1.
Aerodrome
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An aerodrome or airdrome is a location from which aircraft flight operations take place, regardless of whether they involve air cargo, passengers, or neither. Aerodromes include small general aviation airfields, large airports. The term airport may imply a certain stature that an aerodrome may not have achieved and that is to say, all airports are aerodromes, but not all aerodromes are airports. Usage of the term aerodrome remains more common in the UK and Commonwealth nations, a water aerodrome is an area of open water used regularly by seaplanes or amphibious aircraft for landing and taking off. The word aerodrome derives from Ancient Greek ἀήρ, air, and δρόμος, road or course, an ancient linguistic parallel is hippodrome, derived from ἵππος, horse, and δρόμος, course. In Canada and Australia, aerodrome is a term of art for any area of land or water used for aircraft operation. International Civil Aviation Organization documents use the aerodrome, for example, in the Annex to the ICAO Convention about aerodromes, their physical characteristics. However, the airfield or airport mostly superseded use of aerodrome after World War II. The city of the first aerodrome in the world is a French commune named Viry-Chatillon, the unimproved airfield remains a phenomenon in military aspects. The DHC-4 Caribou served in the U. S. military in Vietnam, landing on rough, earlier, the Ju-52 and Fieseler Storch could do the same, one example of the latter taking off from the Führerbunker whilst completely surrounded by Russian troops. An airport is an aerodrome certificated for commercial flights, an air base is an aerodrome with significant facilities to support aircraft and crew. The term is reserved for military bases, but also applies to civil seaplane bases. An airstrip is an aerodrome that consists only of a runway with perhaps fueling equipment. They are generally in remote locations, many airstrips were built on the hundreds of islands in the Pacific Ocean during World War II. A few airstrips grew to become full-fledged airbases as strategic or economic importance of a region increased over time. An Advanced Landing Ground was an airstrip used by the Allies in the run-up to and during the invasion of Normandy. A water aerodrome is an area of water used regularly by seaplanes or amphibious aircraft for landing and taking off. It may have a building on land and/or a place where the plane can come to shore
2.
Heliport
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A Heliport is by definition an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters, and includes its buildings and facilities. In other words, it is an airport suitable for use by helicopters. Designated heliports typically contain one or more touchdown and liftoff area, in some larger towns and cities, customs facilities may also be available. Early advocates of helicopters hoped that heliports would become widespread, other terms used to refer to a heliport are, Helistop - A term sometimes used to describe a minimally developed heliport for boarding and discharging passengers or cargo. Helipad - A term oftentimes confused with heliport or helistop, the only reference of this term in the U. S. Helideck - Used to describe the area on a vessel or offshore structure on which helicopters may land. The airspace immediately surrounding the heliport is called the Primary Surface and this area coincides in shape and size with the designated take-off and landing area. This surface is a horizontal plane equal to the elevation of the established heliport elevation, the Primary Surface is further broken down into three distinct regions. These are, the Touchdown and Liftoff area, the Final Approach and Takeoff area, the TLOF is a load-bearing, generally paved area, normally centered in the FATO, on which the helicopter lands and/or takes off. The FATO is an area over which the pilot completes the final phase of the approach to a hover or a landing. The FATO elevation is the lowest elevation of the edge of the TLOF, the Safety Area is a defined area on a heliport surrounding the FATO intended to reduce the risk of damage to helicopters accidentally diverging from the FATO. In a large metropolitan and urban areas a heliport can serve passengers needing to move within the city or to outlying regions. Generally heliports can be situated closer to a town or city center than an airport for fixed-wing aircraft, the advantage in flying by helicopter to a destination or even to the citys main airport is that travel can be much faster than driving. Some skyscrapers feature rooftop heliports or helistops to serve the needs of executives or clients. Many of these sites also serve as Emergency Helicopter Landing Facilities in case emergency evacuation is needed. Bank Tower in Los Angeles is an example, police departments use heliports as a base for police helicopters, and larger departments may have a dedicated large heliport facility dedicated such as the LAPD Hooper Heliport. Heliports are common features at hospitals where they serve to facilitate Helicopter Air Ambulance and MEDEVACs for transferring patients into, some large trauma centers have multiple heliports while most small hospitals have just one. The National EMS Pilots Association has published multiple white papers, surveys, while heliports can be oriented in a any direction they will have generally have very definitive approach and departure paths
3.
Northwest Territories
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The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 and its estimated population as of 2016 is 44,291. Yellowknife became the capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission. The Northwest Territories are bordered by Canadas two other territories, Nunavut to the east and Yukon to the west, and by the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan to the south. The name is descriptive, adopted by the British government during the era to indicate where it lay in relation to Ruperts Land. It is shortened from North-Western Territory, in Inuktitut, the Northwest Territories are referred to as ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ, beautiful land. There was some discussion of changing the name of the Northwest Territories after the splitting off of Nunavut, one proposal was Denendeh, as advocated by the former premier Stephen Kakfwi, among others. One of the most popular proposals for a new name – one to name the territory Bob – began as a prank, in the end a poll conducted prior to division showed that strong support remained to keep the name Northwest Territories. This name arguably became more appropriate following division than it had been when the territories extended far into Canadas north-central and it possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has an area of 1,183,085 km2. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island and its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m. The Northwest Territories extends for more than 1,300,000 km2 and has a large climate variant from south to north, the southern part of the territory has a subarctic climate, while the islands and northern coast have a polar climate. Summers in the north are short and cool, with highs in the mid teens Celsius. Winters are long and harsh, daytime highs in the mid −20 °C, extremes are common with summer highs in the south reaching 36 °C and lows reaching into the negatives. In winter in the south, it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −40 °C, in the north, temperatures can reach highs of 30 °C, and lows can reach into the low negatives. In winter in the north it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −50 °C, thunderstorms are not rare in the south. In the north they are rare, but do occur. Tornadoes are extremely rare but have happened with the most notable one happening just outside Yellowknife that destroyed a communications tower, the Territory has a fairly dry climate due to the mountains in the west
4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
ICAO airport code
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The ICAO airport code or location indicator is a four-character alphanumeric code designating aerodromes around the world. ICAO codes are used to identify other aviation facilities such as weather stations, International Flight Service Stations or Area Control Centers. Flight information regions are identified by a unique ICAO-code. Code selections in North America were based on existing radio station identifiers, for example, radio stations in Canada were already starting with C, so it seemed logical to begin Canadian airport identifiers with Cxxx. The United States had many pre-existing airports with established mnemonic codes and their ICAO codes were formed simply by prepending a K to the existing codes, as half the radio station identifiers in the US began with K. Most ICAO codes outside the US and Canada have a geographical structure. Most of the rest of the world was classified in a more planned top-down manner, thus Uxxx referred to the Soviet Union with the second letter denoting the specific region within it, and so forth. Europe had too many locations for one starting letter, so it was split into Exxx for northern Europe. The second letter was more specific, EGxx was the United Kingdom, EDxx was West Germany, ETxx was East Germany, LExx was Spain, LAxx was Albania, France was designated LFxx, as the counterpart EFxx was the unambiguously northern Finland. ICAO codes are separate and different from IATA codes, which are used for airline timetables, reservations. For example, the IATA code for Londons Heathrow Airport is LHR, in general IATA codes are usually derived from the name of the airport or the city it serves, while ICAO codes are distributed by region and country. Far more aerodromes have ICAO codes than IATA codes, and to add to the confusion IATA codes are assigned to railway stations. Unlike the IATA codes, the ICAO codes generally have a structure and are comprehensive. In general, the first letter is allocated by continent and represents a country or group of countries within that continent, the second letter generally represents a country within that region, and the remaining two are used to identify each airport. The exception to rule is larger countries that have single-letter country codes. In either case, ICAO codes generally provide geographical context unlike IATA codes, for example, if one knows that the ICAO code for Heathrow is EGLL, then one can deduce that the airport EGGP is somewhere in the UK. On the other hand, knowing that the IATA code for Heathrow is LHR does not enable one to deduce the location of the airport LHV with any greater certainty, there are a few exceptions to the regional structure of the ICAO code made for political or administrative reasons. Similarly Saint Pierre and Miquelon is controlled by France, and airports there are assigned LFxx as though they were in Europe, further, in region L, all available 2-letter prefixes have been exhausted and thus no additional countries can be added
6.
Transport Canada
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Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing regulations, policies and services of transportation in Canada. It is part of the Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities portfolio, the current Minister of Transport is Marc Garneau. Transport Canada has its offices in Ottawa, Ontario, the Department of Transport was created in 1935 by the government of William Lyon Mackenzie King in recognition of the changing transportation environment in Canada at the time. He created a National Harbours Board and Trans-Canada Air Lines, the Department of Transport Act came into force November 2,1936. Transport Canada emerged from this process as a department focused on policy, in 2004, Transport Canada introduced non-passenger screening to enhance both airport and civil aviation security. Transport Canadas headquarters are located in Ottawa, at Place de Ville, each inspector with delegated power from the Minister of Transport receives official credentials to exercise their power, as shown on the right. These inspectors are public officers identified within the Criminal Code of Canada, the Motor Vehicle Safety Act was established in 1971 in order to create safety standards for cars in Canada. The department also acts as the governments funding partner with provincial transport ministries on jointly-funded provincial transportation infrastructure projects for new highways. On June 26,2013, the Fair Rail Freight Service Act became law which was a response to the Rail Freight Service Review’s Final Report, Transport Canada is responsible for the waterways inside and surrounding Canada. As was certain regulatory aspects of Emergency Response Transport Canadas role in aviation seems to be the most detailed, until 1996, Transport Canada was responsible for both regulation of aviation and the operation of air traffic services, as well as the operation of most major airports. This change was controversial because NAV CANADA began charging for services that were funded through general tax revenue. In 2005, the United States was discussing a similar delegation of the FAAs air traffic services to a government corporation. During the 1990s, Transport Canada also began privatizing the operation of large airports, in 2003, Transport Canada launched its Electronic Collection of Air Transportation Statistics program to collect passenger and cargo data in real-time from air carriers flying in Canada. ECATS will expand into the field of aviation during 2008. Transport Canada also collects data on all accidents and incidents, no matter how minor, Transport Canada continues to be responsible for licensing pilots and other aviation specialists as well as registering and inspecting aircraft. It is also responsible for the safety certification and continuous safety oversight of most forms of commercial operations, the Canadian Aviation Regulations are also under Transport Canada control. Transport Canadas Civil Aviation Directorate or is Canadas civil aviation authority and it existed since 1936 when civil aviation was transferred from the Civil Aviation Branch of the Department of National Defence. de Havilland Canada Dash 7-150IR. In September 2009, the CBCs Fifth Estate produced a report Riding on Risk, the story was sparked by a lost memory stick which was found by a journalism student
7.
Aklavik
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Aklavik /əˈklævɪk/ is a hamlet located in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Until 1961, the community served as the administrative centre for the territorial government. Building conditions at the time considered to be unsuitable resulted in the development of Inuvik to the east, however, many residents have persevered and kept Aklavik as a community. The mayor of Aklavik is Arny Steinwand, whose term ends in 2016, Aklavik began in the early 1900s with the Hudsons Bay Company opening a trading post in 1912 and the Roman Catholic Church establishing a mission in 1926. Located on the Peel Channel, in a trapping area. Aklavik became part of the Northwest Territories and Yukon Radio system in October 1925, the NWT&Y system, a true pioneer system, was critical in providing communications in Canadas north. And was operated by the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals, in Alkavik, besides providing services to the general population, NWT&Y also provided communication for any aircraft that overflew the site with or without radio. The call sign for the NWT & Y station in Alkavik was VEF, in 1931, Albert Johnson, also known as the Mad Trapper of Rat River moved into the area. A complaint was made to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police post in Aklavik, a second attempt was made a few days later, after a search warrant had been obtained, and Johnson shot one of the RCMP. This sparked a 42-day manhunt and ended with the death of Johnson and this incident is famous for introducing the airplane and communications radio as tools to help track a person. Museums dedicated to Albert Johnson can be found in Aklavik and in Fort Smith, in December 1946, radio station CHAK went on the air at Aklavik. The AK in the sign was the first and last letters of the location. Built and initially operated by WO2 R. A, mcLeod of the RC Sigs, the station was a voluntary operation serving the Mackenzie River delta. It initially had 30 watts of power, later upgraded to 100 watts and it received its license in 1947. In 1949, the Royal Canadian Navy established a signals intelligence station in Aklavik and it remained operational until March 1961 when it closed down and operations were moved to a brand new station in Inuvik. By the 1950s the community had developed and grown to over 1,600 people, however, the Peel Channel was subject to flooding, and the river banks were being washed away. Due to the flooding, the Federal Government built a new community at what is now Inuvik, in the 1960s, the principal of Aklaviks school, A. J. Kerr, started a committee to help save the community. The efforts were successful and the community survived, the local school is named for him
8.
Colville Lake, Northwest Territories
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Colville Lake is a settlement corporation located in the Sahtu Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The community is located 50 km north of the Arctic Circle, on a lake of the same name and this settlement is the administrative office of the Behdzi Ahda band government. Population is 149 according to the 2011 Census, an increase of 18. 3% over the 2006 Census, in 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 157 with an average yearly growth rate of 2. 9% from 2001. The GNWT also reported that the majority,139 people, were Aboriginal and they are represented by the Behdzi Ahda First Nation and belong to the Sahtu Dene Council Colville Lake is located 745 km by air northwest of Yellowknife. The terrain is characterized by black spruce and tends to be small, other vegetation includes mosses, lichens, grasses and alders. The winter months begin in October and last until April, the month of May is considered the spring or breakup period. By the end of May or Early June the lakes and rivers are normally free of ice, June, July and August are considered the summer months and temperatures range in the mid twenties. At times the temperature has climbed into the low thirties, by late September, freeze up is well underway again. The community of Colville Lake is the homeland of the Hareskin Dene who still inhabit the area. The Hareskin Dene were never numerous, with a population of less than one thousand people, living in six or seven bands. The Hareskins were a group, known for their use of small animals such as the Arctic hare. Located within the homeland of the North Slave Dene tribe. Although Father Émile Petitot brought Christianity to the area in 1864, today you can visit the site of the mission Our Lady of the Snows. One main attraction is a fishing lodge, Colville Lake is home to grayling, trout and pike fish. There is also an art gallery and museum located next to the lodge. Rounding off the town, there is a Bed and Breakfast, Colville Lake/Tommy Kochon Aerodrome Colville Lake Water Aerodrome NWT Tourism for Colville Lake
9.
Deline
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The Charter Community of Délįne is located in the Sahtu Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, on the western shore of Great Bear Lake and is 544 km northwest of Yellowknife. Délįne means where the flow, a reference to the headwaters of the Great Bear River. According to early records, a trading post was established in general area as early as 1799 by the North West Company. In 1825, Peter Warren Dease of the Hudsons Bay Company erected an outpost here as the staging area and it became known as Fort Franklin. Sir John Franklins diary records that his men played ice sports very similar to what we now call hockey, as such, the modern-day town promotes itself as one of the birthplaces of the sport of ice hockey. Fort Franklin as a modern era trading post of the HBC was not established until later in the 19th century, the area became prominent when pitchblende was discovered at the Eldorado Mine, some 250 km away, on the eastern shore, at Port Radium. During World War II, the Canadian Government took over the mine, the name of Fort Franklin was changed on 1 June 1993 to Délįne, which means where the waters flow, a reference to the headwaters of the Great Bear River, Sahtúdé. Nearby Saoyú-ʔehdacho, the largest National Historic Site of Canada in the country, was designated in 1997 and is administered by Parks Canada. In March 2016, a tank truck fell partway through the ice road just a few days after the government had increased the maximum weight limit to 40,000 kg on the road. The fuel was removed from the truck by 2 am,8 March, John Franklins 1825-1827 outpost was excavated by the Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre in 1987. The excavation uncovered beads, rings, and buttons indicating the extent of trade between the Dene and Europeans, the site is protected by the Northwest Territories Archaeological Sites Regulations. In 1996, the site was designated a National Historic Site of Canada, Délįne is represented by the Déline First Nation and belongs to the Sahtu Dene Council. Through the council, they completed negotiations with the Government of Canada for a land claim settlement in 1993. The Final Self-Government Agreement was ratified by a majority vote of Délines membership in March 2014, the population at the 2011 census was 472, a decrease of 10. 1% from the 2006 census. In the 2006 Census, there were 495 Aboriginal people made up of 465 North American Indians, in 2012, the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 559, with an average yearly growth rate of -0. 1% from 2001
10.
Diavik Diamond Mine
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The Diavik Diamond Mine is a diamond mine in the North Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada, about 300 kilometres northeast of Yellowknife. It has become an important part of the economy, employing 1,000. The area was surveyed in 1992 and construction began in 2001 and it is connected to points south by an ice road and Diavik Airport with a 5,235 ft gravel runway regularly accommodating Boeing 737 jet aircraft. Diavik Diamond Mine is a complex set in a remote. In the 2013 satellite image below, one can see the two open pits, waste rock pile, and an airstrip capable of landing aircraft as large as 737s. The complex also houses processing, power and boiler plants, fuel tanks, water and sewage processing facilities, maintenance shop, administrative buildings, and accommodations for workers. The mine is owned by a joint venture between the Rio Tinto Group and Dominion Diamond Corporation, and is operated by Yellowknife-based Diavik Diamond Mines Inc. a subsidiary of Rio Tinto Group, the lifespan of the mine is expected to be 16 to 22 years. The mine consists of four kimberlite pipes associated with the Lac de Gras kimberlite field and is located on an island 20 km2 in Lac de Gras and is informally called East Island and it is about 220 km south of the Arctic Circle. In 2006, the ice road from Yellowknife to the Diavik mine, the Diavik mine was unable to truck in all the supplies needed for the rest of 2006 before the road closed and arrangements had to be made to bring the remainder of the supplies in by air. Subsequent annual ice road resupply has been completed as planned, in September 2012, Diavik completed construction of the Northwest Territories first large scale wind farm. The four turbine,9.2 megawatt facility provides 11 per cent of the Diavik mines annual power needs, diesel fuel offset is about 5 million litres per year. Diavik operates the worlds largest wind diesel hybrid power facility at its remote off-grid mine, the wind farm, operational down to minus 40 degrees, sets a new benchmark in cold climate renewable energy. In 2015, $US350 million was announced to fund development of a kimberlite pipe ore body. Construction of the A21 rockfill dike is expected to be complete in 2018 with first diamonds expected in the fall of that year, to build the dike, Diavik will use the same technologies as were used to build the A154 and A418 dikes. In December 2015, Rio Tinto announced discovery of the 187.7 carat Diavik Foxfire diamond, the Diavik Foxfire was bestowed an indigenous name, Noi. eh Kwe, which, in the Tlicho First Nation language means caribou crossing stone. On July 5,2007, a consortium of seven mining companies, including Rio Tinto and their plans include building a 211 km road connecting the port to their mines. The port would serve vessels of up to 25,000 tonnes, in March 2010, underground mining began at the mine. The transition from open pit to underground mining was completed in September 2012, ekati Diamond Mine Snap Lake Diamond Mine Diavik Diamond Mine, official website 1991 Discovery of Diamonds in the NWT Photos of Diavik Mine at Google Images
11.
Ekati Diamond Mine
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The Ekati Diamond Mine is Canadas first surface and underground diamond mine. It is located 310 km north-east of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, there are 156 known kimberlite pipes within the Ekati block of claims, including the Point Lake pipe. Ekati officially began operations on October 14,1998, and was operated by BHP Billiton Canada Inc. a part of the BHP Billiton Group, the recent discovery of new viable kimberlite pipes will be mined using open pit methods and are named Jay, and Sable. Also, underground mining of the structure that is currently being mined at Misery pit will commence in 2020. Ekati Diamond mine, which is operated by Dominion Diamond is scheduled to remain operational until 2033. On November 13,2012, CBC reported that the Harry Winston Diamond Corporation, 40% owners of Diavik Diamond Mine, the current employees of BHP Billiton at the site in Yellowknife and Antwerp will continue to be employed by Harry Winston. Diamonds at the Ekati site are found in 45- to 62-million-year-old kimberlite pipes of the Lac de Gras kimberlite field, between 1998 and 2009, the mine has produced 40 million carats of diamonds out of six open pits. As the high grade ore close to surface was depleted, development was completed to access the ore utilizing underground methods, currently, there is one underground operation with open-cut mining occurring in Fox Pit. The mines current annual production is estimated to be approximately 7.5 million carats of diamonds, Ekati supplies rough diamonds to the global market through its sorting and selling operations in Canada, Belgium, and India. Hugo Dummett of BHP, credited as co-discoverer of Ekati Volcanism of Canada Volcanism of Northern Canada Ekati Airport Creaser, X marks the spotlight for elusive benefactor, The Globe and Mail. Stuart Blusson from the GSC to Ekati EKATI Diamond Mine 2009 Year in Review, ] Kevin Krajick, Barren Lands, An Epic Search for Diamonds in the North American Arctic. Review at Smithsonian Magazine Chapter 17, Diamond Exploration – Ekati and Diavik Mines, Canada by Charles J. Moon in Charles J. Moon, M. K. G. Whateley, Anthony M. Evans, Introduction to Mineral Exploration, 2nd Edition. Figures and captions from Chapter 17 are available at publishers site Ekati Diamond Mine photos at Google Images Ekati Diamond Mine profile at BHP Billiton Watch CanadaMark+
12.
Great Bear Lake
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The Great Bear Lake is the largest lake entirely in Canada, the fourth largest in North America, and the eighth largest in the world. The lake is in the Northwest Territories, on the Arctic Circle between 65 and 67 degrees of latitude and between 118 and 123 degrees western longitude,156 m above sea level. The name originated from the words Satudene in Denesuline meaning “grizzly bear water people. ”The Sahtu Dene people are named after the lake. Grizzly Bear Mountain on the shore of the lake comes from Denesuline, meaning, “bear large hill. ”The Sahoyue peninsula on the south side of the lake. The lake has an area of 31,153 km2. Its maximum depth is 446 m and average depth 71.7 m, the shoreline is 2,719 km and the catchment area of the lake is 114,717 km2. Great Bear Lake is covered with ice from late November to July, arms of Great Bear Lake include the Smith Arm, the Dease Arm, the McTavish Arm, the McVicar Arm and the Keith Arm. The community of Deline is located on the Keith Arm near the outflow of the Great Bear River that flows west into the Mackenzie River at Tulita. Rivers flowing into Great Bear Lake include the Whitefish River, Big Spruce River, Haldane River, Bloody River, Sloan River, Dease River, Great Bear Lake lies between two major physiographic regions, the Kazan Uplands portion of the Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains. It was part of Glacial Lake McConnell in the pre-glacial valleys reshaped by ice during the Pleistocene. Since, the lake has changed from post-glacial rebound following the ice melting, Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield form the eastern margin of the McTavish Arm. These rocks of the Precambrian are sedimentary and metamorphic deposits supplemented by igneous intrusions forming dikes, the Deline settlement is on the lake, near the headwaters of the Bear River. There is an ice crossing from Deline to the road on the far side of the Great Bear River. In March 2016, a tank truck fell partway through the ice road just a few days after the government had increased the maximum weight limit to 40,000 kg on the road. The fuel was removed from the truck by 2 am,8 March, three lodges around the lake are destinations for fishing and hunting. In 1995, a 32.8 kg lake trout was caught, in 1930, Gilbert LaBine discovered uranium deposits in the Great Bear Lake region. The former mining area Port Radium, site of the Eldorado Mine where pitchblende was discovered, was located on the eastern shore, echo Bay Mines Limited leased the old camp and mill at Port Radium to recover silver and copper values from 1965 to 1981. List of lakes of Canada 1867 account of the lake by William Carpenter Bompas
13.
Fort Good Hope
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Fort Good Hope is a charter community in the Sahtu Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located on a peninsula between Jackfish Creek and the east bank of the Mackenzie River, about 145 km northwest of Norman Wells, the two principal languages are North Slavey and English. Hunting and trapping are two sources of income. According to the 2011 Census the population was 515, a decrease of 7. 5% from the 2006 Census, in 2006 the Aboriginal population was 515, of which 460 were North American Indians,40 Métis people and 10 Inuit. In 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 559 with a yearly growth rate of -0. 5% from 2001. The only all season access is by air, Fort Good Hope Airport, with flights operated by North-Wright Airways from Inuvik, Norman Wells, the community can be accessed in summer using the Mackenzie River. There is no service and the route is primarily used by the Northern Transportation Company for the summer sealift. Winter access is possible via a road from Wrigley located further south. Fort Good Hope is represented by the K’asho Go’tine Community Council, through the council they are in negotiations with the Government of Canada for a land claims settlement. Fort Good Hope currently has three institutes providing some form of education, for pre-school, there is the Fort Good Hope Daycare. Elementary, junior high and senior school students attend Chief TSelehye School. The highest temperature recorded was 35.0 °C on 20 June 1911,11 July 1920 and 5 July 1998. The coldest temperature recorded was −56.1 °C on 31 January 1917 and 4 February 1947. List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories Church of Our Lady of Good Hope
14.
Fort Liard
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Fort Liard is a hamlet in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located 37 km north of the British Columbia border and it became accessible by road in 1984 with the completion of the Liard Highway. The Hamlet of Fort Liard has two stores to choose from, The General Store and The North West Company store and it has a school Echo Dene School, with a student population of about 150 from K-12. It also has a station with four nurses, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police detachment with four members. There is a centre that sells gasoline, diesel fuel, propane, emergency survival kits. There is also a craft store which sells locally made craft items. Population is 536 according to the 2011 Census a decrease of 8. 1% from 2006, in the 2006 Census the majority of the population,520 people out of a total of 583, were Aboriginal, either First Nations or Métis. In 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 568 with a yearly growth rate of 0. 0% from 2001. The Dene of the community are represented by the Acho Dene Koe Band, both groups belong to the Deh Cho First Nations Tribal Council. Fort Liard has a subarctic climate, just short of a humid continental climate. Temperatures can be warm in the summer, and very cold in the winter. The highest temperature recorded in Fort Liard was 35.2 °C on 13 July 2014. The coldest temperature recorded was −46.7 °C on 15 January 1974. List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories Fort Liard Airport Fort Liard Web Site
15.
Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories
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Fort McPherson is a hamlet located in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located on the east bank of the Peel River and is 121 km south of Inuvik on the Dempster Highway, the two principal languages spoken are Gwichin and English. Originally the site of a Hudsons Bay Company post the community was named for Murdoch McPherson, the Gwich’in people of Fort McPherson are very welcoming of strangers and go out of their way to make them welcome. Most people have vehicles and regularly make trips to either Inuvik, Fort McPherson was the starting point of Francis Joseph Fitzgeralds famous tragic journey of The Lost Patrol. All four men on the Patrol, including Fitzgerald, were buried at Fort McPherson on 28 March 1911, in 1938, the graves were cemented over into one large tomb, with cement posts at the four corners connected by a chain. In the centre is a memorial to the Royal Northwest Mounted Police Patrol of 1910, Fort McPherson is accessible by road all year from Dawson City and Whitehorse, Yukon, with the exception of spring break-up and fall freeze-up on the Peel River. The community also has access to Inuvik via the Dempster Highway, there is also a small airport at Fort McPherson, Fort McPherson Airport, that has seasonal flights to Inuvik Airport on Aklak Air when the road across the Peel is closed. The former Fort McPherson Water Aerodrome was listed as closed in the 15 March 2007 Canada Flight Supplement, population is 792 according to the 2011 Census, a 2. 1% increase over the 2006 Census count of 776. In 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 808 with a yearly growth rate of -0. 2% from 2001. In the 2006 Census 715 people identified as aboriginal,650 as North American Indian,30 as Métis,30 as Inuit or Inuvialuit,10 giving multiple or other aboriginal responses and 55 Non-Aboriginal, Fort McPherson experiences a subarctic climate. The highest temperature recorded in Fort McPherson was 33.3 °C on 7 August 1919 and 20 July 2001. The coldest temperature recorded was −55.6 °C on 14 January 1894. List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories Fort McPherson Hamlet website
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Fort Providence
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Fort Providence is a hamlet in the South Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The bridge replaces the ice bridge and ferry, enabling year-round crossing of the river, Fort Providence is well known for hosting the annual Mackenzie Days celebrations in August each year. The recorded population was 734 in the 2011 Census, an increase of 1. 0% from 2006, in the 2006 Census there were 727 people. Of these the majority,670, were Aboriginal, made up of 580 First Nations, Dene people, in 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 788 with an average yearly growth rate of -0. 3% from 2001. The Dene of the community are represented by the Deh Gah Gotie Dene Band, both groups belong to the Dehcho First Nations. Fort Providence has a subarctic climate typical of the Northwest Territories populated areas. It is marked by a long and bitterly cold winter season and short, warm summers, transition seasons are extremely short, with temperatures rising and falling quickly in respective seasons. List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories Fort Providence Airport Fort Providence Water Aerodrome
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Fort Resolution
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Fort Resolution is a hamlet in the South Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The community is situated at the mouth of the Slave River, on the shore of Great Slave Lake and it is the oldest documented community in the Northwest Territories, and was a key link in the fur trades water route north. Fort Resolution features Deninoo School, offering schooling for children K-12, the town also has a hockey arena, community hall, nursing station, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, bed and breakfast, a Northern general store with a Quick-Stop convenience store and two gas stations. A small airport, Fort Resolution Airport, services charter and medivac flights only, the oldest building in town is the historic Roman Catholic Church, built in the early 19th century. A second, Protestant, church offers an alternative worship option, the beach along Great Slave Lake is a prime spot for summer swimming, bird watching or relaxing. Local people engage in fishing, hunting, and trapping year-round, the nearby site of Pine Point was once a thriving lead mine. When the value of lead plummeted in the 1980s, the Pine Point Mine closed, Pine Point houses were sold cheaply, and many of the buildings were then moved to Fort Resolution, Hay River and Northern Alberta. Deninoo Days in late August celebrate the beginning of hunting season with parades, traditional races, games. Recreational opportunities include camping, canoeing and fishing, little Buffalo River Crossing is a nearby territorial park, with historical and natural attractions, accessible by road and featuring a campground with 12 sites. Population is 474 according to the 2011 Census, a decrease of 2. 1% from 2006, in the 2006 Census there were 484 people and 450 were listed as Aboriginal. The majority of townspeople are of Dene or Métis descent but there were some Inuit, the predominant languages are English, Chipewyan and Michif. In 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 497 with a yearly growth rate of -1. 3% from 2001. Fort Resolution is represented by the Deninu Kue First Nation and are part of the Akaitcho Territory Government, list of municipalities in the Northwest Territories
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Fort Simpson
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Fort Simpson is a village, the only one in the entire territory, in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. The community is located on an island at the confluence of the Mackenzie and it is approximately 500 km west of Yellowknife. Both rivers were traditionally trade routes for the Hudsons Bay Company, Fort Simpson is the regional centre of the Dehcho and is the gateway to the scenic South Nahanni River and the Nahanni National Park Reserve. Fort Simpson can be reached by air, water and road and has secondary and elementary school service. The Mackenzie Highway was extended to Fort Simpson in 1970-71, population is 1,238 according to the 2011 Census, an increase of 1. 8% over 2006. According to the 2006 Census there were 1,216 people and 820 were Aboriginal, of these the majority,715, of the residents are First Nations and the main languages are South Slavey and English. In 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 1,251 with a yearly growth rate of 0. 1% from 2001. Fort Simpson was first started as a fur trading site in 1803 then named Fort of the Forks. The Village of Fort Simpson was a permanent settlement in July 1822 when the Hudsons Bay Company constructed a trading post, naming it for George Simpson, until 1910 Fort Simpson was a company town, with some participation by the Anglican and Roman Catholic Missions. The Dene know it as Liidli Kue, meaning The place where the rivers come together and it was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1969. He did so in September 1987 near the end of the tour of the United States, there are two main annual festivals which occur in Fort Simpson. The first which is held in March is known as the Beavertail Jamboree and this is a winter carnival which includes traditional games, snowmobile races, and talent shows. The other festival is the Open Sky Festival which is annually on or around the July 1 long weekend. The Open Sky Festival is an arts festival which has occurred annually since 2001. Festival events include musical, theatrical, and other performances as well as traditional Dehcho Dene Crafts, visual arts, new exhibitions, workshops. The Open Sky festival is hosted by the Open Sky Creative Society, the Dene of the community are represented by the Liidli Kue First Nation and the Métis by Fort Simpson Métis Local 52. Both groups belong to the Dehcho First Nations, Fort Simpson has a subarctic climate with long, cold winters and warm but short summers. July temperatures are unusually warm for such areas, which demonstrates the extreme continental nature of the areas climate
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Fort Smith, Northwest Territories
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Fort Smith is a town in the South Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located in the portion of the Northwest Territories, on the Slave River. Fort Smith was founded around the Slave River and it served a vital link for water transportation between southern Canada and the western Arctic. Early fur traders found an established portage route from what is now Fort Fitzgerald on the bank of the Slave River to Fort Smith. This route allowed its users to navigate the four sets of impassable rapids, the portage trail had been traditionally used by local aboriginal people for centuries. The aboriginal population of the region shifted as the fortunes of the tribes changed, by 1870, Cree had occupied the Slave River Valley. The Slavey had moved north by this time and the Chipewyan had also begun moving into the area, peter Pond of the North West Company was the first white trader to travel on the Slave River and make contact with aboriginal people in this region. He established a post on Lake Athabasca called Fort Chipewyan in the 1780s, the fur trade penetrated deeper into the Mackenzie River district in the 19th century dominated by the activities of the Hudsons Bay Company. York boats were used to run the Slave River rapids and where needed small portages were established to bypass the most dangerous areas, nonetheless, serious mishaps were bound to happen, and the section of the Slave River became known as The Rapids of the Drowned. In 1872, the Hudsons Bay Company built an outpost called Smiths Landing at the most southern set of the Slave River rapids, in 1874, another outpost was constructed at the most northern set of rapids. Both posts were named in honour of Donald Alexander Smith, in 1876, the Roman Catholic Mission was moved from Salt River to Fort Smith while the community was prospering. In 1886, the Hudsons Bay Company launched the steam-propelled vessel SS Wrigley to run from Fort Smith to the Mackenzie River, the steamer SS Grahame ran the Slave River from Fort McMurray to the head of the rapids at Smiths Landing beginning in 1882. In 1898, the Yukon Gold Rush brought many gold seekers over the portages, in 1908, a new HBC steamer paddlewheeler, SS Mackenzie River, was launched to operate on the Slave and Mackenzie Rivers below Fort Smith. In 1911, government was established in Fort Smith when Ottawa sent an Indian agent and a medical doctor. With these developments, Fort Smith became not only the centre for the Western Arctic. The mission sawmill produced lumber for the first hospital, St. Annes, the sawmill also supplied the lumber for the first school built in 1915. Also maintained by the Roman Catholic Mission was St. Brunos Farm that supplied produce, meat, until it was closed in the 1920s, the farm supplied all the churchs missions in the western Arctic. It maintained a herd of more than 140 cattle, the first bank opened in Fort Smith in June 1921
