1.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
2.
Automotive industry
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The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles, some of them are called automakers. It is one of the worlds most important economic sectors by revenue, the term automotive was created from Greek autos, and Latin motivus to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by Elmer Sperry, the automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in automobile production. In 1929, before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, at that time the U. S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After World War II, the U. S. produced about 75 percent of auto production. In 1980, the U. S. was overtaken by Japan, in 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U. S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U. S. production, with 10.3 million units, from 1970 over 1998 to 2012, the number of automobile models in the U. S. has grown exponentially. Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, in the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies there is no risk of damage. Safety in the industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international. The standard ISO26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety. In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle and this procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material, however, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres of gasoline, the automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down. It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the generations of people no longer want to own a car anymore
3.
Volkswagen Group
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Volkswagen Group, or Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft, shortly VW AG, is a German multinational automotive manufacturing company headquartered in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. It designs, manufactures and distributes passenger and commercial vehicles, motorcycles, engines, in 2016, it was the largest automaker in the world with sales of 10.3 million units, overtaking Toyota. It has maintained the largest market share in Europe for over two decades and it ranked seventh in the 2016 Fortune Global 500 list of the worlds largest companies. It is divided into two divisions, the Automotive Division and the Financial Services Division, and has approximately 340 subsidiary companies. VW also has two major joint-ventures in China, the company has operations in approximately 150 countries and operates 100 production facilities across 27 countries. Volkswagen was founded in 1937 to manufacture the car which would become known as the Beetle, the companys production grew rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, and in 1965 it acquired Auto Union, which subsequently produced the first post-war Audi models. Volkswagen launched a new generation of front-wheel drive vehicles in the 1970s, including the Passat, Polo and Golf, the companys operations in China have grown rapidly in the past decade with the country becoming its largest market. It has been traded in the United States via American Depositary Receipts since 1988, Volkswagen delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2013. The state of Lower Saxony holds 12. 7% of the companys shares, Volkswagen held a 19. 9% non-controlling shareholding in Suzuki between 2009 and 2015. An international arbitration court ordered Volkswagen to sell the back to Suzuki. Suzuki paid $3. 8bn to complete the stock buy-back just hours prior to a scandal about emissions violations engulfing Volkswagen. Volkswagen was founded on 28 May 1937 in Berlin as the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH by the National Socialist Deutsche Arbeitsfront. The purpose of the company was to manufacture the Volkswagen car, originally referred to as the Porsche Type 60, then the Volkswagen Type 1 and this vehicle was designed by Ferdinand Porsches consulting firm, and the company was backed by the support of Adolf Hitler. On 16 September 1938, Gezuvor was renamed Volkswagenwerk GmbH, only a small number of Type 60 Volkswagens were made during this time. The Fallersleben plant also manufactured the V-1 flying bomb, making the plant a major bombing target for the Allied forces, however, no British car manufacturer was interested, the vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car. It is quite unattractive to the average buyer, to build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise. In 1948, the Ford Motor Company of USA was offered Volkswagen, but Ernest Breech, as part of the Industrial plans for Germany, large parts of German industry, including Volkswagen, were to be dismantled. Total German car production was set at a maximum of 10% of the 1936 car production numbers
4.
Automobile platform
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It is practiced in the automotive industry to reduce the costs associated with the development of products by basing those products on a smaller number of platforms. This further allows companies to create models from a design perspective on similar underpinnings. Platform sharing is a development method where different products and the brand attached share the same components. The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the cost and have a more efficient product development process, the companies gain on reduced procurement cost by taking advantage of the commonality of the components. However, this limits their ability to differentiate the products. The companies have to make a trade-off between reducing their development costs and the degree of differentiation of the products, one of the first car companies to use this product development approach was General Motors in 1908. A basic definition of a platform in cars, from a point of view, includes, underbody and suspensions — where the underbody is made of front floor, underfloor, engine compartment. Many vendors refer to this as product or vehicle architecture, the concept of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components. The car platform strategy has become important in new product development, the finished products have to be responsive to market needs and to demonstrate distinctiveness while — at the same time — they must be developed and produced at low cost. Adopting such a strategy affects the development process and also has an important impact on an organizational structure. A platform strategy also offers advantages for the process of automobile firms. Manufacturers are then able to offer products at a lower cost to consumers, additionally, economies of scale are increased, as is return on investment. In the 1980s, Chryslers K-cars all wore a badge with the letter K to indicate their shared platform, in later stages, the K platform was extended in wheelbase, as well as use for several of the Corporations different models. GM used similar strategies with its J platform that debuted in mid-1981 in four of GMs divisions and they were popular through the 1980s, primarily. Even Cadillac started offering a J body model called the Cimarron, a similar strategy applied to what is known as the N-J-L platform, arguably the most prolific of GMs efforts on one platform. Once more, GMs four lower level divisions all offered various models on this throughout the 1980s. For example, the Lexus ES is essentially an upgraded and rebadged Toyota Camry, after Daimler-Benz purchased Chrysler, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new models including the Crossfire which was based on the M-B SLK roadster. Other models that share platforms are the European Ford Focus, Mazda 3, differences between shared models typically involve styling, including headlights, tail lights, and front and rear fascias
5.
Motor vehicle
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For legal purposes motor vehicles are often identified within a number of vehicle classes including cars, buses, motorcycles, off-road vehicles, light trucks and regular trucks. These classifications vary according to the codes of each country. ISO3833,1977 is the standard for road vehicles types, terms, as of 2010 there were more than one billion motor vehicles in use in the world excluding off-road vehicles and heavy construction equipment. Global vehicle ownership per capita in 2010 was 148 vehicles in operation per 1000 people, the United States has the largest fleet of motor vehicles in the world, with 239.8 million in 2010. Vehicle ownership per capita in the US is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 people. The Peoples Republic of China has the second largest fleet in the world, with more than 78 million vehicles. In 2011, a total of 80 million cars and commercial vehicles were built, led by China, the US publisher Wards, estimate that as of 2010 there were 1.015 billion motor vehicles in use in the world. This figure represents the number of cars, light, medium and heavy duty trucks, and buses, the world vehicle population passed the 500 million-unit mark in 1986, from 250 million motor vehicles in 1970. Between 1950 and 1970, the population doubled roughly every 10 years. Two US researchers estimate that the fleet will reach 2 billion motor vehicles by 2020. Navigant Consulting forecasts that the stock of light-duty motor vehicles will reach 2 billion units in 2035. The global rate of motorization increased in 2013 to 174 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, in developing countries vehicle ownership rates rarely exceed 200 cars per 1,000 population. The five largest markets, Germany, Italy, France, the UK, the EU-27 member countries had in 2009 an estimated ownership rate of 473 passenger cars per 1000 people. According to Wards, Italy had the second highest vehicle ownership per capita in 2010, Germany had a rate of motorization of 534 vehicles per 1000 people and the UK of 525 vehicles per 1000 inhabitants, both in 2008. France had a rate of 575 vehicles per 1000 people and Spain 608 vehicles per 1000 people in 2007, portugal, between 1991 and 2002 grew up 220% on its motorization rate, having had in 2002,560 cars per 1000 people. Italy also leads in alternative fuel vehicles, with a fleet of 779,090 natural gas vehicles as of June 2012, sweden, with 225,000 flexible-fuel vehicles, has the largest flexifuel fleet in Europe by mid-2011. According to Wards, the United States has the largest fleet of vehicles in the world. Vehicle ownership per capita in the U. S. is also the highest in the world with 769 vehicles in operation per 1000 inhabitants, or a ratio of 1,1.3 vehicles to people
6.
Car classification
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Governments and private organizations have developed car classification schemes that are used for innumerable purposes including regulation, description and categorization, among others. This article details commonly used classification schemes in use worldwide, vehicles can be categorized in numerous ways. Regulatory agencies may also establish a vehicle classification system for determining a tax amount, in the United Kingdom, a vehicle is taxed according to the vehicles construction, engine, weight, type of fuel and emissions, as well as the purpose for which it is used. Other jurisdictions may determine vehicle tax based upon environmental principles, such as the user pays principle, another standard for road vehicles of all types that is used internationally, is ISO 3833-1977. In the United States, since 2010 the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety uses a scheme it has developed that takes into account a combination of both shadow and weight. The United States Federal Highway Administration has developed a scheme used for automatically calculating road use tolls. There are two categories depending on whether the vehicle carries passengers or commodities. Vehicles that carry commodities are further subdivided by number of axles and number of units, the United States Environmental Protection Agency has developed a classification scheme used to compare fuel economy among similar vehicles. Passenger vehicles are classified based on a total interior passenger. Trucks are classified based upon their gross vehicle weight rating, heavy duty vehicles are not included within the EPA scheme. A similar set of classes is used by the Canadian EPA, in Australia, the Federal Chamber of Automotive Industries publishes its own classifications. This is a table listing several different methods of vehicle classification. Straddling the boundary between car and motorbike, these vehicles have engines under 1.0 litre, typically only two passengers, and are sometimes unorthodox in construction. Some microcars are three-wheelers, while the majority have four wheels, microcars were popular in post-war Europe, where their appearance led them to be called Bubble cars. More recent microcars are often electric powered, the size of ultracompact cars will be less than minicars, but have engine greater than 50cc displacement and able to transport 1 or 2 persons. Ultracompact cars cannot use standard, because of strict safety standards for minicars. The regulation about running capacity and safety performance of cars will be published in early autumn. Today, there are smaller than ultracompact cars, called category-1 motorized vehicles which it has 50cc displacement or less
7.
Marque
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A brand is a name, term, design, symbol, or other feature that distinguishes one seller’s product from those of others. Brands are used in business, marketing, and advertising, however, the term has been extended to mean a strategic personality for a product or company, so that ‘brand’ now suggests the values and promises that a consumer may perceive and buy into. Branding is a set of marketing and communication methods that help to distinguish a company from competitors, the key components that form a brands toolbox include a brand’s identity, brand communication, brand awareness, brand loyalty, and various branding strategies. Brand equity is the totality of a brands worth and is validated by assessing the effectiveness of these branding components. To reach such an invaluable brand prestige requires a commitment to a way of doing business. A corporation who exhibits a strong brand culture is dedicated on producing intangible outputs such as customer satisfaction, reduced price sensitivity and customer loyalty. A brand is in essence a promise to its customers that they can expect long-term security, when a customer is familiar with a brand or favours it incomparably to its competitors, this is when a corporation has reached a high level of brand equity. Many companies are beginning to understand there is often little to differentiate between products in the 21st century. Branding remains the last bastion for differentiation, in accounting, a brand defined as an intangible asset is often the most valuable asset on a corporation’s balance sheet. The word ‘brand’ is often used as a referring to the company that is strongly identified with a brand. Marque or make are often used to denote a brand of motor vehicle, a concept brand is a brand that is associated with an abstract concept, like breast cancer awareness or environmentalism, rather than a specific product, service, or business. A commodity brand is a associated with a commodity. The word, brand, derives from Dutch brand meaning to burn and this product was developed at Dhosi Hill, an extinct volcano in northern India. Roman glassmakers branded their works, with Ennion being the most prominent, the Italians used brands in the form of watermarks on paper in the 13th century. Blind Stamps, hallmarks, and silver-makers marks are all types of brand, industrialization moved the production of many household items, such as soap, from local communities to centralized factories. When shipping their items, the factories would literally brand their logo or insignia on the barrels used, Bass & Company, the British brewery, claims their red-triangle brand as the worlds first trademark. Another example comes from Antiche Fornaci Giorgi in Italy, which has stamped or carved its bricks with the same proto-logo since 1731, cattle-branding has been used since Ancient Egypt. The term, maverick, originally meaning an un-branded calf, came from a Texas pioneer rancher, Sam Maverick, use of the word maverick spread among cowboys and came to apply to unbranded calves found wandering alone
8.
City car
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A city car is a small car designed to be used primarily in urban areas and conurbations. The term is used along with terms for small cars including subcompact in North America. The Euro NCAP calls all small cars superminis, the European Commission refers to A-segment. In Japan, the kei car is a type of small car. The original concept for the city car came about as a result of the market for entry level vehicles in the 1920s and 1930s. The great depression caused the market for large, luxurious vehicles to collapse, as a result, manufactures had no choice but to build small, cheap vehicles that people could afford, similar to early 20th century runabouts. However, these vehicles were not specifically branded as vehicles to use in cities or congested areas and they were purely for use as peoples cars, cars designed to be cheap, sell a large number of units, and put people who had not owned cars on wheels. A number of small, cheap cars were sold before the war, including the 1920s Austin 7, 1930s Fiat 500 Topolino. However, these early microcars werent true city cars, most were designed, built, with the exception of a few examples, these were also not designed for specific use in cities. As the European economy improved, Fiat launched the new 500 in 1957 and in 1959, BMC would introduce its well-known city car, there were other new projects from 1969 through 1972. While many of these cars can be considered city cars today, exceptions are the smaller Fiats, especially the 1957 Fiat 500 and 126. They were in the region of 3.0 metres in length, in the 1970s the Citroën LNA and related three-door Peugeot 104 offered compact city sized cars of around 3.3 m, and the Fiat Panda followed in 1980. In Japan, regulations defining kei cars were established on 8 July 1949, production of compliant vehicles started around 1955–1958 by Daihatsu, Mitsubishi, Subaru, and Suzuki. In the late 1980s, superminis had physically grown so much that many buyers wanted even smaller four-seat cars, combined with an original exterior and interior design, it quickly became a best-seller, although it was not officially imported to right-hand drive markets including the United Kingdom. However, the Fiat Cinquecento, launched towards the end of 1991, was made for right-hand drive markets, in 1996, the Ford Ka was presented with its radical New Edge design. Its egg-shaped body did not leave much room in the rear seats and it was especially popular with British buyers. During the second half of the 1990s, South Korean brands Daewoo and Hyundai introduced their city car entries, both for the Asian and European markets. The Hyundai Atos, launched in 1997, was 3,500 millimetres long and 1,600 millimetres high and its boxy shape provoked mixed reactions
9.
Volkswagen Lupo
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The Volkswagen Lupo is a city car produced by the German car manufacturer Volkswagen from 1998 to 2005. The Lupo was introduced in 1998 to fill a gap at the bottom of the Volkswagen model range caused by the increasing size, the 1998 Lupo was a badge-engineered version of the stablemate 1997 SEAT Arosa. Both use the A00 platform which is a version of the Polo/Ibiza A0 platform. Initially only available in two variants, the budget E trim and the upgraded S trim, the range later expanded to include a Sport. Petrol engines ranged from 1.0 to 1.4 with diesels from 1.2 to 1.7. The differences between the E and S trim included painted door mirrors, door handles and strip, central locking, electric windows, double folding seats, production of the Lupo was discontinued in 2005, and was replaced by the Fox. The Lupo name is Latin, meaning wolf, and is named after its town of Wolfsburg. The car had an automated manual transmission with a Tiptronic mode on the selector. The car also had an ECO mode, when engaged it limited the power to 41 bhp and programmed the transmission to change up at the most economical point. ECO mode also activated the start/stop function, a feature that was new to European cars at the time, to restart, the driver simply takes his foot off the brake and presses the accelerator. The 3L also has only 4 wheel bolts and alloy brake drums at the rear, initially, there were very few options on the 3L, as options added weight which affected fuel consumption. Those available initially were electrically heated and electrically controlled mirrors, fog lights, in order to increase sales, other options were offered including all-electric steering, electric windows and air conditioning. These options however, increased fuel consumption slightly.48 mpg or 2.36 l/100 km, in November 2003, Gerhard Plattner covered a distance of 2,910 miles through 20 European countries in a standard Lupo 3L TDI. He achieved his aim of completing this journey - which started in Oslo, Norway, in fact, all he required was 90.94 euros, which corresponds to an average consumption of 2.78 litres per 100 km. According to the Lupo 3L instruction manual, the 3L engine also runs on Rapeseed Methyl Ester without any changes to the engine, the Lupo 3L shared its engine and special gearbox with the Audi A21.2 TDI 3L. As a result of this and other changes, this Audi A2 is also capable of reaching the same results as the Lupo 3L, the Lupo FSi was the first direct injection petrol powered production vehicle Volkswagen produced. A 5L/100 km 1.4 16v petrol version of the Lupo 3L with a consumption of 4. 9L/100 km. This direct injection engine next to an engine with similar power uses around 30% less fuel
10.
SEAT Arosa
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The SEAT Arosa was a city car from the Spanish automaker SEAT, from 1997 to 2004. The model débuted in March 1998, at the Geneva Motor Show, while its version was presented in October 2000. It shared the platform with the Volkswagen Lupo. The successor, SEAT Mii, was launched in October 212011, named after Vilagarcía de Arousa, a municipality in the province of Pontevedra, Spain, it was only available as a three-door, four-seater hatchback. The Arosa was initially manufactured at a Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg, Germany, the Arosa was designed by the same man who designed the Bugatti Veyron 16.4, Jozef Kabaň. The model later received a facelift in October 2000, the Arosa replaced the SEAT Marbella in the Spanish brands lineup, but itself was not replaced by any SEAT, when production ceased in June 2005. A successor eventually arrived in 2012 with the Mii, apart from its exterior restyling, the facelift model featured a restyled interior, with a new dashboard
11.
Supermini
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Supermini is a class of automobile larger than a city car but smaller than a small family car. Superminis are usually available in hatchback body styles, the term subcompact car is used for similar cars in North America. The term supermini developed in the U. K. in the 1970s as car manufacturers sought a new design to surpass the influential Mini, launched in 1959, while manufacturers produced new designs, the term was adopted as an informal categorisation. By 1977, the term supermini was used regularly by the British newspaper The Times and that year, two modern superminis - the Ford Fiesta and Vauxhall Chevette - featured among Britains 10 best selling cars. A new British car launch that year was the Chrysler Sunbeam supermini, also selling well were the Fiat 127, Renault 5 and Volkswagen Polo, as well as the Japanese built Datsun Cherry and the Peugeot 206. In October 1984, the Consumers Association used the term in its annual Car Buying Guide and it gave an explanation at the start of a section entitled Small Hatchbacks. It said small hatchbacks were known popularly as superminis and while similar to the Mini they were more spacious inside and this definition made clear that a supermini was something larger than a Mini yet smaller than a typical car of the time. In its 1984 report, it included such cars as the Austin Metro, Vauxhall Nova, the Fiat Uno, launched during the first half of 1983, was widely praised for its high roof which set new standards for interior space and practicality in this size of car. The Peugeot 205, also launched in 1983, won plaudits for its styling and excellent ride. By the mid-80s, the term had become established as a car classification term. After the arrival of the hugely popular Fiat Uno and Peugeot 205 in 1983, launched as replacement for the strong-selling, long-running Renault 5. The Fiat Punto, which replaced the Uno at the beginning of 1994, both the Clio and Punto were European Car of the Year award winners. The Peugeot 205 was gradually phased out following the launch of the smaller 106 in 1991 and the larger 306 in 1993, finally ceasing production in 1998 on the launch of the Peugeot 206. The Mk2 Nissan Micra, built by the Japanese carmaker at its facility near Sunderland. The Fiat 500, launched in 2007 on the 50th anniversary of the original model, a-segment C-segment Economy car Kei car Micro car / Bubble car Mini MPV Mini SUV Vehicle size class
12.
Audi 50
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The Audi 50 is a supermini economy car produced by German automaker Audi from 1974 to 1978 and sold only in Europe. Introduced two or three years after the Italian Fiat 127 and the French Renault 5, the model was seen at the time as Germanys first home grown entrant in Europes emerging supermini class. The Audi 50 was built by Audi NSU Auto Union AG at the former NSU factory in Neckarsulm, Germany, the car was rebadged six months later by Volkswagen as the Volkswagen Polo with a wider range of engine and other options. The Volkswagen Polo was launched in the market in September 1974 and appeared in export markets, including the UK. The car was offered as a hatchback with a 1,093 cc petrol engine, producing either 37 kW or 44 kW for the LS and GL models. The model was popular in Europe, both because of its generous specifications for a car of the time, and on account of its low price. The Volkswagen Polo range continued to evolve, with the Volkswagen Derby notchback version, despite being developed by Audi at Ingolstadt, branded as a Volkswagen, subsequently the Volkswagen Polo has evolved through numerous generations to the present day. The Audi 50 had no replacement in the class until the launch of the significantly larger Audi A2 in 1999 which was also discontinued in 2005. In 2010, the Audi 50 was spiritually succeeded by the Audi A1
13.
Volkswagen Polo
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The Volkswagen Polo is a supermini car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1975. It is sold in Europe and other markets worldwide in hatchback, sedan, related Volkswagen Group models include the Škoda Fabia, SEAT Ibiza and Audi A1. The Volkswagen Polo won the 2010 World Car of the Year, as of 2014, there have been five separate generations of the Polo, usually identified by a Series or Mark number. Some generations were facelifted midway through production, with the versions known unofficially by an addition of the letter F to the mark number. Some press and enthusiasts consider the facelifts to be separate models, each model of Polo is also identified by a two or three character Volkswagen Group Typ number. Official VW Polo history describes Mark I to Mark IV using either Roman numerals or Arabic numerals, the body style has been varied through the life of the car, originally as a hatchback which derived from the Audi 50. A saloon version was marketed as the Volkswagen Derby, Volkswagen vehicles built off different platforms have carried the Polo name plate. The current saloon is available in China, Latin America and South Africa. Starting in 1982, Volkswagen sold the Polo in Japan initially through an agreement with Japanese dealership Yanase that specializes in European and North American vehicles. Of all Volkswagens imported into Japan, only the Polo and the Golf, until 1997, Volkswagen helped consolidate the preeminence the so-called hot hatch genre of high-performance hatchbacks with their Golf GTI in 1975, and has produced a number of performance versions of the Polo. The first of these was the Polo GT version of the Mark 1F, the Mark II and IIF were available as supercharged G40 models. The GT G40 with its 1.3 litre 85 kW could reach 100 km/h in 8.1 seconds from standstill and had a speed of 196 km/h. It was used by Volkswagen to set a number of world speed records, such as the 1.3 litre class records for speed over 24 hours. The fastest version of the Mark III on the United Kingdom market was the 16-valve h 74 kW model. A88 kW Polo GTI model was produced, but only in a limited edition in Germany. A GTI version of the Mark IIIF Polo, with a 92 kW1.6 litre petrol engine was also produced, in 2004 Volkswagen Individual, a specialist division of Volkswagen, produced a limited number of Club Sports with a 1. 8T132 kW engine. Available only in Germany, this was based on the one racing series Polo Cup Racer hatchback. The Club Sport came with a cage inside the vehicle
14.
SEAT Ibiza
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The SEAT Ibiza is a supermini car manufactured by the Spanish automaker SEAT since 1984. The Ibiza is named after the Spanish island of Ibiza, and its use in the car was the second nomenclature in naming models after Spanish cities. The Ibiza spans four generations, among which it has debuted twice a new platform of the Volkswagen Group, all of them were the top seller model in SEATs range. A rebadged redeveloped version of the first generation Ibiza remains still in production under license in China, the Ibiza is available in either three or five-door hatchback variants, and between 1993 and 2008, saloon, coupé and estate versions were sold as the SEAT Córdoba. In 2010, a version, called Ibiza ST, was launched. The Ibizas sales success gave the SEAT marque a platform to build on and it was based on the SEAT Ronda, a small family car, which in turn was based on the Fiat Ritmo. The gearbox and powertrain were developed in collaboration with Porsche, thus named under licence System Porsche, by the time Giugiaro was assigned to the Ibiza project, his previous proposal for the second generation of the Volkswagen Golf had been rejected by Volkswagen. So when SEAT approached him with the proposal for a spacious supermini class contender, the luggage capacity started from 320 litres and increased to 1,200 litres after folding rear seats. It was launched on the United Kingdom market in September 1985 and it largely competed with budget offerings like the Hyundai Pony, and gave budget buyers a more modern alternative to the outdated offerings from Lada, Škoda, Yugo and FSO. After a slow start, sales picked up and reached the 10, the interior space was good but styling was fairly unimaginative even though it was known for having a rather quirky interior instrument layout, marked by a lack of control stalks. The indicators were operated by a rocker-switch, and the headlights by a sliding switch and it had three principal trim levels with bodyworks of 3 and 5 doors and several versions such as Base, Special, Disco, Chrono, Designer, Fashion, SXi etc. As power outputs dropped due to stringent emissions requirements, a 1. 7-litre version of the engine was developed for the Sportline version. For the same reason, a 109 PS turbocharged version of the 1. 5-litre engine was developed for the Swiss market, in the meantime, SEAT had already signed a cooperation agreement with Volkswagen and in 1986 the German car maker became SEATs major shareholder. The larger sedan version SEAT Málaga was a relative to the SEAT Ronda. The 1. 5-litre 100 hp, introduced in 1988, had multi-point fuel injection, the 1. 7-litre diesel was an indirect injection unit. In 1997, the Ibiza Mk1 design was bought by a joint venture between Chinese automaker Nanjing Automobile Group and Malaysias Lion Group and it entered production in June 1999, as the Eagle, and was redeveloped and rebadged into the Nanjing Yuejin Soyat in late 2003. Chinese Ibiza production came to a end in 2008, after another facelift in 2007. The Spanish company Emelba produced two derivatives of the SEAT Ibiza Mk1, the derivative of the Ibiza, and the Emelba Siete
15.
Volkswagen Group A platform
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The Volkswagen Group A platform is an automobile platform shared among compact and mid-size cars of the Volkswagen Group. It was originally based on the concept of the Volkswagen Golf Mk1. Volkswagens based on this platform have been referred to by generation number, often Mk* is substituted for A*, but this can be misleading, For example, the Mk1 and Mk2 Sciroccos are both based on the A1 platform. Under Volkswagens revised platform naming system, the A4 platform is now known as the PQ34 platform, for the first time, a fully independent suspension front and rear will be present in all A platform vehicles. There is also a version of this platform for B-class cars called PQ46. PQ35 is intended for vehicles, and PQ46 is an enlarged version for mid-size vehicles. A common misconception is that the PQ46 generation of the Passat is based on the B6 platform, however, this transverse engined Passat has little in common with the longitudinal engined B6 Audi A4
16.
Compact car
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The dimension standards are absolute, meaning special consideration is not made for SUVs, CUVs, minivans, station wagons or hatchbacks. Compact car is a largely North American term denoting an automobile smaller than a mid-size car, Compact cars usually have wheelbases between 100 inches and 109 inches. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines a car as measuring between 100 cubic feet and 109 cubic feet of combined passenger and cargo volume capacity. Vehicle class size is defined in the U. S. by environmental laws in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40—Protection of Environment, Section 600. 315-82 Classes of comparable automobiles. Passenger car classes are defined based on interior volume index or seating capacity, in the United States, the compact car segment currently holds a 16% share of the market. This segment is dominated by import models, one of the first truly small cars on the U. S. market, in the sense that it was considerably smaller than the standard- size cars of its day, was the Austin Bantam that appeared in 1930. Production of the British-based city car lasted only four years with a total of 20,000 units, although other little cars such as the Crosley focused on low price and economy, Americans did not take easily to small cars. The U. S. market after World-War II experienced growth in sales in standard-sized cars, by 1947, Chevrolet had prototypes of the Cadet, an economy car developed by Earle S. MacPherson. Ford also experimented with a car and, unlike Chevrolets Cadet, production ensued for the European market as a large car. In 1950, Nash introduced a convertible Rambler model and it was built on a 100-inch wheelbase to which a station wagon, hardtop, and sedan versions were added. Compared to European standards, they were large, conceived by George W. Mason, the term compact was coined by George W. Romney as a euphemism for small cars with a wheelbase of 110 inches or less. The Nash Rambler established a new segment, it became known as Americas first small car. Several competitors to the Nash Rambler arose from the ranks of Americas other independent automakers, other early compact cars included the Henry J from Kaiser-Frazer, as well as the Willys Aero and the Hudson Jet. In 1952, Ford Division assistant general manager Robert S. McNamara started the Market Research Unit, in 1954,64,500 of over 5 million cars sold in the United States were imports or small American cars. Ford alone sold over 1.4 million big cars, yet 5 percent of those surveyed said they would consider a small car. These models also gave rise to compact vans that were sized similarly to the Volkswagen Type 2 microbus and were based from the Falcon, Corvair, and Valiant automobile platforms. Ford Division marketing research manager George Brown said smaller cars appealed to people with a college education, the cars had to offer not only high gas mileage but also headroom, legroom, and plenty of trunk space. Within a few years after that, the compacts had given rise to a new class called the car, named after the Ford Mustang
17.
Audi A3
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The Audi A3 is a Small Family/Compact car produced since 1996. The third-generation A3 uses the Volkswagen Group MQB platform, the original A3 was introduced in the European market in 1996, marking Audis return to the production of smaller cars following the demise of the Audi 50 in 1978. This was the first Volkswagen Group model to use the PQ34 or A4 platform, bearing a resemblance to the contemporary Volkswagen Golf Mk4. Within three years, this platform was used for total of seven cars, the A3 was initially available only with a three-door hatchback body, to present a more sporty image than the Golf, in both front and four-wheel drive. The inline four-cylinder engines were transversely mounted, after the A4, the Audi A3 was the second model in the Audi lineup to use five valves per cylinder. The United Kingdom market first received the Audi A3 in November 1996, the four-wheel-drive A31. 8T quattro used either the 150 PS or 180 PS engine, and the same Haldex Traction-based four-wheel-drive system as the Audi S3 and the Audi TT. Also in 1999, Audi also introduced a five-door body, Audis electronic stability control, traction-control, and brake force distribution computer became standard equipment in some countries. Although the first-generation Audi A3 was replaced in Europe in 2003, production of the first generation model stopped in Brazil in 2006. Euro NCAP rating of 4 out of 5 stars and their evaluation concluded the column lock, adjuster lever and bracket presented hazards in the knee impact area for the driver. These could cause high loads on his legs and damage to his knees. The A3 also provides almost no protection to pedestrians, giving it two out of a possible four. Audi released the A3-derived Audi S3 in 1999, only as a three-door hatchback, the inline-four 20v 1.8 L turbocharged petrol engine came in two versions,210 PS and 225 PS. Later models had variable valve timing and 225 PS, the engine had a maximum of 280 N·m torque. This is the first time a small four-cylinder engine has been used in an Audi S-series car, although dubbed quattro, the S3 uses a different four-wheel drive system. The Haldex Traction coupling adjusts the bias of torque distribution from the front to rear axle as grip requirements change – most of the time it operates as a front-wheel drive. The S3 was sold in the Europe, Japan, Mexico, South Africa, Australia, the S3 was facelifted in 2002, where it was given one-piece headlights/indicator units, different front wings, rear lights clusters, and some minor upgrades to interior trim. These items are standard in export markets. The engines used are the same as those for other cars in the Volkswagen Group
18.
Audi Q3
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The Audi Q3 is a compact crossover made by Audi. The Q3 has a front engine, and entered production in 2011. Designed by Julian Hoenig in 2006, it was a vehicle with Liquid Silver body colour, 20-inch wheels, fabric folding roof, electrically controlled hood. The vehicle was unveiled at the Shanghai Motor Show in April,2007, the car uses the Volkswagen Group A5 platform of the Volkswagen Golf Mk5, the same as the Volkswagen Tiguan/SEAT Tribu compact SUVs. The Q3 slots above the Audi Q2 subcompact crossover SUV, design and development began following board approval in the second half of 2007. Julian Hoenigs design was chosen for production and frozen in 2009, the Q3 shares components, transmissions and engines with amongst other vehicles utilising the PQ35 platform, the Volkswagen Golf, Audi A3 and Škoda Yeti. The vehicle was unveiled in Auto Shanghai 2011, the vehicles went on sale in June 2011. Early models include 2.0 TFSI quattro,2.0 TDI,2.0 TDI quattro, indian models went on sale in 2012. Early models include 2.0 TDI quattro China models went on sale at the end of July 2012 as an import vehicle. The Changchun-made Audi Q3 entered market in April 2013, which included 35 TFSI,35 TFSI quattro,40 TFSI quattro,2.0 TDI quattro with 103 kW was introduced in 2012 for Germany market as part of 2012 Paris Motor Show premiere. 2.0 TDI quattro was introduced in 2012 for the UK market. It is a vehicle based on Audi Q3 with 2. 5Jx20 wheels in matt quartz, 255/45 off-road tires, 40mm wider front and rear track widths. The vehicle was unveiled in 2012 North American International Auto Show and it is a version of Audi Q3 with blue body colour,2.5 J x 20 wheels with 255/30 tires. The vehicle was unveiled in Auto China 2012 in Beijing, and later in 2012 Wörthersee Tour. Q3 jinlong yufeng is a version of Audi Q3 with 2. 5Jx20 wheels in matt quartz, 255/45 off-road tires, 40mm wider front and rear track widths, the vehicle was unveiled in Auto China 2012 in Beijing, and later in 2012 Wörthersee Tour. It is a version of Audi Q3 with 2.5 TFSI engine rated 340 PS and 450 N·m, 7-speed S tronic transmission, Energy Red body colour, the vehicle was unveiled in 2012 Wörthersee Tour. It is the first production model in a Q-series vehicle. The car accelerates from 0 to 100 km/h in 5.5 seconds, infotainment options include MMI Navigation plus, Bose surround sound system with 14 loudspeakers with up to 465 watts of output power, Bluetooth car phone online advanced driver assistance systems
19.
Audi TT
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This changed with the third generation model that uses parts made entirely by the Hungarian factory. For each of its three generations, the TT has been available as a 2+2 Coupé and as a two-seater roadster employing consecutive generations of the Volkswagen Group A platform, the styling of the Audi TT began in the spring of 1994 at the Volkswagen Group Design Center in California. The TT was first shown as a car at the 1995 Frankfurt Motor Show. The design is credited to J Mays and Freeman Thomas, with Hartmut Warkuss, Peter Schreyer, Martin Smith, a previously unused laser beam welding adaptation, which enabled seamless design features on the first-generation TT, delayed its introduction. Audi did not initially offer any type of automatic transmission option for the TT, the Audi TT takes its name from the successful motor racing tradition of NSU in the British Isle of Man TT motorcycle race. NSU began competing in the TT in 1911, and later merged into the now known as Audi. The Audi TT also follows the NSU 1000TT, 1200TT and TTS cars of the 1960s in taking their names from the race, the TT name has also been attributed to the phrase Technology & Tradition. The production model was launched as a Coupé in September 1998 and it is based on the Volkswagen Group A4 platform as used for the Volkswagen Golf Mk4, the original Audi A3, the Škoda Octavia, and others. The styling differed little from the concept, except for slightly reprofiled bumpers, both the Coupé and Roadster models were recalled in late 1999/early 2000, to improve predictability of the cars handling at very high speeds. Audis Electronic Stability Programme, or Anti Slip Regulation and rear spoiler were added, all changes were subsequently incorporated into future series production versions of the car. The original generation Audi TT was nominated for the North American Car of the Year award for 2000 and it was also on Car and Driver magazines Ten Best list for 2000 and 2001. By 2003 Audi had provided a face-lift to the TT, with a number of small styling, factory production of this generation ended in June 2006. Mechanically, the TT shares an identical powertrain layout with its related Volkswagen Group platform-mates, the TT uses a transversely mounted internal combustion engine, with either front-wheel drive, or quattro on-demand four-wheel drive. It was first available with a 1. 8-litre inline four-cylinder 20-valve turbocharged engine in two states of DIN-rated power outputs,180 PS and 225 PS. Haldex Traction enabled four-wheel drive, branded as Quattro was optional on the 180 engine, the original four-cylinder engine range was complemented with a 250 PS3. 2-litre VR6 engine in early 2003, which came as standard with the quattro four-wheel-drive system. In July 2003, a new six-speed dual clutch transmission – dubbed the Direct-Shift Gearbox, in 2005, Audi released the Coupé-only limited edition Audi TT quattro Sport. Built by AUDI AG high-performance specialist subsidiary quattro GmbH, it had increased power from its 1.9 seconds, and this weight reduction was achieved by removing the spare wheel, rear counterweight, rear parcel shelf and rear seats, and the standard fitment air conditioning. The main battery was relocated to the rear of the vehicle in order to maintain weight distribution as much as possible
20.
Volkswagen Golf
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The original Golf Mk1 was a front-wheel drive, front-engined replacement for the air-cooled, rear-engined, rear-wheel drive Volkswagen Beetle. Historically, the Golf is Volkswagens best-selling model and the worlds second best-selling model, initially, most Golf production was in the 3-door hatchback style. Other variants include a 5-door hatchback, station wagon, convertible, the cars have filled many market segments, from basic a personal car, to high-performance hot hatches. The Volkswagen Golf has won awards throughout its history. The Volkswagen Golf won the World Car of the Year in 2009, with the Volkswagen Golf Mk6 and in 2013 with the Volkswagen Golf Mk7. The Golf is one of three cars, the others being the Renault Clio and Opel/Vauxhall Astra, to have been voted European Car of the Year twice. The Volkswagen Golf has made the Car and Driver annual 10 Best list multiple times, later Golf variations included the Golf GTI hot hatch, a diesel-powered version, the Jetta notchback saloon version, the Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet and a Golf-based pickup, the Volkswagen Caddy. The Golf Mk1 was sold as the Volkswagen Rabbit in the United States and Canada, a facelifted version of the Golf Mk1 was produced in South Africa as the Citi Golf from 1984 to 2009. Although it was available on the market and indeed most other left-hand drive markets by the end of 1983. The Mk2 GTI featured a 1. 8-litre 8-valve fuel-injected engine from its launch, a Mk2-based second generation Jetta was unveiled in January 1984. There was no Mk2-based cabriolet model, instead, the Mk1 Cabriolet was continued over the Mk2s entire production run, the third-generation Golf made its home-market début in August 1991 and again grew slightly in comparison with its immediate predecessor, while its wheelbase remained unchanged. New engines included the first Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engine in a Golf, US Environmental Protection Agency fuel consumption estimates are 9.0 L/100 km and 7.4 L/100 km, with 420 km per tank and 584 km per tank. For the first time ever, a Golf estate joined the line-up in September 1993, at the same time, a completely new Mk3-derived Cabriolet was introduced, replacing the 13-year-old Mk1-based version with a body style similar to that of the Mk3 Golf from 1994 to early 1999. The Mk3 Golf Cabrio received a Mk4-style facelift for the late 1999 model and was continued until 2002, the notchback version, called VW Vento, was presented in January 1992. It was European Car of the Year for 1992, ahead of the new Citroën ZX, the Mk3 continued to be sold until 1999 in the United States, Canada and parts of South America, also in Mexico as a special edition called Mi. The i in Mi is coloured red, which designates that multi-point fuel injection was equipped and the 1. 8-litre engine was upgraded to 2. 0-litres. Mk2 badges included, GL, CL, GLI, GTI, G60, VR6, 8V, the Golf Mk4 was first introduced in August 1997, followed by a notchback version in August 1998 and a new Golf Variant in March 1999. There was no Mk4-derived Cabriolet, although the Mk3 Cabriolet received a facelift in late 1999 that consisted of bumpers, grill, as with the earlier three versions of the Golf, the UK market received each version several months later than the rest of Europe
21.
Volkswagen Jetta
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The Volkswagen Jetta is a compact car/small family car produced by the German manufacturer Volkswagen since 1979. The Jetta was originally adapted by adding a conventional trunk to the Golf hatchback and it has been offered in two- and four-door saloon / sedan, and five-door wagon / estate versions – all as four- or five-seaters. Since the original version in 1980, the car has grown in size, by mid-2011, almost 10 million Jettas have been produced and sold all over the world. As of April 2014, over 14 million had sold with the car becoming Volkswagens top selling model. The Jetta became the best-selling European car in the United States, Canada, the car is also popular in Europe, including the United Kingdom, Germany, and Turkey. The Jetta was introduced to the world at the 1979 Frankfurt Auto Show, production of the first generation began in August 1979 at the Wolfsburg plant. In Mexico, the Mark 1 was known as the Volkswagen Atlantic, the car was available as a two-door sedan and four-door sedan body styles, both of which shared a traditional three-box design. Like the Volkswagen Golf Mk1, its styling was penned at ItalDesign. Styling differences could be found depending on the market, in most of the world, the car was available with composite headlamps, while in the USA, it was only available with rectangular sealed beam lamps due to Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108. The suspension setup was identical to the Golf and consisted of a MacPherson strut setup in front and it shared its 2,400 mm wheelbase with its hatchback counterpart, although overall length was up by 380 millimetres. The capacity of the compartment was 377 litres, making the Jetta reasonably practical. To distinguish the car from the Golf, interiors were made more upscale in all markets and this included velour seating and color coordinated sill to sill carpeting. Engine choices varied considerably depending on the local market, most were based on 827 engines of the era. Choices in petrol engines ranged from a 1.1 litre four-cylinder engine producing 37 kW, some cars were equipped with carburetors, while others were fuel-injected using K or KE Jetronic supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH. Diesel engine choices included a 1. 6-litre making 37 kilowatts, externally, the Jetta GLI was distinguished by wide body-side moldings, a black airfoil on the drivers-side windshield wiper, black plastic trim panel between the rear taillights and GLI badging. The Jetta GLI was offered in 5 colors, Black, Atlas grey and Mars red White, the GLI was offered to the US in Sedan only where Canada got the Sedan and Coupe. Volkswagen briefly considered producing the Jetta in a plant located in Sterling Heights, however, due to declining sales in North America, the decision was postponed and finally abandoned in 1982. The site was sold to Chrysler in 1983 and is still in operation as of 2009
22.
Volkswagen Eos
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The Volkswagen Eos is a sport compact cabriolet coupé produced by the German automaker Volkswagen from 2006 to 2015. Assembled at AutoEuropa in Portugal, It is a convertible-only compact coupé introduced as the successor of the Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet and it was Volkswagens first production coupé since the Volkswagen Corrado, which ended production in 1995. The name Eos is derived from Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, the Eos ended production in 2015. However, a number of base-trim models were sold as 2016 models in the US. Prior to production, the Eos was shown as the Concept C concept car at the 2004 Geneva Motor Show — designed by a team headed by Peter Schreyer, other sources attribute the design of the Eos specifically to Slovenian Robert Lešnik. The wheelbase matches the Golf Mk5 and Jetta, the Eos incorporates into its five-piece folding roof an integrated and independently sliding glass sunroof — making the Eos the only retractable hardtop of this kind. The roof folds automatically into the trunk in 25 seconds, thereby reducing trunk space from 10.5 to 6.6 cubic feet The roof was designed and is built by OASys, a subsidiary of Webasto Germany. The design of the system is complex with its own hydraulic control system. Periodic maintenance must be done to keep the seals conditioned so that they function properly, early models had a different seal design that was prone to leaking, but these were updated in the 2009/2010 timeframe. Proper body alignment is critical for proper top function, a facelifted Volkswagen Eos appeared in late 2010, and went on sale as a 2012 model outside Europe. This facelift includes a front and rear fascias, headlights and tail lights, side mirrors. The White Night edition was an edition with custom wheels, custom black interior. It includes Candy White-coloured body, Deep Black Pearlescent-coloured roof, cherry-red LED tail lights, other features include Climatronic climate control system, sports chassis lowered 15 mm and heated front seats. This option is available with all non-V6 models, sales of the EOS steadily declined as hardtop convertibles fell out of favor with buyers. In addition the EOS was based on the Mk5 platform and by 2014 had become the last model produced on it, with sales declining, VW elected to not migrate the model to a more current platform as a redesign would have proven costly. In mid-2014, VW announced that the model would be discontinued with close of the 2015 model year and this 2015 only version slotted into a mid-trim range in the US market and replaced the Sport trim previously sold there. The Final Edition was basically a Sport trim with special two tone beige/black leather upholstery and a camera with park distance control added. The Final Edition was available in 3 basic colors, black, brown, in early August 2015, VW surprised the North American market by saying that there would be a very limited run of 2016 EOS cars in the basic Komfort trim only
23.
Volkswagen Tiguan
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The Volkswagen Tiguan is a compact crossover vehicle manufactured by German automaker Volkswagen. Introduced in 2007, it uses the PQ35 platform of the Volkswagen Golf, all first-generation Tiguans feature two-row seating and transverse-mounted four-cylinder engines. The Tiguan debuted as a vehicle at the November 2006 LA Auto Show. As of 2011, more than 700,000 Tiguans had been sold worldwide since September 2007, with the greatest sales in Europe, Russia, the United States, China, Brazil, gave the Tiguan a five-star safety rating. A three-row, seven-seat version of the 2017 Volkswagen Tiguan has been confirmed to be built at the German brand’s Puebla assembly plant in Mexico, the Tiguan is offered worldwide in various trim levels. In the United States, trim levels included S, SE, in the United Kingdom, trim levels were S, Match, Sport and Escape. In Canada, trim levels were Trendline, Comfortline, and Highline and Highline with an optional Sport Package, in Russia and other markets, trim levels included Trend & Fun, Sport and Style, and Track & Field. European markets received an R-Line trim level beginning in 2010, the Trend & Fun specification offers a maximum approach angle of 18 degrees. The import version of Tiguan appeared on the Chinese market in 2009, the Chinese built Tiguan uses 1.8 TSI and 2.0 TSI, and has a revised front fascia. At the same time the import Tiguan is still sold in China, the basic design of the import model is the same as the international one. In order to differ locally built and import models, Shanghai-VW Tiguan is given a Chinese name, known as 途观, and the import one keeps the original letter name. However, this has been questioned by many, because according to VW, the Tiguan has a top speed of only 200 km/h, at the November 2007 Michelin Challenge Bibendum, in Shanghai, China, Volkswagen showed the Tiguan HyMotion study powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. The fuel cell produces a power of 80 kW and the electric motor has 100 kW. These figures give the Tiguan HY. MOTION a top speed of 150 km/h, the lithium-ion battery has a charge capacity of 6.8 ampere-hours and is an auxiliary energy storage system. Power output from the battery is 22 kW. Battery charge is recovered from braking energy or the fuel cell. The Tiguan was facelifted in July 2011, the headlights were made bolder and more angular, and the prominent horizontal grille bars of the Golf and new Passat were incorporated, as were the angular lines in the two part rear light clusters. The trim was revised, and a three spoke steering wheel introduced, the second generation Tiguan was unveiled at the 2016 IAA in Frankfurt
24.
Volkswagen Touran
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The Volkswagen Touran is a compact MPV based on a vertically stretched fifth generation Volkswagen Golf Mk5, and sold in Europe and other select markets. It was launched in 2003 to fill a gap in Volkswagens model lineup, the vehicle is delivered in five- or seven-seat versions. It can be considered a version of the Golf Plus, since their front ends are similar in size. In some regions, such as Japan, the car is called Golf Touran, the name Touran derives from the combination of Tour and Sharan, the bigger MPV by VW. Despite the similarity of their names, the Touran is not related to the North American-market Volkswagen Routan, the Touran, launched in 2003, is the first Volkswagen MPV based on a Golf platform. It joined Volkswagens existing MPV line-up that included the Sharan and Caravelle, the Touran introduced electro-mechanical steering, a first in its class and for Volkswagen. It is able to vary the weight of the steering depending on the road speed, due to the lack of energy consumption in idle it also improves the overall efficiency of the vehicle. The Touran was the first vehicle to use Volkswagens 2.0 TDI engine, the engines available at the launch included a 1.6 FSI and two diesel engines, the 1.9 TDI with 74 kW and the 2.0 TDI103 kW. The engines are EURO4 compliant, except the 1.9 TDi when paired with the DSG, the Touran launched with a six-speed manual gearbox as standard and a DSG for the 1.9 TDI Engines. The initial test of the Touran in 2003 resulted in a rating for adult protection. Volkswagen made slight changes to the Touran from November 2003, adding an intelligent reminder for the driver, the 2007 model year Touran was the first production vehicle in the Volkswagen Group to be released with the new Park Assist technology. Park Assist helps the driver parallel park the vehicle, firstly, after having activated the feature and whilst travelling up to 30 km/h Park Assist uses sensors to attempt to identify a suitable parking spot. At the December 2006 Bologna Motor Show, Volkswagen released the third Cross vehicle designed by Volkswagen Individual GmbH, all CrossTouran engines are EU4 compliant. The aerodynamics of the car were also improved, the Cw improved from 0, at the end of 2010 Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive released the new Touran in China. Though its front was updated to the German style, the keeps the design of the phase II model. The electronic systems of this domestically produced car were upgraded as its relative in Europe, a 1.4 TSI which can output 93 kW was added to the new model. New engines were available following the trend, a 1.2 with 77 kW. They replaced the 1.6 and 1.9 TDI from the previous model, the 1.2,77 kW and 1.6 TDI77 kW were also available as BlueMotion, Volkswagens low fuel consumption vehicle program
25.
Volkswagen Scirocco
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The Scirocco shares its name with the Mediterranean wind Sirocco. Volkswagen makes numerous references in marketing literature to this, as an example, their 1975 print advertisement states, Scirocco. A hot new car from Volkswagen, as fast and powerful as the desert wind its named after. Volkswagen began work on the car during the early 1970s as the replacement for the aging Karmann Ghia coupe, and designated it the Typ 53 internally. However, the European TS version, for which 85 PS of maximum power was listed, was distinguishable from the less powerful L and S versions which came with just two rectangular headlights. An automatic transmission option was added in January 1975, automatic transmission-equipped Sciroccos were generally rare outside of North America. In 1977, the GTE and LS were offered with the 1. 5L engine, the GTE was available with either the 4-speed manual transmission or the 3-speed automatic, while the LS offered the automatic only. Sales of the Scirocco continued for this generation to Japanese buyers. The engines offered to Japanese buyers were the smaller displacement versions to reduce the annual Japanese road tax obligation, the car changed little before being replaced by the second generation in March 1981. However, air conditioning available as an option on the domestic market in August 1975. The possibility to retrofit the installation, together with a battery, was offered to existing owners. During the production of the Type 53, there were changes to the body. In August 1977 the separate front side marker and turn signal, at the same time, behind the doors the B-pillar colour changed from body colour to black, which was thought to give the car a more pleasing profile. Other mid-life changes include the move from chrome bumpers with rubberised end caps to a plastic-coated one-piece wrap around bumper, in 1979, the one-piece flag style outside mirrors transitioned to a two-piece shrouded mirror. There were also special variants throughout the Type 1 production, most distinguishable by paint schemes and trim, there were special versions called Sidewinder, Sidewinder II, Champagne Edition, Champagne Edition II and the S. The Champagne Edition II only came in white with black accents, on the NA models the 1980 S versions came in only three colours, Alpine White, Black and Mars Red with unique colour accents. This was followed by the 1981 S versions which came in Cosmos Silver Metallic, Cirrus Gray Metallic. Steel sunroofs were an option on both the S non-S vehicles
26.
SEAT Toledo
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The SEAT Toledo is a small family car produced by the Spanish manufacturer SEAT, part of Volkswagen Group. The Toledo name was first introduced to the SEAT line-up in May 1991, with the fourth, the initial version of the SEAT Toledo was launched as a five-door hatchback saloon, and its sales career lasted from 1991 to early 1999. It went on sale in most of Europe in May 1991, though it did not arrive on the British market until October 1991. The Toledo initially featured underpowered engines compared to the Ibiza and Málagas System Porsche units, such as a base 1.6 L75 PS petrol engine, and this model later received a mild facelift in 1996. Sales were not strong however, as has been the case for all the generations of the Toledo, Chery acquired the chassis of the 1993 Toledo from a Mexican dealership after authorisation from SEAT. Chery Cowin, which is based on the SEAT Toledo, already has an authorisation to market it in Europe, along with Russia and South America. Apart from the Chery rebadged models, the first generation Toledo is also built by the Russian car maker TagAZ. Carro do Ano award in 1992, in Portugal The second generation Toledo was introduced in 1998, in Britain, the Toledo may not be considered a notchback saloon. It went on there in March 1999. It shared components with both its Volkswagen and Škoda PQ34 platform-mates - the Volkswagen Bora and the Škoda Octavia - yet is the sportiest of the three, in the interior, the dashboard was derived from that of the first-generation Audi A3. It was built on the Volkswagen Golf Mk4 platform, which meant stiff springs to support the load of the large 500-litre boot increased to 830 litres when folding rear seats. One of the features most associated with the Spanish model, the tailgate was removed in favour of a more traditional 4-door saloon boot opening, the following year, the Toledo would be used as the base for a proper hatchback, the SEAT León Mk1. Base model was now a crossflow 1. 6-litre 100 PS petrol engine, followed by a 1. 8-litre 20-valve 125 PS unit, while the top of the line was represented by the 2. 3-litre 150 PS VR5 engine. Diesel engined versions used the 1.9 Turbocharged Direct Injection engine, with a variable geometry turbocharger, in 2001, the V5 engine was uprated with a 20v head, boosting power to 170 PS. Later in the series, the 1. 8-litre 20-valve Toledo received a turbocharger, capable of delivering 180 PS, and these three versions all featured a six-speed manual transmission. The 130 PS TDI also featured white dials instead of the standard black dials on the 110 and 150 PS TDI models, as in 2005 the ETCC became the World Touring Car Championship, the SEAT Toledo Cupra Mk2 competed in the WTCC from 2005 to 2006. Peter Terting replaced the German Diefenbacher, while Jason Plato also joined the team for four rounds and Marc Carol for one round. Initially the SEAT Sport UK cars were campaigned by RML Group although at the end of the year the partnership was dissolved as RML entered the WTCC, at the wheel were Jason Plato, Rob Huff, James Pickford and Luke Hines
27.
SEAT Altea
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The SEAT Altea is a compact multi-purpose vehicle produced by the Spanish automaker SEAT since 2004. The vehicle was designed by the Italian Walter de Silva and launched in 2004, the third-generation Toledo was identical, except for the addition of a larger boot. Another extended version, the Altea XL, is also available, in 2007, the Altea Freetrack, with 4WD and higher suspension, was released. On 21 August 2015, SEAT announced that the Altea and Altea XL had been discontinued, although no direct replacement for the Altea is planned, SEAT is following the global shift from MPVs to SUVs by launching its own SUV model based on the SEAT León. In 2016 the Ateca was launched, which was the successor to the Altea according to CEO Luca de Meo, SEAT sold a total of 439 Altea models in the United Kingdom during 2014, and 445 Altea XLs. The Altea was released a few years many of its competitors arriving on the scene. However, it exceeded expectations and 31,223 Alteas were sold within the first year and it is a family-oriented five-seater, which attempts to portray a more sporty image than most of its rivals. The car is based on Volkswagen Groups A5 platform, an unusual design feature is the vertical parked windscreen wipers, which are designed to improve pedestrian safety. They disappear in to the window surround either side of the screen, the effect is a completely cleanly swept windscreen but does mean the A pillars are rather wide and cause a blind spot. There are six levels, Essence, Reference, Reference Sport, Stylance, Sport. Internal combustion engines are available, with the range-topping 2.0 FR Turbocharged Direct Injection delivering 125 kilowatts, there are four gearboxes available, five or six-speed manual, five-speed tiptronic automatic, and six or seven-speed Direct-Shift Gearbox. It is named after the Spanish city of Altea, in March 2014, Auto Express reported that SEAT were working on a family of SUVs, with an estimated release date of 2016, to be based on the same platform as the SEAT León. This proved to be exact, with the launch of the SEAT Ateca SUV in 2016.6 MPI E85102 bhp engine. The SEAT Altea XL is an 18.7 centimetres longer variant of the normal SEAT Altea, the SEAT Altea Freetrack is dimensionally similar to the Altea XL, but is designed as compact sport-utility vehicle. It features raised suspension for increased ground clearance and larger plastic bumpers, all versions of the Freetrack, except the 2.0 Turbocharged Direct Injection 2WD, are equipped with a Haldex Traction based on-demand four-wheel drive. The 4WD versions are also called Seat Altea 4, in Mexico and Russia, the SEAT Altea Freetrack is marketed simply as the SEAT Freetrack. Although the Freetrack is available with 4WD, it is not marketed by SEAT as an SUV, however, the Freetrack could be seen as a competitor for small SUVs from other marques. The possible internal combustion engine choices are almost the same as for the normal Altea, when the car was launched it was available in a very uncommon intense yellow
28.
Volkswagen Group B platform
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The Volkswagen Group B platform is a mid-size automobile platform from the Volkswagen Group. It has been used for saloon cars/sedans, estate cars/station wagon, more recently, Volkswagen Group have introduced a new alphanumeric nomenclature for car platforms. An Audi derived platform, the first Volkswagen Passat was nearly identical to the Audi 80, sharing much of its mechanical systems, VW Passat B1 / VW Dasher Audi 80 Audi 80 1980-1996. The BX platform, developed by Volkswagens Brazilian subsidiary, again borrowed heavily from the Audi 80 of the day, the BX platform was used for the Brazilian Volkswagen Gol, Voyage, Parati, Saveiro and Furgão models. The VW BX family was restyled in 1987 and 1991, the Santana was produced until 2012 in China. The B3 was also the first Passat with an independently designed platform, instead, the design borrowed heavily from the Volkswagen Group A2 platform. Volkswagen Passat B3 The B3 designation is used to refer to the Typ 89 version of the Audi 80/90 produced from 1987 to 1992. However these are not based on the platform as the B3 Passat. The B4 Passat was a face lifted B3, remaining nearly mechanically identical, but with new sheetmetal. Volkswagen Passat B4 The B4 designation is used to refer to the Typ 8C version of the Audi 80. However these are not based on the platform as the B4 Passat. The B5 platform employs a longitudinal engine placement, which differs from the Volkswagen Group A platform which have been traditionally transversely mounted and this platform was introduced with the first-generation Audi A4 and the 1996 Volkswagen Passat. B5 platform cars can be equipped with a front suspension. In late 2000, the B5 Passat received a facelift, referred to as B5.5, the platform used by these models is formally known as the PL46 platform. Confusingly, the generation of Volkswagens Passat are also colloquially referred to as B6. However this generation of the Passat uses the PQ46 platform for its sixth generation, the B7 A4/S4 retains the Typ 8E/8H numbers of the B6 A4/S4, though with different suffixes, while the SEAT Exeo though it has derived from the Audi A4 B7 takes the Typ 3R number. Audi A4 Audi S4 Audi RS4 quattro SEAT Exeo Source, **Audi 2009 Cabriolet was a carry-over from the 2008 model year The MLB or MLP component matrix is used in the B8, C7 and D5 families of Audi vehicles. This is noteworthy for placing the front differential ahead of the clutch and this results in an increase in wheelbase and a slightly more rearward weight distribution for better vehicle dynamics
29.
Mid-size car
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A mid-size car is the North American/Australian standard for an automobile with a size equal to or greater than that of a compact. In Europe mid-sizers are referred to as D-segment or large family cars, the automobile that defined this size in the United States was the Rambler Six that was introduced in 1956, although it was called compact car at that time. The mid-size class then grew out of the compacts of the early-1960s, for example, the Ford Fairlane was referred to at its introduction in 1962 as a compact intermediate because it was barely bigger than its close relative, the Falcon. General Motors first entries in the class, such as the Oldsmobile F-85, Pontiac Tempest, and Buick Special were not mechanically related to the compact Chevrolet Corvair, at that time vehicle classes were defined more by their wheelbase than interior passenger space and cargo capacity. The class began to rapidly, and for the next ten years each expansion in size in the full-size field was followed by a proportionate growth in the mid-size models. By the mid-1960s, they were as big as the cars of the mid-1950s. By the mid-1970s, they were nearly as big as the cars of the mid-1960s. During the 1970s, the class was generally defined as vehicles with wheelbases between 112 inches and 118 inches. A turning point occurred in the late 1970s, when rising costs and government fuel economy regulations caused all car classes to shrink. Automakers moved previously full-size nameplates to smaller platforms, new official size designations in the U. S. were introduced by the EPA, which defined market segments by passenger and cargo space. Formerly mid-sized cars that were built on the platform, like the AMC Matador sedan, had a combined passenger and cargo volume of 130 cubic feet. The situation was complicated when General Motors began to downsize its models about two years before everybody else, in 1978, the Chevrolet Malibu nameplate had been redesigned on a 108-inch wheelbase, while the Ford Granada moved to the 105-inch wheelbase of the Ford Fairmonts Fox platform in 1981. Both competed with the Chrysler standard and extended K-cars, often classified as compact, former mid-size platforms such as the Plymouth Satellite would be rebranded as full-size, rebodied, or dropped in the face of the downsized Chevrolet Caprice. Some were subsequently replaced by used to be large compacts. The Granada would be badged with the LTD moniker before being replaced by the class-defining Ford Taurus, similarly, import models such as the Honda Accord and Toyota Camry that had been classified by the EPA as compact in 1985 grew to the mid-size class by the 1990s. The Accord later grew even larger, its eighth North American sedan version was classified by the EPA as a full-size car, the current ninth generation North American sedan was slightly smaller than its immediate predecessor, putting it once again in the mid-size class. Mid-size vehicles today usually have wheelbases between 105 inches and 110 inches, another widely used definition is that of the EPA, which classifies cars between 110 cubic feet and 119 cubic feet of interior volume as mid-size. Mid-size cars are the most popular category of cars sold in the United States, in Japan, the term mid-size car probably does not have the intermediate sense that it does in other markets
30.
Audi 80
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The Audi 80 is a compact executive car produced by the German manufacturer Audi from 1966 to 1996. It shared its platform with the Volkswagen Passat from 1973 to 1986 and was available as a sedan, the coupé and convertible models were not badged as members of the range but shared the same platform and many parts. In North America and Australia, the 80 was sold as the Audi Fox for model years 1973–79, the original Audi Cabriolet was badged thus, without a number, but was closely related to the 80/90. There were several different internal combustion types, of which the petrol engines included the fuel-injected E, and carburetor S. Originally this numbering convention ran concurrently with that of the Volkswagen Passat and this link was severed in 1988 when the Passat moved to a non-related, transverse-engined, VW-specific platform for its 80-unrelated B3 and B4 versions. It was again based on the Audi A4 for its B5 generation, the Audi F103 series, based on the DKW F102 but with an all-new range of four-stroke engines developed in conjunction with Daimler-Benz, was sold between 1965 and 1972. It comprised several models named for their horsepower ratings, from 1966 to 1969 this series included an Audi 80, and there were also Audi 60,72,75, and Super 90 models available over the years. This model debuted in Europe in 1972 as the Audi 80, and in 1973 in Australia and North America as the Audi Fox, the internal combustion engines were available in various rated power outputs. For the 1. 3-litre engines, was rated at 55 PS, code, the 1. 5-litre at 75 PS for the ZB and 85 PS for the ZC. On the home market, two- and four- door saloons were available in base trim, in September 1973, Audi added the sporty 80 GT featuring a carburettor 1. 6-litre engine rated at 100 PS. The Audi 80 had a MacPherson strut front suspension, and a C-section beam rear axle located by trailing arms and a Panhard rod, and using coil springs and telescopic dampers. Audis design and development efforts paid off during the 1973 European Car of the Year competition where the 80 won ahead of the Renault 5, the Fox had a 1.5 ltre engine rated at 55 hp attached to a four-speed manual transmission. Subsequent versions came with 1. 6-litre engines rated at 83 hp, in certain markets a five-door Avant variant was offered — effectively a rebadged Volkswagen Passat with Audi front panels. This version appeared in the United States, South Africa, the B1 platform was dropped from the European market in 1978, although it was sold into the 1979 model year in North America. Audi presented a redesigned 80 based on the B2 platform in September 1978, deliveries of the fuel injected GLE and two door bodied cars began early in 1979. The redesigned car was first seen in North America in 1979, Audi continued to use the 80 nameplate in Europe, but badged their Typ 81 as the Audi 4000 in North America. The body of the B2 Audi 80 was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro, the 80 first became available with four-wheel drive in 1983. The model was essentially an Ur-Quattro without the turbocharger and with saloon bodywork, top speeds are 187 and 199 km/h respectively, with similar fuel economy advantages for the larger 100
31.
Audi 90
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The Audi 80 is a compact executive car produced by the German manufacturer Audi from 1966 to 1996. It shared its platform with the Volkswagen Passat from 1973 to 1986 and was available as a sedan, the coupé and convertible models were not badged as members of the range but shared the same platform and many parts. In North America and Australia, the 80 was sold as the Audi Fox for model years 1973–79, the original Audi Cabriolet was badged thus, without a number, but was closely related to the 80/90. There were several different internal combustion types, of which the petrol engines included the fuel-injected E, and carburetor S. Originally this numbering convention ran concurrently with that of the Volkswagen Passat and this link was severed in 1988 when the Passat moved to a non-related, transverse-engined, VW-specific platform for its 80-unrelated B3 and B4 versions. It was again based on the Audi A4 for its B5 generation, the Audi F103 series, based on the DKW F102 but with an all-new range of four-stroke engines developed in conjunction with Daimler-Benz, was sold between 1965 and 1972. It comprised several models named for their horsepower ratings, from 1966 to 1969 this series included an Audi 80, and there were also Audi 60,72,75, and Super 90 models available over the years. This model debuted in Europe in 1972 as the Audi 80, and in 1973 in Australia and North America as the Audi Fox, the internal combustion engines were available in various rated power outputs. For the 1. 3-litre engines, was rated at 55 PS, code, the 1. 5-litre at 75 PS for the ZB and 85 PS for the ZC. On the home market, two- and four- door saloons were available in base trim, in September 1973, Audi added the sporty 80 GT featuring a carburettor 1. 6-litre engine rated at 100 PS. The Audi 80 had a MacPherson strut front suspension, and a C-section beam rear axle located by trailing arms and a Panhard rod, and using coil springs and telescopic dampers. Audis design and development efforts paid off during the 1973 European Car of the Year competition where the 80 won ahead of the Renault 5, the Fox had a 1.5 ltre engine rated at 55 hp attached to a four-speed manual transmission. Subsequent versions came with 1. 6-litre engines rated at 83 hp, in certain markets a five-door Avant variant was offered — effectively a rebadged Volkswagen Passat with Audi front panels. This version appeared in the United States, South Africa, the B1 platform was dropped from the European market in 1978, although it was sold into the 1979 model year in North America. Audi presented a redesigned 80 based on the B2 platform in September 1978, deliveries of the fuel injected GLE and two door bodied cars began early in 1979. The redesigned car was first seen in North America in 1979, Audi continued to use the 80 nameplate in Europe, but badged their Typ 81 as the Audi 4000 in North America. The body of the B2 Audi 80 was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro, the 80 first became available with four-wheel drive in 1983. The model was essentially an Ur-Quattro without the turbocharger and with saloon bodywork, top speeds are 187 and 199 km/h respectively, with similar fuel economy advantages for the larger 100
32.
Audi A4
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The Audi A4 is a line of compact executive cars produced since late 1994 by the German car manufacturer Audi, a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. The A4 has been built in five generations and is based on the Volkswagen Group B platform, the first generation A4 succeeded the Audi 80. The automakers internal numbering treats the A4 as a continuation of the Audi 80 lineage, with the initial A4 designated as the B5-series, followed by the B6, B7, B8 and the B9. The B8 and B9 versions of the A4 are built on the Volkswagen Group MLB platform shared with many other Audi models, the Audi A4 automobile layout consists of a longitudinal engine front-engine design, with transaxle-type transmissions mounted at the rear of the engine. The cars are front-wheel drive, or on some models, quattro all-wheel drive, the A4 is available as a sedan and station wagon. The first generation Audi A4 debuted in October 1994, with production starting November 1994, North American sales later began in September 1995 for the 1996 model year. It was built on the Volkswagen Group B5 platform, which it shared with the fourth generation Volkswagen Passat and it had a front-mounted longitudinal engine and front-wheel drive. Many variations of the A4 were also available with Audis quattro four-wheel drive system, the A4 was initially introduced as a four-door saloon/sedan, the Avant was introduced in November 1995 and went on sale in February 1996. Development began in 1988, with the first design sketches being created later that year, by 1991, an exterior design by Imre Hasanic was chosen and frozen for November 1994 production by 1992. The interior design was finalized in 1992, with pilot production commencing in the first half of 1994. Development concluded in the quarter of 1994, preceding November 1994 start of production. The 2.6 and 2. 8-litre V6 engines which had carried over from the old 80/90 proved popular, although in North America. A turbocharged 1. 8T version produced 150 PS and 210 newton metres torque, moreover, a quattro GmbH special edition of the B51. 8T was later available in Germany and Europe, for which the engines power output was raised to 178 PS and 235 newton metres. Audi also debuted their new tiptronic automatic transmission on the B5 platform, the transmission is a conventional automatic gearbox with a torque converter offering the driver fully automatic operation or manual selection of the gear ratios. The B5 marked Audis continued move into the luxury car segment. The Audi A4 B5 saw nearly constant minor changes and alterations throughout its seven-year run, moreover, a significant facelift was introduced for the 1998 B5 model year at the 1997 Frankfurt Motor Show, with sales beginning in Europe in early 1998. The 2. 8-litre 30-valve V6 engine replaced the 2. 8-litre 12-valve, a 2. 5-litre V6 Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engine with 150 PS was standard on the quattro. A six-speed manual gearbox was available, as well as the new high-performance Audi S4, cosmetic updates included new rear lights, headlights, door handles, and other minor exterior/interior changes
33.
Volkswagen Passat
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The Volkswagen Passat is a large family car produced by the German automaker Volkswagen since 1973, through eight design generations. In 2008, Volkswagen extended its range with the launch of the Passat CC, Volkswagen currently markets two variants of the Passat globally. In January 2011, Volkswagen announced that the new mid-size sedan being built at the Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant for the North American market would be named the Passat, Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive also manufactures the Passat NMS in its Nanjing factory. The NMS is sold in the North American, South Korean, Chinese, the Volkswagen Passat NMS won the 2012 Motor Trend Car of the Year. A new Passat model entered production in Europe in 2014, based on the MQB platform, the original Volkswagen Passat was launched in 1973. The body types offered originally were two- and four-door sedans and similar looking three-, externally all four shared a modern fastback style design, styled by the Italian designer Giorgetto Giugiaro. In essence, the first Passat was a version of the mechanically identical Audi 80 sedan. A five-door station wagon was introduced in 1974, in Europe, the Passat was equipped with two rectangular, two round 7-inch, or four round 5. 5-inch headlights depending on specification. The Passat was one of the most modern European family cars at the time, the only other European cars of its size to feature front-wheel drive and a hatchback were the Renault 16 and Austin Maxi. It had a MacPherson strut front suspension with a solid axle/coil spring setup at the rear, the SOHC1. 5-litre was enlarged to 1. 6-litre in August 1975 with unchanged power ratings and slightly higher torque ratings. In July 1978 the Passat Diesel became available, equipped with the VW Golfs 1. 5-litre diesel, in North America, the car was called the Volkswagen Dasher. The three- and five-door hatchback and a wagon model were launched in North America for. Sole available engine was a carburetted 1. 5-litre inline-four developing 75 hp, North American cars were equipped with single DOT standard headlights. In 1978 the Dasher received a facelift along the lines of the European Passat, with sealed beam headlights. The trim was upgraded and the ride softened. 1979 saw the introduction of the 1. 5-litre diesel engine, 0–100 km/h time for the Diesel was 19.4 seconds,6.2 seconds slower than the gasoline engine. All gasoline engines were dropped for North America in 1981 in preparation for the next generation, in Brazil, the Passat B1 was produced from June 1974 until 1988. Since the Audi 80 was not marketed in Brazil, the Passat received the Audis different front-end treatment after a facelift for 1979, a sports version, named Passat TS1.6 and later Passat GTS1.8 Pointer was also introduced
34.
SEAT Exeo
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The SEAT Exeo was a large family car and flagship model, built by the Spanish car manufacturer SEAT, subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group. This car was available in 4-door saloon or 5-door estate styles only. Production of the Exeo ended in 2013, and it was replaced by SEAT Toledo for the saloon, the Exeo is a D-segment model which is built on the Volkswagen Group B7 platform. It is essentially a rebadged Audi A4 B7 generation, with styling changes to the front and rear by way of unique bonnet, front wings, boot lid, doors and exterior door mirrors. It incorporates interior trim from the A4 Cabriolet, and extensively uses A4 B6 and B7 interior equipment, to this purpose, the entire Audi A4 B7 production and assembly lines from Ingolstadt were dismantled and installed in Volkswagen Groups related SEAT factory in Martorell, Spain. The Exeo was officially revealed at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, however, from August 2009, it also available as a 5-door, 5-seater estate, called Exeo ST. ST is an abbreviation for Sport Tourer, in 2010 three new petrol engines entered production, these were the 1.8 TFSI88 kilowatts, the 1.8 TFSI118 kilowatts and the 2.0 TFSI155 kilowatts. It is available three different trim levels, Reference, Stylance and Sport. It has engines mounted at the front, and they are oriented longitudinally, i. e. north-south, the gearboxes are of a transaxle type, and are also mounted longitudinally at the rear of the engine. For the 1.8 litre 20 valve Turbo petrol engine, one side-mounted intercooler is fitted to the front left of the car. For the 2.0 TSI petrol, along with the 105 and 125 kilowatts 2.0 litre Turbocharged Direct Injection diesel engines, all diesel engine variants are common rail Turbocharged Direct Injection engines and includes an exhaust catalytic converter along with a diesel particulate filter. Transmission options initially included only a six-speed manual gearbox, all models are equipped with ZF-supplied power steering, with some models having speed-sensitive servotronic variable assistance. Disc brakes are fitted front and rear, with the radially ventilated fronts ranging in diameter from 280 millimetres by 22 millimetres thick, at the rear are solid discs ranging from 245 millimetres by 10 millimetres to 288 millimetres by 12 millimetres. All discs, front and rear, utilise a single-piston sliding brake caliper, chassis electronics feature as standard the Bosch ESP8.0 Electronic Stability Programme, which also includes Anti-lock Braking System, Electronic Brakeforce Distribution, and emergency Brake Assist. This ESP system also includes Anti Slip Regulation, and Electronic Differential Lock traction aids, roadwheel options vary from a basic 7Jx16 steel wheel with plastic wheel covers, to a number of variants of alloy wheels, from 16 to 18 in diameter. Conventional halogen dual-bulb headlamps are standard, with self-leveling single-source Bi-Xenon high-intensity discharge headlights available as an option, luggage capacity in the saloon variant, measured according to the VDA block method, is 460 litres. On the other hand, in the estate Exeo ST variant the boot size starts from 442 litres and after folding rear seats it rises to 882 litres. In the year 2009, the annual retail sales number of SEAT Exeo cars was 21,013 vehicles
35.
Volkswagen Group C platform
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The Volkswagen Group C platform is a series of extended midsize automobile platforms from the German automotive concern Volkswagen Group. It has been used for automobiles under the Audi marque. It is the Groups oldest platform, having started with the Audi 100 in 1969, c1 platform cars, Audi 100 1976-1984. C2 platform cars, Audi 100 Audi 200 1983-1992, c3 platform cars, Audi 100 Audi 200 FAW Hongqi CA7200 1991-1997. C4 platform cars, Audi 100 Audi S4 Audi A6 Audi S6 1997-2004, c5 platform cars, Audi A6 Audi S6 Audi RS6 Audi allroad quattro 2004–2011. C6 platform cars, Audi A6 Audi S6 Audi RS6 Audi A6 allroad quattro Volkswagen Group corporate website
36.
Executive car
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Executive car is a British term for an automobile larger than a large family car. In official use, the term is adopted by Euro NCAP, the term was coined in the 1960s to describe cars targeted at successful professionals and middle-to-senior managers. It was often a car but retained enough performance and comfort to be desirable to private motorists. Early executive cars typically offered engines of between 2.0 and 3.5 litres in size, compared with 1.6 to 2.4 litres of a family car. One of the earliest modern executive cars was introduced by Jaguar Cars in 1955 and its retrospectively known as the Mark 1 but was sold as the 2.4 Litre and 3.4 Litre. The unitary construction Mark 1 evolved into the Mark 2 and was offered with a larger 3.8 litre engine, the Jaguar S-Type and Jaguar 420 were derived from this model. This was replaced by the avant-garde XF in 2007 which is currently in its second generation. Daimler created ultra-luxurious versions of both the Jaguar Mark 2, called the Daimler 2.5 V8 and later Daimler V8-250, the executive car market was further defined in the 1960s with sporty, upmarket mid-size saloons appearing from numerous brands. In 1962 Rover previewed the innovative 2000, later available as 2200 and 3500 models, in 1963 Triumph debuted their own 2000, later expanded to 2500, which competed head-on with the Rover even when both companies became subsidiaries of British Leyland in 1968. Both cars were successful and dominated executive car sales in Britain. These cars offered the sophistication expected of a car but in a smaller. Luxurious trim, an engine and automatic transmission were available to give the cars an upmarket positioning. They were replaced in 1981 by a car with a hatchback body. The Princess and Ambassador were closer in spirit to the FWD Renault 20/30 than their in-house rivals, in the 1970s Rover replaced the P6 with the larger SD1, marketed as either 2000,2300,2600,3500 or 2400 D, depending on engine size. It was this car that was converted to the Standard 2000 in India long after Rover replaced the SD1 with the front-wheel drive Rover 800. Rovers last executive car, the 75, appeared in 1998, ford identified some of the higher-equipped Cortina models as Executives. An example of Fords executive car of the 1970s and 1980s was the Granada, larger Vauxhall models from the VX4/90 and Ventora through to the Carlton firmly fitted into this category. In the twenty-first century it is German executive models like the BMW 5-Series which are the biggest sellers in the car market
37.
Audi 100
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The Audi 100 and Audi 200 are executive cars which were manufactured for model years 1968 through 1994 by Audi, a division of the Volkswagen Group. The C2 and C3 models of the Audi 100 were sold in the United States as the Audi 5000 until 1988, in South Africa, the car was also sold as the Audi 500. The first Audi 100, developed by Volkswagens subsidiary Auto Union at Ingolstadt, was shown to the press as a four-door sedan on 26 November 1968. Its name originally denoting a power output of 100 PS, the Audi 100 was the companys largest car since the revival of the Audi brand by Volkswagen in 1965. Audi followed up the introduction of the saloon in November 1968 with a two-door saloon in October 1969. The cars 1.8 litre four-cylinder engines originally came in base 100,100 S, from April 1970 the 100 LS could be ordered with a three-speed automatic transmission sourced from Volkswagen. The Audi 100 included a rough engine note that was described as unlikely to discourage buyers whose first car had been a Volkswagen, in March 1971 the 500, 000th Audi was produced. By now the Audi 100 had become the most commercially successful model in the companys history, in 1976 the two millionth Audi was built, of which the 100 represented 800,000 cars. In September 1973 the 100 received a facelift with a somewhat smaller squared-off grille, with correspondingly more angular front fenders. The rear torsion bar was replaced by coil springs, for model year 1975 the base 100 was re-christened the 100 L and received a 1.6 litre four-cylinder engine. A four-wheel drive prototype of the Audi 100 C1 was built in 1976, in South Africa, where the 100 was also assembled, the 100 was available as the L, LS, GL, and S Coupé. Local production began towards the end of 1972, by October 197633,000 units had been built in South Africa, the GL received a vinyl roof and GL lettering on the C-pillar. The LS was dropped for 1976, but returned for 1977 along with the new GLS saloon, the LS and GLS were special versions of the L and GL, with silver paintjobs, automatic transmissions, and special red interiors. L and LS have a 1760 cc engine with 75 kW DIN, while the GL, in the United States the Audi 100 appeared in 1970 in LS guise, with a 115 hp SAE1.8 liter engine and with either two or four doors. For 1972 the engine was enlarged to 1.9 litres, a base and a GL model were added, as was an automatic transmission. For 1974 the lineup was restricted to the 100 LS. Power increased to 95 hp for 1975, by changing to fuel injection, Standard equipment was improved accompanied by an increase in prices. In August 1977 the new Audi 5000 replaced the 100, although another 537 leftover cars were sold in 1978, the Coupé was not available in the United States
38.
Audi A6
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The Audi A6 is an executive car made by the German automaker Audi AG, now in its fourth generation. As the successor to the Audi 100, the A6 is manufactured in Neckarsulm, Germany – and is available in sedan and wagon configurations, the latter marketed by Audi as the Avant. Audis internal numbering treats the A6 as a continuation of the Audi 100 lineage, with the initial A6 designated as a member of the C4-series, followed by the C5, C6, and the C7. The related Audi A7 is essentially a version of the C7-series A6. All generations of the A6 have offered either front-wheel drive or Torsen-based four-wheel drive – marketed by Audi as their quattro system, second- and third- generation A6 models have shared their platform with the companys Allroad models. Audis executive car was named the Audi 100, and was released in three successive generations. In 1994, the latest generation of the Audi 100 received a facelift and was renamed as the Audi A6, the exterior was changed only slightly from the C4 Audi 100 – new front and rear lights, new radiator grille, similarly with chassis and engine and transmission choices. The United Kingdom was the first market to receive the A6, as stock of RHD Audi 100s had run out before expected, and before the rest of mainland Europe. The new engines for the A6 were 1. 8-litre 20v inline four-cylinder,2. 6-Litre 12V V6 and 2. 8-litre 30v V6 petrol engines, with the 2. 3-litre inline five engine being dropped on most markets. For the diesel engines, an inline four 1.9 Turbocharged Direct Injection, until 1997, the A6 came with several different engines, two of them turbodiesel, and most of them available with Audis Torsen-based quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. The A6 was available with saloon and Avant bodies, as this was the first S6 model from Audi, it is commonly referred to as the Ur-S6, derived from the German augmentive, Ursprünglich. It was available as both a saloon/sedan, and an Avant to European and United States customers, but only as a saloon in Canada, Asia and Australia. This powerful engine gave the S6 good performance with a top speed of 235 kilometres per hour, the vehicle was available with a standard six-speed manual transmission, and Audis dynamic Torsen T-1 quattro permanent four-wheel drive system. Unlike the five-cylinder turbocharged version, the V8-powered S6 was supplied with an automatic transmission as standard. A six-speed manual gearbox was available as an option. As a swan song to the C4 platform, a more powerful. The S6 PLUS, developed by Audis wholly owned high performance subsidiary, a total of 952 cars were produced–855 Avant, and 97 saloons. It was powered by another version of the 32-valve 4. 2-litre V8 engine, Audis performance division reworked key parts of the internal combustion engine, increasing the motive power to 240 kilowatts
39.
Audi A6 allroad quattro
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The Audi allroad quattro is an automotive nameplate used by the German automobile manufacturer Audi since 1999. Audi has utilised the name allroad quattro to signify semi-offroad ability on two of its mainstream model lines, the main differences between the allroad and the base model are a wider track, higher ground clearance and adjustable air suspension. Originally, the name Audi allroad quattro applied to a version of the Audi A6 Avant in 1999. Audi retitled subsequent generations, as released in 2006 and 2012, since 2009, Audi has offered the Audi A4 allroad quattro, based on the mainstream Audi A4 Avant
40.
Volkswagen Group D platform
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The Volkswagen Group D platform is a series of automobile platforms from the German concern Volkswagen Group. It has been used for luxury automobiles. Originally used by the Audi marque, it is also used by the Volkswagen Passenger Cars. Audi AG refers to type of construction as the Audi Space Frame. It is technically the first original D platform, Audi A8 Audi S8 The D3 platform, also employing an aluminium space frame, was used for the second generation Audi A8, A8L, and S8. Audi A8 Audi S8 The third generation Audi A8 launched in 2009 is sometimes referred to as the D4 generation A8 and this model combines an aluminium Audi Space Frame structure but no longer uses the D platform, but the Audi-developed MLB component matrix. The D1 platform cars share some components with the D3 platform, Volkswagen Phaeton Bentley Continental GT Bentley Continental Flying Spur Volkswagen Group corporate website
41.
Full-size car
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A full-size car is a marketing term used in North America for an automobile larger than a mid-size car. Traditional U. S. full-size passenger cars were designed to be comfortable for six occupants, the United States Environmental Protection Agency currently uses the term large car to denote full-size cars based on their combined interior passenger and luggage volume. The traditional full-size passenger cars that were built by the U. S. Full-size cars were also denoted for their length, nearing 4,953 mm in basic low-priced, family sedans. The luxury models often tended to reach 5,350 mm. Previously, the term first appeared in the early 1960s to distinguish what also became known as standard-size cars from the new compact and intermediate models then being introduced. The U. S. EPA defines large size as 120 ft³ or more of combined passenger, a majority of U. S. automakers manufactured full size automobiles were constructed using a body-on-frame platform. This platform was phased out in 2011 when the Ford Panther vehicles ended production, use of the term in North America became popular after the introduction of compacts by the U. S. Detroit Big Three for the 1960 model year, and then a few years later the introduction of what became known as mid-size cars. The term was most correctly applied to close to the width limit carrying nameplates of The Low Priced Three, Chevrolet, Ford. Manufacturers contributed to the lack of distinction by marketing models of their brands into the lower price ranges with what had previously been considered medium-priced brands. For 1977, General Motors downsized its cars, with overall width cut from approximately 80 in to the mid-70 inch range. Chevrolet, Pontiac, and the less expensive Oldsmobile and Buick models had a 116-inch wheelbase, more expensive Oldsmobile and Buick models, plus the Cadillac had a 119 in wheelbase, but no more width. Ford and Chrysler downsized for 1979, the latter even building its Chrysler R platform, by this time, a huge increase in gasoline prices had made it difficult to sell any large cars, downsized or not. Chrysler had the misfortune of introducing two consecutive new designs of its largest cars, in 1974 and 1979, during times when gasoline prices suddenly increased. The EPA interior volumes for passenger and cargo for the most part resulted in mid-size, full-size, the 1980s Chrysler M platform, classified as large cars at the time, were derived from the Dodge Aspen/Plymouth Volare platform, originally marketed as large compacts. While many modern cars are referred to as full-size, they do not qualify for the term as used in the 1960s and 1970s. Consumer acceptance of large SUVs approaching 80 inches in width shows interest remains in vehicles capable of seating with reasonable comfort. Police cars in the United States are almost always full-size cars and this is usually due to the amount of interior space for an arrestee as well as trunk volume for computer and electrical equipment. Interior space and trunk volume also make such vehicles popular for taxi use, since the discontinuation of the Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor the de facto replacement has been a variation of the Ford Taurus
42.
Luxury vehicle
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Luxury vehicle is a marketing term for a vehicle that provides luxury — pleasant or desirable features beyond strict necessity — at increased expense. The term is also broad, highly variable and relative and it is a perceptual, conditional and subjective attribute that may be comprehended differently by different people, What is a luxury car to some. Therefore, automakers differentiate among their product lines in collusion with the car-buying public, while a high price is the most frequent factor, it is styling, engineering, and even public opinion which cars had the highest and lowest status associated with them. Every era in history has had a group of car marques and models that have been expensive to purchase, due to their alleged superiority of their design. Aimed at wealthy buyers, such automobiles might be generically termed luxury cars and this term is also used for unique vehicles produced during an era when luxury was individualistic consideration, and coachwork could be tailored to an owner like a bespoke suit. Although there is literature about specific marques, there is a lack of systematic. Luxury vehicle makers may either be stand-alone companies in their own right, such as BMW and Mercedes-Benz, badge engineering is often used for cost savings, for example, the Lincoln vehicles that are based on Ford platforms or Acura models derived from Honda. Though widely used, the term luxury is broad and highly variable and it is a perceptual, conditional and subjective attribute and may be understood differently by different people, What is a luxury car to some. According to the European Commission, the luxury segment is classified as F-segment. However, the boundaries between the segments are increasingly becoming blurred and diluted as features once exclusive to luxury vehicles become standard equipment on even small cars. ACRISS is a system used by many car rental companies in the US for classifying vehicles. The system includes Luxury and Premium categories, Australia, In Australia, for taxation purposes a luxury car is defined as a passenger car whose value exceeds a certain threshold. France, In France the term voiture de luxe is used, Germany, In Germany the term Upper class is used. Russia, Russian markets use the term representative class vehicle, the classification varies, for instance Consumer Guide Automotive in the U. S. The premium compact segment is targeted at a market of consumers who found the existing entry-level luxury offerings to be too expensive. By offering a smaller, lighter, more fuel-efficient, and less expensive vehicle, premium compacts introduces younger buyers to the luxury marque, in hopes of retaining the coveted customer loyalty. This includes the Acura CSX, Audi A3, Buick Verano, BMW2 Series, BMW i3, Cadillac ELR, Chrysler 200, Lexus CT, Mercedes-Benz CLA-Class, Mercedes-Benz B-Class, Saab 9-2X, and the Volvo V40. Premium compacts compete with well-equipped midsize cars, and with options they overlap much with compact executive cars, Premium compacts may share components with mass market cars from the marques parent company, and/or have less sophisticated platforms compared to upmarket vehicles in the lineup
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Audi V8
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The Audi V8 is a four-door, full-size luxury sedan, built by Audi in Germany from 1988 to 1993, as the companys flagship model. It was the first car from Audi to use a V8 engine, early cars used 3. 6-litre V8s, while later cars featured a 4. 2-litre version of the engine. The Audi V8 was replaced by the Audi A8 in 1994, Audi was the first company to win back-to-back DTM titles. A five-speed manual transmission was also available, the Audi V8 had a galvanized steel body, with a 10-year anti-perforation warranty. The Audi V8 created a new elevated image for the company, in this regard, the car was a cornerstone in developing the history of the Audi marque as it is today. Factory production commenced in October 1988, and ceased in November 1993 and it was replaced by the Audi A8 in 1994. The styling of the Audi V8 resembled the Typ 44 Audi 100 and 200 models, furthermore, only alloy wheels were offered, ranging from 15 to 17 inches. In addition to the model, there was also a long wheelbase. It was assembled at Steyr-Daimler-Puch factory in Graz and this tradition would continue with the A8, offered in A8L format. A once-off experimental Avant version was built for the wife of former Audi CEO Ferdinand Piech and this car is no longer on display at the Audi Forum Ingolstad, but in storage in Neckarsulm. The design set the pattern for future Audi-developed Volkswagen Group V8 engines, in addition to using an all-aluminum alloy cylinder block, the camshafts were driven using a hybrid method. A rubber/kevlar toothed timing belt, driven from the front of the crankshaft operated only the exhaust camshaft in each bank. The intervals for changing the timing belts varied, the 3.6 V8 required changing every 90,000 kilometres, a thermostatically controlled electric cooling fan also became standard, replacing the engine-driven viscous fans on earlier cars. This not only provided forced airflow for the coolant radiator. Audis trademark quattro permanent four-wheel drive system was the offering for the drivetrain. This normally distributes the engine torque as a default 50,50 between front and rear axles, but can automatically dynamically apportion up to a bias of 20,80 to 80,20 front and rear. The rear axle final drive unit contains a Torsen type 1 Torque Sensing differential, instead of the more common hypoid open differential. Whilst the 3.6 V8 was able to use 95 RON fuel, for the 4.2 V8, the usage of 95 RON in the 4.2 V8 resulted in a lower power output, as well as increased fuel consumption
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Audi A8
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The Audi A8 is a four-door, full-size, luxury sedan manufactured and marketed by the German automaker Audi since 1994. Succeeding the Audi V8, and now in its third generation, the first two generations employed the Volkswagen Group D platform, with the current generation deriving from the MLB platform. After the original models 1994 release, Audi released the second generation in late 2002, notable for being the first mass-market car with an aluminium chassis, all A8 models have used this construction method co-developed with Alcoa and marketed as the Audi Space Frame. A mechanically-upgraded, high-performance version of the A8 debuted in 1996 as the Audi S8, produced exclusively at Audis Neckarsulm plant, unlike the donor A8 model, the S8 has been available only in short-wheelbase form and is fitted standard with Audis quattro all-wheel drive system. In 1982, Ferdinand Piëch signed an agreement with Aluminum Company of America, the objective was to design and develop a car that would be substantially lighter than any other vehicles in its class. In the late 1980s, it was decided that the vehicle would be a successor to the V8 flagship introduced in 1988. By 1991, a design by Chris Bird and Dirk van Braeckel was chosen and frozen for series production in 1992. In September 1993, the Audi Space Frame Concept was unveiled at the 1993 Frankfurt Motor Show as a D2 Typ 4D prototype in polished aluminum, pilot production began in December 1993 and development ended in early 1994, at a total cost of $700 million. The saloon/sedan was offered in both the A8, and the A8 L extended or long-wheelbase version, the A8 L adds 5 inches of rear legroom. Updates to the car in 1997 included the addition of six interior airbags. The A8 was designed as a competitor to fellow German rivals Mercedes Benz S Class and the BMW7 Series. In 1997, Audi introduced the first series production ESP Electronic stability control for all-wheel drive vehicles – the worlds first production cars with front and rear side airbags. For 1997, the new A8 was available with either front-wheel drive, or the Torsen-based quattro permanent four-wheel drive. The FWD models are powered by a 2. 8-litre V6 engine, producing 142 kilowatts, the A8 is available with standard luxury amenities, including dual-zone climate control, wood and leather interior trim, 14-way power and heated seats, and an enhanced Bose audio system. In 1999, Audis flagship received side airbags, new colours. The North American warm weather package added a sunroof which allows the interior ventilation fans to run. Changes to all models included a larger passenger-side mirror, and a first aid kit located in the centre armrest. In 1999 for the 2000 model year came a minor front-end restyle, with new, larger, clear headlights, a revised grille, on the interior, the seats received a new, horizontal stitch pattern. Also, the 3. 7-litre V8 FWD model was dropped, leaving the 2.8 V6 model and these restyled cars also featured revised external door handles and an integrated radio antenna
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Bentley Continental GT
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The Bentley Continental GT is a grand tourer produced by the British automaker Bentley Motors since 2003. It was the first car released by Bentley under Volkswagen AG-management after their acquisition of the company in 1998, and it shares a platform with the Volkswagen Phaeton. In 1994 Rolls Royce Motors previewed a convertible concept car at the Geneva Motor Show - the Concept Java, the car was designed to be a highly desirable Bentley, but smaller, more affordable, yet still exclusive in order to maintain the integrity of the brand. It was to appeal to a new range of potential buyers, the Concept Java never made it into production in the form seen in 1994. However the Bentley Continental GT realised the concept of the Java as a more affordable Bentley, whilst external styling is different, the dashboard design was clearly influenced by the Java. The vehicle was unveiled in 2003 Geneva Motor Show, followed by Le Mans,2003 Goodwood Festival of Speed,2003 annual Bentley Drivers Club meeting at Silverstone and it is not a coachbuilt car. As a result, the price at launch was less than the Continental R. Torsen-based permanent four-wheel drive is standard and it will accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometres per hour in 4.8 seconds, and go on to reach a top speed of 318 kilometres per hour. Early models include a choice of 6 body colours,8 hide colours,5 veneer types,4 carpet, the vehicles went on sale in October 2004. The four-door Continental Flying Spur saloon was first displayed at the 2005 Geneva Motor Show, the Flying Spur utilizes most of the technical underpinnings of the Bentley Continental GT, and was introduced to European and North American markets in the summer of 2005. Together, the Bentley Continental GT and Flying Spur have boosted Bentleys annual production from around 1,000 units in 2003, the Flying Spur has a 6-litre, 12-cylinder engine, configured in a W formation. Unlike a conventional 12-cylinder engine with two banks of six, the Continental’s 6-litre engine is configured in two banks of VR six cylinders each and this shortens the W-12 engines length considerably, compared to a two-bank configuration. The W-12 produces 552 bhp, accelerates from 0 to 60 mph in 4.9 seconds, one notable aspect of the Continental Flying Spur is its grille. Made to look like traditional chromed brass mesh, it is a metal-covered plastic-core and this was fitted as a safety feature, it is designed to break apart upon impact with a pedestrian. It is a version of 2007 model year Continental GT Mulliner Driving Specification. The convertible version of the Continental GT, the Continental GTC, was first presented in September 2005, the roof is produced by Karmann in Osnabrück, Germany. The GTC uses identical powertrain detail as the GT, and can accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometres per hour in 5.1 seconds. With the roof up, it reach a top speed of 314 kilometres per hour
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Volkswagen Phaeton
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The Volkswagen Phaeton /ˈfeɪtən/ FAY-tən is a full-size luxury sedan/saloon manufactured by German automaker Volkswagen, described by Volkswagen as their premium class vehicle. Introduced at the 2002 Geneva Motor Show, the Phaeton was marketed worldwide, sales in North America ended in 2006. The name Phaeton derives from Phaëton, the son of Phoebus in Greek mythology, by way of the auto body style. Production ended in March 2016 and a second generation was slated to be produced. Starting in April 2017, the Gläserne Manufaktur Dresden assembles VW e-Golf instead, the Phaeton was conceived by Ferdinand Piëch, then chairman of Volkswagen Group. Piëch wanted Volkswagen engineers to create a car that would surpass the German prestige market leaders, Mercedes-Benz, the decision to release the Phaeton was, in part, a response to Mercedes decision to compete directly with Volkswagen in the European marketplace with the low cost A-Class. It was also intended to support the Volkswagen brand image, initial development of the Phaeton, given the internal project code VW611, began with Piëch giving his engineers a list of ten parameters the car needed to fulfill. Most of these specifications were not made known to the public, one of them was that the Phaeton should be capable of being driven all day at 300 kilometres per hour with an exterior temperature of 50 °C whilst maintaining the interior temperature at 22 °C. Piëch requested this even though the Phaetons top speed was limited to 250 kilometres per hour. Another requirement was that the car should possess torsional rigidity of 37,000 N·m/degree, the Phaetons platform, the Volkswagen Group D1 platform, was shared with the Bentley Continental GT and Bentley Continental Flying Spur. Certain systems, such as the transmission and some engines, are also shared with the Audi A8. However, the weight gives the Phaeton considerably worse acceleration and poorer fuel economy compared to the A8, the Phaeton had the longest wheelbase in the Volkswagen passenger car line. Development of the led to over one hundred individual patents specific to the Phaeton. Distinctive features include a draftless four zone climate system, and standard Torsen based 4motion four-wheel drive, for high ride comfort, it introduced Adaptive Air Suspension with Continuous Damping Control -. The same suspension system, with firmer settings, was introduced in the technically similar Audi A8 in November 2002, first Volkswagen with radar adaptive cruise control, automatic distance regulator. The Phaeton Lounge was a car based on a lengthened version of the Phaeton with seating for four in the rear compartment. The vehicle was unveiled in 2005 Middle East International Motor Show, the Phaeton was hand assembled in an eco friendly factory with a glass exterior, the Transparent Factory in Dresden, Germany. This factory had a capacity of producing 20,000 vehicles a year and it also assembled Bentley Continental Flying Spur vehicles destined for the European market until October 2006, when all assembly of the Bentley products was transferred to Crewe, England
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Monocoque
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Monocoque, also structural skin, is a structural system where loads are supported through an objects external skin, similar to an egg shell. The word monocoque is a French term for single shell or single hull, a true monocoque carries both tensile and compressive forces within the skin and can be recognised by the absence of a load carrying internal frame. By contrast, a semi-monocoque is a combining a tensile stressed skin. Other semi-monocoques not to be confused with true monocoques include vehicle unibodies, which tend to be composites, early aircraft were constructed using frames, typically of wood or steel tubing, which could then be covered with fabric such as irish linen or cotton. The skin added nothing to the strength of the airframe and was dead weight beyond providing a smooth sealed surface. This reduced drag so effectively it was able to win most of the races it was entered into, however, it was prone to damage from moisture and delamination. While all metal aircraft from the Junkers firm had appeared as early as 1915, the first metal monocoques were built by Claudius Dornier, while working for Zeppelin-Lindau. After failed attempts with several large flying boats in which a few components were monocoques, the aluminum alloy monocoque chassis was first used in the 1962 Lotus 25 Formula 1 race car. The term monocoque is frequently misused when referring to unibody cars, in motor racing, the safety of the driver depends on the car body which must meet stringent regulations and a few cars have been built with monocoque structures. Tanks and other armored vehicles such as the German Fuchs 2 and this reduces weight for a given amount of armor compared to vehicles to which armor has been attached to an underlying frame. A monocoque-framed motorcycle was developed by the Spanish motorcycle manufacturer, Ossa, Ossa won four Grand Prix races with the monocoque bike before their rider was killed during the 1970 Isle of Man TT, causing the Ossa factory to withdraw from Grand Prix competition. Notable designers such as Eric Offenstadt and Dan Hanebrink created unique monocoque designs in the early 1970s, the 1973 Isle of Man TT was won by Peter Williams on the monocoque-framed Norton John Player Special that he helped design. Honda also experimented with a monocoque Grand Prix racing motorcycle named the NR500 in 1979, in 1987 John Britten developed the Aero-D One, featuring a composite monocoque chassis that weighed only 12 kg. The first time an aluminium monocoque frame appeared on a production motorcycle was the 2000 Kawasaki Ninja ZX-12R. This was Kawasakis flagship production sportbike aimed at being the fastest production motorcycle, various rockets have used pressure-stabilized monocoque designs, such as Atlas and Falcon 1. Balloon tanks are not true monocoques but act in the way as inflatable shells. A balloon tank skin only handles tensile forces while compression is resisted by internal pressure in a way similar to semi-monocoques braced by a solid frame. This becomes obvious when internal pressure is lost and the structure collapses, the Handle is an electric guitar characterized by its hollow sectioned monocoque chassis, created by the award-winning designer Peter Solomon
