1.
Glyn T. Davies
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Glyn Townsend Davies is a career member of the U. S. On August 5,2015, the U. S. Senate confirmed Davies to be Ambassador to the Kingdom of Thailand and his diplomatic career began in 1980. He has served in three ambassadorial-level assignments since 2003, most recently as Special Representative of the U. S. Secretary of State for North Korea Policy. Prior to that, Davies served as the Special Representative of the U. S. Secretary of State for North Korea Policy from January 2012 to November 2014. Presidency of the G-8 from 2003 to 2004, Deputy Chief of Mission at the U. S. Davies began his career with postings to the U. S. Consulate General in Melbourne, Australia from 1980 to 1982, and he was Special Assistant to Secretary of State George Shultz from 1986 to 1987. S. Davies is the son of the late Richard T. Davies, the younger Davies earned a Bachelor of Science in Foreign Service from Georgetown University in 1979. He later earned a Master of Science, with distinction, in National Security Strategy from the National War College at Ft. McNair, Washington and he and his wife Jacqueline M. Davies, a lawyer, have two daughters and two granddaughters
2.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
3.
Ambassadors of the United States
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This is a list of ambassadors of the United States to individual nations of the world, to international organizations, and to past nations, as well as ambassadors-at-large. Ambassadors are nominated by the President and confirmed by the U. S. Senate, an ambassador can be appointed during a recess, but he or she can only serve as ambassador until the end of the next session of Congress unless subsequently confirmed. Ambassadors serve at the pleasure of the President, meaning they can be dismissed at any time, an ambassador may be a career Foreign Service Officer or a political appointee. As embassies fall under the State Departments jurisdiction, ambassadors answer directly to the Secretary of State, unlike other consulates, these persons report directly to the Secretary of State. These diplomatic officials report directly to the Secretary of State, many oversee a portfolio not restricted to one nation, often an overall goal, and are not usually subject to Senate confirmation. Informal contact with the nation of Bhutan is maintained through the U. S. Embassy in New Delhi, Iran, On April 7,1980, the United States broke diplomatic relations with Iran after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. On April 24,1981, the Swiss government assumed representation of U. S. interests in Tehran, currently, Iranian interests in the United States are represented by the government of Pakistan. The U. S. Department of State named Iran a State Sponsor of Terrorism on January 19,1984. North Korea, The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea is not on terms with the United States. Sweden functions as Protective Power for the United States in Pyongyang, Taiwan, With the normalization of relations with the Peoples Republic of China in 1979, the United States has not maintained official diplomatic relations with Taiwan. C. and twelve other U. S. cities. Well-known past ambassadors from the United States, Eight United States Ambassadors have been killed in office – six of them by armed attack, embassies and Consulates Principal Officers and Chiefs of Mission United States Mission to the United Nations US ambassadors killed in the line of duty
4.
Thailand
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Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand, formerly known as Siam, is a country at the centre of the Indochinese peninsula in Southeast Asia. With a total area of approximately 513,000 km2, Thailand is the worlds 51st-largest country and it is the 20th-most-populous country in the world, with around 66 million people. The capital and largest city is Bangkok, Thailand is a constitutional monarchy and has switched between parliamentary democracy and military junta for decades, the latest coup being in May 2014 by the National Council for Peace and Order. Its capital and most populous city is Bangkok and its maritime boundaries include Vietnam in the Gulf of Thailand to the southeast, and Indonesia and India on the Andaman Sea to the southwest. The Thai economy is the worlds 20th largest by GDP at PPP and it became a newly industrialised country and a major exporter in the 1990s. Manufacturing, agriculture, and tourism are leading sectors of the economy and it is considered a middle power in the region and around the world. The country has always been called Mueang Thai by its citizens, by outsiders prior to 1949, it was usually known by the exonym Siam. The word Siam has been identified with the Sanskrit Śyāma, the names Shan and A-hom seem to be variants of the same word. The word Śyâma is possibly not its origin, but a learned, another theory is the name derives from Chinese, Ayutthaya emerged as a dominant centre in the late fourteenth century. The Chinese called this region Xian, which the Portuguese converted into Siam, the signature of King Mongkut reads SPPM Mongkut King of the Siamese, giving the name Siam official status until 24 June 1939 when it was changed to Thailand. Thailand was renamed Siam from 1945 to 11 May 1949, after which it reverted to Thailand. According to George Cœdès, the word Thai means free man in the Thai language, ratcha Anachak Thai means kingdom of Thailand or kingdom of Thai. Etymologically, its components are, ratcha, -ana- -chak, the Thai National Anthem, written by Luang Saranupraphan during the extremely patriotic 1930s, refers to the Thai nation as, prathet Thai. The first line of the anthem is, prathet thai ruam lueat nuea chat chuea thai, Thailand is the unity of Thai flesh. There is evidence of habitation in Thailand that has been dated at 40,000 years before the present. Similar to other regions in Southeast Asia, Thailand was heavily influenced by the culture and religions of India, Thailand in its earliest days was under the rule of the Khmer Empire, which had strong Hindu roots, and the influence among Thais remains even today. Voretzsch believes that Buddhism must have been flowing into Siam from India in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire, later Thailand was influenced by the south Indian Pallava dynasty and north Indian Gupta Empire. The Menam Basin was originally populated by the Mons, and the location of Dvaravati in the 7th century, the History of the Yuan mentions an embassy from the kingdom of Sukhothai in 1282
5.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
6.
Bangkok
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Bangkok is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. It is known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon or simply Krung Thep. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres in the Chao Phraya River delta in Central Thailand, over 14 million people live within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, significantly dwarfing Thailands other urban centres in terms of importance. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam—later renamed Thailand—during the late 19th century, the city grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailands politics, economy, education, media and modern society. The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a regional force in finance and business. It is a hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a regional centre for the arts, fashion. The city is known for its vibrant street life and cultural landmarks. The historic Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the scenes of Khaosan Road. Bangkok is among the top tourist destinations. It is named the most visited city in MasterCards Global Destination Cities Index, Bangkoks rapid growth amidst little urban planning and regulation has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure systems. The city has turned to public transport in an attempt to solve this major problem. Five rapid transit lines are now in operation, with more systems under construction or planned by the national government and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river, the town gradually increased in importance. Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with forts on both sides of the river, and became the site of a siege in 1688 in which the French were expelled from Siam. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the Burmese Empire in 1767, the newly declared King Taksin established his capital at the town, in 1782, King Phutthayotfa Chulalok succeeded Taksin, moved the capital to the eastern banks Rattanakosin Island, thus founding the Rattanakosin Kingdom. The City Pillar was erected on 21 April, which is regarded as the date of foundation of the present city, Bangkoks economy gradually expanded through busy international trade, first with China, then with Western merchants returning in the early-to-mid 19th century. As the capital, Bangkok was the centre of Siams modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the late 19th century, Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country abolished absolute monarchy in 1932
7.
Embassy of the United States, Bangkok
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The Embassy of the United States in Bangkok is the diplomatic mission of the United States in Thailand. It is one of the largest diplomatic missions in the world and contains several sections, the mission of the United States Embassy is to advance the interests of the United States, and to serve and protect U. S. citizens in Thailand. The Embassy reports and analyzes developments in Thailand of concern to the United States, the Embassy promotes the United States economic and commercial interests, the export of American agricultural and industrial products, and services. Moreover, it assists the American businessmen, workers and investors, the Roberts treaty, with subsequent modifications, is still in force. Roberts also negotiated a treaty and exchanged ratifications with the Sultan of Oman, in 2008, Roberts was lauded as the first Deputy U. S. Trade Representative for Asia – and a fine one at that. The United States and Thailand have thus had over 180 years of diplomatic relations, the American Embassy in Bangkok was built by the English businessman Henry Victor Bailey in 1914. After his death in 1920, this house was sold to the Thai finance ministry, as of 1947, this has been the official residence of the U. S. ambassador of Thailand. After WWII, Great Britain sought to punish Thailand for having aided Japan, for this, the Thai government thanked the U. S. by giving them this architectural icon. There were two events in the 20th Century between the two nations. One is the Treaty of Amity and Economic Relations which facilitates U. S. other important agreements address civil uses of atomic energy, sales of agricultural commodities, investment guarantees, and finally military and economic assistance. The other is a Free Trade Agreement between the two nations that was proposed in 2004, the U. S. trimmed military aid to Thailand, the latter which has been courting closer relationships with China and Russia. Principal U. S. Embassy Officials include, Chargé d’affaires ad interim – W. Patrick Murphy Deputy Chief of Mission – Judith B, cefkin Political Affairs Counselor – George P
8.
Gerhard Kallmann
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Gerhard Michael Kallmann was a German-born American architect and academic. Together with Michael McKinnell, Kallman is best known as the designer of Boston City Hall. Kallman was born to Theodore and Olga Jarecki Kallmann in Berlin, Germany and his family moved to the United Kingdom in 1937 and Kallman enrolled at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. He immigrated to the United States with his family in 1948 and he began teaching at the Chicago Institute of Design less than one year after arriving in the U. S. Kallman became an associate professor of architecture at Columbia University in 1954. In the early 1960s, Boston Mayor proposed a new city hall as part of plan to revitalize a declining section of the citys downtown, a competition was held to design a new city hall. Kallman, then a professor at Columbia University, and Michael McKinnell, Kallman and McKinnell defeated many established, better known architects to win the contest for the new city hall. Kallman and McKinnell founded their new firm in 1962 shortly after winning the competition, Kallmann, McKinnell & Knowles, influences for city hall, a large concrete structure, included the Le Corbusier’s monastery at La Tourette, France. Boston City Hall, which they designed in a New Brutalism style popular in 1960s, was completed in 1968. Though controversial and even derided among some Bostonians, who have called it a giant concrete harmonica and a dungeon, Boston City Hall had an important impact on the city. While called a hall of shame by the urban planning nonprofit, Project for Public Spaces, Kallman remained best known for Boston City Hall. However, he designed the headquarters of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in The Hague and United States embassy in Bangkok. Kallman also designed entire campuses for the University of California and buildings for Ohio State University, gerhard Kallmann died in Boston on June 19,2012, at the age of 97
9.
Kallmann McKinnell & Wood
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The firm originated when it won an international competition to design the Boston City Hall in 1962. Soon reconstituted as Kallmann McKinnell and Wood, the firm would go on to design structures across the United States, in particular, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cambridge, Massachusetts, established KMWs new direction with a copper-roofed villa set amidst a stand of woods. In 2004, David Dillons tome of the title carried the offices work through the early 21st century. Drawn from the KMW archive in the collection of Historic New England, the firms design for Boston City Hall was selected after a two-stage national design competition with 256 entrants. Boston historian Walter Muir Whitehill proclaimed the KMK design to be as fine a building for its time and place as Boston has ever produced. Horizon Magazine lauded both the design and the process itself, Bostons jury. has turned in a decisive verdict that will stand for some time as a model of responsible civic conduct. It also has one of the handsomest buildings around, and thus far and it is a product of this moment and these times. The result is a tough and complex building for a tough and complex age, a structure of dignity, humanism, Public opinion has been mixed, and remains so to this day. After we won the City Hall competition, we were walking along Madison Avenue, im so happy for you two young boys who have won this competition. We thought that was the greatest praise we could get, City Hall was published internationally both at the time of its design and upon its completion, and popular publications and tourist guide books featured the building prominently. Just as the Gateway Arch in St, said McKinnell, As we all know, Bostons mayor wants to sell or preferably tear down City Hall. But as Bill LeMessurier once said, it take a controlled nuclear device to get rid of this building. So in a real way, perhaps, we have made our legacy using concrete because it is so bloody difficult to get rid of. We were right in the sense that architecture had to be rethought as something which is long-lived and, over time, could be decorated, embellished, as of March 2011, plans are underway to re-think the surrounding plaza in relation to the building. After being established to see Boston City Hall through to completion, Kallmann McKinnell & Wood continued to design buildings in Boston, throughout New England. Locally, its many buildings range from Newton, with the Citys Public Library, to Bostons Columbia Point, in New Jersey, the Becton Dickinson corporate headquarters can be found. In Bangkok, there is the U. S. Embassy, the Krieger and Dillon volumes provide comprehensive overviews of the firms work. Young Library, Lexington, Kentucky American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts Dillon, David, The Architecture of Kallmann McKinnell & Wood,2004, Krieger, Alex, editor, The Architecture of Kallmann McKinnell & Wood,1988, Rizzoli
10.
Benjamin Harrison
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Before ascending to the presidency, Harrison established himself as a prominent local attorney, Presbyterian church leader, and politician in Indianapolis, Indiana. Harrison unsuccessfully ran for governor of Indiana in 1876, the Indiana General Assembly elected Harrison to a six-year term in the U. S. Senate, where he served from March 4,1881, to March 4,1887. A Republican, Harrison was elected to the presidency in 1888, defeating the Democratic incumbent, hallmarks of Harrisons administration included unprecedented economic legislation, including the McKinley Tariff, which imposed historic protective trade rates, and the Sherman Antitrust Act. Harrison also facilitated the creation of the national forest reserves through an amendment to the Land Revision Act of 1891, during his administration six western states were admitted to the Union. Due in large part to surplus revenues from the tariffs, federal spending reached one billion dollars for the first time during his term, the spending issue in part led to the defeat of the Republicans in the 1890 mid-term elections. Cleveland defeated Harrison for re-election in 1892, due to the unpopularity of the high tariff. Harrison returned to life and his law practice in Indianapolis. In 1900 Harrison represented the Republic of Venezuela in a case against the United Kingdom. Harrison traveled to Europe as part of the case and after a brief stay returned to Indianapolis and he died at his home in Indianapolis in 1901 of complications from influenza. S. Historians, however, have not questioned Harrisons commitment to personal and official integrity, Harrisons paternal ancestors were the Harrison family of Virginia, whose immigrant ancestor, Benjamin Harrison, arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1630. Benjamin, the president, was born on August 20,1833, in North Bend, Ohio. Benjamin was also a grandson of U. S. Harrison was seven years old when his grandfather was elected U. S. president, although Harrisons family was distinguished, his parents were not wealthy. John Scott Harrison, a two-term U. S. congressman from Ohio, despite the familys modest resources, Harrisons boyhood was enjoyable, much of it spent outdoors fishing or hunting. Benjamin Harrisons early schooling took place in a log cabin near his home, fourteen-year-old Harrison and his older brother, Irwin, enrolled in Farmers College near Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1847. In 1850, Harrison transferred to Miami University in Oxford, Ohio and he joined the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, which he used as a network for much of his life. He was also a member of Delta Chi, a law fraternity which permitted dual membership, classmates included John Alexander Anderson, who became a six-term U. S. congressman, and Whitelaw Reid Harrisons vice presidential running mate in 1892. At Miami, Harrison was strongly influenced by history and political economy professor Robert Hamilton Bishop, Harrison also joined a Presbyterian church at college and, like his mother, became a lifelong Presbyterian. Carolines father, a Presbyterian minister, performed the ceremony, the Harrisons had two children, Russell Benjamin Harrison, and Mary Mamie Scott Harrison
11.
Sempronius H. Boyd
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Sempronius Hamilton Boyd was a nineteenth-century politician, lawyer, judge and teacher from Missouri. Born in Williamson County, Tennessee near Nashville, Boyd moved to a farm near Springfield and he moved to California in 1849 where he prospected for gold and taught school. Boyd served as mayor of Springfield in 1856 and at the outbreak of the Civil War, raised the 24th Missouri Infantry for the Union Army and he was elected an Unconditional Unionist to the United States House of Representatives in 1862, serving from 1863 to 1865. There, he served as chairman of the Committee on Revisal, Boyd was involved in building and operating the Southwest Pacific Railroad from 1867 to 1874. He was elected back to the House of Representatives as a Republican in 1868, there, he served as chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Claims from 1869 to 1871. Afterward, Boyd operated a factory from 1874 to 1876. Minister and Consul General to Siam by President Benjamin Harrison in 1890 and he died in Springfield, Missouri on June 22,1894 and was interred in Hazelwood Cemetery in Springfield. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, retrieved on 2008-02-14 Sempronius H. Boyd
12.
John Barrett (diplomat)
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John Barrett was a United States diplomat and one of the most influential early directors general of the Pan American Union. On his death, the New York Times commented that he had more than any other person of his generation to promote closer relations among the American republics. Barrett was born in Grafton, Vermont on November 28,1866 and he graduated from Worcester Academy in 1883, then studied at both Vanderbilt University and Dartmouth College, eventually graduating from the latter with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1889. From 1889 to 1894, he worked as a journalist on the west coast, while working as a journalist, he so impressed President Grover Cleveland during a meeting that he was appointed as the United States U. S. Finally, he was appointed as a delegate to the second Pan-American Conference in 1901 through the following year and he was then appointed as Minister to Panama and then to Colombia. In 1907, he was appointed at the first Director General of the Bureau of American Republics and he served in this capacity for fourteen years. In 1924, he entered politics by running for the United States Senate as a Republican. In his life, Barrett received honorary doctorates from Tulane University, the University of Southern California, the National University of Colombia in Bogotá, and he also received state decorations from Venezuela and China. He died of pneumonia in 1938, dr. Barrett, Envoy to Four Nations, Dies. The United States in Panamanian Politics, The Intriguing Formative Years, interstate Publishers, OCLC138568 Mellander, Gustavo A. Nelly Maldonado Mellander. Charles Edward Magoon, The Panama Years, río Piedras, Puerto Rico, Editorial Plaza Mayor. Inventory of the Barrett Family Papers, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library
13.
Woodrow Wilson
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Thomas Woodrow Wilson was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Born in Staunton, Virginia, he spent his years in Augusta, Georgia and Columbia. In 1910, he was the New Jersey Democratic Partys gubernatorial candidate and was elected the 34th Governor of New Jersey, while in office, Wilson reintroduced the spoken State of the Union, which had been out of use since 1801. Leading the Congress that was now in Democratic hands, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. The Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, through passage of the Adamson Act that imposed an 8-hour workday for railroads, he averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality, Wilson faced former New York Governor Charles Evans Hughes in the presidential election of 1916. By a narrow margin, he became the first Democrat since Andrew Jackson elected to two consecutive terms, Wilsons second term was dominated by American entry into World War I. In April 1917, when Germany had resumed unrestricted submarine warfare and sent the Zimmermann Telegram, the United States conducted military operations alongside the Allies, although without a formal alliance. During the war, Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving military strategy to the generals, loaning billions of dollars to Britain, France, and other Allies, the United States aided their finance of the war effort. On the home front, he raised taxes, borrowing billions of dollars through the publics purchase of Liberty Bonds. In his 1915 State of the Union Address, Wilson asked Congress for what became the Espionage Act of 1917, the crackdown was intensified by his Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to include expulsion of non-citizen radicals during the First Red Scare of 1919–1920. Wilson staffed his government with Southern Democrats who implemented racial segregation at the Treasury, Navy and he gave department heads greater autonomy in their management. Following his return from Europe, Wilson embarked on a tour in 1919 to campaign for the treaty. The treaty was met with concern by Senate Republicans, and Wilson rejected a compromise effort led by Henry Cabot Lodge. Due to his stroke, Wilson secluded himself in the White House, disability having diminished his power, forming a strategy for re-election, Wilson deadlocked the 1920 Democratic National Convention, but his bid for a third-term nomination was overlooked. Wilson was a devoted Presbyterian and Georgist, and he infused his views of morality into his domestic and he appointed several well known radically progressive single taxers to prominent positions in his administration. His ideology of internationalism is now referred to as Wilsonian, an activist foreign policy calling on the nation to promote global democracy and he was the third of four children of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Jessie Janet Woodrow. Wilsons paternal grandparents immigrated to the United States from Strabane, County Tyrone, Ireland and his mother was born in Carlisle, England, the daughter of Rev. Dr. Thomas Woodrow from Paisley, Scotland, and Marion Williamson from Glasgow
14.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
15.
George W. P. Hunt
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George Wylie Paul Hunt was an American politician and businessman. He was the first Governor of Arizona, serving a total of seven terms, in addition, Hunt served in both houses of the Arizona Territorial Legislature and was posted as U. S. Calling himself the Old Walrus, Hunt was 5 feet 9 inches tall, close to 300 pounds, bald, Hunt was also an opponent of capital punishment and a supporter of organized labor. Hunt was born in Huntsville, Missouri, to George Washington and his family was originally well-to-do, with the town of Huntsville having been named for Hunts grandfather, but lost its fortune as a result of the American Civil War. After being educated in a combination of public and private schools, for three years, his family believed he had been killed by Indians while Hunt traveled through Kansas, Colorado and rafted down the Rio Grande. Hunt arrived in Globe, Arizona, his home for the rest of his life and his first job was as a waiter in the Pasco Café. This was followed by a series of odd jobs, including a mucker in a mine and work on a cattle ranch, early experience in the grocery department led Hunt to perform most of his households shopping. The store was purchased by a concern, the Old Dominion Commercial Company. Following his election as governor, he sold his company stock, Hunt married Helen Duett Ellison in Holbrook, Arizona, on February 24,1904. The couple had a daughter, named Virginia. Hunts personal interests included cultivation of rare shrubs and trees along with collection of Southwestern Indian art and he was a Freemason and an Oddfellow. Hunts first foray into politics was an unsuccessful 1890 run for county recorder of Gila County and this was followed by successful runs for the Territorial House of Representatives in 1892 and 1894. During his first term as a Representative, Hunt sponsored legislation authorizing a US$5,000 reward for capture of the Apache Kid, after two terms in the lower house Hunt successfully ran for a seat in the upper house, the Council, in 1896. During the 1897 legislative session, he sponsored legislation requiring children between eight and fourteen years of age attend school for a minimum of twelve weeks per year, Hunt was reelected to the Council in 1898 before voluntarily leaving politics till 1904. Upon reentering politics, he was elected to the council in 1904,1906. During the 23rd Arizona Territorial Legislature, Hunt was President of the Council but was unable to secure passage of his bill providing primary elections to nominate political candidates, during the 1907 legislative session he secured passage of a bill outlawing gambling within the territory. During his final session, Hunt once again served as President of the Council. Following passage of Arizonas Enabling Act, an election was called to select delegates to a constitutional convention, Hunt won election as one of five delegates from Gila County
16.
James Marion Baker
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James Marion Baker was an American political figure, who held the position of Secretary of the United States Senate from 1913 to 1919. Baker was born in South Carolina, and came to serve as the assistant librarian of the United States Senate, in 1913, Baker was elected by the new, Democratic senate, as the eleventh Secretary of the senate after serving twenty years as assistant librarian. At the retaking of the senate by the Republican party in 1919, Baker was replaced by George A. Sanderson, Baker left the government when Woodrow Wilson left the White House, and established a law firm. In 1931, Baker retired to assist with Franklin D. Roosevelts presidential campaign, Baker later became a minister to Thailand in the Roosevelt administration, until retiring due to poor health in 1937. James M. Bakers biography from the United States Senate Historical Office James Marion Baker at Find a Grave
17.
Charles Woodruff Yost
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Charles Woodruff Yost was a career U. S. diplomat who was assigned as his countrys representative to the United Nations from 1969 to 1971. Yost was born in Watertown, New York, on November 6,1907 and he attended the Hotchkiss School, where he was a member of the remarkable class of 1924 that included Roswell Gilpatric, Paul Nitze, and Chapman Rose. Before graduating from Princeton University in 1928 and he did postgraduate studies at the École des Hautes Études International in Paris. Over the next year he traveled to Geneva, Berlin, the Soviet Union, Poland, Rumania, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Spain, and Vienna. Foreign Service in 1930 on the advice of former Secretary of State Robert Lansing, in 1933 he left the Foreign Service to pursue a career as a freelance foreign correspondent in Europe and a writer in New York. After his marriage to Irena Rawicz-Oldakowska, he returned to the U. S. State Department in 1935, becoming assistant chief of the Division of Arms, in 1941, he represented the State Department on the Policy Committee of the Board of Economic Warfare. Yost was appointed assistant chief of research in 1942. In February of the year he became executive secretary of the Department of State Policy Committee. He attended the Dumbarton Oaks Conference from August to October 1944 and he then served at the United Nations Conference on International Organization in San Francisco in April 1945 as aide to Secretary of State Edward Stettinius. In July of that year he was secretary-general of the Potsdam Conference, in 1945 Yost was reinstated in the Foreign Service, and later that year he served as political adviser to U. S. Lieutenant General Raymond Albert Wheeler on the staff of Lord Louis Mountbatten in Kandy and he then became chargé daffaires in Thailand during the short reign of Ananda Mahidol. Throughout the late 1940s and the 1950s, his assignments took him to Czechoslovakia, Austria, in 1954, he was named minister to Laos, and he became the first United States ambassador there a year later. In 1957, he was counselor in Paris. At the end of the year he was named ambassador to Syria. Shortly after his appointment, Syria and Egypt formed the United Arab Republic, Yost was then sent as ambassador to Morocco in 1958. In 1961, he began his first assignment at the United Nations as the deputy to Ambassador Adlai Stevenson, after Stevensons death in 1965, Yost stayed on as deputy to Ambassador Arthur Goldberg. In 1969, President Richard Nixon called Yost out of retirement to become the permanent United States representative to the United Nations and he resigned in 1971 and returned to writing, at the Brookings Institution, and teaching at Georgetown Universitys School of Foreign Service. In 1979, Yost was co-chairman of Americans for SALT II and he was a trustee of the American University in Cairo, Egypt, and director of the Aspen Institute for cultural exchanges with Iran
18.
Legation
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In diplomacy, a legation was a diplomatic representative office lower than an embassy. Where an embassy was headed by an ambassador, a legation was headed by a Minister, ambassadors outranked Ministers and had precedence at official events. Through the 19th century and the years of the 20th century. An ambassador was considered the representative of his monarch, so only a major power that was a monarchy would send an ambassador. A republic or a monarchy would only send a Minister. Diplomatic reciprocity meant that even a monarchy would only establish a legation in a republic or a smaller monarchy. For example, in the years of the Second French Empire, the North German Confederation had an embassy in Paris, while Bavaria. The practice of establishing legations gradually fell from favor as the embassy became the form of diplomatic mission. The establishment of the French Third Republic and the growth of the United States meant that two of the Great Powers were now republics. The French Republic continued the French Empires practice of sending and receiving ambassadors, in 1893, the United States followed the French precedent and began sending ambassadors, upgrading its legations to embassies. The last remaining American legations, in Bulgaria and Hungary, were upgraded to embassies in 1966
19.
Diplomatic mission
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In practice, a diplomatic mission usually denotes the resident mission, namely the office of a countrys diplomatic representatives in the capital city of another country. As well as being a mission to the country in which it is situated. There are thus resident and non-resident embassies, a permanent diplomatic mission is typically known as an Embassy, and the head of the mission is known as an Ambassador, or High Commissioner. Therefore, the Embassy operates in the Chancery, European Union missions abroad are known as EU delegations. Some countries have more particular naming for their missions and staff, under the rule of Muammar Gaddafi, Libyas missions used the name peoples bureau and the head of the mission was a secretary. Missions between Commonwealth countries are known as commissions and their heads are High Commissioners. This is because Ambassadors are exchanged between foreign countries, but since the beginning of the Commonwealth, member countries have maintained that they are not foreign to one another. An ambassador represents one head of state to another and a letters of credence are addressed by one head of state to another. Until India became a republic on 26 January 1950, all members of the Commonwealth had the head of state. In the past a diplomatic mission headed by an official was known as a legation. Since the ranks of envoy and minister resident are effectively obsolete, a consulate is similar to, but not the same as a diplomatic office, but with focus on dealing with individual persons and businesses, as defined by the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. A consulate or consulate general is generally a representative of the embassy in locales outside of the capital city. For instance, the United Kingdom has its Embassy of the United Kingdom in Washington, D. C. but also maintains seven consulates-general, the person in charge of a consulate or consulate-general is known as a consul or consul-general, respectively. Similar services may also be provided at the embassy in what is called a consular section. In cases of dispute, it is common for a country to recall its head of mission as a sign of its displeasure, a chargé daffaires ad interim also heads the mission during the interim between the end of one chief of missions term and the beginning of another. Contrary to popular belief, most diplomatic missions do not enjoy full extraterritorial status, rather, the premises of diplomatic missions usually remain under the jurisdiction of the host state while being afforded special privileges by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations. Diplomats themselves still retain full diplomatic immunity, and the host country may not enter the premises of the mission without permission of the represented country, international rules designate an attack on an embassy as an attack on the country it represents. The term extraterritoriality is often applied to missions, but normally only in this broader sense
20.
William J. Donovan
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William Joseph Donovan was an American soldier, lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat. Donovan is best remembered as the head of the Office of Strategic Services. He is also known as the Father of American Intelligence and the Father of Central Intelligence, the Central Intelligence Agency regards Donovan as its founding father, according to journalist Evan Thomas in a 2011 Vanity Fair profile. The lobby of CIA headquarters, in Langley, Virginia, now features a statue of Donovan and he is a recipient of the Silver Star and Purple Heart, as well as decorations from a number of other nations for his service during both World Wars. Of Irish descent, Donovan was born in Buffalo, New York, to Anna Letitia Tish Donovan and Timothy P. Donovan and they moved first to Canada and then to Buffalo, New York, where they dropped the O from their name. Donovan was born on New Years Day,1883 and he had two younger brothers and two younger sisters who survived into adulthood and several additional younger siblings who died in infancy or childhood. From Annas side of the family style and etiquette and the dreams of poets, Donovans biographer. From Tim came toughness and duty and honor to country and clan, Donovan attended St. Josephs Collegiate Institute, a Catholic institution at which he played football, acted in plays, and won an award for oratory. On the football field, he earned the nickname Wild Bill, after earning his bachelor of arts, Donovan spent two years at Columbia Law School, where he was a classmate of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Returning to Buffalo, he joined the law firm of Love & Keating in 1909 and. In 1914, their firm merged with another, becoming Goodyear & OBrien, in 1912, Donovan helped form, and became the leader of, a troop of cavalry of the New York National Guard. This unit was mobilized in 1916 and served on the U. S. –Mexico border during the American governments campaign against Pancho Villa and he studied military strategy and combat tactics. He also took acting courses in New York City from a star of the day. In 1914 he married Ruth Rumsey, a Buffalo heiress who had attended Rosemary Hall. In July of that year, at the behest of the State Department, he returned to the U. S. Donovans son David was born in 1915, and a daughter, Patricia, was born in 1917. During World War I, Major Donovan led the 1st battalion, serving in France, he suffered a shrapnel wound in one leg and was almost blinded by gas. After performing a rescue under fire, he was offered the Croix de Guerre. When this insult was corrected, Donovan accepted the distinction, although he professed annoyance with the nickname, his wife knew that deep down he loved it
21.
John Emil Peurifoy
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John Emil Peurifoy was an American diplomat, an ambassador in the early years of the Cold War. He served as United States ambassador in Greece and Thailand and was the United States Ambassador to Guatemala during the 1954 coup that overthrew the government of Jacobo Arbenz. Peurifoy was born in Walterboro, South Carolina on August 9,1907 and his family of lawyers and jurists traced their New World ancestry to 1619, two years before the arrival of the Mayflower. His mother Emily Wright died when he was six, and his father John H. Peurifoy died in December 1926, when he graduated from high school in 1926, the yearbook recorded his ambition to be President of the United States. Peurifoy received an appointment to West Point in 1926 and he withdrew from the military academy after two years because of pneumonia. He worked for a time in New York City as a restaurant cashier and he went to Washington, D. C. in April 1935 in the hopes of working for the State Department. He operated an elevator for the House of Representatives–a patronage job he got through South Carolina Congressman Cotton Ed Smith–and worked for the Treasury Department and he attended night school at American University and George Washington University. Peurifoy married Betty Jane Cox, a former Oklahoma schoolteacher, in 1936, when he lost his job at Treasury, he and his wife both worked at Woodward & Lothrop department store. Peurifoy identified himself as a liberal and was a lifelong Democrat, because, he said. He joined the State Department in October 1938 as a $2000 a year clerk and 8 years later was earning $8000 a year as assistant to the Under Secretary of State. During World War II, Peurifoy served as the State Departments representative on several committees of the Board of Economic Warfare. In 1945, Peurifoy managed the arrangements for a conference in San Francisco that led to the establishment of the United Nations, in 1947, Peurifoy asked the FBI to conduct an audit of the State Departments Division of Security and Investigations, which found them lacking in thoroughness. His responsibilities included everything except the substance of foreign policy, the Offices of Personnel, Consular Affairs, Operating Facilities, when Senator Joseph McCarthy charged in 1950 that Communists were working in the State Department, Peurifoy unsuccessfully challenged him to share his information. However, the year, Peurifoy tells a United States Senate committee of a homosexual underground in the State Department. His remarks along with gay baiting comments from Senator Joseph McCarthy help ignite the so-called Lavender scare, Peurifoy passed his foreign service examinations in 1949 and joined the Foreign Service that year. In 1950, he was appointed ambassador to Greece, the Communists had already been defeated in the Greek Civil War. In 1953, Peurifoy told Adlai Stevenson that the members of the Foreign Service were depressed by Senator McCarthys campaign against the State Department. In 1953, during the Eisenhower administration, Peurifoy was sent to Guatemala, the standard of the smear campaign had been using the social reforms in the country to accuse the regime of communism
22.
Hua Hin
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For the island in French Polynesia, see Huahine. Hua Hin District is one of eight districts of Prachuap Khiri Khan Province in the part of the Malay Peninsula in Thailand. Its seat of government, also named Hua Hin, is a resort town. The district has a population of 84,883 in an area of 911 km2, by road, it is 199 km south-southwest of Bangkok. In 1834, before the name Hua Hin was coined, some areas of Phetchaburi Province were hit by severe drought. A group of farmers moved south until they found a village that had bright white sand. They settled there and gave it the name Samore Riang, which means rows of rocks, in 1921 the director of the state railway, Prince Purachatra, built the Railway Hotel close to the beach. Prince Krom Phra Naresworarit was the first member of the family to build a group of palaces at Ban Laem Hin, called Sukaves. King Prajadhipok liked the place so much that he built a palace there which was later named Klai Kang Won. In 1932 Hua Hin was part of Pran Buri District as a minor district, in 1949 Hua Hin became a separate district of Prachuap Khiri Khan. After the building of Thailands southern railway connected the district with Bangkok along with various destinations en route, in August 2016, there were four bomb blasts in Hua Hin over a period of 24 hours. Hua Hin has a savanna climate. Temperatures are very warm to hot throughout the year, with small variations. The year begins with the dry season, before the monsoon arrives in May, rains ease somewhat from June to August before the heaviest rains begin in September and continue through November. Hua Hin District is divided into seven sub-districts, which are subdivided into 63 administrative villages. There is one town in the district, Hua Hin consisting of the sub-districts Hua Hin, there is one sub-district municipality in the district, Nong Phlap consisting of parts of the sub-district Nong Phlap. There are five sub-district administrative organizations in the district, Hin Lek Fai consisting of the sub-district Hin Lek Fai, Nong Phlap consisting of parts of the sub-district Nong Phlap. Thap Tai consisting of the sub-district Thap Tai, Huai Sat Yai consisting of the sub-district Huai Sat Yai
23.
U. Alexis Johnson
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Ural Alexis Johnson was a United States diplomat. Ural Alexis Johnson was born in Falun, Kansas into a family of Swedish descent and his mother named him for the mountain range, of which she learned from a geography book. He had a rural upbringing and schooling until 1923, when the family moved to Glendale and he graduated Occidental College in 1931. Johnson entered the United States Foreign Service in 1935, after serving in Tokyo, Seoul, South Korea, Mukden, and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, he was assigned as Consul and later Consul General at Yokohama, Japan from 1945 to 1949. He played a role in the armistice in the Korean War and he was ambassador to Czechoslovakia from 1953 to 1958, Thailand from 1958 to 1961, and to Japan from 1966 to 1969. He was Deputy Under Secretary for Political Affairs and in the Excomm from 1961 to 1964, from 1964 to 1965, he was Deputy Ambassador to the Republic of Vietnam. In 1965, he returned to the position of Deputy Under Secretary for Political Affairs from 1965 to 1966 and he also served as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from1969 to 1973. He was chief United States delegate to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks from 1973 until retirement in 1977 and his memoir The Right Hand of Power was published in 1984. As Under Secretary for Political Affairs at the U. S. State Department and he suggested that a plaque be placed on the surface of the Moon. After several changes in a high level committee, it stated, Johnson was also sensitive to the idea of raising a U. S. flag on the surface of the Moon, as it might symbolize territorial acquisition. Later, the Congress decided that a U. S. flag would be placed on the Moon by Neil Armstrong, ural Alexis Johnson died on March 24,1997 from pneumonia. His last residence was at Cary, North Carolina, however, he was buried at the Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, District of Columbia. We Came in Peace for all Mankind- the Untold Story of the Apollo 11 Silicon Disc, truman Library oral history interview Cooperative Research U. Alexis Johnson at the Internet Movie Database
24.
Graham Martin
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Graham Anderson Martin succeeded Ellsworth Bunker as United States Ambassador to South Vietnam in 1973. He would be the last person to hold that position, Martin previously served as ambassador to Thailand and as U. S. representative to SEATO. Martin was born and raised in the town of Mars Hill, North Carolina. His father was an ordained Baptist minister and he graduated from Wake Forest College in 1932. During World War II, he was a U. S. Army Intelligence Officer, Martin first worked in the diplomatic field at the U. S. Embassy in Paris, France, from 1947 to 1955. His abilities as a counselor and deputy Chief of Mission gained him attention from the State Department. President Eisenhower appointed Martin as the Representative of the United States to the European Office of the United Nations in Geneva, Martin was appointed on 10 September 1963 and left this post on 9 September 1967. While serving as ambassador to Thailand, Martin came to the attention of Richard Nixon during a banquet for the Thai King. Nixon was with Vice-President Hubert Humphrey, when the King toasted President Johnson, Humphrey tried to return the toast with a toast to the King. He finished his explanation by saying If you become President yourself someday, Mr. Vice President, Martin was appointed on 30 October 1969 and left this post on 10 February 1973. Martin was evacuated by helicopter from the US Embassy, Saigon on the morning of 30 April 1975 as Communist forces overran the city, though he didnt know it, the helicopters crew had orders to arrest him and bring him on board by force if hed refused to go. Martin died in March 1990 and is buried in Section 3 at Arlington National Cemetery, 1stLt Mann is buried in Section 3 at Arlington National Cemetery. The helicopter that evacuated the ambassador out of Saigon, on the day the Vietnam War ended, is on display at the Flying Leatherneck Aviation Museum in San Diego. Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War, ed, the Secret Sentry, ISBN 978-1-59691-515-2, Bloomsbury Press,2009, pages 125-7
25.
Leonard S. Unger
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Leonard Seidman Unger was a diplomat and United States Ambassador to Laos, Thailand, and was the last US ambassador to the Republic of China on Taiwan. Unger was born in San Diego, California and graduated from Harvard College with a Bachelor of Arts in 1939 and he was the co-author of The Trieste negotiations and co-editor of Laos, beyond the revolution. After retiring from the service, he taught at the Fletcher School of Law. He died on June 3,2010 in Sebastopol, California, Unger was a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy and Council on Foreign Relations. He was also the Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Far Eastern Affairs in the Johnson administration, prior to his involvement in South-East and East Asia, Unger was the United States Political Advisor to the Free Territory of Trieste
26.
Charles S. Whitehouse
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Charles Sheldon Whitehouse was an American career diplomat. He was United States Ambassador to Laos and the United States Ambassador to Thailand, Whitehouse was born November 5,1921 in Paris, France, the son of American parents Mary Crocker and Edwin Sheldon Whitehouse. His father was a Foreign Service officer, and served as U. S, minister to Guatemala, 1930–33, and to Colombia, 1933-34. Charles Whitehouse was a great-grandson of railroad executive Charles Crocker, and he was also a great-grandson of Henry John Whitehouse, Episcopal bishop of Illinois. He was raised in Europe and South America, in 1942, he interrupted his studies at Yale University, where he was a classmate of William F. Buckley, to join the United States Marine Corps. He attended Navy flight school and became a Marine dive bomber pilot and saw combat in the Pacific theater, after his separation from the Marine Corps in 1946, he reentered Yale University. In 1946 he was tapped as a member of the Skull, upon graduation from Yale in 1947, Mr. Whitehouse joined the Central Intelligence Agency and worked in the Congo, Turkey, Belgium and Cambodia. He moved over to the State Department in 1956 to serve as Assistant to the Undersecretary for Economic Affairs and he later served as the State Departments Congo Desk Officer, and also served on the staff of the Departments Office of Personnel. He attended the National War College, and graduated in 1966, following a tour to the Republic of Guinea, 1969–1970, as Deputy Chief of Mission, Mr. Whitehouse served two tours of duty in Vietnam. During his first tour, he was Deputy for Civil Operations and he returned to Washington in 1971 to become Acting Assistant Secretary for East Asian Affairs and returned to Vietnam in 1972 as Deputy Ambassador under Ambassador Ellsworth Bunker. In September 1973, Mr. Whitehouse became Ambassador to Laos, in Laos he oversaw decreasing American military aid to Hmong who had been fighting a proxy war against Communist forces in northern Laos. Mr. Mr. Whitehouse presided over the closing of the last American bases in Thailand in 1976, an action the Thais had requested. He also oversaw the creation and management of the resettlement camps in Thailand that helped refugees from the wars in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia resettle in the U. S. and he was also a member of the French Legion of Honor. After his retirement from the Foreign Service in August 1978, Mr. Whitehouse served as President of the American Foreign Service Association and Chairman of Lycée Rochambeau of Bethesda and he served in this position until 1989. Mr. Whitehouse became a joint master of foxhounds of the Orange County Hunt in The Plains, Virginia and he served in that capacity until his death. Mr. Whitehouse was tall, elegant and regal-looking, and in 1966 the Washington Post named him one of the Ten Most Attractive Men in Washington and he was an excellent off-the-cuff speaker and raconteur, and he had a flair for the theatrical that continued into his retirement. He died June 25,2001 at the age of 79 of cancer at his home near Marshall, Mr. Whitehouses first marriage to Molly Rand ended in divorce. From this marriage, he had two sons, Sheldon Whitehouse and Charles Whitehouse, and a daughter, Sarah Whitehouse Atkins and he married a second time, to Janet Ketchum Grayson
27.
Morton I. Abramowitz
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Morton Isaac Abramowitz is an American diplomat and former State Department official. Among other roles he served as US Ambassador to Thailand 1978 to 1981, Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research 1985 to 1989, after retiring from the State Department in 1991, his roles have included the Presidency of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Abramowitz currently serves as co-chair for the Bipartisan Policy Centers Turkey Initiative, Abramowitz was born to a Jewish family, in Lakewood Township, New Jersey on January 20,1933. He was educated at Stanford University, receiving a B. A. in 1953 and he then attended Harvard University, earning an M. A. in 1955. In 1956, Abramowitz joined the United States Department of Labor, first as a management intern, in 1959, he joined the United States Department of State as a program analyst posted in Taipei. From 1960 to 1962, he was Consular-Economic Officer in Taipei and he was then posted as a political officer in Hong Kong from 1963 to 1966. In 1978, President of the United States Jimmy Carter named Abramowitz United States Ambassador to Thailand, in 1983, President Ronald Reagan named Abramowitz U. S. Ambassador to the Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions talks in Vienna. President Reagan nominated Abramowitz as Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research in 1985, in 1989, President George H. W. Bush named Abramowitz United States Ambassador to Turkey, a post he held until 1991. In 1990, he was awarded the rank of Career Ambassador, Abramowitz retired from government service in 1991, to become the president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and he retired from that position in 1997. Since then, he has been a Senior Fellow of The Century Foundation and he is a long-time board member of the International Rescue Committee. Abramowitz played a role in the foundation of the International Crisis Group. Abramowitz served for nine years on the board of the National Endowment for Democracy, Abramowitz is married to Sheppie Glass Abramowitz, the sister of composer Philip Glass. Sheppie Abramowitz spent her career advocating on behalf of refugees and asylum seekers for the International Rescue Committee, the couple have two adult children. Michael Abramowitz is a reporter and editor at the Washington Post. He is married to Susan Baer, formerly a journalist at the Baltimore Sun, moving the Glacier, The Two Koreas and the Powers International Institute for Strategic Studies,1971 East Asian Actors and Issues China, Can We Have A Policy. CS1 maint, Uses editors parameter from History Commons Profile from the Century Foundation NNDB profile
28.
Darryl N. Johnson
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Darryl Norman Johnson is a retired American statesman and career Foreign Service Officer who held many positions in American government around the world. Most recently and importantly he was the United States Ambassador to Thailand from 2001–2004 and he now lives near Seattle, WA and is a lecturer at his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Washington, where he teaches in its Jackson School of International Studies. Mr. Johnson was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1938, at the University of Washington he was a member of the academic honor societies for Military Science, Music and Literature, and was admitted to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in 1960. Following graduation he attended the University of Minnesota and Princeton University and worked several months at the Boeing Company in Seattle during and he served as a Peace Corps volunteer in Thailand before joining the Foreign Service. Mr. Johnson had a long and distinguished career as a United States Foreign Service officer, among other assignments, he served on the Bosnia Task Force in Washington and as Charge of the U. S. Embassy in Sarajevo in April 1996. Mr. Johnson served as the first American Ambassador to the Republic of Lithuania, having arrived in Vilnius in September,1991, to open the first post-World War II U. S. Prior to that, he served as Deputy Chief of Mission at the U. S. Embassy in Warsaw, Poland, and before that in Beijing, Moscow, Hong Kong, in addition, he served in the Department of State in Washington, D. C. In the latter position, his responsibilities included East European, Soviet and this teaching position at the University of Washington has previously been held by former U. S. diplomats Ronald Woods and Charles T. Cross. Ambassador Johnson also participates at various speaking engagements in the Seattle area, many of which relate to the Peace Corps and he has published op-eds in several major newspapers regarding politics in Thailand, including the Los Angeles Times and the Seattle Times. Mr. Johnson is the father of one daughter and two sons and he is married to the former Kathleen Desa Forance. In addition to English he speaks Chinese, Polish, Russian, Thai, discussion with Ambassador Johnson on events in Thailand and implications for U. S
29.
Ralph L. Boyce
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Ralph Leo Skip Boyce is an Americans diplomat and career foreign service officer with the State Department. Born in Washington, D. C. he obtained a B. A. from George Washington University in 1974, Boyce entered the Foreign Service in 1976 and was assigned to Tehran as Staff Assistant to the Ambassador in September 1977. In September 1979 he was posted as commercial attaché in Tunis, in September 1981, he was assigned to Islamabad as financial economist. From July 1984 to August 1988, Boyce served in the State Department, first as Special Assistant and then as Advisor to the Deputy Secretary of State, responsible for the foreign affairs budget. In August 1988, he was assigned to Bangkok, Thailand, as Political Counselor, where he served until August 1992, from June 1993 until September 1994, Boyce was Chargé dAffaires a. i. in Singapore during the absence of an ambassador. In October 1994, he returned to Bangkok as Deputy Chief of Mission, Boyce was Deputy Assistant Secretary for East Asia and Pacific Affairs from August 1998 to July 2001. His area of responsibility included Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and he served as United States Ambassador to Indonesia from October 2001 to October 2004. Boyce was confirmed as the United States Ambassador to Thailand on June 25,2004 and his term ended on December 26,2007. On February 12,2008, the US aircraft manufacturing giant Boeing named Boyce as President of Boeing Southeast Asia
30.
Eric G. John
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Eric G. John is the current Senior Advisor for Security Negotiations and Agreements and the former U. S. Ambassador to the Kingdom of Thailand, having been appointed October 22,2007. Ambassador John joined the Foreign Service in 1983 and has served primarily in East Asia and he has three tours in Korea, most recently as the Minister Counselor for Political Affairs at the U. S. Embassy in Seoul. He also served as the Deputy Director of Korean Affairs in Washington and his other tours include Deputy Principal Officer of the U. S. Consulate General in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, the Orderly Departure Program at the U. S. Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand, in 2005, Ambassador John was named Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Southeast Asia. He currently serves as the Foreign Policy Advisor to the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, the ambassador grew up in New Castle, Ind. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Foreign Service from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, the ambassador is married and has had a son and daughter. On August 27,2010, his daughter Nicole fell to her death in NYC from a window ledge. Ambassador John earned a B. S. in Foreign Service from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service, Ambassador John learned Portuguese in Brazil as a high school exchange student with AFS Intercultural Programs. He can speak Korean, Vietnamese and Thai, Bangkok Embassy U. S. Department of State
31.
Kristie A. Kenney
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Kristie Anne Kenney is a senior, career U. S. diplomat who served as the 32nd Counselor of the United States Department of State from 2016 to 2017. She is a recipient of the Secretary of States Distinguished Service Award and she served as the Department of State Transition Coordinator for the 2016-17 Transition. She was the first female U. S. ambassador to the two countries. Kenney holds a degree in Latin American studies from Tulane University. U. S. Secretary of State John Kerry appointed Ambassador Kenney as Counselor of the State Department on February 12,2016, in July 2010, President Barack Obama nominated Kenney as the United States ambassador to the Kingdom of Thailand. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on September 29,2010, prior to being the U. S. ambassador to Thailand, Kenney served as the U. S. ambassador to Ecuador and the Philippines. Kenney served as Executive Secretary of the State Department before becoming senior advisor to the assistant secretary for International Narcotics and she worked for both Secretaries of State Madeleine Albright and Colin Powell and led the State Departments transition team from the Clinton to George W. Bush administration. As Counselor, she provided strategic advice to Secretary of State John Kerry and she made similar early visits to engage new governments and leaders in Myanmar, the Philippines, Peru, and Panama. In addition to outreach, she has focused on reaching out to women. She has undertaken domestic travel, including to discuss careers in public service with young Americans, in advance of the 2016 U. S. Presidential election, Kenney was designated by Secretary Kerry as the lead Transition Coordinator for the State Department and she was retained in her position for an extra month by the Trump Administration to help manage the arrival of Secretary Rex Tillerson and his team. Kenney was confirmed by the U. S. Senate as the first female U. S. Ambassador to Thailand on September 29,2010, in her confirmation testimony before the Senate, Kenney noted the long U. S. As Ambassador to Thailand, Kenney managed the relationship and led a large U. S. Mission during the consequential 2011 Thai elections, historic 2011 Thai floods, Kenney was known in Thailand for her active use of social media for official and personal diplomacy and use of Thai language for social media messages and videos. The Thai public reacted positively, with her outreach called a charm offensive, in 2011, she was awarded the National Thai Language Day award by the prime minister for her high-profile use of the Thai language. Kenney was nominated by U. S. President George W. Bush on November 3,2005 to succeed Francis J. Ricciardone, Jr. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 16,2006, Kenney arrived in the Philippines on March 17 and submitted her credentials to Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo on March 22. Following the 2007 Manila Peninsula rebellion, Kenney voiced support for Arroyo, regarding the question of U. S. bases, she said, “We are not building any bases in the Philippines, we don’t have any plans to have bases, and we don’t need any bases
32.
United States Department of State
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The Department was created in 1789 and was the first executive department established. The Department is headquartered in the Harry S Truman Building located at 2201 C Street, NW, the Department operates the diplomatic missions of the United States abroad and is responsible for implementing the foreign policy of the United States and U. S. diplomacy efforts. The Department is also the depositary for more than 200 multilateral treaties, the Department is led by the Secretary of State, who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary of State is Rex Tillerson, beginning 1 February 2017, the Secretary of State is the second Cabinet official in the order of precedence and in the presidential line of succession, after the Vice President of the United States. This legislation remains the law of the Department of State. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and these responsibilities grew to include management of the United States Mint, keeper of the Great Seal of the United States, and the taking of the census. President George Washington signed the new legislation on September 15, most of these domestic duties of the Department of State were eventually turned over to various new Federal departments and agencies that were established during the 19th century. On September 29,1789, President Washington appointed Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, then Minister to France, from 1790 to 1800, the State Department had its headquarters in Philadelphia, the capital of the United States at the time. It occupied a building at Church and Fifth Streets, in 1800, it moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D. C. where it first occupied the Treasury Building and then the Seven Buildings at 19th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. It moved into the Six Buildings in September 1800, where it remained until May 1801 and it moved into the War Office Building due west of the White House in May 1801. It occupied the Treasury Building from September 1819 to November 1866 and it then occupied the Washington City Orphan Home from November 1866 to July 1875. It moved to the State, War, and Navy Building in 1875, since May 1947, it has occupied the Harry S. Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, the State Department is therefore sometimes metonymically referred to as Foggy Bottom. Madeleine Albright became the first woman to become the United States Secretary of State, condoleezza Rice became the second female secretary of state in 2005. Hillary Rodham Clinton became the female secretary of state when she was appointed in 2009. In 2014, the State Department began expanding into the Navy Hill Complex across 23rd Street NW from the Truman Building, the Executive Branch and the U. S. Congress have constitutional responsibilities for U. S. foreign policy. Within the Executive Branch, the Department of State is the lead U. S, the Department advances U. S. objectives and interests in the world through its primary role in developing and implementing the Presidents foreign policy. It also provides an array of important services to U. S. citizens, the total Department of State budget, together with Other International Programs, costs about 45 cents a day for each resident of the United States. Keeping the public informed about U. S. foreign policy and relations with other countries, providing automobile registration for non-diplomatic staff vehicles and the vehicles of diplomats of foreign countries having diplomatic immunity in the United States
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United States Foreign Service
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The United States Foreign Service is the diplomatic service of the United States federal government under the aegis of the United States Department of State. It consists of approximately 15,000 professionals carrying out the policy of the United States. Created in 1924 by the Rogers Act, the Foreign Service combined all consular, in addition to the units function, the Rogers Act defined a personnel system under which the United States Secretary of State is authorized to assign diplomats abroad. Members of the Foreign Service are selected through a series of written and they serve at any of the 265 United States diplomatic missions around the world, including embassies, consulates, and other facilities. C. The Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, and the United States Agency for International Development. The United States Foreign Service is managed by a Director General, the Director General is traditionally a current or former Foreign Service Officer. Starting in November 23,1975 until October, 2nd,2016 under a Departmental administrative action, the two positions are now separate. As the head of the bureau, the Director General held an equivalent to an Assistant Secretary of State. The current Director General is Arnold A. Chacón, who was sworn in on December 22,2014. On September 15,1789, the 1st United States Congress passed an Act creating the Department of State and appointing duties to it, initially there were two services devoted to diplomatic and consular activity. Throughout the 19th century, ambassadors, or ministers, as they were prior to the 1890s, and consuls were appointed by the president. Many had commercial ties to the countries in which they would serve, in 1856, Congress provided a salary for consuls serving at certain posts, those who received a salary could not engage in private business, but could continue to collect fees for services performed. Lucile Atcherson Curtis was the first woman in what became the U. S, specifically, she was the first woman appointed as a United States Diplomatic Officer or Consular Officer, in 1923. The Rogers Act of 1924 merged the diplomatic and consular services of the government into the Foreign Service, an extremely difficult Foreign Service examination was also implemented to recruit the most outstanding Americans, along with a merit-based system of promotions. In 1927 Congress passed legislation according diplomatic status to representatives abroad of the Department of Commerce, in 1930 Congress passed similar legislation for the Department of Agriculture, creating the Foreign Agricultural Service. Though formally accorded diplomatic status, however, commercial and agricultural attachés were civil servants, in addition, the agricultural legislation stipulated that agricultural attachés would not be construed as public ministers. On July 1,1939, however, both the commercial and agricultural attachés were transferred to the Department of State under Reorganization Plan No, the agricultural attachés remained in the Department of State until 1954, when they were returned by Act of Congress to the Department of Agriculture. Commercial attachés remained with State until 1980, when Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1979 was implemented under terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980, Officers were expected to spend the bulk of their careers abroad and were commissioned officers of the United States, available for worldwide service
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Diplomatic correspondence
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Diplomatic correspondence is correspondence between one state and another, usually – though not exclusively – of a formal character. It follows several widely observed customs and style in composition, substance, presentation, a letter of credence or credentials is the instrument by which a head of state exercises his or her power to appoint ambassadors and ministers to foreign countries. The letter of credence is signed by the head of state and is addressed to the receiving head of state. Letters of credence date to the thirteenth century, an envoy typically receives both a sealed letter of credence and an unsealed copy. Once the envoy reaches his destination, A letter of recall is formal correspondence from one head-of-state notifying a second head-of-state that he or she is recalling his states ambassador. Their use at the present day is a recognition of the necessity of absolute confidence in the authority. Exequatur A note verbale is the most formal form of note and is so-named as it represented a formal record of information delivered orally. Notes verbale are written in the person and printed on official letterhead, they are typically sealed with an embosser or, in some cases. A collective note is a letter delivered from multiple states to a single recipient state and it is always written in the third person. The collective note has been a rarely used form of communication due to the difficulty in obtaining agreements among multiple states to the exact wording of a letter. An identic note is a letter delivered from a state to multiple recipient states. Examples include the note sent by Thomas Jefferson regarding action against the Barbary Pirates and that from the United States to China. In it, the United States called on the two powers to resolve their differences over the Eastern China Railway peacefully. A bout de papier may be presented by an official when meeting with an official from another state at the conclusion of the meeting. Prepared in advance, it contains a summary of the main points addressed by the visiting official during the meeting and, firstly. It, secondly, removes ambiguity about the subject of the meeting occasioned by verbal miscues by the visiting official, bouts de papier are always presented without credit or attribution so as to preserve the confidentiality of the meeting in case the document is later disclosed. A démarche is considered less formal than the already informal bout de papier and it has no identified source, title, or attribution and no standing in the relationship involved. The earliest forms of correspondence were, out of necessity
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Latin
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Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets, Latin was originally spoken in Latium, in the Italian Peninsula. Through the power of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language, Vulgar Latin developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Romanian. Latin, Italian and French have contributed many words to the English language, Latin and Ancient Greek roots are used in theology, biology, and medicine. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had been standardised into Classical Latin, Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence. Late Latin is the language from the 3rd century. Later, Early Modern Latin and Modern Latin evolved, Latin was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars. Ecclesiastical Latin remains the language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church. Today, many students, scholars and members of the Catholic clergy speak Latin fluently and it is taught in primary, secondary and postsecondary educational institutions around the world. The language has been passed down through various forms, some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series, the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same, volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance, the reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy. The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part and they are in part the subject matter of the field of classics. The Cat in the Hat, and a book of fairy tales, additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissners Latin Phrasebook. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed inkhorn terms, as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by the author and then forgotten, many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French. Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Accordingly, Romance words make roughly 35% of the vocabulary of Dutch, Roman engineering had the same effect on scientific terminology as a whole
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Ad interim
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The Latin phrase ad interim means in the meantime or temporarily. A diplomatic officer who acts in place of an ambassador is called chargé daffaires ad interim, examples from classic literature, The abbreviation a. i. is used in job titles
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The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
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Foreign relations of Thailand
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The foreign relations of Thailand are handled by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Thailand. Thailand participates fully in international and regional organizations, Regional cooperation is progressing in economic, trade, banking, political, and cultural matters. In 2003, Thailand served as APEC host, dr. Supachai Panitchpakdi, the former Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand, served as Secretary-General of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development from 2005 until 31 August 2013. In 2005 Thailand attended the inaugural East Asia Summit, in recent years, Thailand has taken an increasingly active role on the international stage. When East Timor gained independence from Indonesia, Thailand, for the first time in its history and its troops remain there today as part of a UN peacekeeping force. Thailand has contributed troops to reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan and Iraq, Relations are considered close and cordial and have made strides to improve trade and investment between the two countries. Diplomatic relations were established on 5 October 1972 and Thailand opened its embassy in 1974 followed by Bangladesh setting up their own in Bangkok in the following year. The first visit between the two countries was President Ziaur Rahmans visit to Thailand in 1979 followed by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda in 1983, other Heads of States like Ershad visited in 1985,1988 and 1990 and Thaksin Shinawatra in July and December 2002 and January 2004. Thailand is a key country in Bangladeshs Look East policy and relations have begun to increase, both have considerable cooperation in summits organised by BIMSTEC and the ASEAN regional forum. Upper class and upper middle class Bangladeshis often go to Thailand for medical treatment, brunei has an embassy in Bangkok, and Thailand has an embassy in Bandar Seri Begawan. The relations have always been close and cordial, parts of Cambodias border with Thailand are indefinite, and the maritime boundary with Thailand is not clearly defined. On 5 November 2009 Thailand recalled its ambassador from Cambodia in protest of the Cambodian governments appointment of Thai ex-leader Thaksin Shinawatra as an economic adviser, Thai Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva stated that this was the first diplomatic retaliation measure against the appointment. He also said that Cambodia was interfering in Thai internal affairs, the Cambodian government has stated that it would refuse any extradition request from Thailand for Thaksin as it considered him to be a victim of political persecution. At 8,30 pm local time on 5 November Cambodia announced that it was withdrawing their ambassador from Thailand as a retaliatory measure, the mutual withdrawal of ambassadors is the most severe diplomatic action to have occurred between the two countries. Thailand established diplomatic relations with the PRC on 1 July 1975, for an evaluation of Sino-Siamese relations, see Siamese Inter-State Relations in the Late Nineteenth Century, From An Asian Regional Perspective. Diplomatic relations between India and Thailand were established in 1947, soon after India gained independence, Thailand holds three embassies in India, in Mumbai, in New Delhi, and in Calcutta. India also holds three embassies in Thailand, in Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and A Muang, the end of the Cold War led to a significant enhancement in the substance and pace of bilateral interactions. Indian Look East policy from 1993 and Thailands Look West policy since 1996 set the stage for a consolidation of bilateral relations
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This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Department of State website http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/index.htm (Background Notes).
This article incorporates 