1.
Traditional animation
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Traditional animation is an animation technique where each frame is drawn by hand. The technique was the dominant form of animation in cinema until the advent of computer animation, Animation productions begin by deciding on a story. The oral or literary source material must then be converted into a film script. The storyboard has a somewhat similar to a comic book, and it shows the sequence of shots as consecutive sketches that also indicate transitions, camera angles. The images allow the team to plan the flow of the plot. The storyboard artists will have meetings with the director and may have to redraw or re-board a sequence many times before it meets final approval. Before true animation begins, a soundtrack or scratch track is recorded. A completed cartoon soundtrack will feature music, sound effects, often, an animatic or story reel is made after the soundtrack is created, but before full animation begins. An animatic typically consists of pictures of the storyboard synchronized with the soundtrack and this allows the animators and directors to work out any script and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed with the director until the storyboard is perfected, advertising agencies today employ the use of animatics to test their commercials before they are made into full up spots. Animatics use drawn artwork, with moving pieces, video storyboards are similar to animatics but do not have moving pieces. Photomatics are another option when creating test spots, but instead of using drawn artwork, there is a shoot in which hundreds of digital photographs are taken. The large amount of images to choose from may make the process of creating a test commercial a bit easier, as opposed to creating an animatic, because changes to drawn art take time and money. Photomatics generally cost more than animatics, as they may require a shoot, however, the emergence of affordable stock photography and image editing software permits the inexpensive creation of photomatics using stock elements and photo composites. Once the animatic has been approved, it and the storyboards are sent to the design departments, character designers prepare model sheets for all important characters and props in the film, these are used to help standardize appearance, poses, and gestures. These model sheets will show how a character or object looks from a variety of angles with a variety of poses, sometimes, small statues known as maquettes may be produced, so that an animator can see what a character looks like in three dimensions. While design is going on, the director takes the animatic and analyzes exactly what poses, drawings. An exposure sheet is created, this is a table that breaks down the action, dialogue
2.
Animated cartoon
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Animated cartoons are still created for commercial, educational, and personal purposes to this day. The first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888. On 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot and this film is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, but drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. The first animated projection was Humorous Phases of Funny Faces by newspaper cartoonist J. Stuart Blackton, in the movie, a cartoonists line drawings of two faces were animated on a blackboard. The two faces smiled and winked, and the man blew smoke in the ladys face, also. The first animated projection in the sense was Fantasmagorie by the French director Émile Cohl in 1908. This was followed by two films, Le Cauchemar du fantoche and Un Drame chez les fantoches, all completed in 1908. One of the very first successful animated cartoons was Gertie the Dinosaur by Winsor McCay and it is considered the first example of true character animation. At first, animated cartoons were black-and-white and silent, felix the Cat and Oswald the Lucky Rabbit are notable examples. From the 1920s to 1960s, theatrical cartoons were produced in huge numbers, MGM, and UPA were the largest studios producing these 5- to 10-minute shorts. Other studios included Walter Lantz, DePatie-Freleng, Charles Mintz Studios, Famous Studios, the first cartoon to use a soundtrack was in 1926 with Max Fleischers My Old Kentucky Home. However the Fleischers used a De Forest sound system and the sound was not completely synchronized with the film, walt Disneys 1928 cartoon Steamboat Willie starring Mickey Mouse was the first to use a click track during the recording session, which produced better synchronism. Mickey Mousing became a term for any action that was perfectly synchronized with music. The music used is original most of the time, but musical quotation is often employed, animated characters usually performed the action in loops, i. e. drawings were repeated over and over. Although other producers had made films earlier using 2-strip color, Disney produced the first cartoon in 3-strip Technicolor, Flowers and Trees, technicians at the Fleischer studio invented rotoscoping, in which animators trace live action in order to make animation look more realistic. However, rotoscoping made the animation look stiff and the technique was used more for studying human and animal movement. Today, traditional animation uses traditional methods, but is aided by computers in certain areas and this gives the animator new tools not available that could not be achieved using old techniques
3.
Style (visual arts)
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In the visual arts, style is a. distinctive manner which permits the grouping of works into related categories. Or. any distinctive, and therefore recognizable, way in which an act is performed or a made or ought to be performed. By style he selects and shapes the history of art, Style is often divided into the general style of a period, country or cultural group, group of artists or art movement, and the individual style of the artist within that group style. Divisions within both types of styles are made, such as between early, middle or late. In some artists, such as Picasso for example, these divisions may be marked and easy to see, Style often develops in a series of jumps, with relatively sudden changes followed by periods of slower development. Whether the artist makes a choice of style, or can identify his own style. Artists in recent developed societies tend to be conscious of their own style, arguably over-conscious. Most stylistic periods are identified and defined later by art historians, the names of most older styles are the invention of art historians and would not have been understood by the practitioners of those styles. Some originated as terms of derision, including Gothic, Baroque, cubism on the other hand was a conscious identification made by a few artists, the word itself seems to have originated with critics rather than painters, but was rapidly accepted by the artists. Western art, like that of other cultures, most notably Chinese art, has a marked tendency to revive at intervals classic styles from the past. Giorgio Vasari set out a hugely influential but much-questioned account of the development of style in Italian painting from Giotto to his own Mannerist period and he stressed the development of a Florentine style based on disegno or line-based drawing, rather than Venetian colour. Paul Jacobsthal and Josef Strzygowski are among the art historians who followed Riegl in proposing grand schemes tracing the transmission of elements of styles across great ranges in time and this type of art history is also known as formalism, or the study of forms or shapes in art. Terms originated to describe architectural periods were often applied to other areas of the visual arts, and then more widely still to music, literature. In architecture stylistic change often follows, and is possible by. Meyer Schapiro, James Ackerman, Ernst Gombrich and George Kubler have made contributions to the debate. The use of such as Counter-Maniera appears to be in decline. However this cannot be said to have gained support among art historians. The exercise of conoisseurship is largely a matter of subjective impressions that are hard to analyse, but also a matter of knowing details of technique and the hand of different artists
4.
Walt Disney
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Walter Elias Walt Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons, as a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors, several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing and he took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy, with Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success, he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons, the results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Pinocchio, Dumbo and Bambi, furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella and Mary Poppins, in the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. In 1965, he began development of theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city. Disney was a smoker throughout his life, and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private and he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-semitic and his reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. Nevertheless, Disney is considered an icon, particularly in the United States. Walt Disney was born on December 5,1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue and he was the fourth son of Elias Disney—born in the Province of Canada, to Irish parents—and Flora, an American of German and English descent. Aside from Disney, Elias and Calls sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy, in 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and he and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. In 1911, the Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri, before long, he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers house than at home
5.
Gerald McBoing-Boing
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Gerald McBoing-Boing is an animated short film produced by United Productions of America and given wide release by Columbia Pictures on November 2,1950. The winner of the 1950 Academy Award for Best Animated Short and it was adapted by Phil Eastman and Bill Scott from a story by Dr. Seuss, directed by Robert Cannon, and produced by John Hubley. In 1994, it was voted #9 of The 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time by members of the animation field, in 1995, it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. Dr. Seusss story had appeared on a childrens record, scored by Billy May, issued by Capitol Records. This film was the first successful theatrical cartoon produced by UPA after their initial experiments with a series of cartoons featuring Columbia Pictures stalwarts The Fox. It was an attempt to break away from the strict realism in animation that had been developed and perfected by Walt Disney. Cartoons did not have to obey the rules of the real world and this was a major step in the development of limited animation, which had the added advantage of being much less expensive to produce. The story describes one Gerald McCloy, who at 2 years old begins talking in the form of sound effects and his panicked father calls the doctor, who informs him that theres nothing he can do about it. As the boy grows up, he picks up more sounds and is able to make communicative gestures, despite this, he is admitted to a general public school, where he is chided by his peers and given the derogatory name Gerald McBoing Boing. After startling, and angering, his father, he decides to run away, UPA produced three follow-up shorts, Gerald McBoing Boings Symphony, How Now Boing Boing, and Gerald McBoing. Boing. on Planet Moo, an Academy Award nominee, the second and third films maintained the Dr. Seuss-style rhyming narration, but were not based on his work. The final film abandoned this approach, all four Gerald McBoing Boing shorts were released in 1980 on home video under the title Columbia Pictures Presents Cartoon Adventures Starring Gerald McBoing Boing. The shorts looked far from their best, especially Planet Moo and it was reissued in 1985 as part of RCA/Columbia Pictures Home Videos Magic Window series of childrens videotapes and fell out of print in 1995. The first short was included as a feature on Sonys 2001 DVD release of The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T. All but the second were included in the features of the two-disc special edition of the DVD Hellboy. In January 2006, Sony reissued the four shorts on DVD, featuring cleaned-up prints, a revised reprint of the 1952 book adaptation of Gerald McBoing-Boing appeared in 2000. A character rather similar to Gerald McBoing Boing appears as Tiny Tim in the 1962 NBC television special Mister Magoos Christmas Carol, on the 2001 DVD release, an animated short was included that features Mr. Magoo, also a UPA character, babysitting for McBoing Boing. In 1956, CBS created a half-hour Gerald McBoing-Boing Show, with well-known radio announcer Bill Goodwin narrating
6.
Yellow Submarine (1968 film)
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The film received widespread acclaim from critics and audiences alike, in contrary to some of the Beatles previous film ventures. It has also credited with bringing more interest in animation as a serious art form. Time commented that it turned into a hit, delighting adolescents. Pepperland is a cheerful, music-loving paradise under the sea, protected by Sgt, the titular Yellow Submarine rests on an Aztec-like pyramid on a hill. At the edge of the land is a range of blue mountains. The land falls under an attack from the music-hating Blue Meanies. The attack starts with magical projectiles fired from big artillery stationed in the blue mountains, in the last minute before his capture, Pepperlands elderly Lord Mayor sends Old Fred, an aging sailor, to get help, he runs to the Yellow Submarine and takes off in it. Old Fred travels to Liverpool, where he follows the depressed and aimless Ringo, Ringo collects his mates John, George, and finally Paul in The Pier, a house-like building on the top of a hill. The five journey back to Pepperland in the yellow submarine, at one point, the submarine passes itself as it loops through time. Sea of Science – where they sing Only a Northern Song, just before the song finishes, they pick up a monster. Sea of Monsters – The monster is ejected into a sea inhabited by other weird monsters, Ringo presses the panic button on the submarine, ejecting him from the submarine and into the sea. It is also where a vacuum cleaner beast sucks up all loose objects and people and then the entire landscape and finally itself. As they leave, Ringo feels sorry for the Nowhere Man, foothills of the Headlands – Thanks to Jeremy, this is where he and the Beatles are separated from the Submarine and where John sings Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds. Pepper causes the beings in the Headlands to sneeze, blowing the Beatles, Sea of Holes – Here, Jeremy is kidnapped by one of the Blue Meanies patrolling the outskirts of Pepperland. Ringo thoroughly investigates one of the number of holes and puts it into his pocket. While searching for Jeremy, Ringo jumps onto a green hole which turns the Sea of Holes into Sea of Green, from here, the group arrives in Pepperland, followed by Old Fred and the Submarine. Reunited with Old Fred and the submarine, they look upon the landscape, the beautiful flowers have become thorns, the once-happy landscape now a barren wasteland. Everyone is immobilised and made miserable by the evil Blue Meanies, the four are discovered at the last second and a clown Meanie sounds the alarm, causing the Beatles to flee hastily from the Meanies vicious multi-headed dog
7.
Chuck Jones
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Charles Martin Chuck Jones was an American animator, filmmaker, cartoonist, author, artist, and screenwriter, best known for his work with Warner Bros. Cartoons on the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts and he later started his own studio, Chuck Jones Enterprises, which created several one-shot specials, and periodically worked on Looney Tunes related works. Jones was nominated for an Academy Award eight times and won three times, receiving awards for the cartoons For Scent-imental Reasons, So Much for So Little, and The Dot and he received an Honorary Academy Award in 1996 for his work in the animation industry. Film historian Leonard Maltin has praised Jones work at Warner Bros and he also said that the feud that there may have been between Jones and colleague Bob Clampett was mainly because they were so different from each other. In Jerry Becks The 50 Greatest Cartoons, ten of the entries were directed by Jones, Jones was born on September 21,1912, in Spokane, Washington, the son of Mabel McQuiddy and Charles Adams Jones. He later moved with his parents and three siblings to the Los Angeles, California area, in his autobiography, Chuck Amuck, Jones credits his artistic bent to circumstances surrounding his father, who was an unsuccessful businessman in California in the 1920s. His father, Jones recounts, would start new business venture by purchasing new stationery. When the business failed, his father would quietly turn the huge stacks of useless stationery and pencils over to his children, armed with an endless supply of high-quality paper and pencils, the children drew constantly. Jones recounted years later that this pronouncement came as a relief to him, as he was well past the 200,000 mark. Jones and several of his siblings went on to artistic careers, during his artistic education, he worked part-time as a janitor. After graduating from Chouinard Art Institute, Jones got a call from a friend named Fred Kopietz. He worked his way up in the industry, starting as a cell washer, then I moved up to become a painter in black and white. Then I went on to take animators drawings and traced them onto the celluloid, then I became what they call an in-betweener, which is the guy that does the drawing between the drawings the animator makes. While at Iwerks, he met a cel painter named Dorothy Webster, Jones joined Leon Schlesinger Productions, the independent studio that produced Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies for Warner Bros. in 1933 as an assistant animator. In 1935, he was promoted to animator, and assigned to work with new Schlesinger director Tex Avery, Jones became a director himself in 1938 when Frank Tashlin left the studio. He was actively involved in efforts to unionize the staff of Leon Schlesinger Studios and he was responsible for recruiting animators, layout men, and background people. Almost all animators joined, in reaction to salary cuts imposed by Leon Schlesinger, the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio had already signed a union contract, encouraging their counterparts under Schlesinger. In a meeting with his staff, Schlesinger talked for a few minutes and his insulting manner had a unifying effect on the staff
8.
The Dot and the Line
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The Dot and the Line, A Romance in Lower Mathematics is a book written and illustrated by Norton Juster, first published by Random House in 1963. The story was inspired by Flatland, A Romance of Many Dimensions, in which the protagonist visits a universe called Lineland. The Dot and the Line won the 1965 Academy Award for Animated Short Film and it was entered into the Short Film Palme dOr competition at the 1966 Cannes Film Festival. The cartoon was released as a feature on The Glass Bottom Boat DVD in 2005. In 2005, Robert Xavier Rodriguez made a setting of the book for narrator and chamber ensemble with projected images. The story details a straight line who is hopelessly in love with a dot, the dot, finding the line to be stiff, dull, and conventional, turns her affections toward a wild and unkempt squiggle. The squiggle then takes advantage of the lines stiffness by reminding him hes a lot more fun for the dot. The lines friends try to get him to settle down with another female line and he tries to dream of greatness until he finally understands what the squiggle meant and decides that he needs to be more unconventional. Willing to do whatever it takes to win the dots affection and he works to refine this new ability, creating shapes so complex that he has to label his sides and angles in order to keep his place. When competing again, the claims that the line still has nothing to show for the dot. He proves his rival wrong and is able to show the dot what shes really worth with him and she realizes that she has made a mistake after seeing what the line was really offering her. The dot wondered what she had thought she saw in the squiggle to be freedom and joy was nothing more than chaos, the squiggle tries to reclaim her love, but finds himself out of shape. Fed up, the dot tells him off how she feels about him. She leaves with the line, having realized that he has more to offer. The Dot and the Line served as the inspiration for a collection of jewelry by designer Jane A. Gordon. The short film also inspired The Dot and Line, a blog that publishes essays about cartoons and interviews with actors and creators like Fred Seibert, Natalie Palamides. This was one of only two non-Tom and Jerry animated short subjects to be released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer post-1958, the other one is The Bear That Wasnt, released in 1967 as the last-ever MGM animated short. The Dot and the Line won the award for an animated short for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
9.
Watership Down (film)
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Watership Down is a 1978 British animated adventure-thriller drama film written, produced, and directed by Martin Rosen. It is based on Richard Adams novel of the same name, originally released on 19 October 1978, the film was an immediate success and it became the sixth most popular film of 1979 at the British box office. It was the first animated film to be presented in Dolby surround sound. The musical score was by Angela Morley and Malcolm Williamson, Art Garfunkels hit single Bright Eyes, which was written by songwriter Mike Batt, briefly features. According to Adams Lapine language, culture and mythology, the world was created by the god Frith, all animals lived harmoniously, but the rabbits eventually multiplied, and their appetite led to a food shortage. At the prayers of the animals, Frith warned the rabbit prince El-ahrairah to control his people. In retaliation, Frith gave special gifts to every animal, satisfied that El-ahrairah had learned his lesson, Frith also gave the rabbits speed and cunning, while many would seek to kill them, the rabbits could survive by their wits and quickness. The group meets resistance from the police force called the Owsla. As Fiver had foreseen, the warren is wiped out by human developers, the group travels through the dangerous woods and makes it to a bean field to rest. In the morning, Violet is snatched away by a hawk, after several dangerous situations, they meet the enigmatic rabbit Cowslip, who invites them to his warren. They are grateful, but Fiver senses something unsettling in the atmosphere, as well as the resident rabbits overly resigned attitudes, an irked Bigwig follows, and chastises Fiver for supposedly causing senseless tension with his instincts. Moments later, however, he is caught in a snare trap, Fiver attempts to get help from their hosts, but is ignored. Bigwig is freed after nearly dying, as Fiver reveals, the warren is fed by a farmer who snares rabbits in return for his food and protection from predators. After Bigwigs narrow escape, the other rabbits willingly follow Fivers and Hazels advice, the rabbits discover Nuthanger farm, which contains a hutch of female rabbits, necessary for a new warren. However, they do not manage to free them, on account of the farm cat. Later, they are found by the maimed Owsla Captain Holly, who recounts the destruction of Sandleford by humans, after he recovers, Fiver finally leads the group to the hill he envisioned, Watership Down, where the rabbits settle in, with Hazel as chief. They befriend an acerbic injured seagull, Kehaar, who offers to survey the area for does. Kehaar returns and while removing buckshot pellets from Hazels leg, reports of Efrafa, Holly, who encountered Efrafa, begs them not to go there, describing it as a totalitarian state, run by vicious and heavily territorial rabbits
10.
Winsor McCay
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Zenas Winsor McCay was an American cartoonist and animator. He is best known for the comic strip Little Nemo and the animated film Gertie the Dinosaur, for contractual reasons, he worked under the pen name Silas on the comic strip Dream of the Rarebit Fiend. From a young age, McCay was a quick, prolific and he started his professional career making posters and performing for dime museums, and began illustrating newspapers and magazines in 1898. He joined the New York Herald in 1903, where he created comic strips such as Little Sammy Sneeze. In 1905, his signature strip Little Nemo in Slumberland debuted, the strip demonstrated McCays strong graphic sense and mastery of color and linear perspective. McCay experimented with the elements of the comic strip page, arranging and sizing panels to increase impact. McCay also produced numerous detailed editorial cartoons and was a performer of chalk talks on the vaudeville circuit. McCay was an animation pioneer, between 1911 and 1921 he self-financed and animated ten films, some of which survive only as fragments. The first three served in his act, Gertie the Dinosaur was an interactive routine in which McCay appeared to give orders to a trained dinosaur. McCay and his assistants worked for months on his most ambitious film, The Sinking of the Lusitania. Lusitania did not enjoy as much success as the earlier films. In his drawing, McCay made bold, prodigious use of perspective, particularly in detailed architecture. He textured his editorial cartoons with copious fine hatching, and made color a central element in Little Nemo and his comic strip work has influenced generations of cartoonists and illustrators. The technical level of McCays animation—its naturalism, smoothness, and scale—was unmatched until Walt Disneys feature films arrived in the 1930s and he pioneered inbetweening, the use of registration marks, cycling, and other animation techniques that were to become standard. McCays paternal grandparents, farmers Donald and Christiana McKay, immigrated from Scotland to Upper Canada in the mid-1830s, McCays father, Robert McKay was born in Woodstock, Upper Canada, the third of six children. McCays maternal grandparents, Peter and Mary Murray, were also Scottish immigrants and their daughter Janet was the third of nine children. Robert was a member of King Solomons No.43 Masonic Lodge in Woodstock, in 1862, Robert first traveled to the U. S. Robert and the twenty-five-year-old Janet married on January 8,1866, at Woodstocks Methodist Episcopal Church. The couple moved across the Canada–US border later in the year and settled in Spring Lake, Michigan, Robert was employed by American entrepreneur Zenas G. Winsor, with whom he had made contact in Canada
11.
Gertie the Dinosaur
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Gertie the Dinosaur is a 1914 animated short film by American cartoonist and animator Winsor McCay. It is the earliest animated film to feature a dinosaur, McCay first used the film before live audiences as an interactive part of his vaudeville act, the frisky, childlike Gertie did tricks at the command of her master. McCays employer William Randolph Hearst later curtailed McCays vaudeville activities, so McCay added an introductory sequence to the film for its theatrical release. McCay abandoned a sequel, Gertie on Tour, after producing about a minute of footage, although Gertie is popularly thought to be the earliest animated film, McCay had earlier made Little Nemo and How a Mosquito Operates. The American J. Gertie was the first film to use techniques such as keyframes, registration marks, tracing paper, the Mutoscope action viewer. It influenced the next generation of such as the Fleischer brothers, Otto Messmer, Paul Terry. John Randolph Bray unsuccessfully tried to patent many of McCays animation techniques and is said to have been behind a plagiarized version of Gertie that appeared a year or two after the original. Gertie is the best preserved of McCays films—some of which have been lost or survive only in fragments—and has been preserved in the US National Film Registry. Winsor McCay had worked prolifically as a commercial artist and cartoonist by the time he started making comic strips such as Dream of the Rarebit Fiend. In 1906, McCay began performing on the circuit, doing chalk talks—performances in which he drew before live audiences. Inspired by the books his son brought home, McCay came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons. He claimed that he was the first man in the world to make animated cartoons, though he was preceded by the American James Stuart Blackton, McCays first film starred his Little Nemo characters and debuted in movie theatres in 1911, he soon incorporated it into his vaudeville act. He followed it in 1912 with How a Mosquito Operates, in which a giant, McCay gave the mosquito a personality and balanced humor with the horror of the nightmare situation. McCay conferred with the American Historical Society in 1912, and announced plans for the presentation of pictures showing the great monsters that used to inhabit the earth and he spoke of the serious and educational work that the animation process could enable. McCay considered a number of names before settling on Gertie, his production notebooks used Jessie the Dinosaurus. in a sweet voice. He thought it was a name, but wanted it to be a girls name instead of a boys. Gertie the Dinosaur is the earliest animated film to feature a dinosaur and its star Gertie does tricks much like a trained elephant. She is animated in a naturalistic style unprecedented for the time, she breathes rhythmically, she shifts her weight as she moves, McCay imbued her with a personality—while friendly, she could be capricious, ignoring or rebelling against her masters commands
12.
The Sinking of the Lusitania
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The Sinking of the Lusitania is a silent animated short film by American cartoonist Winsor McCay. It is a work of propaganda re-creating the never-photographed 1915 sinking of the British liner RMS Lusitania, at twelve minutes it has been called the longest work of animation at the time of its release. The film is the earliest surviving animated documentary and serious, dramatic work of animation, in 1915 a German submarine torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania,128 Americans were among the 1,198 dead. In 1916, McCay rebelled against his employers stance and began work on the patriotic Sinking of the Lusitania on his own time with his own money, the film followed McCays earlier successes in animation, Little Nemo, How a Mosquito Operates, and Gertie the Dinosaur. McCay and his assistants spent twenty-two months making the film, the film opens with a live-action prologue in which McCay busies himself studying a picture of the Lusitania as a model for his film-in-progress. Intertitles boast of McCay as the originator and inventor of Animated Cartoons, McCay is shown working with a group of anonymous assistants on the first record of the sinking of the Lusitania. The liner passes the Statue of Liberty and leaves New York Harbor, after some time, a German submarine cuts through the waters and fires a torpedo at the Lusitania, which billows smoke that builds until it envelops the screen. Passengers scramble to lower lifeboats, some of which capsize in the confusion, the liner tilts from one side to the other and passengers are tossed into the ocean. A second blast rocks the Lusitania, which sinks slowly into the deep as more passengers fall off its edges, the liner vanishes from sight, and the film closes with a mother struggling to keep her baby above the waves. An intertitle declares, The man who fired the shot was decorated for it by the Kaiser, and yet they tell us not to hate the Hun. Winsor McCay produced prodigiously detailed and accurate drawings since early in life and he earned a living as a young man drawing portraits and posters in dime museums, and attracted large crowds with his ability to draw quickly in public. He began working as a newspaper illustrator full-time in 1898, and his greatest comic strip success was the childrens fantasy comic strip Little Nemo in Slumberland, which he began in 1905. In 1906, McCay began performing on the circuit, doing chalk talks—performances during which he drew in front of a live audience. Inspired by the books his son brought home, McCay said he came to see the possibility of making moving pictures of his cartoons. His first animated film, Little Nemo, was composed of four thousand drawings on rice paper and his next film, How a Mosquito Operates, naturalistically shows a giant mosquito draw blood from a sleeping man until it burst. McCay followed this with a film that became a part of his vaudeville shows, in Gertie the Dinosaur. The British liner RMS Lusitania briefly held the record for largest passenger ship upon its completion in 1906, the Germans employed submarines in the North Atlantic during World War I, and in April 1915 the German government issued a warning that it would target British civilian ships. The Lusitania was torpedoed on May 7,1915, during a voyage from New York,128 Americans were among the 1,198 who lost their lives
13.
Merrie Melodies
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Merrie Melodies is an American animated series of comedy short films produced by Warner Bros. between 1931 and 1969, during the golden age of American animation. As with its parent series, Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies featured some of the most famous cartoon characters ever created, including Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Porky Pig and Elmer Fudd. Merrie Melodies was originally produced by Harman-Ising Pictures from 1931 to 1933, Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in 1944, and the newly renamed Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies was outsourced to DePatie-Freleng Enterprises and Format Films from 1964 to 1967, cartoons resumed production for the series final two years. Three of the Merrie Melodies films won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film, in 2013, TV Guide ranked the Warner Bros. Cartoons the third Greatest Cartoon of All Time, producer Leon Schlesinger had already produced one cartoon in the Looney Tunes series, based on music, and its success prompted him to try to sell a sister series to Warner Bros. His selling point was that the new cartoons would feature music from the soundtracks of Warner Bros. films and would serve as advertisements for Warner Bros. recordings. The studio agreed, and Schlesinger dubbed the series Merrie Melodies, walt Disney Productions had already scored with their Silly Symphonies. Since cartoon production usually began with a soundtrack, animating a piece of music made it easier to plot elements. The origins of the Merrie Melodies series begin with the failure of an action series of musical shorts called Spooney Melodies. These shorts were basically a type of music video that included segments with a popular artist singing along with appropriate background sequences. Warner Bros. wanted to promote this music because they had acquired the ownership of Brunswick Records along with four music publishers for US $28 million. Because of the success of their Looney Tunes series, Warner Bros. decided to develop a new series of animated shorts called Merrie Melodies. Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising led the development and it was meant to be a series of musical cartoons that featured hit songs of the day, especially those then owned by Warner Bros. and featured in their musical films. In 1931, many of the featured the orchestra of Abe Lyman. The first cartoon of the new Merrie Melodies series was Lady, Ising attempted to introduce several characters in his Merrie Melodies films, such as Piggy, Foxy, and Goopy Geer. Eventually however, the series continued without any recurring characters, the shorts proved to be enormously popular with the public. In 1932, a Merrie Melodies cartoon, entitled Its Got Me Again. was nominated for the first Academy Award to be given for animation, when Harman and Ising left Warner Bros. in 1933, they took with them all rights to the characters they had created
14.
The Dover Boys
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The Dover Boys at Pimento University or The Rivals of Roquefort Hall is a 1942 Merrie Melodies cartoon produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions and directed by Chuck Jones. It was released by Warner Bros. on September 19,1942, the cartoon is a parody of the Rover Boys, a popular juvenile fiction book series of the early 20th century. Jones would later remark that The Dover Boys was the first cartoon of his he found to be funny, in 1994, the cartoon was voted #49 of the 50 Greatest Cartoons of all time by members of the animation field. The cartoon is one of a handful from WB to enter the public domain, the three Dover Boys, Tom, Dick, and Larry, who attend Pimento University, are introduced. A gay outing at the park has been planned by the merry trio, the Boys are called upon to rescue Dora when she is kidnapped by the nefarious stock villain Dan Backslide. The former sneak of Roquefort Hall, coward, bully, cad, and thief and he and Dora proceed to shuffle off into the sunset as the cartoon concludes with the familiar iris-out. From time to time throughout the cartoon, the Boys lapse into various renditions of their alma mater, sung to the tune of George Cooper and Henry Tuckers Sweet Genevieve, Pimento U and your fragrant odor scents the air etc. Jones would go on to use animation techniques in later cartoons he directed starring Bugs Bunny. Stylized animation would later be famous by the artists at startup animation studio UPA. According to Jones, Schlesinger and the Warner Bros, a replacement for Jones could not be easily found, so he was kept aboard. Although voice credits from Warner Bros. cartoons are not easy to find beyond Mel Blanc, the voice of Tom Dover was performed by long-time Termite Terrace writer Tedd Pierce, who also provided the story. Vocal harmonies were provided by The Sportsmen Quartet, from Jack Bennys radio program, Dora was voiced by Bea Benaderet. Dan Backslide was a caricature of Jones animator Ken Harris, a short clip of this cartoon is featured in the opening credits of Less Than Hero, an episode of another Fox TV show, Futurama. They also appeared cheering in the late in the mixed animation/live-action movie Space Jam. A segment of the cartoon is featured briefly in an episode of Agent Carter where it is used as part of a subliminal messaging tool of the Black Widow program
15.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
16.
United Productions of America
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United Productions of America, better known as UPA, was an American animation studio active from the 1940s through the 1970s. Beginning with industrial and World War II training films, UPA eventually produced theatrical shorts for Columbia Pictures, in 1956, UPA produced a television series for CBS, The Boing-Boing Show, hosted by Gerald McBoing Boing. In the 1960s, UPA produced syndicated Mr. Magoo and Dick Tracy television series and other series and specials, UPA also produced two animated features,1001 Arabian Nights and Gay Purr-ee, and distributed Japanese films from Toho Studios in the 1970s and 1980s. Gerald McBoing Boing is a recent television series based on UPAs memorable character and licensed and co-produced by Cookie Jar Entertainment and Classic Media. UPA Pictures legacy in the history of animation has largely been overshadowed by the success and availability of the cartoon libraries of Warner Bros. UPA pioneered the technique of limited animation, UPA was founded in the wake of the Disney animators strike of 1941, which resulted in the exodus of a number of long-time Walt Disney staff members. Among them was John Hubley, a layout artist who was unhappy with the style of animation that Disney had been advocating. Hubley, Bobe Cannon, and others at UPA, sought to produce animated films with sufficient freedom to express design ideas considered radical by other established studios. In 1943, Zack Schwartz, David Hilberman, and Stephen Bosustow formed a studio called first Industrial Film and Poster Service, finding work in the then-booming field of wartime work for the government, the small studio produced a cartoon sponsored by the United Auto Workers in 1944. Hell-Bent for Election was directed by Chuck Jones and was produced for the campaign of FDR. The film was a success, and it led to another assignment from the UAW, the film, directed by Bobe Cannon, advocated tolerance of all people. The short was groundbreaking not only in its message but in its flat, stylized design. With its new-found fame, the studio renamed itself UPA Pictures, no formal charges were filed against anyone at UPA in the beginnings of the so-called Red Scare, but the government contracts were lost as Washington severed its ties with Hollywood. UPA entered the field of theatrical cartoons to sustain itself. Columbia had historically been an also-ran in the field of animated shorts, the UPA animators applied their stylistic concepts and storytelling to Columbias characters The Fox and the Crow with the shorts Robin Hoodlum and The Magic Fluke, both directed by Hubley. Both were nominated for Academy Awards, and Columbia granted the permission to create its own new characters. UPA responded, not with another animal, but a star that was a human character. The Ragtime Bear, the first appearance of Mr. Magoo, was a box-office hit, Magoo series won accolades for UPA
17.
Max Fleischer
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Max Fleischer was an American animator, inventor, film director and producer. Fleischer was a pioneer in the development of the animated cartoon, born to a Jewish family in Kraków, then part of the Austrian-Hungarian province of Galicia, Max Fleischer was the second of six children of an Austrian immigrant tailor, William Fleischer. His family emigrated to the USA in 1887, settling in New York City, during his early formative years he enjoyed a Middle Class life style the result of his fathers success as an exclusive tailor to high society clients. This changed drastically after his father lost his business ten years later and his teens were spent in Brownsville, a poor Jewish ghetto in Brooklyn. Motivated to succeed, he continued his education, attending Evening High School and he received Commercial Art training at Cooper Union and formal art instruction at the Art Students League of New York, studying under the famous George Bridgman. He also attended The Mechanics and Tradesmans School in midtown Manhattan, Fleischer began his career at The Brooklyn Daily Eagle first as an Errand Boy, and was advanced to Photographer, Photoengraver, and later, became a staff Cartoonist. At first he drew single panel editorial cartoons, then graduated to the strips, Little Algie, and S. K. Sposher. These satirical strips reflected his life in Brownsville and his fascination with technology and photography respectively-both displaying his sense of irony and it was during this period he met newspaper cartoonist and early animator, John Randolph Bray, who would later give him his start in the animation field. On December 25,1905, Fleischer married his childhood sweetheart, on the recommendation of Bray, Fleischer was hired as a Technical Illustrator for The Electro-Light Engraving Company in Boston. By 1914 the first commercially produced animated cartoons started to appear in movie theaters, but they tended to be stiff and jerky. Fleischer devised an improvement in animation through a projector and easel for tracing images from live action film. This device, known as a rotoscope, enabled Fleischer to produce the first realistic animation since the works of Winsor McCay. Although his patent was granted in 1917, Max and his brothers Joe, the Pathe Film exchange offered Max his first opportunity as a Producer due in part to the fact that Dave had been working there as a Film Cutter since 1914. Max chose a political satire of a trip by Theodore Roosevelt. After several months of labor, the film was rejected, Bray had a distribution contract with Paramount at the time, and hired Max as Production Supervisor for his studio. Following the Armistice, Fleischer returned to Bray and the production of theatrical and educational films, Fleischer produced his Out of the Inkwell films featuring The Clown character, which originated from his youngest brother Dave, who had worked as a Sideshow clown at Coney Island. And it was the one of the later test made of footage of Dave as a clown that interested Bray. Fleischers initial series was first produced at The Bray Studios and released as an installment in the Bray-Goldwyn Pictograph Screen Magazine from 1919 to 1921
18.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
19.
Warner Brothers
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
20.
MGM
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
21.
Clutch Cargo
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Clutch Cargo is an animated television series produced by Cambria Productions and syndicated beginning on March 9,1959. The series was notable for its very limited animation yet imaginative stories, it was a hit at the time. The stories centered on Clutch Cargo, described as a writer and pilot with a muscular build, as was typical of adventure serials, Clutch Cargo was sent around the world on dangerous assignments. Accompanying him on the assignments were his young ward Spinner and his pet dachshund Paddlefoot. Actress Margaret Kerry, who provided the look, style, and movement of Tinker Bell in the 1953 Walt Disney Studios production of Peter Pan, live-action footage of an airplane was used as well, specifically that of a rare 1929 Bellanca C-27 Airbus. The attention to detail shown to the aircraft in the series is no due to the fact that creator of the series. Hal Smith was the voice of Clutchs grizzled, pith-helmeted friend Swampy and he also voiced Owl in Disneys Winnie the Pooh series and played Otis Campbell on The Andy Griffith Show. In all,52 Clutch Cargo adventures were produced and then serialized in five chapters each. The first four chapters naturally ended in cliffhangers, with the fifth chapter concluding the adventure. Has explained the format of the show, Each story is done in five five-minute segments so the stations can run one a day on weekdays and its flexible and works very well. Because of budgetary limitations and the pressure to create television animation within a time frame. Clutch Cargo employed the Syncro-Vox technique by superimposing live-action human lips over limited-motion animation or even motionless animation cels, to further cut costs, Gillette and special-effects man Scotty Tomany supplemented Syncro-Vox with other time- and money-saving tricks. Haas explained, We are not making animated cartoons and we are photographing motorized movement and—the biggest trick of all—combining it with live action. This enables us to film at about one-fifth what it costs Hanna. Footage that Disney does for $250,000 we do for $18,000, Gillette and Tomany simulated action not by animation but in the real-time movement of either the camera or the cel itself. Other live-action shots were superimposed as a means of adding a degree of realism. For example, footage of real smoke was used for explosions, Gillette said, We are constantly discovering new dimensions. We have used balloons to simulate bubble gum, developed windmills that really turn—mechanically
22.
Hanna-Barbera
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Hanna-Barbera Productions, Inc. was an American animation studio that dominated American television animation for over three decades in the mid 20th century. In late 1966, it was sold to Taft Broadcasting and spent two decades as its subsidiary and it is officially considered the very first major animation studio to successfully produce cartoons exclusively for television. For their achievements, Hanna and Barbera together won seven Academy Awards, eight Emmy Awards, a Golden Globe Award, the pair was also inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 1993. Hanna-Barberas fortunes declined in the mid-1980s when the profitability of Saturday morning cartoons was eclipsed by weekday afternoon syndication, in late 1991, the animation studio was purchased from Taft by Turner Broadcasting System, who used much of its back catalog to program its new channel, Cartoon Network. After Turner purchased the company, Hanna and Barbera continued to serve as creative consultants, Turner merged with Time Warner in 1996 and the studio became a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Animation, into which Hanna-Barbera was absorbed after Hanna died in 2001, Cartoon Network Studios continued the projects for the channels output. Barbera went on to work for Warner Bros, Animation until his death in 2006. As of 2017, the studio exists as a unit used to market properties and productions associated with the Hanna-Barbera library. Melrose, New Mexico native William Hanna and New York City-born of Italian heritage Joseph Barbera first met while working at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio in 1939. Their first directorial production and collaboration was the Academy Award-nominated Puss Gets the Boot, Hanna and Barbera served as directors of the shorts for over 20 years, with Barbera in charge of the stories and pre-production and Hanna in charge of supervising the animation. Hanna also provided the screams, yelps and yells for Tom Cat, in addition to the series being nominated for twelve more Oscars, seven of the cartoons won the Academy Award for Best Short Subject between 1943 and 1953. The trophies were awarded to their producer Fred Quimby, who was not involved in the development of the shorts. In addition to their work on the cartoons, the two men moonlighted on outside projects, including the title sequences and commercials for the CBS sitcom I Love Lucy. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer decided in early 1957 to close its cartoon studio, as it felt it had acquired a reasonable backlog of shorts for re-release, Hanna and Barbera, contemplating their future while completing the final Tom and Jerry cartoons, began producing animated TV commercials. During their last year at MGM, they developed a concept for an animated TV program about a dog, a coin toss determined that Hanna would have precedence in the naming the new studio. Harry Cohn, president and head of Columbia Pictures, took an 18 percent ownership in Hanna and Barberas new company, H-B Enterprises, Screen Gems became the new studios distributor and its licensing agent, handling merchandizing of the characters from the animated programs. Sidney and several Screen Gems alumni became members of the board of directors. H-B Enterprises was one of the first American cartoon studios to produce cartoons specifically for TV broadcast
23.
DePatie-Freleng Enterprises
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DePatie-Freleng Enterprises was an American animation production company, active from 1963 to 1981. Based in Burbank, California, DFE produced theatrical cartoons, animated series, commercials, film title design sequences, notable among these are The Pink Panther film titles and cartoon shorts, as well as the Dr. Seuss cartoon adaptations made for CBS and ABC. Most DFE productions are now owned by Marvel Entertainment, with some exceptions, DFE was founded by two former Warner Bros. Cartoons employees, director/composer/producer Friz Freleng and executive David H. DePatie, although Freleng and DePatie were no longer working for Warner Bros. Although DFEs initial business was commercials and industrial films, several lucky breaks put the new studio into the cartoon business. Director Blake Edwards contacted DFE and asked them to design a character for Edwardss new film. Pleased with the design for the character, Edwards contracted with DFE to produce the titles for the film. Also in 1964, Freleng and DePaties old employer, Warner Bros. contracted with DFE to produce new Looney Tunes, DePatie and Freleng found themselves overflowing with work. Many of the animators who had worked at Warner Bros. in the 1950s and 1960s returned to the old Warner cartoon studio to work for DFE. The first entry in the Pink Panther series, The Pink Phink, was directed by Freleng, in 1967, DFE would receive another Academy Award nomination for The Pink Blueprint. Like most animated television cartoons at the time, The Pink Panther Show contained a track with narration. The cartoons were edited and in some cases re-dubbed to meet television standards, the Pink Panther Show had several incarnations during the 1970s. The show was popular on NBCs Saturday morning line-up, starting as a half-hour program. The studio provided the animated sequences for the 1969-1970 television series My World, DFE was one of the subcontractors for the 1964-1967 Warner Bros. cartoons, along with Format Films. The Looney Tunes/Merrie Melodies shorts made by the studio can be identified by their modernized Abstract WB opening and closing sequences. DFE didnt continue doing Warner cartoon work until the late 1970s/early 1980s, with the TV specials Bugs Bunnys Easter Special, Bugs Bunnys Looney Christmas Tales, and Daffy Ducks Easter Show. DFE also created Return to the Planet of the Apes, which ran on NBC from 1975 to 1976 and The Oddball Couple, DFE was also responsible for a number of Dr. Seuss specials, including The Cat In The Hat and different incarnations of The Grinch. Inflation, the costs of producing theatrical cartoons, and the pressures of producing TV series caused the quality of DFEs output to drop in the mid-to-late 1970s
24.
Filmation
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Filmation Associates was a production company that produced animation and live-action programming for television from 1963 to 1989. Located in Reseda, California, the studio was founded in 1962. Filmations founders and principal producers were Lou Scheimer, Hal Sutherland, Lou Scheimer and Filmations main director Hal Sutherland met while working at Larry Harmon Pictures on the made-for-TV Bozo and Popeye cartoons. Eventually Larry Harmon closed the studio, Scheimer and Sutherland went to work at a small company called True Line, one of whose owners was Marcus Lipsky, who then owned Reddi-wip whipped cream. SIB Productions, a Japanese firm with U. S. offices in Chicago, approached them about producing a cartoon called Rod Rocket. The two agreed to take on the work and also took on a project for Family Films, owned by the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, for ten short animated films based on the life of Christ. Paramount Pictures soon purchased SIB Productions, and True Lines staff increased, including the arrival of radio disc jockey Norm Prescott. He had already been working on the animated feature Pinocchio in Outer Space which was produced by Belvision Studios. They eventually left True Line, and Scheimer began working on commercials, including for Gillette and others and he met lawyer Ira Epstein, who had worked for Harmon but left the firm, and now put together the new corporation with Scheimer and Sutherland. It officially became Filmation Associates as of September 1962, so named because We were working on film, both Rod Rocket and the Life of Christ series credited Filmation Associates with Production Design in addition to Scheimer and Sutherland as directors. Norm Prescott brought in Filmations first major project, Journey Back to Oz, begun in 1962, storyboarding, voice recording, and most of the music scoring and animation had been completed when financial challenges caused the project to be put on hold for nearly eight years. In the meantime, during the interim, the new Filmation studio turned their attention to a successful medium. This premiered on September 10,1966, and was followed by several of the other DC super heroes, and then in 1968, both series greatly helped Filmations popularity to increase, into the 1970s, when it really scored big with several of its shows. Four Filmation programs from 1983-1988 were also broadcast on qubo night owl, the Filmation studio was purchased by the TelePrompTer Corporation in 1969. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, through its Group W Productions division, acquired Filmation along with its purchase of TelePrompTers cable, Filmations last production was the feature film Happily Ever After, released to theaters five years later in 1993. Also, at the time of the closing, two new animated TV shows, Bugzburg and Bravo, were beginning production, in 1989, Westinghouse sold Filmation to an investment consortium led by the LOréal cosmetics company, Paravision International. Before that sale was complete, Westinghouse shuttered the film studio on February 3,1989 and this happened a day before a new law went into practice requiring companies to give employees 60 days notice before a mass termination. Since then, the intellectual property assets have changed hands on a number of occasions
25.
Shock wave
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In physics, a shock wave, or shock, is a type of propagating disturbance. When a wave moves faster than the speed of sound in a fluid it is a shock wave. In supersonic flows, expansion is achieved through an expansion fan also known as a Prandtl-Meyer expansion fan, unlike solitons, the energy of a shock wave dissipates relatively quickly with distance. Also, the accompanying expansion wave approaches and eventually merges with the shock wave, when a shock wave passes through matter, energy is preserved but entropy increases. Shock waves can be, Normal, at 90° to the shock mediums flow direction, oblique, at an angle to the direction of flow. Bow, Occurs upstream of the front of a blunt object when the flow velocity exceeds Mach 1. Some other terms Shock Front, The boundary over which the physical conditions undergo a change because of a shock wave. Contact Front, in a wave caused by a driver gas. The Contact Front trails the Shock Front, when an object moves faster than the information about it can propagate into the surrounding fluid, fluid near the disturbance cannot react or get out of the way before the disturbance arrives. In a shock wave the properties of the fluid change almost instantaneously, measurements of the thickness of shock waves in air have resulted in values around 200 nm, which is on the same order of magnitude as the mean free gas molecule path. In reference to the continuum, this implies the shock wave can be treated as either a line or a plane if the field is two-dimensional or three-dimensional. Shock waves are formed when a pressure front moves at supersonic speeds, Shock waves are not conventional sound waves, a shock wave takes the form of a very sharp change in the gas properties. Shock waves in air are heard as a crack or snap noise. Over longer distances, a wave can change from a nonlinear wave into a linear wave, degenerating into a conventional sound wave as it heats the air. The sound wave is heard as the familiar thud or thump of a sonic boom, the shock wave is one of several different ways in which a gas in a supersonic flow can be compressed. Some other methods are isentropic compressions, including Prandtl-Meyer compressions, the method of compression of a gas results in different temperatures and densities for a given pressure ratio which can be analytically calculated for a non-reacting gas. A shock wave compression results in a loss of pressure, meaning that it is a less efficient method of compressing gases for some purposes. The appearance of pressure-drag on supersonic aircraft is due to the effect of shock compression on the flow
26.
Shutter speed
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The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time. 1/500th of a second will let half as much light in as 1/250th, the cameras shutter speed, the lenss aperture, and the scenes luminance together determine the amount of light that reaches the film or sensor. Exposure value is a quantity that accounts for the shutter speed and this will achieve a good exposure when all the details of the scene are legible on the photograph. Too much light let into the results in an overly pale image while too little light will result in an overly dark image. Multiple combinations of speed and f-number can give the same exposure value. According to exposure value formula, doubling the exposure time doubles the amount of light, for example, f/8 lets 4 times more light into the camera as f/16 does. In addition to its effect on exposure, the speed changes the way movement appears in photographs. Very short shutter speeds can be used to freeze fast-moving subjects, very long shutter speeds are used to intentionally blur a moving subject for effect. Short exposure times are called fast, and long exposure times slow. Adjustments to the aperture need to be compensated by changes of the speed to keep the same exposure. The agreed standards for shutter speeds are, With this scale, camera shutters often include one or two other settings for making very long exposures, B keeps the shutter open as long as the shutter release is held. T keeps the open until the shutter release is pressed again. The ability of the photographer to take images without noticeable blurring by camera movement is an important parameter in the choice of the slowest possible speed for a handheld camera. Through practice and special techniques such as bracing the camera, arms, or body to minimize movement, using a monopod or a tripod. If a shutter speed is too slow for hand holding, a support, usually a tripod. Image stabilization on digital cameras or lenses can often permit the use of shutter speeds 3–4 stops slower, Shutter priority refers to a shooting mode used in cameras. It allows the photographer to choose a shutter speed setting and allow the camera to decide the correct aperture and this is sometimes referred to as Shutter Speed Priority Auto Exposure, or TV mode, S mode on Nikons and most other brands. Shutter speed is one of methods used to control the amount of light recorded by the cameras digital sensor or film
27.
Sailor Moon
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Sailor Moon is a Japanese shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Naoko Takeuchi. It was originally serialized in Nakayoshi from 1991 to 1997, the 52 individual chapters were published in 18 tankōbon volumes. The series follows the adventures of a schoolgirl named Usagi Tsukino as she transforms into the titular character to search for a magical artifact called the Legendary Silver Crystal. The 18 manga volumes have been adapted into a series titled Sailor Moon which was produced by Toei Animation. The series was broadcast from 1992 to 1997 in Japan over the course of five seasons along with three films, a television special, and three short films produced during the same period. A live-action television adaptation titled Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon aired from 2003 to 2004, the manga series was licensed for an English language release by Kodansha Comics in North America, and in Australia and New Zealand by Random House Australia. The entire anime series has been licensed by Viz Media for an English language release in North America and by Madman Entertainment in Australia, since its release, Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon has received wide critical acclaim and has become one of the most popular manga and anime series worldwide. The entire series has sold over 35 million copies worldwide, making of it one of the highest selling shōjo series ever, the anime is popular in several countries and is arguably one of the most influential in boosting the popularity of Japanese animation in Western culture. Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon is often cited with popularizing the concept of a team of magical girls and for revitalizing the magical girl genre. The franchise is also credited with redefining the genre, as previous magical girls did not use their powers to evil. Luna and Usagi assemble a team of fellow Sailor Soldiers to find their princess, additionally, they encounter Mamoru Chiba, a high-school student who assists them on occasion as Tuxedo Mask. In the first arc, the battles the Dark Kingdom. Led by Queen Beryl, a team of generals—the Four Kings of Heaven —attempt to find the Silver Crystal to free an imprisoned, Usagi and her team discover that in their previous lives they were members of the ancient moon kingdom called Silver Millennium. The Dark Kingdom waged war against them, resulting in the destruction of the moon kingdom, the team recognize Usagi as the reincarnated Serenity and Mamoru as Endymion. The Soldiers kill the Four Kings, who turn out to have been Endymions guardians who defected in their past lives. In a final confrontation with the Dark Kingdom, Minako kills Queen Beryl, she, using the Silver Crystal, Usagi succeeds in killing Metaria and resurrects her friends. At the beginning of the arc, Usagi and Mamorus daughter Chibiusa arrives from the future to find the Silver Crystal. As a result, the Soldiers encounter Wiseman and his Black Moon Clan, Chibiusa takes the Soldiers to the future city Crystal Tokyo, where her parents rule as Neo-Queen Serenity and King Endymion
28.
Scooby-Doo, Where Are You?
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Scooby-Doo, Where Are You. is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera, the first incarnation of the long-running Scooby-Doo franchise. Created by Joe Ruby and Ken Spears, it premiered on CBS and it ran for three seasons for a total of 41 episodes. Its final first-run episode aired on October 31,1970, the entire 1978 season is sometimes marketed as the third season of the original Where Are You. Originally titled Mysteries Five, and later Whos S-S-Scared, underwent a number of changes from script to screen. However, the basic concept—four teenagers and a cowardly, clumsy Great Dane solving supernatural-related mysteries—was always in place, Scooby-Doo creators Joe Ruby and Ken Spears served as the story supervisors on the series. Ruby, Spears, and Bill Lutz wrote all of the scripts for the seventeen episodes, while Lutz, Larz Bourne. The plot varied little from episode to episode and their destination turns out to be suffering from a monster problem. The gang volunteers to investigate the case, the gang splits up to cover more ground, with Fred and Velma finding clues, Daphne finding danger, and Shaggy and Scooby finding food, fun, and the ghost/monster, who chases them. Scooby and Shaggy love to eat, including dog treats called Scooby Snacks which are a favorite of both the dog and the teenage boy, if a trap is used, it may or may not work. Invariably, the ghost/monster is apprehended and unmasked, the second season featured chase scene songs produced by La La Productions. These songs were written by Danny Janssen and Austin Roberts, and were performed by Roberts, theme song for the second season. Theme song has been covered by several famous bands. Episodes contained a track, one of the first Saturday morning cartoon shows to do so. It was removed for syndication in the 1980s, not long after the Turner networks began airing the show in 1994, the laugh track was reinstated in 1997. In 2005, Scooby Doo, Where Are You, came 49th in Channel 4s 100 Greatest Cartoons, in the UK, and was more recently voted the 8th greatest Kids TV Show by viewers of the same channel. It was ranked the 24th greatest cartoon on IGNs Top 100 Animated Series, on July 4,2002, Warner Home Video released four episodes from the series on a compilation DVD in Region 1 entitled Scooby-Doos Creepiest Capers. They later released all 25 episodes on DVD in Region 1 on March 16,2004 under the title Scooby-Doo, the Complete First and Second Seasons. A DVD entitled Scooby-Doo, Where Are You, the Complete Third Season was released on April 10,2007, made up of episodes produced in 1978, added to the Scoobys All-Stars package, and later syndicated as part of The Scooby-Doo Show
29.
Film serial
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Each chapter was screened at a movie theater for one week, and ended with a cliffhanger, in which characters found themselves in perilous situations with little apparent chance of escape. Viewers had to each week to see the cliffhangers resolved. Many serials were Westerns, since those were the least expensive to film, besides Westerns, though, there were films covering many genres, including crime fiction, espionage, comic book or comic strip characters, science fiction, and jungle adventures. Although most serials were filmed economically, some were made at significant expense, the Flash Gordon serial and its sequels, for instance, were major productions in their times. Serials were a form of movie entertainment dating back to Edisons What Happened to Mary of 1912. Usually filmed with low budgets, serials were action-packed stories that involved a hero battling an evil villain. The hero and heroine would face one trap after another, battling countless thugs and lackeys, many famous clichés of action-adventure movies had their origins in the serials. The popular Indiana Jones movies are a well-known, romantic pastiche of the serials clichéd plot elements, ruth Roland, Marin Sais, Ann Little, and Helen Holmes were also early leading serial queens. Most of these serials put beautiful young women in jeopardy week after week, the serials starring women were the most popular during the silent period but in the sound era few serials had a female character in the major role. Years after their first release, serials gained new life at Saturday Matinees, for that reason, serials are sometimes called Saturday Matinee Serials, even though they were originally shown with feature films. Many have been released in home video formats, besides the hero or heroine, some terms are used to define villains and supporting players, The saddle pal or sidekick was the helper or assistant of the hero or heroine. That person was often a comic or a more serious. The brains heavy was the man who issued the orders to his henchmen and he often wears a suit, and pretends to be an upright, lawful member of the community. He usually had little to do until the last chapter except talk, snarl, the action heavy is the assistant or second-in-command to the brains heavy who usually wore workmanlike duds, did the physical labor, and often had more brawn than brains. He went from one chapter to the next trying desperately to kill the hero with fists, knives, guns, bombs, or whatever else was handy at the time. The oldtimer was the man who owned the ranch, the father of the hero and often had a short lifespan, as well those that wore a badge of a sheriff, marshall. The middle-aged and older performers who were judges, lawyers, storeowners, wardens, owners of the newspaper, scientists, executives. Famous American serials of the silent era include The Perils of Pauline and The Exploits of Elaine made by Pathé Frères, another popular serial was the 119-episode The Hazards of Helen made by Kalem Studios and starring Helen Holmes for the first forty-eight episodes then Helen Gibson for the remainder
30.
The Annoying Orange
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The Annoying Orange is an American comedy web series created by former Minnesota film student and MTV production assistant Dane Boedigheimer in 2009. It stars its creator as an anthropomorphic orange who annoys other fruits, vegetables, and various other objects by using jokes, other accessories, such as costumes of the series characters, have also appeared on the market for the company. Since its inception, the Annoying Orange YouTube channel has amassed over 5 million subscribers, the show is centered on Orange, who resides on a fruit cart display in a kitchen with other objects such as his best friend, Pear, an irritiable Bartlett pear. Most episodes consist of Orange heckling other characters until they meet a sudden and gruesome end, usually, Orange tries to warn them before it happens, blurting out the weapon-in-use, such as Knife. He often begins an episode by repeatedly yelling Hey. until the character responds, Orange also often refers to the character as something that plays on the objects name or appearance. If he does not like an object, he will often say Youre an apple, even if the object is not. Orange uses various tactics, such as telling rude and offensive jokes, burping and making noises with his tongue. In one episode of the web series, a coach, Mango. Regardless of his seemingly anti-social behavior, Orange can almost always find comfort in the company of his friends and sometimes makes new ones. Orange, Pear, Midget Apple, Marshmallow, Passion Fruit, Grapefruit, Grandpa Lemon, Knife, Liam the Leprechaun, Squash, since then the Annoying Orange YouTube channel has uploaded 2-3 videos per week. The Annoying Orange has spoofed many popular web shows, viral videos and these include, Epic Peel Time Talking Twin Baby Oranges Go. On Annoying Oranges Gaming channel, everybody else does gaming videos, on Pears channel, he does extreme challenges that end in failure, disaster or horror. On Marshmallows channel, he/she shows 10 min. videos and outtakes from The Marshmallow Show, on Grapefruits channel, he shows art and now he shows gaming videos. On Grandpa Lemons channel, he does a show called Grinds My Rind, on Squashs channel, he shows himself squashing things called Squashing Things with Squash. The Juice is a series of four shows that ran from July 8,2013 to December 9,2013, a special show of The Juice was aired October 14,2013. In each show, Orange, Midget Apple, Marshmallow, Pear, the questions were, Episode 1 - What do you want to be. Episode 2 - If everyone from the kitchen was on an island and there was nothing to eat. Episode 3 - Which of your friends would you like to be for a day
31.
Flash animation
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A Flash animation or Flash cartoon is an animated film that is created with the Adobe Flash platform or similar animation software and often distributed in the SWF file format. The term Flash animation refers to both the format and the medium in which the animation is produced. This allowed artists to release shorts and interactive experiences well under 1 MB, some hallmarks of poorly produced Flash animation are jerky natural movements, auto-tweened character movements, lip-sync without interpolation, and abrupt changes from front to profile view. Flash animations are typically distributed by way of the World Wide Web, in case they are often referred to as Internet cartoons, online cartoons. Web Flash animations may be interactive and are created in a series. A Flash animation is distinguished from a Webcomic, which is a comic strip distributed via the Web, Flash animation is now taught in schools throughout the UK and can be taken as a GCSE and A-level. The first prominent use of the Flash animation format was by Ren & Stimpy creator John Kricfalusi, on October 15,1997, he launched The Goddamn George Liquor Program, the first cartoon series produced specifically for the Internet. The series starred George Liquor and his dim-witted nephew Jimmy The Hapless Idiot Boy, later, Kricfalusi produced more animated projects with Flash including several online shorts for Icebox. com, television commercials, and a music video. Soon after that, web cartoons began appearing on the Internet with more regularity, the series originally launched in the spring of 1997 as a web comic with limited animation and sound. After gaining online syndication partners including Lycos. com and WebTV, following her Showtime debut, the titular heroine appeared in over 50 Flash webisodes on the Showtime website and starred in a million-dollar multimedia Showtime marketing campaign. The Von Ghouls went live in November 1999, featuring the first music group with cartoon episodes online including original songs, in the vein of Saturday morning cartoons of the 1970s. A number of portal sites featured Flash animation during the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, including Newgrounds, Icebox, MondoMedia, CampChaos, MediaTrip, Bogbeast. Stan Lee of Marvel Comics launched a comics site. The Internet also saw the proliferation of many adult-only Flash cartoon sites, some of the shows from that period made the transition to traditional media, including Queer Duck, Gary the Rat, Happy Tree Friends, and the politically minded JibJab shorts. Occasionally, the trend has reversed, after being canceled from both ABC and Fox, Atom Films and Flinch Studio created net-only episodes of The Critic in 2000–2001. In another instance, Flash almost made the transition to the big screen, in 2001, production began on what would have been the first Flash-animated feature film, the ill-fated Lil Pimp, which also began life as an Internet series. As potentially controversial as its subject matter was, it had a large budget, a number of well-known actors, a full crew. Although Sony Pictures decided not to release the film, it was released on DVD by Lions Gate
32.
PowerPoint animation
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PowerPoint animation is a form of animation which uses Microsoft PowerPoint and similar programs to create a game or movie. The artwork is created using PowerPoints AutoShape features, and then animated slide-by-slide or by using Custom Animation. These animations can then be shared by transferring the PowerPoint file they were created in, Custom Animation is a set of effects which can be applied to objects in PowerPoint so that they will animate in the Slide Show Power Point. They can be added under the Custom Animation function or through the use of Visual Basic for Applications, PowerPoint 2000 and earlier versions introduced basic effects such as Appear, Dissolve, Fly In and so forth. In PowerPoint 2002/XP and later versions, the Custom Animation feature was improved, adding new animation effects grouped into four categories, Entrance, Emphasis, Exit, Microsoft Is Created Maaz Ahmed Ali The effects were later modified in PowerPoint 2010. More slide transitions were added to the selection in PowerPoint 2010, Entrance effects can be set to objects so that they enter with animations during Slide Show. Emphasis effects animate the objects on the spot, Exit effects allow objects to leave the Slide Show with animations. Motion Paths allow objects to move around the Slide Show, each effect contains variables such as start, delay, speed, repeat and trigger. This makes animations more flexible and interactive, similar to Adobe Flash, Animation Trigger is another feature introduced in Microsoft PowerPoint 2002/XP and the later versions. This feature allows animators to apply effects that can be triggered when an object on the Slide Show is clicked. This feature is the basis for the majority of PowerPoint games, using hyperlinks and Animation Triggers, one can create games such as Jeopardy. Using the tools to maneuver from question to answer, taking this same principle, the animator can also make more complex games similar to a dungeon game or escape-the-room game. In this format, the animator can create a domain where the player chooses to go right or left, or pick up objects, the process takes time, but is generally cheaper and easier than using multimedia software such as Adobe Flash. For more experienced users, Visual Basic for Applications can be used to program animations with more flexibility, PowerPoint can also function as a movie maker program. The animator using PowerPoint works similarly to an animator using cels, many tools within the PowerPoint program can be easily used for maximum effect. Drawing tools such as AutoShapes, contains lines, connectors, basic shapes, block arrows, flowchart components, freeforms and banners, callouts and action buttons, help draw out a slide. Custom Animations and sound tools can also be used to add excitement to the project. The process of drawing out multiple slides takes time, but, again, it is considered to be less expensive, another way to produce these animations is by animating a cartoon as a single slide acting as a frame of film
33.
Stock footage
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Stock footage, and similarly, archive footage, library pictures, and file footage is film or video footage that can be used again in other films. Stock footage is beneficial to filmmakers as it saves shooting new material, a single piece of stock footage is called a stock shot or a library shot. Stock footage may have appeared in previous productions but may also be outtakes or footage shot for previous productions, examples of stock footage which might be utilized are moving images of cities and landmarks, wildlife in their natural environments, and historical footage. Suppliers of stock footage may be either Rights Managed or royalty-free, many websites offer direct downloads of clips in various formats. Stock footage companies began to emerge in the mid-1980s, offering clips mastered on Betacam SP, VHS, stock footage can be used to integrate news footage or notable figures into a film. Kennedy, Richard Nixon, and John Lennon, news programs use film footage from their libraries when more recent images are not available. Such usage is often labeled on-screen with an indication that the footage being shown is file footage, television and movies series also often recycle footage taken from previous installments. That kept production costs down as models, mattes, and explosions were expensive to create, some series, particularly those made for children, such as Power Rangers or Teletubbies, reuse footage that is shown in many episodes. Meant for an audience, the approach increases viewers familiarity between shows. This introduces problems such as the requirement to, for example, wear the same clothing, when cleverly filmed it is possible to avoid many of these problems. Many broadcast shows use stock-footage clips as establishing shots of a particular city, stock footage is often used in commercials when there is not enough money or time for production. More often than not these commercials are political or issue-oriented in nature, sometimes it can be used to composite moving images which create the illusion of having on-camera performers appear to be on location. B-roll is also another term for stock footage and is used in reference to film making. Stock footage that appears on television screens or monitors shown in movies or television shows is referred to as playback, the playback footage of a hurricane featured in Disneys Smart House came from the vaults of the same San Diego firm. One of the most common uses of stock footage is in documentaries, several films that would otherwise be completely lost have surviving footage due to the film being used a stock footage. For example, The Cat Creeps has some preserved in the movie Boo. If not for the use of footage, these films would be lost entirely. Stock Footage are also used in live reality TV Shows such as Im a Celebrity, most of the stock footage used in that show is footage that is related to jungle creatures and insects
34.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
35.
Animation
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Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the rapid display of a sequence of images that minimally differ from each other. The illusion—as in motion pictures in general—is thought to rely on the phi phenomenon, animators are artists who specialize in the creation of animation. Animation can be recorded with either analogue media, a book, motion picture film, video tape, digital media, including formats with animated GIF, Flash animation. To display animation, a camera, computer, or projector are used along with new technologies that are produced. Animation creation methods include the traditional animation creation method and those involving stop motion animation of two and three-dimensional objects, paper cutouts, puppets and clay figures, Images are displayed in a rapid succession, usually 24,25,30, or 60 frames per second. Computer animation processes generating animated images with the general term computer-generated imagery, 3D animation uses computer graphics, while 2D animation is used for stylistic, low bandwidth and faster real-time renderings. An earthen goblet discovered at the site of the 5, 200-year-old Shahr-e Sūkhté in southeastern Iran, the artifact bears five sequential images depicting a Persian Desert Ibex jumping up to eat the leaves of a tree. They may, of course, refer to Chinese shadow puppets, in the 19th century, the phenakistoscope, zoetrope and praxinoscope were introduced. A thaumatrope is a toy with a small disk with different pictures on each side. The phenakistoscope was invented simultaneously by Belgian Joseph Plateau and Austrian Simon von Stampfer in 1831, the phenakistoscope consists of a disk with a series of images, drawn on radi evenly space around the center of the disk. John Barnes Linnett patented the first flip book in 1868 as the kineograph, the first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, who was a French science teacher. Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888, on 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot, at the Musée Grévin in Paris. This film is notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, they were drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. Stuart Blackton, who, because of that, is considered the father of American animation, in Europe, the French artist, Émile Cohl, created the first animated film using what came to be known as traditional animation creation methods - the 1908 Fantasmagorie. The film largely consisted of a figure moving about and encountering all manner of morphing objects. There were also sections of live action in which the hands would enter the scene. The film was created by drawing each frame on paper and then shooting each frame onto negative film, the author of the first puppet-animated film was the Russian-born director Wladyslaw Starewicz, known as Ladislas Starevich
36.
Chinese animation
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Chinese animation or Donghua, in a narrow sense, refers to animation made in China. Modern animation in China began in 1918 when a piece from the United States titled Out of the Inkwell landed in Shanghai. Cartoon clips were first used in advertisements for domestic products, though the animation industry did not begin until the arrival of the Wan brothers in 1926. The Wan brothers produced the first Chinese animated film with sound, The Camels Dance, the first animated film of notable length was Princess Iron Fan in 1941. Princess Iron Fan was the first animated film in Asia and it had great impact on wartime Japanese Momotaro animated feature films. China was relatively on pace with the rest of the world up to the mid-1960s, Chinas golden age of animation would come to an end following the onset of the Cultural Revolution in 1966. Many animators were forced to quit, if not for harsh economic conditions, the mistreatment of the Red Guards would threaten their work. The surviving animations would lean closer to propaganda, by the 1980s, Japan would emerge as the animation powerhouse of the Far East, leaving Chinas industry far behind in reputation and productivity. Though two major changes would occur in the 1990s, igniting some of the biggest changes since the exploration periods, the first is a political change. The implementation of a socialist market economy would push out traditional planned economy systems, no longer would a single entity limit the industrys output and income. The second is a change with the arrival of the Internet. New opportunities would emerge from flash animations and the became more open. Today China is drastically reinventing itself in the industry with greater influences from Hong Kong. Chinese animations today can best be described in two categories, the first type are Conventional Animations produced by corporations of well-financed entities. These content falls along the lines of traditional 2D cartoons or modern 3D CG animated films distributed via cinemas and this format can be summarized as a reviving industry coming together with advanced computer technology and low cost labor. The second type are Webtoons produced by corporations or sometimes just individuals and these contents are generally flash animations ranging anywhere from amateurish to high quality, hosted publicly on various websites. While the global community has always gauged industry success by box office sales and this format cannot be denied when measured in hits among a population of 1.3 billion in just mainland China alone. Most importantly it provides freedom of expression on top of potential advertising
