1.
Jasper, Florida
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Jasper is a city in Hamilton County, Florida, United States. The population was 4,546 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Hamilton County. The Old Hamilton County Jail and the United Methodist Church in Jasper are on the National Register of Historic Places, one of the largest industries is phosphate mining. Jasper is located at 30°31′08″N 82°57′04″W, the 1823 Treaty of Moultrie bought the Indian lands and the population was required to move southeast of the Suwannee River. This allowed settlers to move into the area, a suspected Indian burial mound is located at Baisden Swamp just on the outskirts of Jasper. In 1840 inhabitants of our town were calling the settlement Pulaski, records tell us that Daniel Bell, living just outside the settlement in 1824, was County Judge in 1828, appointed under the authority of the Acting Territorial Governor McCarty in Tallahassee. In 1839 he was a member of the Territorial Legislative Council, there the name was/is registered and incorporated as documented in the Territorial Legislative Journal. In 1841 the “Jasper Post Office” was established ending any discussion on names for the town, the early history and specific makeup of Jasper is rather vague except for scant records that survived several courthouse fires in the late 1800s. What we do know is that the town was built about a mile south of its current location near the site of the present day Hamilton Correctional Institution. The original courthouse and a stockade stood where Evergreen Cemetery is located, the citizens fought Seminole Indian raiding parties throughout the early periods, the last Seminole War ending in 1858. In 1861 the War Between the States came to Jasper, the Jasper Blues was created from Jasper and county citizens. A school in Jasper was named in Lee’s honor and is occupied today as the County School Board Offices. In 1865 the Savannah, Florida, and Western railway was completed, businesses and homes migrated toward the railroad and eventually the current town was established along that line. The town grew in earnest between 1890 and 1930 with a trade in turpentine, tobacco, cotton, and pine lumber. Jasper reached its pinnacle in the 1920s with a population of over 2000. Most of Jasper’s current day buildings were built during this 40-year period, since the 1920s Jasper has seen many economic changes. The leading cotton industry gave way to the industry, turpentine to lumber, lumber to tobacco. The completion of Interstate 75 in the late 1950s has caused further decline as tourist, since that time several new businesses have moved into the area and the new high school has been built along the route
2.
Clayton, Georgia
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Clayton is a city in Rabun County, Georgia, United States. The population was 2,019 at the 2000 census, the city is the county seat of Rabun County and is located in the Blue Ridge Mountains. The area that would eventually become Clayton was called the Dividings because it sat at the intersection of three important Cherokee people trails, explorer and naturalist William Bartram came through the Dividings in May 1775 while exploring what would later be organized as Rabun County. Much later, after Clayton had grown to include the Dividings, two of the old Cherokee trails were improved as the roads for Clayton and the county, U. S. 23/441. Claytonsville was founded by European-American settlers in 1821 as the seat of Rabun County, in 1823, the town was incorporated and renamed Clayton. In 1824,67 acres were purchased from Solomon Beck for $150, and city representatives laid out a site for a courthouse, in 1904, the Tallulah Falls Railway was completed to Clayton from Cornelia, Georgia, it was extended to Franklin, North Carolina by 1907. Clayton has had water and sanitary sewer service since the 1920s. Initially, the supply was two springs on nearby Buzzard Roost Mountain, but today Clayton uses Lake Rabun as its water supply. In 1936, Clayton recorded 30.0 inches of total snowfall, the recorded snowfall in Clayton in 1936 is also a state record. Part of Disneys Old Yeller was shot here in 1957, much of William Gibsons 2014 novel The Peripheral is set in Clayton in the not too distant future. Clayton is located at 34°52′40″N 83°24′6″W and is situated at the base of 3. Immediately to the east of the city is 3, 000-foot Screamer Mountain, other Blue Ridge Mountain peaks between 2,500 and 3,500 feet surround the city. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.1 square miles. The elevation of Claytons downtown area is 1,925 feet, a number of hilltops within the city limits exceed 2,200 feet. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 2,047 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 74. 5% White,1. 4% Black,0. 5% Native American,0. 7% Asian,0. 3% from some other race and 1. 9% from two or more races. 20. 8% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, as of the census of 2000, there were 2,019 people,816 households, and 497 families residing in the city. The population density was 653.2 people per square mile, there were 1,006 housing units at an average density of 325.5 per square mile
3.
Piedmont College
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Piedmont College is a private, comprehensive, liberal arts institution located in Demorest and Athens, Georgia, United States. Founded in 1897, Piedmonts Demorest campus includes 300 acres in a traditional residential-college setting located in the foothills of the northeast Georgia Blue Ridge mountains, the campus includes ten dormitories housing more than 600 students. Academic and athletic facilities are all state-of-the-art, approximately 50 miles to the south, Piedmont’s Athens campus is located in the heart of Georgia’s Classic City. The Athens campus provides a variety of undergraduate and graduate programs designed for commuting students, Piedmont College offers more than 50 undergraduate academic programs in the Schools of Arts & Sciences, Business, Education, and Nursing & Health Sciences. Students may earn Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Fine Arts, Bachelor of Science, graduate programs include Master of Business Administration, Master of Arts and Master of Arts in Teaching, Education Specialist, and Doctor of Education. Enrollment is approximately 2,264 students, and the student-faculty ratio is 14,1, the college opened as the J. S. Green Collegiate Institute in 1897, founded by residents of the Habersham County, the first president was Rev. Charles C. The American Mission Board of the New England Congregational Churches operated the college from 1901 to 1948, congregationalists took over the school from the Methodists in the early 20th century. From the 1950s to the 1990s, Piedmont grew slowly and developed a reputation as a college with high academic standards. The college graduated a number of teachers who went on to distinguished careers in education across the state. In 1994 the college began to expand, adding schools for Business and Nursing & Health Sciences to its programs in the Arts and Sciences. The college also opened a campus in Athens, Georgia, the college also added five new dormitories and 48 apartment-style residences. Today Piedmont is one of the most dynamic small colleges in the Southeast, known equally for its programs in education, business, nursing and health sciences. As a member of the USA South Conference of the NCAA Division III, Piedmont has a history of more than 120 years of providing education to people from across the world. There have been eleven different presidents of the college who have each helped Piedmont get to where it is now, Piedmont has two campuses, the original one in Demorest and the newer expansion in Athens. Piedmonts Demorest campus is located on roughly 300 acres in Habersham County, the Athens campus is located on Prince Avenue near downtown Athens, on the site of the original Prince Avenue Baptist Church. The Piedmont Village houses an additional 180 students, the Academic buildings include Daniel Hall, which houses the R. H. Daniel School of Nursing, the humanities Department, and administrative offices. Stewart Hall houses the science and math departments, the School of Education is located in the Arrendale Library
4.
Peabody Institute
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The Peabody Institute was founded in 1857 by philanthropist George Peabody, and is the oldest conservatory in the United States. Its association with JHU allows students to do research across disciplines, George Peabody founded the Institute with a bequest of about $800,000 from his fortune made in Massachusetts and Baltimore. Completion of the Grecian-Italian west wing building housing the Institute, designed by Edmund George Lind, was delayed by the Civil War, the library was created and endowed by Peabodys friend and fellow Bay-Stater, Enoch Pratt. In 1978, the Institute began working with The Johns Hopkins University under an affiliation agreement, in 1985, the Institute became a division of the university. Peabody is one of 156 schools in the United States that offers a Doctorate of Musical Arts Degree, Peabody Preparatory offers instruction and enrichment programs for school-age children across various sites in Baltimore and its surrounding counties, Downtown, Towson, Annapolis and Howard County. The Peabody Childrens Chorus is for children ages 6 to 18 and it is divided into three groups, Training Choir, Choristers, and Cantate, grouped by age in ascending order. They practice weekly in Towson or Columbia, Maryland, and sing in concerts biannually under the instruction of Doreen Falby, Bradley Permenter, tori Amos, singer, songwriter, at age five, Amos was the youngest student ever admitted to the Institute
5.
Southern United States
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The Southern United States, commonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South, is a region of the United States of America. The South does not fully match the geographic south of the United States, arizona and New Mexico, which are geographically in the southern part of the country, are rarely considered part, while West Virginia, which separated from Virginia in 1863, commonly is. Some scholars have proposed definitions of the South that do not coincide neatly with state boundaries, while the states of Delaware and Maryland, as well as the District of Columbia permitted slavery prior to the start of the Civil War, they remained with the Union. However, the United States Census Bureau puts them in the South, usually, the South is defined as including the southeastern and south-central United States. The region is known for its culture and history, having developed its own customs, musical styles, and cuisines, the Southern ethnic heritage is diverse and includes strong European, African, and some Native American components. Since the late 1960s, black people have many offices in Southern states, especially in the coastal states of Virginia. Historically, the South relied heavily on agriculture, and was rural until after 1945. It has since become more industrialized and urban and has attracted national and international migrants, the American South is now among the fastest-growing areas in the United States. Houston is the largest city in the Southern United States, sociological research indicates that Southern collective identity stems from political, demographic, and cultural distinctiveness from the rest of the United States. The region contains almost all of the Bible Belt, an area of high Protestant church attendance and predominantly conservative, indeed, studies have shown that Southerners are more conservative than non-Southerners in several areas, including religion, morality, international relations and race relations. Apart from its climate, the experience in the South increasingly resembles the rest of the nation. The arrival of millions of Northerners and millions of Hispanics meant the introduction of cultural values, the process has worked both ways, however, with aspects of Southern culture spreading throughout a greater portion of the rest of the United States in a process termed Southernization. The question of how to define the subregions in the South has been the focus of research for nearly a century, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, the Southern region of the United States includes sixteen states. As of 2010, an estimated 114,555,744 people, or thirty-seven percent of all U. S. residents, lived in the South, the nations most populous region. Other terms related to the South include, The Old South, the New South, usually including the South Atlantic States. The Solid South, region largely controlled by the Democratic Party from 1877 to 1964, before that, blacks were elected to national office and many to local office through the 1880s, Populist-Republican coalitions gained victories for Fusionist candidates for governors in the 1890s. Includes at least all the 11 former Confederate States, Southeastern United States, usually including the Carolinas, the Virginias, Tennessee, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida. The Deep South, various definitions, usually including Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia, occasionally, parts of adjoining states are included
6.
Strange Fruit (novel)
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Strange Fruit is a 1944 bestselling novel debut by American author Lillian Smith that dealt with the then-forbidden and controversial theme of interracial romance. The title was originally Jordan is so Chilly, with Smith later changing the title to Strange Fruit, after the books release, the book was banned in Boston and Detroit for lewdness and crude language. Strange Fruit was also banned from being mailed through the U. S. Postal Service, with the ban against the book being lifted by President Roosevelt after his wife Eleanor Roosevelt requested it of him. The two had been holding a secret affair, with Nonnie becoming pregnant with Tracys child, only for Tracy to at one point plan for her to marry Big Henry, a man she despises. He instead goes to Nonnies house and tells her of his intent to have her wed to Big Henry. Despite this change of heart, Nonnies brother overhears Big Henry telling of Tracys payment and Big Henrys impending wedding to Nonnie and why. This prompts Nonnies brother to go after Tracy and when Tracys body is discovered later by Big Henry, Big Henry is accused of murdering a white man and is lynched. Strange Fruit was banned in Boston and Detroit for charges of lewdness and language on March 20,1944, only weeks after its release, making the book the first #1 Bestseller to be banned in Boston. Cambridge Police Chief Timothy J. OLeary and the Boston Booksellers Association both endorsed the banning, also asking for Smith to censor her work, removing three lines of sexual phraseology. The novel was temporarily banned for shipping from state to state via the United States Postal System in May 1944. The ban through the Postal System only lasted three days, as publisher Curtice Hitchcock successfully appealed to then First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to urge her husband to lift the ban. The ban in Detroit was overturned after the United Auto Workers, an attempt was made to overturn the ban in Boston by the Massachusetts Civil Liberties Union and Bernard DeVoto. DeVoto made a purchase of Strange Fruit in the Harvard Law Book Exchange. The store owner was found guilty of selling the book, which was seen as obscene material, the judge presiding over the trial, District Court Judge Arthur P. Stone, remarked that the book was obscene, tending to corrupt the morals of youth. The case was appealed to the Superior Court, which was unsuccessful, the city did allow a stage production of Strange Fruit to tour the city in 1945, but only after a censored version of the play was approved by a city official. In 1945 Smith adapted Strange Fruit into a play, directed by José Ferrer with Jane White starring as Nonnie. Smith wrote the majority of the play over the course of 1945, a Baptist minister in Philadelphia initially sought to have the play banned in the city, citing the play would contribute towards a depraved society. For its run in Boston, the city required that the play have several parts omitted before it was allowed to open in the city, the play premiered in Montreal on October 13,1945, with the play moving to New York later that winter
7.
Liberalism in the United States
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Liberalism in the United States is a broad political philosophy centered on the unalienable rights of the individual. Modern liberalism in the United States includes issues such as marriage, voting rights for all adult citizens, civil rights, environmentalism. The origins of American liberalism lie in the ideals of the Enlightenment. The Constitution of the United States of 1787 set up the first modern republic, with sovereignty in the people, however, the Constitution limited liberty, in particular by accepting slavery. The Founding Fathers recognized the contradiction, and most expected slavery to wither away, indeed, it was abolished in all the Northern states by 1804, but due to the demand for raw cotton by the Industrial Revolution, plantation slavery continued to flourish in the Deep South. From the time of the American Revolution to the present day, the states abolished many restrictions on voting for white males in the early 19th century. The Constitution was amended in 1865 to abolish slavery, in 1870 to extend the vote to Black men, in 1920 to extend the vote to women, and in 1971 to lower the voting age to 18. The Jim Crow system of the South between the 1890s and 1960s relegated blacks to second class citizenship, until it was overthrown by the Civil Rights Movement, thomas Jefferson believed that America should remain a nation of small farmers. As the American economy began to shift to manufacturing and services, liberals began to fear threats to liberty from corruption and monopolies. The dominance of the Republican Party for most of the era 1860–1932, the Third Party System, during the Progressive Era of the early 20th century, laws were passed restricting monopolies and regulating railroad rates. According to James Reichley, it was during this era that the term took on its current meaning. Prior to the early 1900s, the term had usually described classical liberalism, which emphasizes limited government, and Theodore Roosevelt who came out of retirement to run again for president under a third party called Progressive Party. Later, political figures such as Franklin Roosevelt adopted the term liberal to describe an individual in favor of some government activism, after 1933, modern liberals used the New Deal to provide jobs during the Great Depression. The Social Security Act of 1935 provided retirement and disability income for Americans unable to work or unable to find jobs, in the Social Security Act of 1965, this was extended to provide benefits for Americans unable to work due to illness. A reaction against modern American liberalism began with Barry Goldwater, which led to the election of Ronald Reagan in 1980. Deregulation began in the mid-1970s and had support from both liberals and conservatives. Clinton pushed to extend modern liberal ideals especially in the areas of health care, according to Louis Hartz, liberalism was the only significant political tradition in the United States. However, in the 1970s, Bernard Bailyn, Gordon Wood, in the 1980s, J. David Green returned to Hartzs thesis, but saw two different types of liberalism in the tradition, which he called humanist and reform
8.
Racial segregation
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SMPTE color bars is a television test pattern used where the NTSC video standard is utilized, including countries in North America. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers refers to this test pattern as Engineering Guideline EG 1-1990, the components of this pattern are a known standard. The pattern is used for setting a television monitor or receiver to reproduce NTSC chrominance and luminance information correctly. The color bar test pattern was originally conceived by Norbert D. Larky of RCA Laboratories, U. S. patent 2,742,525 Color Test Pattern Generator was awarded on April 17,1956 to Norbert D. Larky and David D. Holmes. Previously categorized by SMPTE as ECR 1-1978, the development of this test pattern was awarded an Engineering Emmy in 2001-2002, the Color bar signal is generated with unconventionally slow rise and fall time value to facilitate video level control and monitor color adjustments of HDTV and SDTV equipment. In a survey of the top standards of the organizations first 100 years, in a SMPTE color bar image, the top two-thirds of the television picture contain seven vertical bars of 75% intensity. In order from left to right, the colors are white, yellow, cyan, green, magenta, red, and blue. The graticule of a vectorscope is etched with boxes showing the regions where the traces from these seven bars are supposed to fall if the signal is properly adjusted. Below the main set of seven bars is a strip of blue, magenta, cyan, the bottom section of the test pattern contains a square of 100% intensity white and a rectangle of 7. 5% intensity black, for use in setting the luminance range. More modern versions of the feature a pluge pulse. The white square lines up so that it is below the green and cyan bars, on a waveform monitor this will show up with the white bar overlapping the peak of the yellow, the pluge pulse is positioned within the black rectangle, below the red bar. It comprises three vertical bars, a rightmost one with intensity 4% above black level, a middle one with intensity exactly equal to black. When a monitor is properly adjusted, the rightmost pluge bar should be just barely visible, while the two should appear indistinuishable from each other and completely black. On a vectorscope, they appear as two short lines ninety degrees apart and these are used to ensure that the television receiver is properly demodulating the 3.58 MHz color subcarrier portion of the signal. The vectors for the -I and +Q blocks should fall exactly on the I and Q axes on the vectorscope if the signal is demodulated properly. These bars give rise to the portion of the casual term, bars. Likewise, producers of television programs typically record bars and tone at the beginning of a videotape or other recording medium so that the equipment can be calibrated. Often, the name or callsign of the TV station, other such as a real-time clock
9.
Jim Crow laws
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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these continued in force until 1965. They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a separate. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to available to European Americans. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, the U. S. military was also segregated, as were federal workplaces, initiated in 1913 under President Woodrow Wilson. By requiring candidates to submit photos, his administration practiced racial discrimination in hiring and these Jim Crow laws followed the 1800–1866 Black Codes, which had previously restricted the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. The phrase Jim Crow Law can be found as early as 1892 in the title of a New York Times article about voting laws in the South, as a result of Rices fame, Jim Crow by 1838 had become a pejorative expression meaning Negro. When southern legislatures passed laws of racial segregation which were directed against blacks at the end of the 19th century, during the Reconstruction period of 1865–1877, federal laws provided civil rights protections in the U. S. South for freedmen, the African Americans who had formerly been slaves, extensive voter fraud was also used. Gubernatorial elections were close and had been disputed in Louisiana for years, in 1877, a national Democratic Party compromise to gain Southern support in the presidential election resulted in the governments withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South. White Democrats had regained power in every Southern state. These Southern, white, Democratic Redeemer governments legislated Jim Crow laws, grandfather clauses temporarily permitted some illiterate whites to vote but gave no relief to most blacks. Voter turnout dropped drastically through the South as a result of such measures, in Louisiana, by 1900, black voters were reduced to 5,320 on the rolls, although they comprised the majority of the states population. By 1910, only 730 blacks were registered, less than 0. 5% of eligible black men, in 27 of the states 60 parishes, not a single black voter was registered any longer, in 9 more parishes, only one black voter was. The cumulative effect in North Carolina meant that voters were completely eliminated from voter rolls during the period from 1896–1904. The growth of their middle class was slowed. Alabama had tens of thousands of poor whites disenfranchised and those who could not vote were not eligible to serve on juries and could not run for local offices. They effectively disappeared from political life, as they could not influence the state legislatures, like schools, Jim Crow public libraries were underfunded and often stocked with secondhand books and other resources
10.
Turpentine
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Turpentine is a fluid obtained by the distillation of resin obtained from live trees, mainly pines. It is mainly used as a solvent and as a source of materials for organic synthesis, Turpentine is composed of terpenes, mainly the monoterpenes alpha-pinene and beta-pinene with lesser amounts of carene, camphene, dipentene, and terpinolene. The word turpentine derives from the Greek word τερεβινθίνη terebinthine, the name of a species of tree, mineral turpentine or other petroleum distillates are used to replace turpentine, but they are very different chemically. One of the earliest sources was the terebinth or turpentine tree, important pines for turpentine production include, maritime pine, Aleppo pine, Massons pine, Sumatran pine, longleaf pine, loblolly pine and ponderosa pine. Canada balsam, also called Canada turpentine or balsam of fir, is a turpentine which is made from the oleoresin of the balsam fir, venice turpentine is produced from the western larch Larix occidentalis. In order to tap into the sap producing layers of the tree, once debarked, pine trees secrete oleoresin onto the surface of the wound as a protective measure to seal the opening, resist exposure to micro-organisms and insects, and prevent vital sap loss. Turpentiners wounded trees in V-shaped streaks down the length of the trunks so as to channel the oleoresin into containers and it was then collected and processed into spirits of turpentine. Oleoresin yield may be increased by as much as 40% by applying herbicides to the exposed wood. The V-shaped cuts are called catfaces for their resemblance to a cat’s whiskers and these marks on a pine tree signify it was used to collect resin for turpentine production. Crude oleoresin collected from wounded trees may be evaporated by steam distillation in a copper still, molten rosin remains in the still bottoms after turpentine has been evaporated and recovered from a condenser. Turpentine may alternatively be condensed from destructive distillation of pine wood, oleoresin may also be extracted from shredded pine stumps, roots, and slash using the light end of the heavy naphtha fraction from a crude oil refinery. Leached wood is steamed for additional naphtha recovery prior to burning for energy recovery, when producing chemical wood pulp from pines or other coniferous trees, sulfate turpentine may be condensed from the gas generated in Kraft process pulp digesters. The average yield of crude sulfate turpentine is 5–10 kg/t pulp, unless burned at the mill for energy production, sulfate turpentine may require additional treatment measures to remove traces of sulfur compounds. The two primary uses of turpentine in industry are as a solvent and as a source of materials for organic synthesis, as a solvent, turpentine is used for thinning oil-based paints, for producing varnishes, and as a raw material for the chemical industry. Its industrial use as a solvent in industrialized nations has largely replaced by the much cheaper turpentine substitutes distilled from crude oil. Turpentine has long used as a solvent, mixed with beeswax or with carnauba wax. Turpentine is also used as a source of raw materials in the synthesis of fragrant chemical compounds, commercially used camphor, linalool, alpha-terpineol, and geraniol are all usually produced from alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, which are two of the chief chemical components of turpentine. These pinenes are separated and purified by distillation, the mixture of diterpenes and triterpenes that is left as residue after turpentine distillation is sold as rosin
