1.
Aerodrome
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An aerodrome or airdrome is a location from which aircraft flight operations take place, regardless of whether they involve air cargo, passengers, or neither. Aerodromes include small general aviation airfields, large airports. The term airport may imply a certain stature that an aerodrome may not have achieved and that is to say, all airports are aerodromes, but not all aerodromes are airports. Usage of the term aerodrome remains more common in the UK and Commonwealth nations, a water aerodrome is an area of open water used regularly by seaplanes or amphibious aircraft for landing and taking off. The word aerodrome derives from Ancient Greek ἀήρ, air, and δρόμος, road or course, an ancient linguistic parallel is hippodrome, derived from ἵππος, horse, and δρόμος, course. In Canada and Australia, aerodrome is a term of art for any area of land or water used for aircraft operation. International Civil Aviation Organization documents use the aerodrome, for example, in the Annex to the ICAO Convention about aerodromes, their physical characteristics. However, the airfield or airport mostly superseded use of aerodrome after World War II. The city of the first aerodrome in the world is a French commune named Viry-Chatillon, the unimproved airfield remains a phenomenon in military aspects. The DHC-4 Caribou served in the U. S. military in Vietnam, landing on rough, earlier, the Ju-52 and Fieseler Storch could do the same, one example of the latter taking off from the Führerbunker whilst completely surrounded by Russian troops. An airport is an aerodrome certificated for commercial flights, an air base is an aerodrome with significant facilities to support aircraft and crew. The term is reserved for military bases, but also applies to civil seaplane bases. An airstrip is an aerodrome that consists only of a runway with perhaps fueling equipment. They are generally in remote locations, many airstrips were built on the hundreds of islands in the Pacific Ocean during World War II. A few airstrips grew to become full-fledged airbases as strategic or economic importance of a region increased over time. An Advanced Landing Ground was an airstrip used by the Allies in the run-up to and during the invasion of Normandy. A water aerodrome is an area of water used regularly by seaplanes or amphibious aircraft for landing and taking off. It may have a building on land and/or a place where the plane can come to shore
2.
Heliport
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A Heliport is by definition an area of land, water, or structure used or intended to be used for the landing and takeoff of helicopters, and includes its buildings and facilities. In other words, it is an airport suitable for use by helicopters. Designated heliports typically contain one or more touchdown and liftoff area, in some larger towns and cities, customs facilities may also be available. Early advocates of helicopters hoped that heliports would become widespread, other terms used to refer to a heliport are, Helistop - A term sometimes used to describe a minimally developed heliport for boarding and discharging passengers or cargo. Helipad - A term oftentimes confused with heliport or helistop, the only reference of this term in the U. S. Helideck - Used to describe the area on a vessel or offshore structure on which helicopters may land. The airspace immediately surrounding the heliport is called the Primary Surface and this area coincides in shape and size with the designated take-off and landing area. This surface is a horizontal plane equal to the elevation of the established heliport elevation, the Primary Surface is further broken down into three distinct regions. These are, the Touchdown and Liftoff area, the Final Approach and Takeoff area, the TLOF is a load-bearing, generally paved area, normally centered in the FATO, on which the helicopter lands and/or takes off. The FATO is an area over which the pilot completes the final phase of the approach to a hover or a landing. The FATO elevation is the lowest elevation of the edge of the TLOF, the Safety Area is a defined area on a heliport surrounding the FATO intended to reduce the risk of damage to helicopters accidentally diverging from the FATO. In a large metropolitan and urban areas a heliport can serve passengers needing to move within the city or to outlying regions. Generally heliports can be situated closer to a town or city center than an airport for fixed-wing aircraft, the advantage in flying by helicopter to a destination or even to the citys main airport is that travel can be much faster than driving. Some skyscrapers feature rooftop heliports or helistops to serve the needs of executives or clients. Many of these sites also serve as Emergency Helicopter Landing Facilities in case emergency evacuation is needed. Bank Tower in Los Angeles is an example, police departments use heliports as a base for police helicopters, and larger departments may have a dedicated large heliport facility dedicated such as the LAPD Hooper Heliport. Heliports are common features at hospitals where they serve to facilitate Helicopter Air Ambulance and MEDEVACs for transferring patients into, some large trauma centers have multiple heliports while most small hospitals have just one. The National EMS Pilots Association has published multiple white papers, surveys, while heliports can be oriented in a any direction they will have generally have very definitive approach and departure paths
3.
Northwest Territories
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The Northwest Territories is a territory of Canada. At a land area of approximately 1,144,000 km2 and its estimated population as of 2016 is 44,291. Yellowknife became the capital in 1967, following recommendations by the Carrothers Commission. The Northwest Territories are bordered by Canadas two other territories, Nunavut to the east and Yukon to the west, and by the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan to the south. The name is descriptive, adopted by the British government during the era to indicate where it lay in relation to Ruperts Land. It is shortened from North-Western Territory, in Inuktitut, the Northwest Territories are referred to as ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ, beautiful land. There was some discussion of changing the name of the Northwest Territories after the splitting off of Nunavut, one proposal was Denendeh, as advocated by the former premier Stephen Kakfwi, among others. One of the most popular proposals for a new name – one to name the territory Bob – began as a prank, in the end a poll conducted prior to division showed that strong support remained to keep the name Northwest Territories. This name arguably became more appropriate following division than it had been when the territories extended far into Canadas north-central and it possibly meets Manitoba at a quadripoint to the extreme southeast, though surveys have not been completed. It has an area of 1,183,085 km2. Territorial islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago include Banks Island, Borden Island, Prince Patrick Island and its highest point is Mount Nirvana near the border with Yukon at an elevation of 2,773 m. The Northwest Territories extends for more than 1,300,000 km2 and has a large climate variant from south to north, the southern part of the territory has a subarctic climate, while the islands and northern coast have a polar climate. Summers in the north are short and cool, with highs in the mid teens Celsius. Winters are long and harsh, daytime highs in the mid −20 °C, extremes are common with summer highs in the south reaching 36 °C and lows reaching into the negatives. In winter in the south, it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −40 °C, in the north, temperatures can reach highs of 30 °C, and lows can reach into the low negatives. In winter in the north it is not uncommon for the temperatures to reach −50 °C, thunderstorms are not rare in the south. In the north they are rare, but do occur. Tornadoes are extremely rare but have happened with the most notable one happening just outside Yellowknife that destroyed a communications tower, the Territory has a fairly dry climate due to the mountains in the west
4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
Aklavik
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Aklavik /əˈklævɪk/ is a hamlet located in the Inuvik Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Until 1961, the community served as the administrative centre for the territorial government. Building conditions at the time considered to be unsuitable resulted in the development of Inuvik to the east, however, many residents have persevered and kept Aklavik as a community. The mayor of Aklavik is Arny Steinwand, whose term ends in 2016, Aklavik began in the early 1900s with the Hudsons Bay Company opening a trading post in 1912 and the Roman Catholic Church establishing a mission in 1926. Located on the Peel Channel, in a trapping area. Aklavik became part of the Northwest Territories and Yukon Radio system in October 1925, the NWT&Y system, a true pioneer system, was critical in providing communications in Canadas north. And was operated by the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals, in Alkavik, besides providing services to the general population, NWT&Y also provided communication for any aircraft that overflew the site with or without radio. The call sign for the NWT & Y station in Alkavik was VEF, in 1931, Albert Johnson, also known as the Mad Trapper of Rat River moved into the area. A complaint was made to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police post in Aklavik, a second attempt was made a few days later, after a search warrant had been obtained, and Johnson shot one of the RCMP. This sparked a 42-day manhunt and ended with the death of Johnson and this incident is famous for introducing the airplane and communications radio as tools to help track a person. Museums dedicated to Albert Johnson can be found in Aklavik and in Fort Smith, in December 1946, radio station CHAK went on the air at Aklavik. The AK in the sign was the first and last letters of the location. Built and initially operated by WO2 R. A, mcLeod of the RC Sigs, the station was a voluntary operation serving the Mackenzie River delta. It initially had 30 watts of power, later upgraded to 100 watts and it received its license in 1947. In 1949, the Royal Canadian Navy established a signals intelligence station in Aklavik and it remained operational until March 1961 when it closed down and operations were moved to a brand new station in Inuvik. By the 1950s the community had developed and grown to over 1,600 people, however, the Peel Channel was subject to flooding, and the river banks were being washed away. Due to the flooding, the Federal Government built a new community at what is now Inuvik, in the 1960s, the principal of Aklaviks school, A. J. Kerr, started a committee to help save the community. The efforts were successful and the community survived, the local school is named for him
6.
Fort Liard
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Fort Liard is a hamlet in the Dehcho Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located 37 km north of the British Columbia border and it became accessible by road in 1984 with the completion of the Liard Highway. The Hamlet of Fort Liard has two stores to choose from, The General Store and The North West Company store and it has a school Echo Dene School, with a student population of about 150 from K-12. It also has a station with four nurses, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police detachment with four members. There is a centre that sells gasoline, diesel fuel, propane, emergency survival kits. There is also a craft store which sells locally made craft items. Population is 536 according to the 2011 Census a decrease of 8. 1% from 2006, in the 2006 Census the majority of the population,520 people out of a total of 583, were Aboriginal, either First Nations or Métis. In 2012 the Government of the Northwest Territories reported that the population was 568 with a yearly growth rate of 0. 0% from 2001. The Dene of the community are represented by the Acho Dene Koe Band, both groups belong to the Deh Cho First Nations Tribal Council. Fort Liard has a subarctic climate, just short of a humid continental climate. Temperatures can be warm in the summer, and very cold in the winter. The highest temperature recorded in Fort Liard was 35.2 °C on 13 July 2014. The coldest temperature recorded was −46.7 °C on 15 January 1974. List of municipalities in the Northwest Territories Fort Liard Airport Fort Liard Web Site
7.
Fort Smith, Northwest Territories
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Fort Smith is a town in the South Slave Region of the Northwest Territories, Canada. It is located in the portion of the Northwest Territories, on the Slave River. Fort Smith was founded around the Slave River and it served a vital link for water transportation between southern Canada and the western Arctic. Early fur traders found an established portage route from what is now Fort Fitzgerald on the bank of the Slave River to Fort Smith. This route allowed its users to navigate the four sets of impassable rapids, the portage trail had been traditionally used by local aboriginal people for centuries. The aboriginal population of the region shifted as the fortunes of the tribes changed, by 1870, Cree had occupied the Slave River Valley. The Slavey had moved north by this time and the Chipewyan had also begun moving into the area, peter Pond of the North West Company was the first white trader to travel on the Slave River and make contact with aboriginal people in this region. He established a post on Lake Athabasca called Fort Chipewyan in the 1780s, the fur trade penetrated deeper into the Mackenzie River district in the 19th century dominated by the activities of the Hudsons Bay Company. York boats were used to run the Slave River rapids and where needed small portages were established to bypass the most dangerous areas, nonetheless, serious mishaps were bound to happen, and the section of the Slave River became known as The Rapids of the Drowned. In 1872, the Hudsons Bay Company built an outpost called Smiths Landing at the most southern set of the Slave River rapids, in 1874, another outpost was constructed at the most northern set of rapids. Both posts were named in honour of Donald Alexander Smith, in 1876, the Roman Catholic Mission was moved from Salt River to Fort Smith while the community was prospering. In 1886, the Hudsons Bay Company launched the steam-propelled vessel SS Wrigley to run from Fort Smith to the Mackenzie River, the steamer SS Grahame ran the Slave River from Fort McMurray to the head of the rapids at Smiths Landing beginning in 1882. In 1898, the Yukon Gold Rush brought many gold seekers over the portages, in 1908, a new HBC steamer paddlewheeler, SS Mackenzie River, was launched to operate on the Slave and Mackenzie Rivers below Fort Smith. In 1911, government was established in Fort Smith when Ottawa sent an Indian agent and a medical doctor. With these developments, Fort Smith became not only the centre for the Western Arctic. The mission sawmill produced lumber for the first hospital, St. Annes, the sawmill also supplied the lumber for the first school built in 1915. Also maintained by the Roman Catholic Mission was St. Brunos Farm that supplied produce, meat, until it was closed in the 1920s, the farm supplied all the churchs missions in the western Arctic. It maintained a herd of more than 140 cattle, the first bank opened in Fort Smith in June 1921
8.
Great Bear Lake
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The Great Bear Lake is the largest lake entirely in Canada, the fourth largest in North America, and the eighth largest in the world. The lake is in the Northwest Territories, on the Arctic Circle between 65 and 67 degrees of latitude and between 118 and 123 degrees western longitude,156 m above sea level. The name originated from the words Satudene in Denesuline meaning “grizzly bear water people. ”The Sahtu Dene people are named after the lake. Grizzly Bear Mountain on the shore of the lake comes from Denesuline, meaning, “bear large hill. ”The Sahoyue peninsula on the south side of the lake. The lake has an area of 31,153 km2. Its maximum depth is 446 m and average depth 71.7 m, the shoreline is 2,719 km and the catchment area of the lake is 114,717 km2. Great Bear Lake is covered with ice from late November to July, arms of Great Bear Lake include the Smith Arm, the Dease Arm, the McTavish Arm, the McVicar Arm and the Keith Arm. The community of Deline is located on the Keith Arm near the outflow of the Great Bear River that flows west into the Mackenzie River at Tulita. Rivers flowing into Great Bear Lake include the Whitefish River, Big Spruce River, Haldane River, Bloody River, Sloan River, Dease River, Great Bear Lake lies between two major physiographic regions, the Kazan Uplands portion of the Canadian Shield and the Interior Plains. It was part of Glacial Lake McConnell in the pre-glacial valleys reshaped by ice during the Pleistocene. Since, the lake has changed from post-glacial rebound following the ice melting, Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield form the eastern margin of the McTavish Arm. These rocks of the Precambrian are sedimentary and metamorphic deposits supplemented by igneous intrusions forming dikes, the Deline settlement is on the lake, near the headwaters of the Bear River. There is an ice crossing from Deline to the road on the far side of the Great Bear River. In March 2016, a tank truck fell partway through the ice road just a few days after the government had increased the maximum weight limit to 40,000 kg on the road. The fuel was removed from the truck by 2 am,8 March, three lodges around the lake are destinations for fishing and hunting. In 1995, a 32.8 kg lake trout was caught, in 1930, Gilbert LaBine discovered uranium deposits in the Great Bear Lake region. The former mining area Port Radium, site of the Eldorado Mine where pitchblende was discovered, was located on the eastern shore, echo Bay Mines Limited leased the old camp and mill at Port Radium to recover silver and copper values from 1965 to 1981. List of lakes of Canada 1867 account of the lake by William Carpenter Bompas
9.
Great Slave Lake
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The Great Slave Lake is the second-largest lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada, the deepest lake in North America at 614 metres, and the tenth-largest lake in the world. It is 469 km long and 20 to 203 km wide and it covers an area of 27,200 km2 in the southern part of the territory. Its given volume ranges from 1,070 km3 to 1,580 km3, the lake shares its name with the Slavey First Nations. Towns situated on the lake include, Yellowknife, Hay River, Behchoko, Fort Resolution, Lutselke, Hay River Reserve, Dettah, along the south shore, east of Hay River is the abandoned Pine Point Mine and the company town of Pine Point. North American Aboriginal Peoples were the first settlers around the lake after the retreat of glacial ice, each culture has left a distinct mark in the archaeological record based on type or size of lithic tools. Great Slave Lake was put on European maps during the emergence of the fur trade towards the northwest from Hudson Bay in the mid 18th century, the name Great Slave came from the Slavey Indians, one of the Athapaskan tribes living on its southern shores at that time. The name was influenced by Cree disdain for this rival tribe, as the French explorers dealt directly with the Cree traders, the large lake was referred to as Grand lac des Esclaves which was eventually translated into English as Great Slave Lake. British fur trader Samuel Hearne explored Great Slave Lake in 1771 and crossed the frozen lake, in 1897-1898, the American frontiersman Charles Buffalo Jones traveled to the Arctic Circle, where his party wintered in a cabin that they had constructed near the Great Slave Lake. In the 1930s, gold was discovered on the North Arm of Great Slave Lake, in 1960, an all-season highway was built around the west side of the lake, originally an extension of the Mackenzie Highway but now known as Yellowknife Highway or Highway 3. On January 24,1978, a Soviet Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite, named Kosmos 954, built with a nuclear reactor fell from orbit. Pieces of the nuclear core fell in the vicinity of Great Slave Lake, 90% of the nuclear debris was recovered by a joint Canadian Armed Forces and United States Armed Forces military operation called Operation Morning Light. The Hay, Slave and Taltson Rivers are its chief tributaries and it is drained by the Mackenzie River. Though the western shore is forested, the east shore and northern arm are tundra-like, the southern and eastern shores reach the edge of the Canadian Shield. Along with other such as the Great Bear and Athabasca. The East Arm of Great Slave Lake is filled with islands, the Pethei Peninsula separates the East Arm into McLeod Bay in the north and Christie Bay in the south. The lake is at least partially frozen during an average of eight months of the year, the main western portion of the lake forms a moderately deep bowl with a surface area of 18,500 km2 and a volume of 596 km3. This main portion has a depth of 187.7 m. South of Great Slave Lake, in a corner of Wood Buffalo National Park, is the Whooping Crane Summer Range
10.
Transport Canada
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Transport Canada is the department within the government of Canada which is responsible for developing regulations, policies and services of transportation in Canada. It is part of the Transportation, Infrastructure and Communities portfolio, the current Minister of Transport is Marc Garneau. Transport Canada has its offices in Ottawa, Ontario, the Department of Transport was created in 1935 by the government of William Lyon Mackenzie King in recognition of the changing transportation environment in Canada at the time. He created a National Harbours Board and Trans-Canada Air Lines, the Department of Transport Act came into force November 2,1936. Transport Canada emerged from this process as a department focused on policy, in 2004, Transport Canada introduced non-passenger screening to enhance both airport and civil aviation security. Transport Canadas headquarters are located in Ottawa, at Place de Ville, each inspector with delegated power from the Minister of Transport receives official credentials to exercise their power, as shown on the right. These inspectors are public officers identified within the Criminal Code of Canada, the Motor Vehicle Safety Act was established in 1971 in order to create safety standards for cars in Canada. The department also acts as the governments funding partner with provincial transport ministries on jointly-funded provincial transportation infrastructure projects for new highways. On June 26,2013, the Fair Rail Freight Service Act became law which was a response to the Rail Freight Service Review’s Final Report, Transport Canada is responsible for the waterways inside and surrounding Canada. As was certain regulatory aspects of Emergency Response Transport Canadas role in aviation seems to be the most detailed, until 1996, Transport Canada was responsible for both regulation of aviation and the operation of air traffic services, as well as the operation of most major airports. This change was controversial because NAV CANADA began charging for services that were funded through general tax revenue. In 2005, the United States was discussing a similar delegation of the FAAs air traffic services to a government corporation. During the 1990s, Transport Canada also began privatizing the operation of large airports, in 2003, Transport Canada launched its Electronic Collection of Air Transportation Statistics program to collect passenger and cargo data in real-time from air carriers flying in Canada. ECATS will expand into the field of aviation during 2008. Transport Canada also collects data on all accidents and incidents, no matter how minor, Transport Canada continues to be responsible for licensing pilots and other aviation specialists as well as registering and inspecting aircraft. It is also responsible for the safety certification and continuous safety oversight of most forms of commercial operations, the Canadian Aviation Regulations are also under Transport Canada control. Transport Canadas Civil Aviation Directorate or is Canadas civil aviation authority and it existed since 1936 when civil aviation was transferred from the Civil Aviation Branch of the Department of National Defence. de Havilland Canada Dash 7-150IR. In September 2009, the CBCs Fifth Estate produced a report Riding on Risk, the story was sparked by a lost memory stick which was found by a journalism student
