1.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
2.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
3.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
4.
CSKA Moscow
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CSKA Moscow is a major Russian sports club based in Moscow. The historical CSKA sport club is still a department of Russian Defense Ministry, the Big CSKA had several teams in many sports, but those which are still operating are all now private clubs, For the bandy club, see CSKA Moscow. For the football club, see PFC CSKA Moscow, for the futsal club, see MFK CSKA Moscow. For the ice hockey club, see HC CSKA Moscow, for the volleyball club, see VC CSKA Moscow. For the mens club, see PBC CSKA Moscow. For the womens club, see WBC CSKA Moscow. For the water polo club see, CSK VMF Moscow For the sport wrestling club see, VC CSKA and WBC CSKA were disbanded in 2009. The CSKA has also been home to many elite skaters, including Adelina Sotnikova, Ekaterina Gordeeva. Elena Mukhina, the 1978 World Champion artistic gymnast, was a member, the field was located at the Sokolniki Park in Moscow. On April 29,1923 the football team of the club has played its first game in the Moscow city championship, in February 1928 the club was included to the newly established the Frunze Central House of Red Army as a department of physical culture and sports. In October 1953 all sports centers of CDKA and Air Force of the Moscow Military District were included in the Central Sports Club of Ministry of Defense, in April 1960 it was renamed into Central Sports Club of Army. - May 31,1937 Komkor Fyodor Rodionov
5.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
6.
PFC CSKA Moscow
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PFC Central Sport Club of the Army, Moscow is a Russian professional football club. It is based in Moscow, playing its matches at the 30. The club is the most known division of the CSKA Moscow sports club, founded in 1911, CSKA had its most successful period after World War II with five titles in six seasons. It won a total of 7 Soviet Top League championships, including the season in 1991. The club has also won 6 Russian Premier League titles, CSKA was the official team of the Soviet Army during the communist era. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union it has become privately owned, Russian businessman Roman Abramovichs Sibneft corporation was a leading sponsor of the club from 2004 to 2006. Officially, CSKA is a club and thus no longer a section of the Russian militarys CSKA sports club. The Russian Ministry of Defense is a PFC CSKA shareholder, however, the Moscow Army men won their 10th national title back in 2006 and they are one of the most successful clubs in Russian football, having an extensive legacy in Soviet football as well. In 2004, the received a major financial infusion from a sponsorship deal with Sibneft. The partnership with Sibneft lasted until 2006, when VTB became the sponsor of the club, CSKA started 2009 without a shirt sponsor. On 4 November 1992, CSKA qualified for the stage of the UEFA Champions League which contained only 8 teams after defeating Spanish champion FC Barcelona 4–3 on aggregate. On 16 March 2010, CSKA qualified for the quarterfinals of the UEFA Champions League after defeating Sevilla FC 3–2 on aggregate and they were later eliminated from competition by Internazionale, losing by 1–0 scorelines in both Milan and Moscow. On 7 December 2011, CSKA qualified for the phase of the UEFA Champions League after winning crucial 3 points by defeating Internazionale with scoreline 1–2 in Milan. On 6 December 2016, CSKA announced that manager Leonid Slutsky would leave the club after seven years at the club, following their last game of 2016,6 days later,12 December, Viktor Goncharenko was announced as the clubs new manager, signing a two-year contract. As of match played 6 December 2016 CSKA Moscow won their first, sergei Ignashevich lifted the 2005 UEFA Cup after CSKA ran out 3-1 winners over Sporting CP in Sportings own Estádio José Alvalade stadium. Goals from Aleksei Berezutski, Yuri Zhirkov and Vágner Love saw CSKA become the first Russian club to win a major European title, CSKA was nicknamed Horses because the first stadium was built on the old racecourse/hippodromo in Moscow. Its capacity is small for a club of its stature. This is one of the reasons the club uses other venues in the city
7.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
8.
Stadium
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Pausanias noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stade at Olympia, where the word stadium originated. In modern times, a stadium is officially a stadium when at least 50% of the capacity is an actual building. If the majority of the capacity is formed by grasshills, the venue is not officially considered a stadium. Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for football, or soccer. A large amount of sports venues are also used for concerts. Stadium is the Latin form of the Greek word stadion, a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet, as feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion =600 ft, in a historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller. The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length — about 185 m -, the English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length. Most dictionaries provide for both stadiums and stadia as valid English plurals, although etymological purists sometimes apply stadia only to measures of length in excess of 1 stadium. The oldest known stadium is the one in Olympia, in the western Peloponnese, Greece, initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. The stadion, a measure of length, may be related to the Stadium, Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Stadium of Domitian, in Rome. The excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic stadium hosted a version of the Olympic Games in 1870,1875,1896 and 1906. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, the first stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. One such early stadium was the Lansdowne Road Stadium, the brainchild of Henry Dunlop, banned from locating sporting events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the Stamford Bridge stadium and Anfield stadium. In the U. S. However, many of these caught fire. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some only a few years. Goodison Park was the first purpose-built football stadium in the world, walton-based building firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators
9.
1980 Summer Olympics
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The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, was an international multi-sport event held in Moscow, Soviet Union, in present-day Russia. The 1980 Games were the first Olympic Games to be staged in Eastern Europe and they were also the first Olympic Games to be held in a socialist country, and the only Summer Games to be held in such a country until 2008 in Beijing, China. These were the final Olympic Games under the IOC Presidency of Michael Morris and this prompted the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics. The only two cities to bid for the 1980 Summer Olympics were Moscow and Los Angeles, the choice between them was made on 23 October 1974 in the 75th IOC Session in Vienna, Austria. Los Angeles would eventually host the 1984 Summer Olympics, eighty nations were represented at the Moscow Games – the smallest number since 1956. Six nations made their first Olympic appearance in 1980, Angola, Botswana, Jordan, Laos, Mozambique, cyprus made its debut at the Summer Olympics, but had appeared earlier at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York. Sri Lanka competed for the first time under its new name, Benin had competed previously as Dahomey and Zimbabwe competed for the first time under that name. The Soviet invasion spurred Jimmy Carter to issue an ultimatum on January 20,1980,65 countries and regions invited did not take part in the 1980 Olympics. Many of these followed the United States boycott initiative, while others cited economic reasons for not coming, iran, under Ayatollah Khomeini hostile to both superpowers, boycotted when the Islamic Conference condemned the invasion. Many of the boycotting nations participated instead in the Liberty Bell Classic, also known as the Olympic Boycott Games, in Philadelphia. However, the nations that did compete had won 71 percent of all medals, competitors from three countries – New Zealand, Portugal, and Spain – competed under the flags of their respective National Olympic Committees. Some of these teams that marched under other than their national flags were depleted by boycotts by individual athletes. The impact of the boycott was mixed, some events, such as field hockey and equestrian sports, were hard hit, while others such as boxing, judo, rowing, swimming, track and field and weightlifting had more participants than in 1976. Athletes from 25 countries won Olympic gold and competitors from 36 countries became Olympic medalists, Italy won four times more gold medals than they won in Montreal and France multiplied its gold medal tally by three. Romania won more medals than it had at any previous Olympics. In terms of medals, the Moscow Olympics was Irelands most successful games since Melbourne 1956. The same was true for Great Britain, third World athletes qualified for more events and took more medals than they did at any previous Olympics. 21 percent of the competitors were women – a higher percentage than at any previous Olympics, There were 203 events – more than at any previous Olympics
10.
Khodynka Aerodrome
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Khodynka Aerodrome was an airport in Moscow, Russia located 7 kilometres northwest of the centre of the city. Donations from aviation enthusiasts met much of the cost of the construction of the facility, there resulted a runway and six small hangars for airplanes. The official opening took place on October 3,1910 in the presence of military authorities, M. F. De Campo Scipio made the first takeoff. On May 3,1922 the first ever Russian international flight on the route Moscow - Königsberg - Berlin took place. On July 15,1923 the first regular passenger flights between Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod started - the 420 km route took 2.5 hours in a 4-seater AK-1 monoplane. From 1923 to 1926 the facility bore the name Central L. D. Trotsky Aerodrome, subsequently it officially became Central M. V. Frunze Aerodrome. In 1938 the airport gave its name to the newly-opened Moscow Metro station Aeroport to the north of the runway, khodynka remained the only airport in Moscow until the opening of Bykovo in 1933. Khodynka Aerodrome closed in 2003, and as of 2016 the whole site has been redeveloped for other uses and it housed a large number of stored aircraft from Sukhoi and Mikoyan-Gurevich. Aeroport Video report from the abandoned aircraft museum,2009
11.
Megasport Sport Palace
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Megasport Sport Palace, is a multi-purpose arena in Moscow, Russia. The arena has a capacity of 13,926 people. It is used mostly for basketball matches and it is situated in the Khodynka Field and was completed in December 2006. It was one of the arenas to host the 2007 Mens World Ice Hockey Championships and it also was the home of the Sultan Ibragimov vs. Evander Holyfield World Heavyweight Title Fight on October 13,2007. On 23 January 2008, CSKA Moscow hosted a EuroLeague Regular season game against TAU Cerámica in the arena, in November 2008, the Cup of Russia figure skating competition was held there. Another important event hosted at the arena was the 2006-07 CEV Champions League Final four and this arena was rumored to be the venue for the 54th Eurovision Song Contest in 2009, but instead the competition was held at the Olympic Indoor Arena in Moscow. On March 24,2011, the International Skating Union relocated the 2011 World Figure Skating Championships to the Megasport Arena in Moscow and this decision followed the cancellation of the championships in Tokyo, Japan due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The championships was staged from April 24 – May 1,2011, the 2011 European Curling Championships was hosted at the arena in December 2011. In 2016, the became the home arena of the VTB United League club CSKA Moscow for EuroLeague games. Official website Khodynka Arena at Hockeyarenas. net Khodynka Arena at worldstadiums. com
12.
Venues of the 1980 Summer Olympics
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For the 1980 Summer Olympics, a total of twenty-eight sports venues were used. The first venue used for the Games was built in 1923, with the creation of the Spartakiad in Moscow in 1928, more venues were constructed. Central Lenin Stadium Grand Arena was built in 1956 for that years versions of the Spartkiad, a plan in 1971 to construct more sports venues by 1990 was initiated, but accelerated in 1974 when Moscow was awarded the 1980 Games. The new venues to be used for the Games were completed in 1979, during the Games themselves at the permamnent road cycling venue, the first ever constructed, the largest margin of victory was recorded in the individual road race cycling event since 1928. The Grand Arena hosted the final that was played in a rainstorm for the third straight Olympics. After the 1991 break of the Soviet Union, the venues in Kiev, Minsk, and Tallinn would be located in Ukraine, Belarus, Luzhniki Stadium, formerly Grand Arena, continues to be used, and it was affected by the Luzhniki disaster in 1982. The stadium served as host for the IAAF World Championships in Athletics in 2013, another venue, the Moscow Canoeing and Rowing Basin, served as host to the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in 2014. In December 2010, Russia was awarded the 2018 FIFA World Cup with Luzhniki Stadium, the oldest venue for the games was Republican Stadium in Kiev, which was constructed in 1923. Dymano Central Stadiums Grand Arena in Moscow was constructed in 1928 for the first Spartakiad, young Pioneers Stadium was constructed between 1932 and 1934. For the 1956 Spartakiad, four venues were constructed, most notably Central Lenin Stadium Grand Arena in 1956, the Canoeing and Rowing Basin was constructed in 1973 for the European Rowing Championships. Moscow first bid for the Olympic Games in 1970 for the 1976 Summer Olympics, four years later, it beat out Los Angeles for the 1980 Summer Games. One of the new venues constructed was the circuit at the Krylatskoye Sports Ciruit that was the first permanent venue for road cycling. Plans to build some of the used for the 1980 Games were in place in 1971 with expected completion to be in 1990. These were done in six different venues and the new venues were completed by 1979, Portnov turned a two-and-a-half backward somersault into a belly flop. He protested immediately, was awarded as redive which he did perfectly, protests from divers representing East Germany, Italy, and Mexico followed, but they were disallowed. The medal ceremony was delayed two days until FINA could make its decision which it let Portnov keep his gold and this resulted in protests outside of the Soviet Embassy in Mexico City because of the decision. Luzhniki hosted the final that was held for the third straight Olympics in a rainstorm. In that final, Czechoslovakia defeated East Germany 1-0 in a game that had four cautions, Moscow hosted the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships in 1981
13.
Druzhba Multipurpose Arena
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The Druzhba Multipurpose Arena is an indoor arena in Moscow, Russia, part of the Luzhniki Sports Complex. It was built in 1979, and the first competition held there was the finals of the 7th USSR Summer Spartakiad and it hosted volleyball preliminaries of the 1980 Summer Olympics and was a venue of the 1986 Goodwill Games. The capacity of the arena is for 3,500 people and is the home venue of WVC Dynamo Moscow Volleyball team
14.
Luzhniki Stadium
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Luzhniki Stadium, is a sports stadium in Moscow, Russia. Its total seating capacity is 81,000 seats, all covered and this stadium has the same interior with Gelora Bung Karno Stadium in Indonesia. The stadium is a part of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex, and is located in Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug of Moscow city, the name Luzhniki derives from the flood meadows in the bend of Moskva River where the stadium was built, translating roughly as The Meadows. In the past its field was used for football games played by PFC CSKA Moscow, Torpedo Moscow and Spartak Moscow. Today it is used as one of the home grounds of the Russian national football team. It is one of the few major European stadia to use an artificial pitch, the pitch is necessary because regular grass pitches cannot withstand the harsh Russian winters and must be replaced at high cost. However, a natural grass pitch was installed for the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final. The stadium is used from time to time for various other sporting events. The stadium is located in Khamovniki District of the Central Administrative Okrug of Moscow city, the name Luzhniki derives from the flood meadows in the bend of Moskva River where the stadium was built, translating roughly as The Meadows. It was necessary to find a large plot of land. The proximity of the river, green mass of clean, fresh air - this circumstance alone mattered to select the area of the city of sports. In addition, Luzhniki is located close to the city center. On December 23,1954, the Government of the USSR adopted a resolution on the construction of a stadium in the Luzhniki area in Moscow. The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki brought the Soviet team 71 medals and top place in the team standings. It was a success, but increased athletic development of the Soviet Union. The proposed complex was to all modern international standards and at the same time serve as a training base for the Olympic team and arena for large domestic. The stadium was built in 1955–56 as the Grand Arena of the Central Lenin Stadium and it was necessary to demolish a whole area of dilapidated buildings. Because the soil was heavily waterlogged, almost the entire area of the future of the complex had to be raised half a meter,10,000 piles were hammered into the ground and dredgers reclaimed about 3 million cubic meters of soil
15.
Luzhniki Small Sports Arena
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The Luzhniki Small Sports Arena is an 8, 700-seat indoor arena that is part of the Luzhniki Sports Complex in Moscow, Russia. The Arena was built in 1956 in the USSR and it hosted volleyball competitions during the 1980 Summer Olympics. It also hosted events of the 1973 Summer Universiade,1986 Goodwill Games, Spartakiads of the Peoples of the USSR, the arena was the home arena of ice hockey club Dynamo Moscow at 2000-2015
16.
Olympic Pool, Moscow
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The Olympic Pool, formerly Swimming Pool of the Central Lenin Stadium is an aquatics center that is part of the Luzhniki Sports Complex in Moscow, Russia. It was opened in 1957 and renovated in 1980, the 10, 500-seat venue hosted water polo events at the 1980 Summer Olympics. It also hosted events of the 1973 Summer Universiade, 12th World Festival of Youth and Students,1986 Goodwill Games, Spartakiads of the Peoples of the USSR, recent Google satellite images show that the Olympic Pool has been demolished. In official reports by the mayor of Moscow, Sergei Sobyanin states that it will be reconstructed as an Multipurpose Aquatic Centre, apart from the swimming pool, the facility will include a water area with fun rides, a fitness club and a spa centre
17.
Olympic Stadium (Moscow)
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Olympic Stadium, known locally as the Olimpiyskiy or Olimpiski, is a large indoor arena, located in Moscow, Russia. It was built for the 1980 Summer Olympics and, divided into two separated halls, hosted the basketball and boxing events, a part of the Olimpiyskiy Sports Complex, it makes up one architectural ensemble with another venue, constructed at the same time, the Swimming Pool. The venue is so large, that up to 80,000 people can occupy its space and it has hosted the Davis Cup finals and Bandy World Championships on several occasions, and is the home of the Kremlin Cup tournament. It was the worlds first indoor bandy arena, when smaller indoor sports are held at the venue, such as tennis or basketball, only 1/4 of the floor space is used. Capacity at this configuration can vary between 10,000 and 16,000 people, the arena hosted the 1999 FIBA EuroStars game and the 2005 Euroleague Final Four. The stadium can hold up to 16,000 people for televised events, in May 2014, the city of Moscow auctioned 65% of shares in the stadium that it previously controlled, oil company ZAO Neftegazprod won the auction, paying 4,672 billion rubles. Kylie Minogue performed there on 16 June 2008 as part of her KylieX2008, the stadium was the venue for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009. Russian metal band Aria sold out the arena for its 25 Anniversary concert, Aria ex-members were the opening bands. Roger Waters performed a sold out show during The Wall Live Tour on 23 April 2011, the show was attended by the likes of Konstanin Nikolsky, Andrey Makarevich and David Tukhmanov. The spectacle was the most expensive show staged on Russian soil, limp Bizkit performed at the venue on 4 and 5 June 2012, and again on 29 November 2013. They will also be doing a back to back show 31 October 2015 and 1 November 2015, madonna performed during the MDNA Tour on 7 August 2012, causing controversy to have discoursed about the LGBT rights in Russia. Legendary heavy metal band Black Sabbath performed at the venue during their Black Sabbath Reunion Tour on 1 June 2014, green Days performance, during their 99 Revolutions Tour on 21 June 2013, marks their very first live performance in Russia. Mylène Farmer performed during Mylène Farmer en tournée on July 1,2009, thirty Seconds to Mars performed during Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour on March 1,2014 Didier Marouani and Space performed for 8 concerts from 21 to 28 June 1983. Bandy World Championship 1989 and Bandy World Championship 2008 were played here, the 2013 European Artistic Gymnastics Championships were held in the stadium between 17–23 April 2013. List of tennis stadiums by capacity Official website of the Olympiisky Sports Complex Information on venue Info from Euroleague. net
18.
Swimming Pool at the Olimpiysky Sports Complex
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The Swimming Pool at the Olimpiysky Sports Complex is a covered swimming centre in Moscow, Russia. The venue, built for the 1980 Summer Olympics, makes up the Olimpiysky Sports Complex architectural ensemble together with the Olimpiysky Arena, during the Olympics, it hosted the swimming, diving, water polo, and the swimming part of the modern pentathlon events. It also hosted 2002 Short Course World Championships, the venue consists of a 50x25x2, 25m swimming pool, separated by an acoustic partition from the 35x25x6 m diving pool. Olympic Pool at the Luzhniki Olympic Complex Official website of the Olympiisky Sports Complex
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Alexander Gomelsky Universal Sports Hall CSKA
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Alexander Gomelsky Universal Sports Hall CSKA, also known as USH CSKA, and formerly known as CSKA Palace of Sports, is a multi-purpose indoor sporting arena that is located in Moscow, Russia. It is a part of the CSKA Sports Complex, the arena can also be used for dancing and other entertainment events. The seating capacity of the arena for basketball games 5,500 people, the arena is named in honor of the late Alexander Gomelsky, the former head basketball coach and honorary president of CSKA Moscow Basketball Club. Universal Sports Hall CSKA was completed in the year 1979, during the preparations for the 1980 Summer Olympics, the arena was used as a venue for the 1980 Olympics basketball tournament that was held there. Universal Sports Hall CSKA has also used as the long-time home arena of the basketball club. It has also used as the home arena of futsal club. Eurohockey. net CSKA Universal Sports Hall Fightlife. com CSKA Universal Sports Hall Image of the interior of Universal Sports Hall CSKA
20.
Dynamo Sports Palace
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Dvorec Sporta Dinamo is an indoor sporting arena located in Moscow, Russia. The capacity of the arena is 5,000 and it hosted the home games of MBC Dynamo Moscow until 2006. It was built during the preparations for the 1980 Summer Olympics, hosted by Moscow and it was the home venue of Dynamo Moscow basketball team until 2006. The Dynamo Moscow volleyball team play their home matches here Dynamo Official site
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Krylatskoye Rowing Canal
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The Krylatskoye Rowing Canal is a canoe sprint and rowing venue located in the Krylatskoye Sports Complex in Moscow, Russia. Constructed in 1973, the hosted the canoeing and rowing competitions for the 1980 Summer Olympics. It will be the host venue for the 2014 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, ICF Bidding Questionnaire,2014 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships Moscow
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Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome
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The Krylatskoye Sports Complex Velodrome is a velodrome constructed in Moscow, Russia. It hosted the cycling events for the 1980 Summer Olympics. The track is 333.33 meters long and 10 meters wide and it was longest indoor track in the world
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Izmailovo Sports Palace
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The Izmailovo Sports Palace is an indoor arena located in the Eastern Planning Zone in Moscow, Russia. It hosted the competitions for the 1980 Summer Olympics
24.
Sokolniki Arena
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Sokolniki Arena or Sokolniki Sports Palace is an indoor sporting arena located in Moscow, Russia. It is located in the Sokolniki District of the city, a walk from Sokolniki metro station. Initially it was a skating rink, roofed in 1973 during the preparations for the 1973 Summer Universiade. The capacity of the arena is 5,000, the Sokolniki Sports Palace was a venue of handball tournament for the 1980 Summer Olympics, including the final. It is the arena of the HC Spartak Moscow ice hockey team. There is a practice rink located just to the east of the main arena. On March 10,1975, at a match between Soviet and Canadian youth hockey teams at the Sokolniki Arena, at least twenty people were killed in a stampede after the lights went out. Official website of the Sokolniki Sports Palace
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Dinamo Stadium (Minsk)
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Dinamo Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Minsk, Belarus. It is currently undergoing major renovations, earlier it was used mostly for football matches and was the home ground of Dinamo Minsk, FC Minsk and Belarus national football team. The stadium officially seated 40,000, but because part of the stand had not been used since the mid-1990s for safety reasons. Dinamo Stadium was constructed and opened in 1934 and expanded in 1939 and it was destroyed during World War II and rebuilt during 1947–1954. It was further renovated during 1978–1980 in preparation for 1980 Summer Olympics, in October 2012 the stadium was closed for major reconstruction works. It will be reopened in 2014 as a soccer-specific stadium, during Soviet years the stadium was a home venue for Dinamo Minsk, which continued to use the stadium until 2008. Since 2009 Dinamo Minsk has relocated to a smaller Dinamo-Yuni Stadium, the stadium was also a traditional venue to host the final match of Belarusian Cup, which was held here almost every year between 1992 and 2012, with the exception of 2002 and 2011. The stadium was one of the venues of the tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics. It hosted 6 group phase matches and one quarterfinal and it was one of the venues at 1984 UEFA U18 Euro and 1985 FIFA U20 World Cup, both held in Soviet Union. Since 1992 the stadium is a home venue for Belarus national football team. Over the years the stadium has been used by a lot of Belarusian clubs in European Cups in cases when the clubs own stadiums did not meet UEFA criteria, dynamo Stadium profile at pressball. by Stadium profile at FC Dinamo Minsk website Stadium profile at FC Minsk website
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Minsk
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Minsk (Belarusian, Мінск pronounced, is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Nyamiha rivers. It is the centre of the Commonwealth of Independent States. As the national capital, Minsk has an administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of Minsk Region. In 2013, it had a population of 2,002,600, the earliest historical references to Minsk date to the 11th century, when it was noted as a provincial city within the principality of Polotsk. The settlement developed on the rivers, in 1242, Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It received town privileges in 1499, from 1569, it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793, from 1919 to 1991, after the Russian Revolution, Minsk was the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union. Minsk will host the 2019 European Games, Minsk is located on the southeastern slope of the Minsk Hills, a region of rolling hills running from the southwest to the northeast – that is, to Lukomskaye Lake in northwestern Belarus. The average altitude above sea level is 220 metres, the physical geography of Minsk was shaped over the two most recent ice ages. There are six smaller rivers within the city limits, all part of the Black Sea basin, Minsk is in the area of mixed forests typical of most of Belarus. Pinewood and mixed forests border the edge of the city, especially in the north, some of the forests were preserved as parks as the city grew. The city was built on the hills, which allowed for defensive fortifications. Minsk has a warm summer humid continental climate, owing to its location between the strong influence of the moist air of the Atlantic Ocean and the dry air of the Eurasian landmass. Its weather is unstable and tends to change often, the average January temperature is −4.5 °C, while the average July temperature is 18.5 °C. The lowest temperature was recorded on 17 January 1940, at −40 °C and the warmest on 29 July 1936 at 35 °C and this results in frequent fogs, common in the autumn and spring. Minsk receives annual precipitation of 690 millimetres, of one third falls during the cold period. Throughout the year, most winds are westerly and northwesterly, bringing cool, similar climatic regimes are found in Stockholm, Sweden and in Halifax, Canada. The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Centre of Radioactive and Environmental Control, during 2003–2008 the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 tons
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Kirov Stadium
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The SM Kirov Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in St. Petersburg, Russia, and was one of the largest stadiums anywhere in the world. The stadium was named after Sergey Kirov, the stands of the Kirov stadium were located on the slopes of a circular artificial mound in the western part of Krestovsky Island, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. Construction started in 1932, initial project was designed by architect Aleksandr Nikolsky, during the 1930s and 1940s, construction was mainly focused on groundworks for the artificial mound on the sea shore. Construction was interrupted by World War II and the Siege of Leningrad, thousands of Red Army and Red Navy recruits were also conscripted as labor force for construction. The stadium was open on 30 July 1950 with the game between two main Leningrad teams, Zenit and Dynamo, drew 1-1, initially the stadium held 100,000 people. For the match between Zenit and CSKA on 14 July 1951, additional temporary stands were installed, increasing the capacity of the stadium to 110,000, the stadium was sold out, and the attendance of 110,000 is the record for the Soviet football. Kirov stadium was reconstructed to hold preliminary matches of the tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics. The capacity was reduced to 72,000, in 1994 the stadium was used as the main arena for the St. Petersburg 1994 Goodwill Games. This was the last major event at the Kirov Stadium. After the Goodwill Games, the stadium was used for more years for football matches, as well as for athletics. In 2005 it was decided to demolish the arena of the stadium. International competition for design of the new Zenit Stadium was won by architect Kisho Kurokawa. The Kirov stadium was the home to Zenit football club in 1950-1989 and 1992, on 6 July 2006 Zenit decided to play a match against Dynamo Moscow at the Kirov stadium because of unavailability of pitch at the Petrovsky Stadium, the current Zenit ground. Part of the seats were already uninstalled because of planned deconstruction, the last official match at Kirov stadium was FC Petrotrest - Spartak Shelkovo on 17 August 2006. The stadium was demolished in September 2006, a new stadium is under construction, tentatively scheduled to open in 2016
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Saint Petersburg
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Saint Petersburg is Russias second-largest city after Moscow, with five million inhabitants in 2012, and an important Russian port on the Baltic Sea. It is politically incorporated as a federal subject, situated on the Neva River, at the head of the Gulf of Finland on the Baltic Sea, it was founded by Tsar Peter the Great on May 271703. In 1914, the name was changed from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd, in 1924 to Leningrad, between 1713 and 1728 and 1732–1918, Saint Petersburg was the capital of imperial Russia. In 1918, the government bodies moved to Moscow. Saint Petersburg is one of the cities of Russia, as well as its cultural capital. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Saint Petersburg is home to The Hermitage, one of the largest art museums in the world. A large number of consulates, international corporations, banks. Swedish colonists built Nyenskans, a fortress, at the mouth of the Neva River in 1611, in a then called Ingermanland. A small town called Nyen grew up around it, Peter the Great was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, and he intended to have Russia gain a seaport in order to be able to trade with other maritime nations. He needed a better seaport than Arkhangelsk, which was on the White Sea to the north, on May 1703121703, during the Great Northern War, Peter the Great captured Nyenskans, and soon replaced the fortress. On May 271703, closer to the estuary 5 km inland from the gulf), on Zayachy Island, he laid down the Peter and Paul Fortress, which became the first brick and stone building of the new city. The city was built by conscripted peasants from all over Russia, tens of thousands of serfs died building the city. Later, the city became the centre of the Saint Petersburg Governorate, Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712,9 years before the Treaty of Nystad of 1721 ended the war, he referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital as early as 1704. During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the bank of the Neva, near the Peter. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan, by 1716 the Swiss Italian Domenico Trezzini had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be located on Vasilyevsky Island and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed, but is evident in the layout of the streets, in 1716, Peter the Great appointed French Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond as the chief architect of Saint Petersburg. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences, University and Academic Gymnasium were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great, in 1725, Peter died at the age of fifty-two. His endeavours to modernize Russia had met opposition from the Russian nobility—resulting in several attempts on his life
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Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex
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The Olympic National Sports Complex is a multi-use sports and recreation facility in Kiev, Ukraine, located on the slopes of the citys central Cherepanov Hill, Pechersk Raion. The stadium is the sports venue in Ukraine and the second largest in Eastern Europe after Moscows Luzhniki Stadium. The complex beside its stadium also features several other facilities and is designed to host the Olympic Games. It hosted the final of Euro 2012 and will host 2018 UEFA Champions League Final, after Ukrainian independence in 1991, the stadium was given national status in 1996 and renamed again as the Olympic National Sports Complex. Kievians still commonly refer to it as the Tsentralny or Respublykanskyi stadion, in 1997–99, the stadium was renovated again in accordance with FIFA guidelines, and its capacity was reduced to 83,450. The stadium continued to be the ground of Dynamo with the Lobanovsky stadium serving as a training ground. Sometime after 1998 big changes took place as it was no longer efficient to keep, Dynamo decided to reconstruct the Lobanovsky Dynamo Stadium as its primary ground because match attendances rarely exceeded 10,000 spectators. Since that time Olympic has been used primarily for international matches and was lent to FC Dynamo Kyiv for high-profile home games when a high attendance was expected. However it is not the home ground of Dynamo or any other Kiev club, as they all have smaller home stadiums. The stadium is a home ground of the Ukraine national football team and was the official venue of the Ukrainian Cup final until 2008. From 2008 Olympic underwent a reconstruction in preparation for the continental championship. For most of its history the stadium was known as the Republican Stadium, in the first match on 20 July, East Germany tied with Spain by a scoreline of 1–1. The one quarterfinal, held on 27 July 1980, saw East Germany thrash Iraq by the score of 4–0 on the way to their third title. On 18 April 2007, Poland and Ukraine were chosen by UEFA to co-host the finals of Euro 2012, the capacity of the stadium after the reconstruction is 70,050. Reconstruction began on 1 December 2008, when the winner of a tender was announced and it was scheduled to be finished in 2011. The stadium was opened by Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych on 8 October 2011. Three Group D matches, a quarter-final and the final were scheduled for here, in the first match, Ukraine beat Sweden by a scoreline of 2–1. The final, held on 1 July 2012, saw Spain thrash Italy by the score of 4–0 on the way to their third title
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Kiev
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Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population in July 2015 was 2,887,974, Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many industries, higher education institutions. The city has an infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport. The citys name is said to derive from the name of Kyi, during its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians in the mid-9th century. Under Varangian rule, the city became a capital of the Kievan Rus, completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours, first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland. The city prospered again during the Russian Empires Industrial Revolution in the late 19th century, in 1917, after the Ukrainian National Republic declared independence from the Russian Empire, Kiev became its capital. From 1919 Kiev was an important center of the Armed Forces of South Russia and was controlled by the White Army. From 1921 onwards Kiev was a city of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, which was proclaimed by the Red Army, during World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, but quickly recovered in the post-war years, remaining the third largest city of the Soviet Union. During the countrys transformation to an economy and electoral democracy. Kievs armament-dependent industrial output fell after the Soviet collapse, adversely affecting science, Kiev emerged as the most pro-Western region of Ukraine where parties advocating tighter integration with the European Union dominate during elections. As a prominent city with a history, its English name was subject to gradual evolution. The early English spelling was derived from Old East Slavic form Kyjev, the name is associated with that of Kyi, the legendary eponymous founder of the city. Early English sources use various names, including Kiou, Kiow, Kiew, on one of the oldest English maps of the region, Russiae, Moscoviae et Tartariae published by Ortelius the name of the city is spelled Kiou. On the 1650 map by Guillaume de Beauplan, the name of the city is Kiiow, in the book Travels, by Joseph Marshall, the city is referred to as Kiovia
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M1 highway (Russia)
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The Russian route M1 is a major trunk road that runs from Moscow through Smolensk before reaching the border with Belarus. The highway runs south of Odintsovo, Kubinka, Mozhaysk, Gagarin, north of Vyazma, after crossing the border with Belarus, the highway continues to Minsk, Brest, and Warsaw. The entire route is part of European route E30 and AH6, during the 1980 Summer Olympics, a 50-kilometer stretch between the 23-kilometer mark and the 73-kilometer mark was used for the road team time trial cycling event
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Pirita (river)
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The Pirita is a 105 km long river in northern Estonia that drains into Tallinn Bay in Pirita, Tallinn. The basin area of the Pirita is 799 km², for the 1980 Summer Olympics held in Moscow, the estuary to the Gulf of Finland at Tallinn Bay hosted the sailing events. As part of the Tallinn water supply system, the Pirita is impounded into the Paunküla and Vaskjala Reservoirs, the reservoir in Vaskjala is connected over a canal to the Lake Ülemiste in Tallinn, where the Ülemiste Water Treatment Plant is situated. Additional water is directed to Pirita from the Jägala, Soodla and Pärnu rivers through a canal network that joins Pirita in Veskitaguse
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Izmailovo Hotel
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The Izmailovo Hotel is a four-building hotel located in Izmaylovo District of Moscow, Russia. It was built for the 1980 Summer Olympics, because Moscow lacked enough hotel rooms and it is usually rated a three star hotel and its four buildings, Alfa, Beta, Vega and Gamma-Delta, are independently managed. The nearest subway stations are Партизанская and Moscow Central Circle station Izmaylovo, Официальный сайт гостиницы Измайлово Гамма-Дельта Официальный сайт гостиницы Измайлово Бета Официальный сайт гостиницы Измайлово Вега Официальный сайт гостиницы Измайлово Альфа М. И. Олимпийские сооружения Москвы, Проектирование и строительство
34.
Fencing at the 1896 Summer Olympics
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At the 1896 Summer Olympics, three fencing events were contested at the Zappeion. They were prepared and organized by the Sub-Committee for Fencing, the épée event for men was cancelled. All fencing was done to three touches, Events were held on 7 April and 9 April 1896. 15 athletes from four nations competed,8 fencers from 3 nations won one medal each and these medals are retroactively assigned by the International Olympic Committee, at the time, winners were given a silver medal. De Coubertin, Pierre, Philemon, P. J. Anninos, the Olympic Games, BC776 – AD1896. Results for All Competitors in All Events, with Commentary, the Invention of the Modern Olympic Games
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Zappeion
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The Zappeion, is a building in the National Gardens of Athens in the heart of Athens, Greece. It is generally used for meetings and ceremonies, both official and private, the ancient Panathenian stadium was also refurbished as part of the works for the Olympic Games. Following some delay, on 20 January 1874, the cornerstone of the building was laid, finally, on 20 October 1888, the Zappeion opened. The Austrian Parliament Building was also designed by Hansen and followed the theme in the exterior. The Zappeion was used during the 1896 Summer Olympics as the fencing hall. A decade later, at the 1906 Intercalated Games, it was used as the Olympic Village and it served as the first host for the organizing committee for the 2004 Games from 1998 to 1999 and served as the press center during the 2004 games. In 1938, the Athens Radio Station, the countrys first national broadcaster, the building continued to house the National Radio Foundation until the inauguration of the House of Radio in 1970. The head of Evangelos Zappas is buried underneath his statue which is located just outside the Zappeion, the Zappeion is currently being used as a Conference and Exhibition Center for both public and private purposes. The building contains about 25 distinct rooms that range in size from 97 square metres to 984 square metres, in the obverse of the coin, a front view of the building is depicted. Official Zappeion Megaron Website Virtual Tour of the Zappeion Zappeion Remodelling Project,2000 Old Photos of Zappeion
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Fencing at the 1900 Summer Olympics
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At the 1900 Summer Olympics, seven fencing events were contested. 260 fencers from 19 nations competed, the fencing events were spread out over a good deal of time. The competitions began on Monday,14 May, the first round of the amateur foil competition was held on 14 May and 15 May. Judging was subjective, a change from the 3-touch format from four years earlier,37 of the 54 fencers advanced, including some who had nominally lost their bouts and excluding some who had nominally won. The quarterfinals, repechage, and semifinals were held for the foil event in the first week. The quarterfinals and repechage were again judged subjectively, but the semifinal was a pool format with matches won or lost counting towards advancement to the final. The only non-French fencer to advance past this stage was Rudolf Brosch of Austria, the foil competition continued with the consolation pool and the final on 21 May. These round-robin pools determined the top 16 places in the tournament, the first two rounds, the repechage, and the first half of the semifinals of the masters foil event were held this week. Again, early rounds were judged subjectively but the semifinal used match results, the masters foil competition concluded with the second half of the semifinals on 28 May and the consolation and final rounds on 29 May. France again swept the medals, though Italians Antonio Conte and Italo Santelli made strong showings, with 4th and 7th places, Épée made its Olympic debut, with the amateur event beginning with part of the first round on 1 June and 2 June. All rounds of the event consisted of round-robin pools, the épée competition continued with the second half of the first round, the quarterfinals, and the semifinals. Ramón Fonst of Cuba and Eduardo Camet of Argentina joined 7 French épéeists in advancing to the final, the masters épée competition began on 11 June, with the semifinals on 13 June. France dominated the competition, taking all of the finals spots, on 14 June, the finals of both the masters and amateur épée events were held. France took its third medal sweep in the event. An unusual event, a competition between the amateurs and masters in the épée, was held on 15 June, the top four fencers in each class played in a one-day round-robin pool in the amateur-master event. The first round, semifinals, and final of the sabre event were held. The sabre events were more internationally balanced than the other two weapons, with 3 Austrians,2 Hungarians, and 3 Frenchmen making the final. France still took the top two spots, giving the host nation its 5th gold medal in 6 attempts, the first round and the semifinals of the masters event of the sabre also took place in the sixth week of fencing competition
37.
Tuileries Garden
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The Tuileries Garden is a public garden located between the Louvre Museum and the Place de la Concorde in the 1st arrondissement of Paris. Created by Catherine de Medici as the garden of the Tuileries Palace in 1564, it was opened to the public in 1667. In the 19th and 20th centuries, it was the place where Parisians celebrated, met, strolled and she decided that she would build a new palace there for herself, separate from the Louvre, with a garden modeled after the gardens of her native Florence. At the time there was an empty area bordered by the Seine on the south, the rue Saint-Honoré on the north, the Louvre on the east, since the 13th century this area was occupied by workshops, called tuileries, making tiles for the roofs of buildings. Some of land had been acquired early in the 16th century by King Francois I, Catherine acquired more land and began to build a new palace and garden on the site. The garden of Catherine de Medicis was a space five hundred metres long. The Tuileries was the largest and most beautiful garden in Paris at the time, Catherine used it for lavish royal festivities honoring ambassadors from Queen Elizabeth I of England and the marriage of her daughter, Marguerite de Valois, to the future Henry IV. King Henry III was forced to flee Paris in 1588, and he also built a rectangular basin 65 metres by 45 metres with a fountain supplied with water by the new pump called La Samaritaine, which had been built in 1608 on the Pont Neuf. The area between the palace and the moat of Charles V was turned into the New Garden with a large fountain in the center. Though Henry IV never lived in the Tuilieries Palace, which was continually under reconstruction, he did use the gardens for relaxation, in 1610, at the death of his father, Louis XIII, age nine became the new owner of the Tuileries Gardens. It became his enormous playground - he used it for hunting, on the north side of the gardens, Marie de Medicis established a school of riding, stables, and a covered manege for exercising horses. When the King and court were absent from Paris, the gardens were turned into a spot for the nobility. In 1630 a former rabbit warren and kennel at the west rampart of the garden were made into a flower-lined promenade, in 1652 La Grande Mademoiselle was expelled from the chateau and garden for having supported an uprising, the Fronde, against her cousin, the young Louis XIV. The new king quickly imposed his own sense of order on the Tuileries Gardens and his architects, Louis Le Vau and Francois dOrbay, finally finished the Tuileries Palace, making a proper royal residence. Thereafter the square was known as the Place du Carrousel, in 1664, Colbert, the superintendent of buildings of the King, commissioned the landscape architect André Le Nôtre, to redesign the entire garden. Le Nôtre was the grandson of Pierre Le Nôtre, one of the gardeners of Catherine De Medici, Le Nôtres were designed to be seen from above, from a building or terrace. He eliminated the street which separated the palace and the garden, in the centre of the parterres he placed three basins with fountains. In front of the center first fountain he laid out the grand allée and he built two other alleys, lined with chestnut trees, on either side
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Fencing at the 1904 Summer Olympics
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At the 1904 Summer Olympics, five fencing events were contested, all for men only. The third edition of the Olympic fencing program included an event for the first time. Events for fencing professionals were eliminated, the competitions were held on September 7,1904 and September 8,1904. A total of 11 fencers from 3 nations competed at the St. Louis Games, Cuba Germany United States NOTE, Only Díaz and Fonst are counted as Cuban, while Van Zo Post and Tatham are counted as American. The IOC counts one gold, one silver, and two medals won by the American Van Zo Post for Cuba instead of the United States. The one silver and one medal won by the American Tatham are also counted for Cuba instead of the United States. International Olympic Committee results database Spaldings Athletic Almanac for 1905
39.
Francis Gymnasium (St. Louis)
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Francis Gymnasium is a building at Washington University in St. Louis, currently used by the universitys athletics department. It is located in St. Louis County, Missouri, on the far edge of the universitys Danforth Campus. Constructed in 1903, it was built in time for the 1904 Worlds Fair and was used as the indoor venue for the 1904 Summer Olympics. During the Olympics, it hosted the boxing and fencing events, the building was turned over to the Washington University Athletics Department following the Olympics. It is included in the Washington University Hilltop Campus Historic District
