation of La Cité Collégiale,1990 marked the beginning of Algonquin as an English college, the Hawkesbury campus was transferred to La Cité Collégiale, and the Renfrew, Colonel By, and Carleton Place campuses were progressively closed. The latest closure was in August 2002, when the Rideau Campus closed, bachelors degrees in Applied Studies were introduced. Algonquin College announced in 2016 that it is set to launch a $44. 9-million building renovation project that is set to be complete by spring of 2018 and this renovation is taking place in the colleges original C building which houses most of the administration. The purpose of this significant renovation is to improve the library from the once outdated facility to a new Entrepreneurship. The uniquely green, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Platinum certified building showcases a teaching laboratory for best practices in sustainable construction. The new facility integrates the relocated bus station and a new transit roadway to the main campus via a $4 million pedestrian bridge constructed across Woodroffe Avenue
5.
University of Ottawa
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The University of Ottawa is a bilingual public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 42.5 hectares in the neighbourhood of Sandy Hill. The university offers a variety of academic programs, administered by ten faculties. It is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. The University of Ottawa was first established as the College of Bytown in 1848 by the first bishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa, Joseph-Bruno Guigues. Placed under the direction of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, it was renamed the College of Ottawa in 1861, on 5 February 1889, the university was granted a pontifical charter by Pope Leo XIII, elevating the institution to a pontifical university. The University was reorganized on 1 July 1965 as a corporation, as a result, the civil and pontifical charters were kept by the newly created Saint Paul University, federated with the university. The remaining civil faculties were retained by the reorganized university, the university is co-educational and enrolls over 35,000 undergraduate and over 6,000 post-graduate students. The university has more than 195,000 alumni, the universitys athletic teams are known as the Gee-Gees and are members of U Sports. The university was established on 26 September 1848 as the College of Bytown by the first Roman Catholic bishop of Ottawa and he entrusted administration to the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The college was located in Lower Town, housed in a wooden building next to the Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica. However, space became an issue for administrators, triggering two moves in 1852 and a final move to Sandy Hill in 1856. The Sandy Hill property was donated by Louis-Theodore Besserer, where he offered a parcel from his estate for the college. The college was renamed College of Ottawa in 1861, following the name change from Bytown to Ottawa. By 1872 the university had begun to confer undergraduate degrees, with masters degrees coming in 1875. On 5 February 1889, the university was granted a charter from Pope Leo XIII. The university faced a crisis when fire destroyed the building on 2 December 1903. After the fire, the university hired New York architect A. O. Von Herbulis to design its replacement and it was among the first Canadian structures to be completely fireproof, built of reinforced concrete
6.
Ontario Highway 417
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Kings Highway 417, commonly referred to as Highway 417 and the Queensway through Ottawa, is a 400-series highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. It connects Montreal with Ottawa, and is the backbone of the system in the National Capital Region. Within Ottawa, it part of the Queensway west to Highway 7. Highway 417 extends from the Quebec border to Arnprior, where it continues westward as Highway 17, aside from the urban section through Ottawa, Highway 417 passes through farmland that dominates much of the fertile Ottawa Valley. Within Ottawa, the Queensway was built as part of a plan for the city between 1957 and 1966, and later reconstructed to its present form throughout the 1980s. The eastern section, from Gloucester to the Quebec border, opened in 1975 in preparation for the 1976 Montreal Olympics, sections west of Ottawa have been under construction since the mid-1970s, with the latest section bypassing Arnprior opening on November 29,2012. The freeway has also gradually been extended northwest from Ottawa alongside the old highway to its current terminus in Arnprior, Highway 417 currently has 42 interchanges from the Quebec border to Arnprior, with more planned as the highway is extended westward. Unlike other highways in Ontario and most of North America, exits are numbered from east to west. While a significant portion of Highway 417 is a four lane freeway divided by a grass median. Highway 417 begins at the border between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec, east of which the four lane freeway continues as Autoroute 40, the route proceeds west along the former alignment of Highway 17, which it has served to replace. It passes through a forested and agricultural landscape en route to Ottawa, serving the communities of Hawkesbury, Vankleek Hill, Casselman, Limoges, the route later meets the southern terminus of Highway 34 at Exit 27. At this point, the freeway enters The Nation and diverges from the boundary, after crossing a Via Rail line, the route dips south of Casselman and curves to the west at Exit 66. It roughly parallels the Via Rail line several kilometres north of the freeway, though significant deviations bypass the communities of Benoit and Limoges, the latter is served by Exit 79. Near Limoges is the Larose Forest, a man-made forest planted between 1928 and 1980 over the Bourget Desert, itself created as the result of cutting in the 19th century. At Exit 88, Highway 417 enters the city of Ottawa, though the surroundings remain unchanged until Exit 110, the freeway merges with the Queensway at a large multi-level interchange known locally as the Split, curving to the west and into downtown Ottawa. The interchange also provides access to Aviation Parkway from westbound Highway 417, within Ottawa, the Queensway extends from Orleans in the east and passes just south of downtown through central Ottawa to Kanata in the west. The core section of the Queensway is eight lanes wide, four per carriageway, the freeway is elevated on a berm along some central portions of the route, providing views of downtown and the Gatineau Hills to the north. This section was constructed along a former Canadian National Railway railbed, the route bisects central Ottawa with downtown and the Parliament Buildings lay to the north of the highway and residential neighbourhoods including the Glebe to the south
7.
Ottawa
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Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It stands on the bank of the Ottawa River in the eastern portion of southern Ontario. Ottawa borders Gatineau, Quebec, the two form the core of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area and the National Capital Region. The 2016 census reported a population of 934,243, making it the fourth-largest city in Canada, the City of Ottawa reported that the city had an estimated population of 960,754 as of December 2015. Founded in 1826 as Bytown, and incorporated as Ottawa in 1855, the city name Ottawa was chosen in reference to the Ottawa River nearby, the name of which is derived from the Algonquin Odawa, meaning to trade. The city is the most educated in Canada, and is home to a number of post-secondary, research, and cultural institutions, including the National Arts Centre, Ottawa also has the highest standard of living in the nation and low unemployment. It ranked second out of 150 worldwide in the Numbeo quality of life index 2014–2015, with the draining of the Champlain Sea around ten thousand years ago the Ottawa Valley became habitable. The area was used for wild harvesting, hunting, fishing, trade, travel. The Ottawa river valley has archaeological sites with arrow heads, pottery, the area has three major rivers that meet, making it an important trade and travel area for thousands of years. The Algonquins called the Ottawa River Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi meaning Great River or Grand River, Étienne Brûlé, the first European to travel up the Ottawa River, passed by Ottawa in 1610 on his way to the Great Lakes. Three years later, Samuel de Champlain wrote about the waterfalls of the area and about his encounters with the Algonquins, the early explorers and traders were later followed by many missionaries. The first maps of the area used the word Ottawa to name the river, philemon Wright, a New Englander, created the first settlement in the area on 7 March 1800 on the north side of the river, across from Ottawa in Hull. He, with five other families and twenty-five labourers, set about to create a community called Wrightsville. Wright pioneered the Ottawa Valley timber trade by transporting timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to Quebec City, the following year, the town would soon be named after British military engineer Colonel John By who was responsible for the entire Rideau Waterway construction project. Colonel By set up military barracks on the site of todays Parliament Hill and he also laid out the streets of the town and created two distinct neighbourhoods named Upper Town west of the canal and Lower Town east of the canal. Similar to its Upper Canada and Lower Canada namesakes, historically Upper Town was predominantly English speaking and Protestant whereas Lower Town was predominantly French, Irish, bytowns population grew to 1,000 as the Rideau Canal was being completed in 1832. In 1855 Bytown was renamed Ottawa and incorporated as a city, William Pittman Lett was installed as the first city clerk guiding it through 36 years of development. On New Years Eve 1857, Queen Victoria, as a symbolic, in reality, Prime Minister John A. Macdonald had assigned this selection process to the Executive Branch of the Government, as previous attempts to arrive at a consensus had ended in deadlock
8.
Ontario Highway 7
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Kings Highway 7, commonly referred to as Highway 7 and historically as the Northern Highway, is a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario. At its peak, Highway 7 measured 716 km in length, Highway 7 was first designated in 1920 between Sarnia and Guelph and extended to Brampton the following year. Between 1927 and 1932, the more than doubled in length as it was gradually extended eastward to Perth. In the early 1960s, that section of Highway 15 was renumbered as Highway 7, in that same decade, the Conestoga Parkway and Peterborough Bypass were constructed. During the 1970s and 1980s, many sections of Highway 7 were widened from the two lane cross-section to four or six lanes. Within York Region, the route was upgraded to an expressway in preparation for the construction of Highway 407. Soon thereafter, that new tollway would act as justification for transferring the section of Highway 7 through the Greater Toronto Area to regional governments. In the west, the construction of Highway 402 between Sarnia and London provided an alternative to Highway 7, resulting in the transfer of the section west of Highway 4. A third transfer took place in Peterborough, briefly separating the route into three segments, but has since been rectified by renumbering a section of Highway 7A. From 2007 to 2012, the section of Highway 7 between Carleton Place and Ottawa has been widened to a divided freeway, in addition, work is underway to extend the Conestoga Parkway to New Hamburg as well as to build a new freeway between Kitchener and Guelph. The western segment of Highway 7 travels from Elginfield in Middlesex County in the southwest to the Halton - Peel border at Norval near Brampton, a distance of 152.6 kilometres. A23.4 km portion of this segment, from Waterloo Regional Road 51 south of Baden to Highway 85 in Kitchener is a freeway, plans to build a freeway bypass of Highway 7 from Kitchener to Guelph are currently underway. At one point Highway 7 travelled as far west as Sarnia, at Highway 40, Highway 7 ended and the much shorter than today Highway 402 continued westwards to the Bluewater Bridge at the American border. Highway 402 was completed between Sarnia and Highway 401 in 1982, resulting in the redundancy of Highway 7 west of London as traffic shifted to the high-speed alternate. Nonetheless, Highway 7 remained provincially maintained until the segment west of Highway 4 was transferred to county jurisdiction on January 1,1998, the former highway now known as Lambton County Road 22 and Middlesex County Road 22. Though the highway changes direction several times between Elginfield and Kitchener, it is straight and two lanes wide, except east of New Hamburg where it widens to four lanes. Proceeding east-northeast through farmland, the highway the southern terminus of Highway 23 just 1.2 kilometres later, southeast of St. Marys, Highway 7 curves northeast into Perth County until it reaches downtown Stratford, where it meets Highway 8. The two highways travel east concurrently for 45.1 kilometres, passing through the town of Shakespeare as it travels in a line through farmland
9.
Coal gasification
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Coal gasification is the process of producing syngas–a mixture consisting primarily of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor –from coal and water, air and/or oxygen. The hydrogen obtained from gasification can be used for various purposes such as making ammonia, powering a hydrogen economy. Methane from coal gasification can be converted into LNG for use as a fuel in the transport sector, in the past, coal was converted to make coal gas, which was piped to customers to burn for illumination, heating, and cooking. High prices of oil and natural gas are leading to increased interest in BTU Conversion technologies such as gasification, methanation and liquefaction, the Synthetic Fuels Corporation was a U. S. government-funded corporation established in 1980 to create a market for alternatives to imported fossil fuels. The corporation was discontinued in 1985, similar experiments were carried out in 1681 by Johann Becker of Munich and in 1684 by John Clayton of Wigan, England. The latter called it Spirit of the Coal, William Murdoch discovered new ways of making, purifying and storing gas. In France, Philippe le Bon patented a gas fire in 1799, in 1816, Rembrandt Peale and four others established the Gas Light Company of Baltimore, the first manufactured gas company in America. In 1821, natural gas was being used commercially in Fredonia, the first German gas works was built in Hannover in 1825 and by 1870 there were 340 gas works in Germany making town gas from coal, wood, peat and other materials. The foreman told me that stokers were selected from among the strongest and that explained the sadness and apathy in the faces and every movement of the hapless men. The first public piped gas supply was to 13 gas lamps, the credit for this goes to the inventor and entrepreneur Fredrick Winsor and the plumber Thomas Sugg, who made and laid the pipes. Digging up streets to lay pipes required legislation and this delayed the development of street lighting, meanwhile, William Murdoch and his pupil Samuel Clegg were installing gas lighting in factories and work places, encountering no such impediments. In the 1850s every small to medium-sized town and city had a gas plant to provide for street lighting, subscribing customers could also have piped lines to their houses. By this era, gas lighting became accepted, gaslight trickled down to the middle class and later came gas cookers and stoves. The 1860s were the age of coal gas development. Scientists like Kekulé and Perkin cracked the secrets of organic chemistry to reveal how gas is made, from this came better gas plants and Perkins purple dyes, such as Mauveine. In the 1850s, processes for making Producer gas and Water gas from coke were developed, unenriched water gas may be described as Blue water gas. Mond gas, developed in the 1850s by Ludwig Mond, was producer gas made from coal instead of coke and it contained ammonia and coal tar and was processed to recover these valuable compounds. Blue water gas burns with a flame which makes it unsuitable for lighting purposes
10.
Bank Street (Ottawa)
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Bank Street is the major north-south road in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Bank Street made up much of Ontario Highway 31 before it was downloaded in 1998, currently it is also known as Ottawa Road #31. In 2011, the city officially unveiled signs identifying the neighbourhood as Ottawas gay village, at the intersections of Somerset, James, travelling south, there exists a shopping district in The Glebe running exclusively along Bank Street from approximately the Queensway to Holmwood Avenue. Bank Street is home to Lansdowne Park where the Ottawa 67s, even further south, after the road passes over the Rideau Canal on the Bank Street Bridge, Bank Street is home to the Billings Bridge Plaza and eventually, the South Keys Shopping Centre. South of Leitrim it is a rural highway with an 80 km/h speed limit until the community of Vernon. Bank Street also serves in some contexts as a division between eastern and western Ottawa. Contrary to popular belief, the street is not named after the Bank of Canada headquarters at the corner of Bank Street, the street name dates back to the 19th century, whereas the bank was founded in 1934. Its believed that the road was named this because it went from the bank of the Ottawa River at its northern end to that of the Rideau River to the south. However, the road was originally called Esther Street in honour of Colonel Bys wife, Highway 31 was formed in 1927, and started at the junction of Highway 2 in Morrisburg, Ontario. It traveled north through the town of Winchester, and eventually into Ottawa, the road was paved in stages, but was fully paved by 1936. The roads designation of Highway 31 was extended from the Dundas-Stormont-Glengary/Russell-Prescott county line into Ottawa later that same year, while maintaining its alignment along Bank Street for its entire history, the road was re-aligned along Canal Drive. This is presumed to be a link between Highway 31 and The Queensway, but these scenic routes/connecting links were all decommissioned by 1960. Portions of Bank Street have undergone major reconstruction each year since 2006, the City of Ottawa held public consultations for a major redevelopment of Bank Street between Wellington Street and the Rideau Canal. com
