1.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
2.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
3.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
4.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
5.
Reconstruction Era
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states
6.
Langhorne, Pennsylvania
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Langhorne is a borough in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,622 at the 2010 census, the name Langhorne is used broadly to describe the majority of surrounding Middletown Township, which for the most part uses Langhornes ZIP code of 19047. Sesame Place, while located in surrounding Middletown Township, has Langhorne as its mailing address. Langhorne Borough is approximately six miles west of the Delaware River, Langhorne Manor is a separate borough that borders Langhorne proper to the south. Langhorne began in the 17th century when Jack Alexander built his house in the area, the road from Bristol grew into a very important transportation center between Trenton and Philadelphia in the later 18th century and 19th century. Langhorne eventually became the transportation hub of Bucks County, transporting people between Trenton and Philadelphia and was then known as Four Lanes End. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Langhorne continued to grow as wealthy Philadelphians constructed large homes and businesses along Maple, the Langhorne Historic District, former Langhorne Library, Joseph Richardson House, and Tomlinson-Huddleston House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Langhorne was the base of eGames, the publisher of the cult classic Speedy Eggbert, Langhorne Borough is located at 40°10′39″N 74°55′8″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 0.5 square miles. At the 2010 census, the borough was 86. 4% White,8. 0% Black or African American,0. 1% Native American,1. 5% Asian,2. 3% of the population were of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. At the 2000 census, there were 1,981 people,552 households and 338 families residing in the borough, the population density was 4,016.3 per square mile. There were 649 housing units at a density of 1,315.8 per square mile. 31. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.40 and the average family size was 3.07. Age distribution was 26. 2% under the age of 18,10. 4% from 18 to 24,30. 8% from 25 to 44,21. 8% from 45 to 64, the median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 117.5 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.1 males. The median household income borough was $56,389, and the family income was $75,429. Males had an income of $48,125 versus $31,759 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $21,479, about 2. 6% of families and 3. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3. 0% of those under age 18 and 4. 7% of those age 65 or over
7.
University of Pennsylvania
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The University of Pennsylvania is a private Ivy League research university located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities, the university coat of arms features a dolphin on the red chief, adopted directly from the Franklin familys own coat of arms. Penn was one of the first academic institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities and it was also home to many other educational innovations. The first school of medicine in North America, the first collegiate school. With an endowment of $10.72 billion, Penn had the seventh largest endowment of all colleges in the United States, all of Penns schools exhibit very high research activity. In fiscal year 2015, Penns academic research budget was $851 million, over its history, the university has also produced many distinguished alumni. S. House of Representatives,8 signers of the United States Declaration of Independence, in addition, some 30 Nobel laureates,169 Guggenheim Fellows, and 80 members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, have been affiliated with Penn. In addition, Penn has produced a significant number of Fortune 500 CEOs, in 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling evangelist George Whitefield, who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by Edmund Woolley and was the largest building in the city at the time and it was initially planned to serve as a charity school as well, however, a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. According to Franklins autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, however, Peters declined a casual inquiry from Franklin and nothing further was done for another six years. Unlike the other Colonial colleges that existed in 1749—Harvard, William and Mary, Yale, Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non-sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklins group to assume their debts and, accordingly, on February 1,1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13,1751, the Academy of Philadelphia, using the hall at 4th and Arch Streets. A charity school also was chartered July 13,1753 in accordance with the intentions of the original New Building donors, June 16,1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction. All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution, the institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the Rev. William Smiths Loyalist tendencies, the result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the Legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into a new University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new Board of Trustees
8.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
9.
Major (United States)
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In the United States Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force, major is a field grade military officer rank above the rank of captain and below the rank of lieutenant colonel. It is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant commander in the other uniformed services. Although lieutenant commanders are considered junior officers by their respective services, the pay grade for the rank of major is O-4. The insignia for the rank consists of an oak leaf. Promotion to major is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980, a major in the U. S. Army typically serves as a battalion executive officer or as the battalion operations officer. A major can also serve as a staff officer for a regiment, brigade or task force in the areas concerning personnel, logistics. A major will also be a staff officer / action officer on higher staffs, in addition, majors command augmented companies in Combat Service and Service Support units. U. S. Army majors also command Special operations companies, during the American Civil War the Union Army continued to use the existing titles of rank and rank insignia established for the US Army. The number of rows of lace increased with the rank of the officer. A major in the Air Force typically has duties as a staff officer at the squadron. In flying squadrons majors are generally flight commanders or assistant directors of operations, in the mission support and maintenance groups majors may occasionally be squadron commanders. In the medical corps, a major may be the head of a clinic or flight, many police agencies in the United States use the rank of major for officers in senior administrative and supervisory positions. The position is most often found in larger agencies, where the number of sworn personnel requires an expanded and complex rank structure. The term major is not always used in scenarios, and some police departments prefer to use titles such as Deputy Chief, Commander, or similar. However, there are agencies, particularly state police, which prefer to use both the insignia and title. The rank may also be used in conjunction with, rather than instead of, confederate Army rank insignia, A guide Officer rank insignia Rank history
10.
Robert E. Lee
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Robert Edward Lee was an American general known for commanding the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until his surrender in 1865. During this time, he served throughout the United States, distinguished himself during the Mexican–American War, during the first year of the Civil War, Lee served as a senior military adviser to President Jefferson Davis. Once he took command of the field army in 1862 he soon emerged as a shrewd tactician and battlefield commander, winning most of his battles. Lees strategic foresight was more questionable, and both of his major offensives into Union territory ended in defeat, Lees aggressive tactics, which resulted in high casualties at a time when the Confederacy had a shortage of manpower, have come under criticism in recent years. Lee surrendered his army to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House on April 9,1865. By this time, Lee had assumed command of the remaining Southern armies. Lee rejected the proposal of an insurgency against the Union. He urged them to rethink their position between the North and the South, and the reintegration of former Confederates into the political life. Lee became the great Southern hero of the War, an icon of the Lost Cause of the Confederacy to some. But his popularity even in the North, especially after his death in 1870. Barracks at West Point built in 1962 are named after him, Robert Edward Lee was born at Stratford Hall Plantation in Westmoreland County, Virginia, to Major General Henry Lee III, Governor of Virginia, and his second wife, Anne Hill Carter. His birth date has traditionally been recorded as January 19,1807, one of Lees great grandparents, Henry Lee I, was a prominent Virginian colonist of English descent. Lees family is one of Virginias first families, descended from Richard Lee I, Esq. the Immigrant, Lees mother grew up at Shirley Plantation, one of the most elegant homes in Virginia. Lees father, a planter, suffered severe financial reverses from failed investments. Little is known of Lee as a child, he spoke of his boyhood as an adult. Nothing is known of his relationship with his father who, after leaving his family, mentioned Robert only once in a letter. In 1811, the family, including the newly born child, Mildred, moved to a house on Oronoco Street, still close to the center of town. In 1812, Harry Lee was badly injured in a riot in Baltimore
11.
Maryland Campaign
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The Maryland Campaign—or Antietam Campaign—occurred September 4–20,1862, during the American Civil War. Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lees first invasion of the North was repulsed by the Army of the Potomac under Maj. Gen. George B, McClellan, who moved to intercept Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia and eventually attacked it near Sharpsburg, Maryland. The resulting Battle of Antietam was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history and is considered one of the major turning points of the war. Following his victory in the Northern Virginia Campaign, Lee moved north with 55,000 men through the Shenandoah Valley starting on September 4,1862. His objective was to resupply his army outside of the war-torn Virginia theater and he undertook the risky maneuver of splitting his army so that he could continue north into Maryland while simultaneously capturing the Federal garrison and arsenal at Harpers Ferry. McClellan accidentally found a copy of Lees orders to his commanders and planned to isolate. The Battle of South Mountain on September 14 delayed McClellans advance, the Battle of Antietam on September 17 was the bloodiest day in American military history with over 22,000 casualties. On September 18, Lee ordered a withdrawal across the Potomac and on September 19–20, although Antietam was a tactical draw, Lees Maryland Campaign failed to achieve its objectives. President Abraham Lincoln used this Union victory as the justification for announcing his Emancipation Proclamation, the year 1862 started out well for Union forces in the Eastern Theater. McClellans Army of the Potomac had invaded the Virginia Peninsula during the Peninsula Campaign, but, when Robert E. Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia on June 1,1862, fortunes reversed. Lee fought McClellan aggressively in the Seven Days Battles, McClellan lost his nerve, Lee then conducted the Northern Virginia Campaign in which he outmaneuvered and defeated Maj. Gen. John Pope and his Army of Virginia, most significantly at the Second Battle of Bull Run. Lees Maryland Campaign can be considered the part of a logically connected, three-campaign. The Confederates had suffered significant manpower losses in the wake of the summer campaigns, nevertheless, Lee decided his army was ready for a great challenge, an invasion of the North. His goal was to reach the major Northern states of Maryland and Pennsylvania and his movements would threaten Washington and Baltimore, so as to annoy and harass the enemy. Several motives led to Lees decision to launch an invasion, First, he needed to supply his army and knew the farms of the North had been untouched by war, unlike those in Virginia. Moving the war northward would relieve pressure on Virginia, Second was the issue of Northern morale. Lee knew the Confederacy did not have to win the war by defeating the North militarily, it merely needed to make the Northern populace and he told Confederate President Jefferson Davis in a letter of September 3 that the enemy was much weakened and demoralized. There were secondary reasons as well, the Confederate invasion might be able to incite an uprising in Maryland, especially given that it was a slave-holding state and many of its citizens held a sympathetic stance toward the South
12.
41st United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1869 to March 4,1871, during the first two years of Ulysses Grants presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860, both chambers had a Republican majority. S. Congress March 18,1869, Public Credit Act of 1869,1,16 Stat.1 May 31,1870, Enforcement Act of 1870, Sess. 114,16 Stat.140 June 22,1870, An Act to establish the Department of Justice,150,16 Stat.162 July 12,1870, Currency Act of 1870, Sess. 252,16 Stat.251 July 14,1870, Funding Act of 1870, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. During this Congress, Virginia, Mississippi, Texas, and Georgia were readmitted to representation, President, Schuyler Colfax President pro tempore, Henry B. Anthony Speaker, James G. Blaine Republican Conference Chair, Robert C, banks Democratic Caucus Chairman, William E. Niblack and Samuel J. Randall This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, skip to House of Representatives, below The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Directory for the 41st Congress, 1st Session. Congressional Directory for the 41st Congress, 2nd Session, Congressional Directory for the 41st Congress, 3rd Session
13.
United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs
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Representative Ed Royce of California is the Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee, and has been so since January 2013. From 1975 to 1978 and from 1995 to 2007, it was renamed the Committee on International Relations, in January 2007, it changed back to its original name. Its jurisdiction is and was the same under both names,52 List of current United States House of Representatives committees U. S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs
14.
42nd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1871 to March 4,1873, during the third and fourth years of Ulysses S. Grants presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860, both chambers had a Republican majority. June 10,1871, U. S.255,17 Stat, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. President, Schuyler Colfax President pro tempore, Henry B, anthony Speaker, James G. Blaine Republican Conference Chair, Austin Blair This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, the Senate, 1789-1989, Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Directory for the 42nd Congress, 2nd Session, Congressional Directory for the 42nd Congress, 2nd Session. Congressional Directory for the 42nd Congress, 3rd Session, Congressional Directory for the 42nd Congress, 3rd Session
15.
United States House Committee on the Judiciary
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The U. S. House Committee on the Judiciary, also called the House Judiciary Committee, is a standing committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is charged with overseeing the administration of justice within the courts, administrative agencies. The Judiciary Committee is also the responsible for impeachments of federal officials. Because of the nature of its oversight, committee members usually have a legal background. In the 115th Congress, the chairman of the committee is Republican Bob Goodlatte of Virginia, in prior years, Lamar S. Smith of Texas was the chairman, and prior to that John Conyers served as chairman. The committee was created on June 6,1813 for the purpose of considering legislation related to the judicial system. Res. 95 Chairman, Jim Sensenbrenner, Ranking member, John Conyers The Antitrust Task Force during the 108th Congress existed from March 26,2003, all Judiciary Committee Members also served as members of the Task Force, and conducted hearings and investigations into consolidation of the Bell Telephone Companies. The task force operated like any other subcommittee, except that it only has a six-month term, a longer term for the task force would cause the Judiciary Committee to exceed this limit. Chairman, Adam Schiff, Ranking member, Bob Goodlatte Established in September 2008, the investigation was not completed by the end of the 110th Congress, and it was reestablished after the 111th Congress convened in January 2009. The responsibilities of the Task Force were expanded to include the case of Judge Samuel B, kent, leading to hearings and his subsequent impeachment by the full House of Representatives. The Task force finally voted to impeach Porteous on January 21,2010, administrative Law, Process and Procedure Project The Use and Misuse of Presidential Clemency Power for Executive Branch Officials Equal Justice for Our Military Act of 2009, HR569. Congress holds a hearing to consider granting members of the U. S, armed Forces access to the Supreme Court of the United States. 109-153, A History of the Committee on the Judiciary 1813–2006
16.
United States Court of Private Land Claims
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During Spanish and Mexican rule over what was to become the U. S. Southwest, the governments made land grants to various individuals and communities. Thus land grants were subject to being proved, Congress focused on California’s land grants first because California was already a populous state, and it wanted to encourage further settlement of the public domain land there. At first the Congress tried to deal with each land grant by special bill, by 1880 the corruption inherent in determining these claims by politics rather than on a legal basis forced an end to this practice. For ten years no claims could be proved as against the United States, so the U. S. Congress, in 1891, created the Court of Private Land Claims consisting of five justices appointed for a term to expire on December 31,1895. The court itself was to exist only during this period, although its existence, the court heard over three hundred cases involving over thirty-six million acres of land. Only eighty-seven land grants were confirmed, for a total of three acres, or less than 10%. Many confirmed grants were reduced in size from that claimed, for example, the Cañon de Chama Grant was reduced from 200,000 to 1,500 acres. Among the many problems facing the court were the old Spanish system of metes, century or two old landmarks were hard to find. The length of a vara might vary depending on the date of the grant, a grant might be to the faldas of the mountains, which could be anywhere from the edge of the foothills to timberline
17.
43rd United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1873 to March 4,1875, during the fifth and sixth years of Ulysses Grants presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Ninth Census of the United States in 1870, both chambers had a Republican majority. S. 253 January 14,1875, Specie Payment Resumption Act ch, the count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section, before this Congress, the 1870 United States Census and resulting reapportionment changed the size of the House to 292 members. President, Henry Wilson President pro tempore, Matthew H. Carpenter Henry B, speaker, James G. Blaine Republican Conference Chair, Horace Maynard Democratic Caucus Chairman, William E. Niblack This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district, skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, the names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, newman Byron Sunderland, elected December 8,1873 Secretary, George C. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Directory for the 43rd Congress, 1st Session, Congressional Directory for the 43rd Congress, 1st Session. Congressional Directory for the 43rd Congress, 2nd Session, Congressional Directory for the 43rd Congress, 2nd Session
18.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
19.
John Paul Verree
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John Paul Verree was a Republican member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. John Paul Verree was born at “Verree Mills, ” on Pennypack Creek, near what is now Fox Chase Station and he engaged in the manufacture of iron and subsequently was a dealer in edged tools and also in iron and steel. He was a member of the council of Philadelphia from 1851 to 1857. Verree was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh Congresses and he declined to be a candidate for renomination in 1862. He resumed his manufacturing pursuits, and was also interested in life insurance. He founded Bringhurst & Verree Tool Company in 1866 and Verree Iron & Bridge Company and he was the president of the Philadelphia Union League in 1875 and 1876. He retired from business pursuits, and died at “Verree Mills” in Philadelphia in 1889. Interment in Cedar Hill Cemetery in Frankford, Philadelphia, thomas William Moseley United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, the Political Graveyard John Paul Verree at Find a Grave
20.
Pennsylvania's 3rd congressional district
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Pennsylvanias third district is located in the northwestern part of the state and includes the cities of Erie, Sharon, Hermitage, Butler and Meadville. The district supported President George W. Bush in 2000 and 2004 as well as John McCain in 2008, prior to redistricting in 2002, the district was located in Northeast Philadelphia and was represented by Rep. Robert Borski. Most of the territory in the current 3rd had been the 21st district before 2002, kathy Dahlkemper defeated six-term Republican incumbent Phil English in 2008. She herself was defeated only one term in 2010 by Republican Mike Kelly. The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1791 The district was organized from Pennsylvanias At-large congressional district in 1795, two additional seats were added in 1803, elected on a general ticket. One of those seats was eliminated in 1813, the district was reorganized in 1823 to have one seat. List of United States congressional districts Pennsylvanias congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present District map Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
21.
Samuel J. Randall
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Samuel Jackson Randall was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania in the late 19th century. He served as the 29th Speaker of the House and was twice a contender for his partys nomination for President of the United States, born in Philadelphia to a family active in Whig politics, Randall shifted to the Democratic Party after the Whigs demise. His rise in politics began in the 1850s with election to the Philadelphia Common Council, Randall served in a Union cavalry unit in the American Civil War before winning a seat in the federal House of Representatives in 1862. He was reelected two years thereafter until his death. The representative of a region, Randall became known as a staunch defender of protective tariffs designed to assist domestic producers of manufactured goods. While often siding with Republicans on tariff issues, he differed with them in his resistance to Reconstruction, Randalls defense of smaller, less centralized government raised his profile among House Democrats, and they elevated him to Speaker in 1876. He held that post until the Democrats lost control of the House in 1881, Randalls support for high tariffs began to alienate him from most Democrats, and when that party regained control of the House in 1883, he was denied another term as Speaker. Randall continued to serve in Congress as head of the Appropriations Committee and he remained a respected party leader, but gradually lost influence as the Democrats became more firmly wedded to free trade. Worsening health also curtailed his power until his death in 1890, Randall was born on October 10,1828 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the eldest son of Josiah and Ann Worrell Randall. Three younger brothers followed, William, Robert, and Henry. Josiah Randall was a leading Philadelphia lawyer who had served in the legislature in the 1820s. Randalls paternal grandfather, Matthew Randall, was a judge on the Pennsylvania Courts of Common Pleas and his maternal grandfather, Joseph Worrell, was also a prominent citizen, active in politics for the Democratic Party during Thomas Jeffersons presidency. Josiah Randall was a Whig in politics, but drifted into the Democratic fold after the Whig Party dissolved in the 1850s, when Randall was born, the family lived at Seventh and Walnut Streets in what is now Center City Philadelphia. Randall was educated at the University Academy, an affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania. On completing school at age 17, he did not follow his father into the law, shortly thereafter, he started a coal delivery business and, at age 21, became a partner in a scrap iron business named Earp and Randall. Two years later, in 1851, Randall married Fannie Agnes Ward, Randalls new father-in-law was a major general in the New York militia and had served in Congress as a Jacksonian Democrat for several terms between 1825 and 1843. Randall and Fannie went on to have three children, Ann, Susan, and Samuel Josiah, in 1851, Randall assisted his father in the election campaign for a local judge. The judge, a Whig, was elected despite considerable opposition from a candidate of the nativist American Party
22.
Jonathan Russell
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Jonathan Russell was a United States Representative from Massachusetts and diplomat. Born in Providence, Rhode Island on February 27,1771 and he studied law and was admitted to the bar, but did not practice. He engaged in mercantile pursuits for a number of years, in 1808 he was appointed Collector of the Port of Bristol. He was appointed by President James Madison to the Diplomatic Service in France in 1811 and he transferred to England, where he was Chargé dAffaires when war was declared by the United States in 1812. He was Minister to Sweden and Norway from January 18,1814 to October 16,1818, jonathan Russell and the Capture of the Guerriere, by Lawrence S. Kaplan in The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol.24, No. Russell was one of the five commissioners who negotiated the Treaty of Ghent with Great Britain in 1814 and he returned to the United States in 1818 and settled in Mendon, Massachusetts. He became a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1820 and was elected to the Seventeenth Congress and he was chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. In 1822, Russell authored a pamphlet accusing John Quincy Adams, one of Russells former fellow-negotiators at Ghent in 1814, Russell intended the pamphlet to further Henry Clays presidential candidacy against Adams in the 1824 election. Russell died in Milton, Massachusetts on February 17,1832, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
23.
John Forsyth (Georgia)
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John Forsyth, Sr. was a 19th-century American politician from Georgia. He represented Georgia in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, Forsyth also served as the 33rd Governor of Georgia. As a strong supporter of the policies of Andrew Jackson, he was appointed Secretary of State by Jackson in 1834, Forsyth was born in Fredericksburg, Virginia. His father Robert Forsyth was the first U. S, marshal to be killed in the line of duty in 1794. He was an attorney who graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1799 and he married Clara Meigs, daughter of Josiah Meigs, in 1801 or 1802. One of his sons, John Forsyth, Jr. later became a newspaper editor, Forsyth served in the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate, and as the 33rd Governor of Georgia. He was the United States Secretary of State from 1834 until 1841, in this role he led the governments response to the Amistad case. He was a follower of Andrew Jackson and opposed John C. Calhoun in the issue of nullification. Forsyth was appointed as Secretary of State in reward for his efforts and he led the pro-removal reply to Theodore Frelinghuysen about the Indian Removal Act of 1830. He supported slavery and was a slaveholder himself, Forsyth died in Washington, D. C. and was buried in Congressional Cemetery. Forsyth County, Georgia, Forsyth, Georgia, and Forsyth Park in Savannah are named for him and he died the day before his 61st birthday. In the 1997 Steven Spielberg movie, Amistad, John Forsyths character was played by American character actor David Paymer and this article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress,24, Georgetown, District of Columbia George R. Gilmer, Governor of Georgia / John Forsyth
24.
Edward Everett
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Edward Everett was an American politician, pastor, educator, diplomat, and orator from Massachusetts. Everett, a Whig, served as U. S. Representative, U. S. Senator, the 15th Governor of Massachusetts, Minister to Great Britain and he also taught at Harvard University and served as its president. Everett was one of the great American orators of the antebellum, the son of a pastor, Everett was educated at Harvard, and briefly ministered at Bostons Brattle Street Church before taking a teaching job at Harvard. The position included preparatory studies in Europe, so Everett spent two years in studies at the University of Göttingen, and another two years traveling around Europe. At Harvard he taught ancient Greek literature for several years before becoming involved in politics and he served ten years in the United States Congress before winning election as Governor of Massachusetts in 1835. As governor he introduced the state Board of Education, the first of its type in the nation, after being defeated in the 1839 election by one vote, Everett was appointed Minister to Great Britain, serving until 1845. He next became President of Harvard, a job he came to dislike. In 1849 he became an assistant to friend and colleague Daniel Webster. Upon Websters death Everett served as Acting Secretary for a few months, in the later years of his life Everett traveled, giving speeches all over the country. He supported efforts to maintain the Union before the Civil War and he was active in supporting the Union effort during the war and supported Lincoln in the 1864 election. Edward Everett was born on April 11,1794 in Dorchester, Massachusetts, the fourth of eight children, to the Rev. Oliver Everett and Lucy Hill Everett, the daughter of Alexander Sears Hill. His father was a descendant of early colonist Richard Everett. His father had served as pastor of New South Church, retiring due to poor health two years before Everett was born and he died in 1802, when Edward was eight, after which his mother moved the family to Boston. He attended local schools, and then a school of Ezekiel Webster. During this time Ezekiels brother Daniel sometimes taught classes, Everett, Everett attended Boston Latin School in 1805, and then briefly Phillips Exeter Academy, where his older brother Alexander Hill Everett was teaching. At the age of 13, he was admitted to Harvard College, in 1811, at age 17, he graduated as the valedictorian of his class. Unlike some of the students at the time, Everett was an earnest. While a student, he was a member of the Hasty Pudding Club, uncertain what to do next, Everett was encouraged by his pastor, Joseph Stevens Buckminster of the Brattle Street Church, to study for the ministry
25.
William S. Archer
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William Segar Archer was a politician and lawyer from Virginia who served in the United States Senate from 1841 to 1847. He was the nephew of Joseph Eggleston, born at The Lodge in Amelia County, Virginia, received a private education and graduated from The College of William & Mary in 1806. He studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1810, commencing practice in Amelia, there, he served as chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs from 1829 to 1835 and was defeated for reelection in 1834. Archer was elected a Whig to the United States Senate in 1840, there, he served as chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations from 1841 to 1845 and of the Committee on Naval Affairs from 1841 to 1843. He was also a key member of the committee who drafted the Missouri compromise on which he exerted great influence, after being defeated for reelection by Robert M. T. Hunter in 1846, Archer resumed practicing law until his death at The Lodge in Amelia County and he was interred in the family cemetery at The Lodge. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, William S. Archer at Find a Grave
26.
James Moore Wayne
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James Moore Wayne was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and was a United States Representative from Georgia. He served in the United States Army during the War of 1812, from 1812 to 1815 and he served in the Georgia House of Representatives from 1815 to 1816. He then served as the mayor of Savannah from September 8,1817 to July 12,1819 and he resigned to accept the appointment as an Associate Justice to the Supreme Court. He served on the court from January 14,1835 to his death on July 5,1867 and he favored free trade, opposed internal improvements by Congress, and opposed the rechartering of the United States Bank. President Andrew Jackson, who was the seventh President of the United States, while Wayne served his time as a Chief Justice he heard many cases about slavery, tax, and reform. A “Jacksonian”, Wayne agreed with President Andrew Jackson on the ideals of deepening rivers and harbors, Wayne also agreed with President Andrew Jackson on the Indian Removal Act and believed that the land that used to belong to the Indians would belong to the state. The fact that Wayne refused to accept the Indians as an independent nation and forced them to move west, Justice James Moore Wayne was a Unionist. He was against the Confederate States of America, which was shocking because he was from the state of Georgia, as a Unionist in a southern state, James Moore Wayne took a careful approach on the ideals of nullification and consolidation. While Justice Wayne himself remained loyal to the Union, his son Henry C. Wayne served as a general in the Confederate Army, in 1844 Chief Justice James Moore Wayne heard the case Louisville, Cincinnati & Charleston Railroad Co. v. Letson. It centered on the principle that a citizen in a state should have the right to sue a corporation. In these statements Justice Wayne is explaining how owners stopped being relevant and this case was instrumental as it showed the view of the Supreme Court that corporations could be viewed as ‘citizens’ of the states where they were incorporated. This court case was significant in Justice James Moore Wayne’s career and development because this showed that Wayne was willing to increase dominion in the courts. The court case of Dred Scott v. Sandford was argued in front of the United States Supreme Court, taney giving the majority opinion and Judge Wayne concurring. This landmark decision against slave Dred Scott ruled that African-Americans, whether slave or free were not to be considered American citizens, some scholars view this decision, which Justice Wayne concurred with as one of the worst to ever be handed down by the Court. The vacancy caused by the death of Justice John Catron in 1865 had not been filled, in 1869 Congress passed the Circuit Judges Act, setting the court at nine members. With Waynes and Catrons seats remaining vacant, the Court had eight justices at the time of this Act, the new seat was ultimately filled on March 21,1870, by Joseph Philo Bradley. Justice Wayne served on the Supreme Court for 32 years, one of the longest terms for any justice and his leanings stayed consistent and many of his decisions believed power resides in the federal offices such as the U. S. Congress. He held to this in the Dred Scott case supporting Chief Taney’s opinion in the face of criticism by many
27.
John Y. Mason
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John Young Mason was an American politician, diplomat, and United States federal judge. Born in Hicksford, Greensville County, Virginia, Mason attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he was a member of Philanthropic Assembly. Mason graduated in 1816, and then law at Tapping Reeve Law School in Litchfield, Connecticut, to be admitted to the Southampton County, Virginia. He had a law practice in Southampton County from 1821 to 1831. He married Mary Ann Fort, the daughter of a prominent land-owner, in 1821 and became a planter himself and he owned Fortsville located near Grizzard, Sussex County, Virginia. From 1831 to 1837 served in the United States House of Representatives, during this time, he was an active supporter of most elements of Andrew Jacksons presidency, but was also a staunch advocate of states rights. Jackson approved the appointment of George H. Thomas to the U. S, military Academy in 1836 on his recommendation. Mason later served as a delegate to the Virginia constitutional convention of 1850, Mason was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 2,1841, and received his commission the following day. He resigned from the bench on March 23,1844, to take a cabinet post, the latter was an early, and ultimately unsuccessful, experiment in public-private partnership. 1831, Mason was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives with 57. 88% of the vote,1835, Mason was re-elected with 72. 13% of the vote, defeating Whig John Urquehart. He was in legal practice from 1849 to 1854 and served as president of the Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1851 and from 1853, until his death in Paris in 1859. In politics he was a typical Virginian of the old school, after his death in Paris, his remains were conveyed to the United States and interred in Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia. USS Mason from 1920 to 1940, was named in honor of Secretary of the Navy John Y, Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, John Y. Mason at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center. The Heritage and Preparation of a Statesman, John Young Mason, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
28.
Caleb Cushing
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Caleb Cushing was an American diplomat who served as a U. S. Congressman from Massachusetts and Attorney General under President Franklin Pierce, the family moved across the Merrimack River to the prosperous shipping town of Newburyport in 1802. He entered Harvard University at the age of 13 and graduated in 1817 and he was a teacher of mathematics there from 1820 to 1821, and was admitted to practice in the Massachusetts Court of Common Pleas in December,1821. He began practicing law in Newburyport in 1824, there he attended the First Presbyterian Church. On November 23,1824, Cushing married Caroline Elizabeth Wilde, daughter of Judge Samuel Sumner Wilde and his wife died about a decade later, leaving him childless and alone. Cushing served as a Democratic-Republican member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1825, then entered the Massachusetts Senate in 1826, afterwards, he spent two years, from 1829 to 1831, in Europe. Upon his return, he served in the lower house of the state legislature in 1833 and 1834. Then, in late 1834, he was elected a representative to Congress, Cushing served in Congress from 1835 until 1843. During the 27th Congress, he was chairman of the U. S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, in 1843 President Tyler nominated Cushing for U. S. Secretary of the Treasury, but the U. S. Senate refused to confirm him for this office. He was nominated three times in one day, and rejected all three times, John Canfield Spencer was chosen instead. Cushing was, however, appointed by President Tyler, later in the year, to be commissioner and United States Ambassador to China. In 1844 he negotiated the Treaty of Wang Hiya, the first treaty between China and the United States, while serving as commissioner to China he was also empowered to negotiate a treaty of navigation and commerce with Japan. He served in the Army during the Mexican War first as colonel of the 1st Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment and he was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers on April 14 of the same year. He did not see combat during conflict, and entered Mexico City with his reserve battalion several months after that city had been pacified. He was discharged from the Army on July 20,1848, in 1847 and again in 1848 the Democrats nominated him for Governor of Massachusetts, but on each occasion he was defeated at the polls. Cushing, a doughface, i. e. a Northerner with Southern sympathies, supported the Dred Scott decision, taney, who wrote the decision, wrote Cushing a letter thanking him for his support. In 1858,1859,1862, and 1863 he again served in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, also during this time, he founded the Cushing Land Agency in St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin. The building it was housed in, now known as the Cushing Land Agency Building, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, also in 1860 President James Buchanan sent him to Charleston as Confidential Commissioner to the Secessionists of South Carolina
29.
John Quincy Adams
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John Quincy Adams was an American statesman who served as a diplomat, United States Senator, member of the House of Representatives, and was the sixth President of the United States from 1825 to 1829. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican and he was the son of President John Adams and Abigail Adams and thus contributed to the formation of the Adams political family. Adams shaped U. S. foreign policy using his ardently nationalist commitment to U. S. republican values, as a diplomat, Adams played an important role in negotiating key treaties, most notably the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812. As Secretary of State, he negotiated with Britain over the United States northern border with Canada, negotiated with Spain the annexation of Florida, historians generally concur that he was one of the greatest diplomats and secretaries of state in American history. Adams was elected president in a close and controversial four-way contest in 1824, as president he sought to modernize the American economy and promote education. Adams enacted a part of his agenda and paid off much of the national debt, however he was stymied time and again by a Congress controlled by opponents, and his lack of patronage networks helped politicians sabotage him. He lost his 1828 bid for re-election to Andrew Jackson, after leaving office, he was elected as U. S. Representative from Massachusetts in 1830, serving for the last 17 years of his life with greater acclaim than he had achieved as president, animated by his growing revulsion against slavery, Adams became a leading opponent of the Slave Power. Adams predicted the Unions dissolution over slavery, and in such a case, historians have in the aggregate ranked Adams as the 21st most successful president. John Quincy Adams was born on July 11,1767, to John Adams and he was named for his mothers maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom Quincy, Massachusetts, is named. Young Adams was educated by private tutors – his cousin James Thaxter and his fathers law clerk and he soon began to exhibit his literary skills in 1779, when he initiated a diary which he kept until just before he died in 1848. The diary comprised an unprecedented fifty volumes, representing one of the most extensive, much of Adams youth was spent accompanying his father overseas. He accompanied his father on diplomatic missions to France from 1778 until 1779, Adams acquired an education at institutions such as Leiden University. He matriculated in Leiden on January 10,1781, for nearly three years, beginning at the age of 14, he accompanied Francis Dana as a secretary on a mission to Saint Petersburg, Russia, to obtain recognition of the new United States. He spent time in Finland, Sweden, and Denmark and, in 1804, during these years overseas, Adams became fluent in French and Dutch and became familiar with German and other European languages. Though Adams enjoyed Europe, he and his family decided he needed to return to the United States to complete his education and he entered Harvard College, graduated in 1787 with a Bachelor of Arts degree, and was elected by Phi Beta Kappa. Adams, mainly with the influence of his father, had excelled in studies and reached fluency in Latin. Upon entering Harvard he had already translated Virgil, Horace, Plutarch, after graduating from Harvard, he studied law with Theophilus Parsons in Newburyport, Massachusetts from 1787 to 1789
30.
Charles Jared Ingersoll
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Charles Jared Ingersoll was an American lawyer and Democratic member of the U. S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania. Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, he was the son of Jared Ingersoll who served in the Continental Congress, Charles Ingersoll dropped out of the College of New Jersey, later Princeton University, in 1799. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1802 and he traveled in Europe for a time, and was attached to the U. S. embassy in France. He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the Thirteenth Congress, where he served as chairman of the United States House Committee on the Judiciary and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1814, having been appointed United States district attorney for Pennsylvania. He served in office from 1815 to 1829, and was a member of the Pennsylvania canal and internal improvement convention in 1825. In 1829, he was removed from the office of attorney by U. S. President Andrew Jackson. He was a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in 1830, and he was appointed secretary of the legation to Prussia on March 8,1837. He was a candidate in 1837 for election to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Francis J. Harper in the Twenty-fifth Congress. He was again a candidate for election in 1838. Ingersoll was elected as a Democrat to the Twenty-seventh and to the three succeeding Congresses and he served as chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs during the Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth Congresses). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1848 and he was appointed Minister to France in 1847 but was not confirmed by the Senate. He died in 1862 in Philadelphia and his son Edward Ingersoll wrote on legal topics. He also published numerous anonymous contributions to the Democratic Press of Philadelphia, at the time of his death, he was preparing a History of the Territorial Acquisitions of the United States. Recollections, Historical, Political, Biographical, and Social, of Charles J. Ingersoll, Philadelphia, Lippincott & Co.1861 Meigs, William Montgomery. The Life of Charles Jared Ingersoll, reprint, New York, DaCapo Press,1970. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, the Political Graveyard Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Wilson, James Grant, Fiske, John, eds. The Charles Jared Ingersoll papers, including correspondence and writings, are available for use at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Charles Jared Ingersoll at Find a Grave
31.
Truman Smith
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He also served in the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1831 to 1832, and in 1834. Smith was born in Roxbury, Connecticut and he was the nephew of Nathaniel Smith and Nathan Smith. Smith completed preparatory studies and graduated from Yale College in 1815 and he studied law at Litchfield Law School and was admitted to the bar in 1818, commencing practice in Litchfield, Connecticut. He married Maria Cook on June 2,1832, and they had three children, Catherine Marie Smith, Jeannie Penniman Smith, and George Webster Smith and his wife, Marie, died on April 20,1849. Smith was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1831 to 1832, Smith was a presidential elector on the Whig ticket in 1844 He was elected back to the House of Representatives representing the 4th District for the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Congresses. He served from March 4,1845, to March 3,1849, Smith declined the appointment to be the first United States Secretary of the Interior from President Zachary Taylor in 1849 having been elected to the United States Senate. He served from March 4,1849, until his resignation May 24,1854, afterwards, he lived in Stamford, Connecticut with his second wife, Mary Ann Dickinson Smith, while practicing law in New York City, New York. Mary Ann was the daughter of the miniaturist Anson Dickinson. Smiths New York law office was open from 1854 to 1871, in 1862, President Abraham Lincoln appointed Smith judge of the Court of Arbitration under the treaty of 1862 with Great Britain for the suppression of the slave trade where he served until 1870. Smith retired from business that year and died in Stamford, Connecticut on May 3,1884 and he is interned at Stamford in Woodland Cemetery. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, truman Smith at Find a Grave This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
32.
John Alexander McClernand
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John Alexander McClernand was an American lawyer and politician, and a Union general in the American Civil War. He was a prominent Democratic politician in Illinois and a member of the United States House of Representatives before the war, McClernand was firmly dedicated to the principles of Jacksonian democracy and supported the Compromise of 1850. McClernand was commissioned a general of volunteers in 1861. His was a case of the politician-in-uniform coming into conflict with career Army officers. He served as a commander under Ulysses S. Grant in the Western Theater, fighting in the battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson. McClernand left the Army in 1864 and served as a judge, McClernand was born in Breckinridge County, Kentucky, near Hardinsburg, but his family moved to Shawneetown, Illinois, when he was quite young. His early life and career were similar to that of another Illinois lawyer of the time and he was largely self-educated and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1832. In that same year he served as a private in the Blackhawk War. In 1835 McClernand founded the Shawneetown Democrat newspaper, which he edited, as a Democrat he served in 1836 and from 1840 to 1843 in the Illinois House of Representatives. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1843 until 1851 and he was known for his bombastic oratory and his adherence to Jacksonian principles. His dislike of abolitionists generated favor among his constituents, many of whom were natives of slaveholding states. McClernand vigorously opposed the Wilmot Proviso and he was an important ally to Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas. Douglas played a role in formulating the Compromise of 1850. McClernand also served as Chairman of the Committee on Public Lands from 1845 to 1847, in 1850, McClernand declined to be a candidate for renomination, and his term expired in 1851. McClernand was again elected to the House to fill a vacancy caused by the death of Thomas L. Harris and his term began on November 8. He was a strong Unionist and introduced the resolution of July 15,1861, pledging money, McClernand supported the campaign of his friend, Stephen Douglas, in the 1860 presidential election. He served as one of his managers during the divisive Democratic presidential nomination convention held in Charleston. In November 1842, McClernand married Sarah Dunlap of Jacksonville, Illinois, Sarah was a daughter of James Dunlap, who served as a quartermaster in the Union Army during the Civil War, eventually appointed to the rank of brevet major general
33.
Thomas H. Bayly
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Thomas Henry Bayly was a nineteenth-century politician, lawyer and judge from Virginia. He was the son of Thomas M. Bayly, born at the family estate called Mount Custis near Drummondtown, Virginia, Bayly attended the common schools as a child and went on to study law at the University of Virginia, graduating in 1829. Admitted to the bar in 1830, he practiced law in Accomac County, Virginia and he served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1836 to 1842 and was appointed brigadier general of the 21st Brigade in the Virginia Militia in 1837 which he served as until 1846. Bayly was elected judge of the Superior Court of Law and Chancery in 1842, in 1844, he left that post when he was elected as a Democrat to fill a vacancy in the United States House of Representatives. He served in the House until his death in 1856, acting as chairman of the House Committee on Ways and Means from 1849 to 1851 and chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs from 1851 to 1855. He died on June 23,1856 at his estate, Mount Custis, near Drummondtown, Virginia, Bayly also has a cenotaph at Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D. C. The University of Virginia Art Museum is housed in the Thomas H. Bayly Building,1844, Bayly was first elected to the U. S. House of Representatives with 54. 5% of the vote, defeating Whig Hitt Carter. 1845, Bayly was re-elected with 53. 54% of the vote,1847, Bayly was re-elected with 52. 47% of the vote, defeating Whig John J. Jones. 1849, Bayly was re-elected with 64. 75% of the vote,1853, Bayly was re-elected with 58. 93% of the vote, defeating Independents Louis C. H. 1855, Bayly was re-elected with 79. 09% of the vote, defeating Independents Robert L. Montague, Richard Lee Turberville Beale, Joseph Eggleston Segar, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Works by or about Thomas H. Bayly at Internet Archive Thomas H. Bayly at Find a Grave
34.
Alexander C. M. Pennington
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Born in Newark, New Jersey, July 2,1810, he attended the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, from 1826 to 1828. He went on to law, was admitted to the bar in 1833. He was elected a member of the New Jersey General Assembly in 1837 and 1838 and he served as alderman of Newark from 1837 to 1840. Pennington was elected as a Whig to the Thirty-third Congress and reelected as an Opposition Party candidate to the Thirty-fourth Congress and he served as chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs in the Thirty-fourth Congress. After leaving the Congress, he moved to New York City and he was a grand nephew of 6th Governor of New Jersey William Sandford Pennington, and a cousin of 13th New Jersey Governor and 27th Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives William Pennington. His son, Alexander Cummings McWhorter Pennington, Jr. was a general in the United States Army. Hon. A. C. M. Pennington, of New Jersey, delivered in the House of Representatives, July 10,1856. Washington, Printed at the Congressional Globe Office,1856, works by or about Alexander C. M. Pennington at Internet Archive United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, Alexander Cumming McWhorter Pennington at The Political Graveyard Alexander Cumming McWhorter Pennington
35.
Thomas Lanier Clingman
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During the Civil War he refused to resign his Senate seat and was one of ten senators expelled from the Senate in absentia. He then served as a general in the Confederate States Army, Clingman, was born in Huntsville, a small community in present-day Yadkin County, North Carolina. His parents were Jacob and Jane Poindexter Clingman and he was named for Dr. Thomas Lanier and he was educated by private tutors and in the public schools in Iredell County, NC. Clingman graduated from the University of North Carolina in 1832, where he was a member of the Dialectic Senate of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies and he then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1834 and began practice in Huntsville. Clingman was elected to the North Carolina State house of commons in 1835, in 1836 he moved to Asheville, North Carolina. He was a member of the North Carolina State senate in 1840, in 1843 Clingman ran as a Whig and was elected to the 28th United States Congress, however he was defeated in his reelection bid in 1845. In 1845 he fought a duel with a fellow congressman William Lowndes Yancey of Alabama, in Yanceys maiden speech on the House floor, he had impugned his opponents integrity. In 1847 he regained the seat and won reelection in 1849,1851,1853,1855 and 1857, on May 7,1858, he resigned after becoming a United States Senator as a Democrat the previous day, replacing the resigning Asa Biggs. He was reelected but was expelled from the Senate for support of the Confederacy, when he first entered the War, Clingman was the commander of the 25th North Carolina Infantry and took part in the Peninsula Campaign. He later commanded a brigade of infantry, Clingmans Brigade consisted of the 8th, 31st, 51st and 61st North Carolina Infantry. Clingmans Brigade fought at Goldsboro, Battery Wagner, Drewrys Bluff, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Globe Tavern, Fort Fisher, after the Civil War, Clingman explored and measured mountains in western North Carolina and Tennessee. Tennessees highest mountain, also partly in North Carolina, was named Clingmans Dome in his honor and he died in Morganton, North Carolina, and was buried in the Riverside Cemetery in Asheville, North Carolina. List of American Civil War generals Eicher, John H. and David J. Eicher, who Was Who in the Civil War. New York, Facts On File,1988, warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray, Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press,1959, Thomas Lanier Clingman at Find a Grave United States Congress. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
36.
Thomas Corwin
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As a senator, he opposed the Mexican-American War. The Amendment would have forbidden the Federal Government from outlawing slavery, Corwin, son of Matthias Corwin and Patience Halleck, was born in Bourbon County, Kentucky on July 29,1794. Corwins father served eleven times in the Ohio Legislature, corwins cousin Moses Bledso Corwin was a United States Congressman from Ohio, and his nephew Franklin Corwin was a United States Congressman from Illinois. Corwin moved with his parents to Lebanon, Ohio, in 1798, during the War of 1812, he served as a wagon boy in General William Henry Harrisons Army. In 1815, he study of law in the offices of Joshua Collett, He was admitted to the bar in 1817, commencing practice in Lebanon. On November 13,1822, he married Sarah Ross, sister of Thomas R. Ross, then a member of Congress, at Lebanon. As a Freemason, he served the Grand Lodge of Ohio as Grand Orator in 1821 and 1826, Deputy Grand Master in 1823 and 1827 and Grand Master in 1828. From 1822 to 1823, and in 1829, Corwin was a member of the Ohio House of Representatives, known for his sharp wit, debating skills and endless campaigning, he was elected Governor in 1840, defeating incumbent Wilson Shannon. Shannon defeated Corwin in a two years later. Corwin was a Presidential elector in 1844 for the Whig Party ticket of Henry Clay, Corwin was also a member of the United States Senate, having been elected by the Ohio General Assembly as a Whig and served from March 4,1845 to July 20,1850. As a legislator he spoke seldom, but always with great ability, his most famous speech being one given on February 11,1847, opposing the Mexican-American War. Like his immediate predecessor, William M. Meredith, Corwin believed in a protective tariff, as a longtime Whig, however, Corwin was unsuccessful in passing any tariff legislation in a Congress controlled by Democrats. He retired as Secretary shortly after the end of Filmores administration, in 1857, former Ohio Governor William Bebb shot a man and was tried in 1858 for manslaughter in Winnebago County, Illinois, where he lived. Corwin and co-council Judge William Johnston obtained an acquittal with an argument of self-defense and he was again elected to the House of Representatives in 1858, this time as a Republican and a member of the 36th Congress. To that end, he sponsored a proposed Constitutional Amendment, which became known as the Corwin Amendment. The proposed amendment passed the Senate on March 2, however, only five states ratified it, and war began anyway. Thus, the initiative failed in its goal of preventing the outbreak of the American Civil War. After resigning from his post as Minister, Corwin settled in Washington, D. C. in 1864 and he is interred in Lebanon Cemetery, Lebanon, Ohio
37.
John J. Crittenden
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John Jordan Crittenden was a politician from the U. S. state of Kentucky. He was also the 17th governor of Kentucky and served in the state legislature, although frequently mentioned as a potential candidate for the U. S. presidency, he never consented to run for the office. During his early career, Crittenden served in the Kentucky House of Representatives and was chosen as speaker on several occasions. With the advent of the Second Party System, he allied with the National Republican Party and was a fervent supporter of Henry Clay and opponent of Democrats Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren. He was returned to the Senate in 1842, serving until 1848, Taylor was elected, but Crittenden refused a post in his cabinet, fearing he would be charged with making a corrupt bargain, as Clay had been in 1825. Following Taylors death in 1850, Crittenden resigned the governorship and accepted Millard Fillmores appointment as attorney general, as the Whig Party crumbled in the mid-1850s, Crittenden joined the Know Nothing Party. After the expiration of his term as general, he was again elected to the U. S. Senate. In December 1860, he authored the Crittenden Compromise, a series of resolutions and constitutional amendments he hoped would avert the Civil War, one of Crittendens sons, George B. Crittenden, became a general in the Confederate Army, another son, Thomas Leonidas Crittenden, became a general in the Union Army. The elder Crittenden was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1861, however, he criticized many of the policies of President Abraham Lincoln and the U. S. Congress, including the Emancipation Proclamation and the admission of West Virginia to the Union. He continued to work for reconciliation of the states throughout his time in office and he declared his candidacy for re-election to the House in 1863, but died before the election took place. John Jordan Crittenden was born September 10,1787, near Versailles and he was the second child and first son of Revolutionary War veteran John Crittenden and his wife Judith Harris. John and Judith Crittenden had four sons and five daughters, all, on his fathers side, he was of Welsh ancestry, while his mothers family was French Huguenot. His father had surveyed land in Kentucky with George Rogers Clark, two of Crittendens brothers, Thomas and Robert, became lawyers, while the third, Henry, was a farmer. Crittenden began a college preparatory curriculum at Pisgah Academy in Woodford County and he was then sent to a boarding school in Jessamine County. Among his classmates were Thomas Alexander Marshall and Francis P. Blair, Crittenden became especially close friends with Blair, and later political differences did little to diminish their friendship. After a year at boarding school, Crittenden moved to the Lexington, Kentucky and he began his tertiary studies at Washington College in Lexington, Virginia. During his brief tenure there, he studied mathematics and belles-lettres, Crittenden was dissatisfied with the curriculum at Washington College and matriculated to the College of William and Mary
38.
Henry Winter Davis
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Henry Winter Davis was a United States Representative from the 4th and 3rd congressional districts of Maryland, well known as one of the Radical Republicans during the Civil War. Born in Annapolis, Maryland, his father, the Reverend Henry Lyon Davis, was a prominent Maryland Episcopal clergyman and was for years president of St Johns College at Annapolis. Early becoming imbued with strong views, though by inheritance he was himself a slaveholder. After the Whig Party disintegrated, he became a Know Nothing, by his independent course in Congress he won the respect and esteem of all political groups. After Abraham Lincoln was elected and the Civil War began, Davis became a Republican, from December 1863 to March 1865 Davis served as chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs. With other Radical Republicans, Davis was an opponent of Lincolns plan for the Reconstruction of the Southern states. The bill, the first formal expression by Congress with regard to Reconstruction, President Lincoln disapproved and on July 8 issued a proclamation defining his position. Soon afterward, on August 5,1864, Davis joined Benjamin F, in a debate in Congress some months later he declared, When I came into Congress ten years ago this was a government of law. I have lived to see it a government of personal will and he was one of the radical leaders who preferred John C. Frémont to Lincoln in the 1864 election, but subsequently withdrew his opposition, joining the Unconditional Union Party, he early favored the enlistment of negroes, and in July 1865 publicly advocated the extension of the suffrage to them. He was not a candidate for re-election to Congress in 1864, I hope for his own good he has. He has been very malicious against me but has only injured himself by it and his conduct has been very strange to me. I came here, his friend, wishing to continue so, I had heard nothing but good of him, he was the cousin of my intimate friend Judge Davis. But he had scarcely been elected when I began to learn of his attacking me on all possible occasions, Davis died in Baltimore at the very end of 1865. His remains were interred in Greenmount Cemetery, Henry W. Davis was a cousin of David Davis, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and later a U. S. He was also a first cousin of Brevet Brigadier General Moses B. Walker who served as a justice of the Texas Supreme Court. Tracy Matthew Melton, Hanging Henry Gambrill, The Violent Career of Baltimores Plug Uglies, 1854-1860, Baltimore, details political activities in Davis district during his tenure as an American Party congressman. A great deal of information on Davis is included in the narrative, jean H. Baker, Ambivalent Americans, The Know-Nothing Party in Maryland, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins
39.
Nathaniel P. Banks
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Nathaniel Prentice Banks was an American politician from Massachusetts and a Union general during the Civil War. A millworker by background, Banks was prominent in local debating societies, always a political chameleon, Banks was the first professional politician to serve as Massachusetts Governor. But he failed to reinforce Grant at Vicksburg, and badly handled the Siege of Port Hudson and he then launched the Red River Campaign, a failed attempt to occupy eastern Texas that prompted his recall. Banks was regularly criticized for the failures of his campaigns, notably in tactically important tasks including reconnaissance, Banks was also instrumental in early reconstruction efforts in Louisiana, intended by Lincoln as a model for later such activities. In his later years he adopted more liberal progressive causes, Nathaniel Startle Prentice Banks was born at Waltham, Massachusetts, the first child of Nathaniel P. Banks, Sr. and Rebecca Greenwood Banks, on January 30,1816. His father worked in the mill of the Boston Manufacturing Company. Banks went to local schools until the age of fourteen, at point the familys financial demands compelled him to take a mill job. He started as a boy, responsible for replacing bobbins full of thread with empty ones, working in the mills of Waltham. Because of this role he became known as Bobbin Boy Banks and he was at one time apprenticed as a mechanic alongside Elias Howe, a cousin. Recognizing the value of education, Banks continued to read, sometimes walking to Boston on his days off to visit the Atheneum Library and he attended company-sponsored lectures by luminaries of the day including Daniel Webster and other orators. He formed a club with other mill workers to improve their oratorical skills. He honed his oratorical and political skills by emulating Robert Rantoul, Bankss success as a speaker convinced him to quit the mill. He first worked as an editor for two short-lived political newspapers, after they failed he ran for a seat in the legislature in 1844. He then applied to Rantoul, who had been appointed Collector of the Port of Boston, Banks again ran unsuccessfully for the state legislature in 1847. Company leaders could effectively compel their workers to vote for Whig candidates because there was no secret ballot. This brought Banks, along with fellow Democrats Rantoul and George S. Boutwell to form a coalition with the Free Soil Party that successfully gained control of the legislature and governors chair. The deals negotiated after the win in the 1850 election put Boutwell in the governors chair. His role as speaker and his effectiveness in conducting business raised his status significantly
40.
Godlove Stein Orth
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Godlove Stein Orth was a United States Congressman from Indiana and acting-Lieutenant Governor of Indiana. Of German ancestry, he was born near Lebanon, Lebanon County and he attended Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg for about one year and then studied law with the office of James Cooper. He entered the bar in 1839 and his political career started with public speeches in 1840 supporting William Henry Harrison for president. He started as a Whig but as that party collapsed, he looked elsewhere, for a time he was the Indiana leader of the Know-Nothings and later aligned himself with the Republican Party. He served in the Indiana Senate 1843-1849, acting-Lieutenant Governor of Indiana 1845, U. S. House representative from Indiana 1863-1871 from 1873 to 1875 and he has a good head, well stocked with information and experience, and is no fool. Those jealousies and factional feuds nearly prevented his re-election in 1866, survival therefore took assiduous cultivation of his constituents. When he sent out public documents and books, or speeches from other House members, he would mail them to names on the first list, naturally, he had a hearty appreciation of the franking system, as a way of not having to pay the postage costs. Orth therefore made a reliable second-string leader for the House Republicans in the late 1860s, a Chicago Tribune correspondent described him as as good a man as can be found, without prejudice, without notions, without fixed ideas upon any question. He is one of men, who, upon large, general irresponsible principles are always right, but who are unpronounced upon little, local. That was not meant in criticism, the reporter thought him one of the most law-observing, conservative, after his retirement from the House, Orth was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to Austria. He resigned in the spring of 1876, having been nominated in February for governor by the Republican party. Members of the reform wing distrusted Orth automatically, because he stood well with Senator Oliver Mortons political machine, on August 2, Orth withdrew as candidate for governor, and was replaced by Benjamin Harrison. Orth was married twice, and had a daughter and two sons and he died in office in December 1882, just after losing a re-election bid to Thomas B. Ward, in Lafayette, Indiana and is interred at Greenbush Cemetery in that city, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved on 2008-10-30 Godlove Stein Orth
41.
Thomas Swann
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Thomas Swann was an American politician. Initially a Know-Nothing, and later a Democrat, he served as mayor of Baltimore, as the 33rd Governor of Maryland, Representative from Marylands 3rd congressional district and then 4th congressional district. Thomas Swann took the oath of office on January 11,1865, many believed once slavery was abolished in Maryland African Americans would begin a mass emigration to a new state. As white soldiers returned from southern battlefields they came home to find not only were their slaves gone. With a growing number of disaffected white men, Thomas Swann embarked on a campaign of Redemption and his strategy was built on the platform of entrenching white power and displacing independent African Americans. During this same time a crisis in New England caused the oyster industry in Marylands Chesapeake Bay to surge. Swanns problem was that the Bay oyster trade was heavily African American and his solution, use government policy to push African Americans in the bay and replace them with, White Labor, at reasonable rates wherever needed. Even more egregious he enacted a law that encouraged white fisherman to harass black fisherman when he signed into law the states first ever Oyster Code. Furthermore, all owners and masters are hereby vested with the power to summon pose comitatus to aid in such arrest. ”Even more egregious, any property seized during an Oyster Code violation was auctioned off. So it required a state referendum in Maryland to end slavery. Swann was born in Alexandria, Virginia, and attended Columbian College in Washington, D. C. and he studied law and was admitted to the Bar. A Democrat, he was appointed by 7th President Andrew Jackson as secretary of the United States Commission to Naples, in 1834, Swann moved to Baltimore, Maryland in 1834, where he engaged in business in the new railroad industry. Swann rose to be director and president of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1847 and he was chosen as president of the Northwestern Virginia Railroad. Swann was first elected Mayor of Baltimore in 1856 as a member of the Know Nothing movement in one of the bloodiest and he supposedly defeated Democratic challenger Robert Clinton Wright by over a thousand votes. During the mid-1850s, public order in Baltimore City had often threatened by the election of candidates of the Know Nothing movement which became known as the American Party. Hinks duly gave State Militia general George H. Steuart the order, as a result, violence broke out on polling day, with shots exchanged by competing mobs. In the 2nd and 8th Wards several citizens were killed, the result of the election, in which voter fraud was widespread, was a victory for Swann by around 9,000 votes. However, Mayor Swann, this time running for re-election, successfully argued for a compromise measure involving special police forces to prevent disorder, and Steuarts militia were stood down
42.
Samuel S. Cox
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Samuel Sullivan Sunset Cox was an American Congressman and diplomat. He represented both Ohio and New York in the United States House of Representatives, and also served as United States Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Cox was the grandson of New Jersey Congressman James Cox. He was named for his grandfather, Samuel Sullivan, who was Ohio State Treasurer in 1820–1823. Cox attended Ohio University and Brown University, graduating from Brown in 1846 and he practiced law in Zanesville and became the owner and editor of the Ohio Statesman, a newspaper in Columbus, Ohio. In 1855, he was secretary of the U. S. legation to Peru, Cox was elected to Congress as a Democrat in 1856, and served three terms representing Ohios 12th congressional district and one representing the 7th district. After giving a speech in 1864 denouncing Republicans for allegedly supporting miscegenation, he was defeated for reelection and moved to New York City. As slavery was already dead by the bullet, I figured it would be better to stop the bloodshed and that mattered more than the mere empty, abstract ceremonial of burying the dead corpse of slavery. He returned to Congress after winning election in 1868 to New Yorks 6th congressional district, Cox was then re-elected six times. In May 1885, Cox resigned his Congressional seat to accept appointment by President Grover Cleveland as U. S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, during his last term, he was chairman of the House Democratic Caucus. Tammany Hall elected Cox to Congress in New York, and it kept him there, almost the only honest man I know who passed through a portion of the Tweed Ring period, another politician said later. Cox was a supporter of civil service reform and westward expansion, in 1858, he was one of the Democrats who broke with the Buchanan White House and opposed admitting Kansas as a state under the Lecompton Constitution. Later, he became a critic of high tariffs — a stand that played well with his merchant constituents in a leading commercial city —. Whimsically, he suggested that those keeping the high duty on coal should lay a heavy duty on the sun. He was a backer of the Life Saving Service, later merged into the United States Coast Guard and he was also known as the letter carriers friend because of his support for paid benefits and a 40-hour work week for U. S. In gratitude, postal workers raised $10,000 in 1891 to erect a statue to Cox in New York City. Made by sculptor Louise Lawson, it was placed near his home on East 12th Street but was later moved to its present location in Tompkins Square Park. It depicts Cox orating and has criticized as a poor likeness. He was known as an eloquent public speaker, though his wife wrote many of his speeches and his nickname Sunset came from a particularly florid description of a sunset in an article in the Ohio Statesman
43.
Charles G. Williams
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Charles Grandison Williams was a U. S. Born in Royalton, New York, Williams pursued a course and studied law in Rochester. He moved to Wisconsin in 1856 and settled in Janesville and he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Janesville, where he would form a law partnership with David Noggle and Henry A. Patterson. He served in the Wisconsin State Senate 1869-1872, twice chosen president pro tempore of that body. Williams was elected as a Republican to the Forty-third and to the four succeeding Congresses and he represented Wisconsins 1st congressional district. He served as chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs during the Forty-seventh Congress and he was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1882 to the Forty-eighth Congress. He resumed the practice of law and he died in Watertown, South Dakota, March 30,1892. He was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery, Janesville, Wisconsin and he married Mary M. Noggle, daughter of a Janesville judge and one of the founding fathers of Janesville. They had a daughter, Kate Anna Williams and a son, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Obituary from the Janesville Gazette, Janesville WI,1892
