1.
Planned community
–
A planned community, or planned city, is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area. This contrasts with settlements that evolve in an ad hoc fashion. Land use conflicts are less frequent in these communities, the term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American cities. C. in the United States. In Egypt, a new capital city east of Cairo has been proposed, the federal administrative centre of Malaysia, Putrajaya, is also a planned city. Abu Dhabi and some of the recently built cities in the Persian Gulf region are also planned cities, prior to the boom, these were just villages or towns. The city of Gaborone was planned and constructed in the 1960s, in 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site at Oyala. Konza Technology City is a city that is hoped to become a hub of African science. The capital, Abuja, is a city and was built mainly in the 1980s. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development is anticipating 250,000 residents, centenary City, in the Federal Capital Territory, is another planned smart city under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country, a list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through a form of planning are as follows, Abuja, one of the most populous planned cities, and the fastest growing city in the world. Ikeja, the capital of Lagos State Lekki, a new city in Lagos State Lekki Free Zone, a trade zone in the Lekki Orange Island. Victoria Island in Lagos, Lagos State A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups, Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants included Welkom, Sasolburg and Secunda. Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages, some settlements were also set up for non whites such as the former homeland capital of Bhisho. Naypyidaw is the capital of Myanmar, also known as Burma and it is administered as the Naypyidaw Union Territory, as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the capital of Burma was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km west of Pyinmana, and approximately 300 km north of Yangon. The capitals official name was announced on 27 March 2006, Burmese Armed Forces Day, much of the city was still under construction as late as 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Burmas third largest city, after Yangon, famous examples are Changan in Tang dynasty and Beijing
2.
Kabul
–
Kabul is the capital of Afghanistan as well as its largest city, located in the eastern section of the country. According to a 2015 estimate, the population of the city was around 3,678,033 which includes all the ethnic groups. Rapid urbanization had made Kabul the worlds 64th largest city and the fifth fastest-growing city in the world, Kabul is said to be over 3,500 years old, mentioned since at least the time of the Achaemenid Empire. The city is at a location along the trade routes of South and Central Asia. It has been part of the Achaemenids, Seleucids, Mauryans, Kushans, Kabul Shahis, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Later, it was controlled by the Mughal Empire until finally becoming part of the Durrani Empire in 1747. The city is located high up in a valley between the Hindu Kush mountains. Kabul became the capital of Afghanistan during the reign of Timur Shah Durrani, in the early 19th century, the British occupied the city but were compelled to abandon it. Relations between Afghanistan and Great Britain were later established, the city was occupied by the Soviets in 1979 but they too abandoned it after the 1988 Geneva Accords were signed. A civil war in the 1990s between various rebel groups destroyed much of the city, resulting in many casualties, since the removal of the Taliban from power in late 2001, the city gradually began rebuilding itself with assistance by the international community. Despite the many terrorist attacks by elements, the city is growing and developing. The city is divided into about 18 districts, the Kabul International Airport is located in the Wazir Akbar Khan district a few miles from the foreign embassies. The Parliament of Afghanistan, built by India, is located in the Kārte Seh district, Kabul, also spelled Cabool, Caubul, Kabol, or Cabul. The word Kubhā is mentioned in the Rigveda, one of the four sacred texts of Hinduism, and the Avesta. The Rigveda praises it as a city, a vision of paradise set in the mountains. The area in which the Kabul valley sits was ruled by the Medes before falling to the Achaemenids, there is a reference to a settlement called Kabura by the rulers of the Achaemenid Empire, It became a center of Zoroastrianism followed by Buddhism and Hinduism. The region became part of the Seleucid Empire but was given to the Indian Maurya Empire. The Greco-Bactrians captured Kabul from the Mauryans in the early 2nd century BC, indo-Scythians expelled the Indo-Greeks by the mid 1st century BC, but lost the city to the Kushan Empire about 100 years later. Some historians ascribe Kabul the Sanskrit name of Kamboja and it is mentioned as Kophes or Kophene in some classical writings
3.
Buenos Aires Province
–
Buenos Aires is the largest and most populous Argentinian province. It takes the name from the city of Buenos Aires, which used to be the capital until it was federalized in 1880. The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata, the entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region. The province has a population of about 15.6 million people, nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires, the metropolitan area surrounding the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The area of the province,307,571 km2, makes it the largest in Argentina with around 11% of the total area. The inhabitants of the province before the 16th century advent of Spanish colonisation were aboriginal peoples such as the Charrúas and their culture was lost over the next 350 years. They were subjected to Eurasian plagues from which few survived, the survivors joined other tribes or have been mostly absorbed by Argentinas European ethnic majority. Pedro de Mendoza founded Santa María del Buen Ayre in 1536, even though the first contact with the aboriginals was peaceful, it soon became hostile. The city was evacuated in 1541, Juan de Garay re-founded the settlement in 1580 as Santísima Trinidad y Puerto Santa María de los Buenos Aires. Amidst ongoing conflict with the aboriginals, the cattle farms extended from Buenos Aires, jesuits unsuccessfully tried to peacefully assimilate the aboriginals into the European culture brought by the Spanish conquistadores. A certain balance was found at the end of the 18th century, the end to this situation came in 1879 with the Conquest of the Desert in which the aboriginals where almost completely exterminated. After the independence from Spain in 1816, the city and province of Buenos Aires became the focus of an intermittent Argentine Civil War with other provinces. A Federal Pact secured by Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1831 led to the establishment of the Argentine Confederation and to his gaining the sum of public power, which provided a tenuous unity. Ongoing disputes regarding the influence of Buenos Aires, between Federalists and Unitarians, and over the Port of Buenos Aires fueled periodic hostilities, the province was declared independent on September 11,1852, as the State of Buenos Aires. Concessions gained in the 1859 Pact of San José de Flores, intermittent conflicts with the nation did not truly cease until 1880, when the city of Buenos Aires was formally federalized and, thus, administratively separated from the province. La Plata was founded in 1882 by Governor Dardo Rocha for the purpose of becoming the provincial capital, the equivalent of a billion dollars of British investment and pro-development, education and immigration policies pursued at the national level subsequently spurred dramatic economic growth. Driven by European immigration and improved health, the population, like Argentinas, nearly doubled to one million by 1895. Rail lines connected nearly every town and hamlet in the province by 1914 and this era of accelerated development was cut short by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which caused a sharp drop in commodity prices and led to a halt in the flow of investment funds between nations
4.
La Plata
–
La Plata is the capital city of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and of the partido La Plata. According to the 2001 census, it has a population of 765,378, La Plata was planned and developed to serve as the provincial capital after the city of Buenos Aires was federalized in 1880. It was officially founded by Governor Dardo Rocha on 19 November 1882 and its construction is fully documented in photographs by Tomás Bradley Sutton. La Plata was renamed Eva Perón City between 1952 and 1955, the city is home to two important first division football teams, Estudiantes de La Plata and Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata. Rocha decided to erect a new city to host the provincial government institutions, urban planner Pedro Benoit designed a city layout based on a rationalist conception of urban centers. The city has the shape of a square with a central park, in addition, there are numerous other shorter diagonal streets. This design is copied in a manner in small blocks of six by six blocks in length. For every six blocks, there is a park or square. Other than the streets, all streets are on a rectangular grid and are numbered consecutively. Thus, La Plata is nicknamed la ciudad de las diagonales and it is also called la ciudad de los tilos, because of the large number of linden trees lining the many streets and squares. Palms and subtropical evergreen trees thrive, but are comparatively infrequent. The city design and its buildings are noted to possess a strong Freemason symbolism and this is said to be a consequence of both Rocha and Benoit being Freemasons. The designs for the government buildings were chosen in an architectural competition. Thus, the Governor Palace was designed by Italians, the City Hall by Germans, electric street lighting was installed in 1884, and was the first of its kind in Latin America. The neo-Gothic cathedral of La Plata is the largest church in Argentina, the Curutchet House is one of the two buildings by Le Corbusier built in the Americas. The Teatro Argentino de La Plata is one of the most important opera houses in Argentina, the theatre was built on the square block between 9th and 10th Street and 51st and 53rd Avenue. It was opened on November 19,1890 and it was designed by Leopoldo Rochi in Renaissance style. The work was funded by the first inhabitants of La Plata, in the foyer, entering through the majestic doors, there was a beautiful white Carrara marble staircase
5.
San Luis, Argentina
–
San Luis is the capital city of San Luis Province in the Cuyo region of Argentina. It is also the seat of the Juan Martín de Pueyrredón Department, San Luis lies at the feet of the Sierras Grandes, along the northern bank of the Chorrillos River, and is set in a Dry Pampas plateau around 730 m above sea level. Points of interest in the city include the Park of the Nations, the cathedral, a number of museums including the Dora Ochoa De Masramón Provincial Museum. A number of honor the Argentine War of Independence, as well. Independence Park features a monument to General José de San Martín, liberator of Argentina, Chile. Nearby Pringles Plaza honors Colonel Juan Pascual Pringles, one of San Martíns chief adjutants and, briefly, fishing in the nearby Lake Potrero de los Funes, and other locations, is also popular. The Sierra de las Quijadas National Park is located 122 kilometres from the city, the citys climate is dry, with July average temperature between 3 and 15 °C and January average between 18 and 31 °C, an annual average of 17 °C. The extremes temperatures in this city are −10 and +41 °C National Route 7 connects San Luis to Mendoza, the San Luis Airport is located less than 2 miles north of downtown, and has regular flights to Buenos Aires. San Luis was founded on August 25,1594, by Luis Jufré de Loaysa y Meneses, the settlement was later abandoned, and was reestablished in 1632 by Martín García Oñez de Loyola as San Luis de Loyola Nueva Medina de Río Seco. By the end of the 19th century, San Luis had 7,000 inhabitants, the following year, work began on the cathedral. The Governors Executive Building, designed in French renaissance architecture, was completed in 1911, because the city is located at the part of the Sierras Grandes known as Punta de los Venados, the inhabitants of the city are called puntanos. San Luis has a climate and it closely borders a humid subtropical climate. Summers are hot and humid, and winters are cool and dry, with temperatures falling below 0 °C sometimes and snowfalls can occur occasionally. The hottest month, January, has a temperature of 24.0 °C. The annual average temperature is 16.6 °C, official Site Municipal information, Municipal Affairs Federal Institute, Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina
6.
Adelaide
–
Adelaide is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-most populous city of Australia. In June 2016, Adelaide had a resident population of 1,326,354 million. South Australia, with a total of 1, the demonym Adelaidean is used in reference to the city and its residents. Adelaide is north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, on the Adelaide Plains between the Gulf St Vincent and the low-lying Mount Lofty Ranges which surround the city. Adelaide stretches 20 km from the coast to the foothills, and 94 to 104 km from Gawler at its northern extent to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen consort to King William IV, Colonel William Light, one of Adelaides founding fathers, designed the city and chose its location close to the River Torrens, in the area originally inhabited by the Kaurna people. Lights design set out Adelaide in a layout, interspaced by wide boulevards and large public squares. Early Adelaide was shaped by prosperity and wealth—until the Second World War, it was Australias third-largest city and it has been noted for early examples of religious freedom, a commitment to political progressivism and civil liberties. It has been known as the City of Churches since the mid-19th century, as South Australias seat of government and commercial centre, Adelaide is the site of many governmental and financial institutions. Most of these are concentrated in the city centre along the boulevard of North Terrace, King William Street. Today, Adelaide is noted for its festivals and sporting events, its food and wine, its long beachfronts. It ranks highly in terms of liveability, being listed in the Top 10 of The Economist Intelligence Units Worlds Most Liveable Cities index in 2010,2011,2012 and 2015. It was also ranked the most liveable city in Australia by the Property Council of Australia in 2011,2012 and 2013, prior to its proclamation as a British settlement in 1836, the area around Adelaide was inhabited by the indigenous Kaurna Aboriginal nation. Kaurna culture and language was almost completely destroyed within a few decades of the European settlement of South Australia in 1836, however, extensive documentation by early missionaries and other researchers has enabled a modern revival of both language and culture. South Australia was officially proclaimed as a new British colony on 28 December 1836, the event is commemorated in South Australia as Proclamation Day. The site of the capital was surveyed and laid out by Colonel William Light. Adelaide was established as a colony of free immigrants, promising civil liberties and freedom from religious persecution. Wakefields idea was for the Government to survey and sell the land at a rate that would maintain land values high enough to be unaffordable for labourers and journeymen
7.
South Australia
–
South Australia is a state in the southern central part of Australia. It covers some of the most arid parts of the country, with a total land area of 983,482 square kilometres, it is the fourth-largest of Australias states and territories. Other population centres in the state are relatively small, the state comprises less than 8 percent of the Australian population and ranks fifth in population among the six states and two territories. The majority of its people reside in Adelaide, most of the remainder are settled in fertile areas along the south-eastern coast and River Murray. The states colonial origins are unique in Australia as a settled, planned British province. Official settlement began on 28 December 1836, when the colony was proclaimed at the Old Gum Tree by Governor John Hindmarsh, as with the rest of the continent, the region had been long occupied by Aboriginal peoples, who were organised into numerous tribes and languages. The first British settlement to be established was Kingscote, Kangaroo Island, on 26 July 1836, the guiding principle behind settlement was that of systematic colonisation, a theory espoused by Edward Gibbon Wakefield that was later employed by the New Zealand Company. The goal was to establish the province as a centre of civilisation for free immigrants, promising civil liberties, although its history is marked by economic hardship, South Australia has remained politically innovative and culturally vibrant. Today, it is known for its wine and numerous cultural festivals. The states economy is dominated by the agricultural, manufacturing and mining industries, the state has an increasingly significant finance sector as well. Evidence of human activity in South Australia dates back as far as 20,000 years, with flint mining activity, in addition wooden spears and tools were made in an area now covered in peat bog in the South East. Kangaroo Island was inhabited long before the island was cut off by rising sea levels, thijssen named his discovery Pieter Nuyts Land, after the highest ranking individual on board. The complete coastline of South Australia was first mapped by Matthew Flinders, the land which now forms the state of South Australia was claimed for Britain in 1788 as part of the colony of New South Wales. Although the new colony included almost two-thirds of the continent, early settlements were all on the eastern coast and it took more than forty years before any serious proposal to establish settlements in the south-western portion of New South Wales were put forward. In 1834, the British Parliament passed the South Australia Act 1834, the act stated that 802,511 square kilometres would be allotted to the colony and it would be convict-free. In contrast to the rest of Australia, terra nullius did not apply to the new province, although the patent guaranteed land rights under force of law for the indigenous inhabitants it was ignored by the South Australian Company authorities and squatters. Settlement of seven vessels and 636 people was made at Kingscote on Kangaroo Island. The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay in November 1836, the Colonisation Commissioners intended to establish a police service as soon as misconduct within the increasing population warranted it
8.
Canberra
–
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of 381,488, it is Australias largest inland city, the city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory,280 km south-west of Sydney, and 660 km north-east of Melbourne. A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran, the site of Canberra was selected for the location of the nations capital in 1908 as a compromise between rivals Sydney and Melbourne, Australias two largest cities. It is unusual among Australian cities, being a planned city outside of any state, similar to Washington, D. C. in the United States. Following an international contest for the design, a blueprint by American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected. The Griffins plan featured geometric motifs such as circles, hexagons and triangles, the citys design was influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation that have earned Canberra the title of the bush capital. Although the Australian Capital Territory is now self-governing, the Commonwealth Government retains some influence through the National Capital Authority, the Australian Armys officer corps is trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the capital. The ACT is independent of any state to prevent any one state from gaining an advantage by hosting the seat of Commonwealth power, the ACT has voting representation in the Commonwealth Parliament, and has its own independent Legislative Assembly and government, similar to the states. Compared to the averages, the unemployment rate is lower. Property prices are high, in part due to comparatively restrictive development regulations. An 1830s map of the region by Major Mitchell indeed does mark the Sullivans Creek floodplain between two mountains as Nganbra. Nganbra or Nganbira could readily have been anglicised to the name Canberry, survey plans of the district dated 1837 refer to the area as the Canberry Plain. Although popularly pronounced /ˈkænbərə/ or /ˈkænbɛrə/, the pronunciation at its official naming in 1913 was /ˈkæn. brə/. Before white settlement, the area in which Canberra would eventually be constructed was seasonally inhabited by Indigenous Australians, archaeological evidence of settlement in the region includes inhabited rock shelters, rock paintings and engravings, burial places, camps and quarry sites, and stone tools and arrangements. Artefacts suggests early human activity occurred at some point in the area 21,000 years previously, European exploration and settlement started in the Canberra area as early as the 1820s. There were four expeditions between 1820 and 1824, white settlement of the area probably dates from 1823, when a homestead or station was built on what is now the Acton peninsula by stockmen employed by Joshua John Moore. He formally applied to purchase the site on 16 December 1826, on 30 April 1827, Moore was told by letter that he could retain possession of 1,000 acres at Canberry. The European population in the Canberra area continued to grow throughout the 19th century
9.
Australian Capital Territory
–
The Australian Capital Territory is the federal district in the south east of Australia, enclaved within New South Wales. Its only city is Canberra, the city of Australia. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. The need for a territory was flagged by colonial delegates during the Federation conventions of the late 19th century. Section 125 of the Australian Constitution provided that, following Federation in 1901, the territory was transferred to the Commonwealth by the state of New South Wales in 1911, two years prior to the naming of Canberra as the national capital in 1913. The floral emblem of the ACT is the royal bluebell and the emblem is the gang-gang cockatoo. The economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around Canberra and this trend continued into 2016, when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australias states and territories. There is a proportion of young adults in the region compared with other Australian states or territories. Approximately one-fifth of ACT residents were born outside of Australia, mainly in the United Kingdom, almost one-fifth speak a language other than English at home, the most common being Chinese. The ACT also has a strip of territory around the southern end of the Beecroft Peninsula. Apart from the city of Canberra, the Australian Capital Territory also contains agricultural land, small townships and communities located within the ACT include Williamsdale, Naas, Uriarra, Tharwa and Hall. There are a range of mountains, rivers and creeks in the Namadgi National Park. These include the Naas and Murrumbidgee Rivers, Canberra is noted for its warm to hot, dry summers, and cold winters with occasional fog and frequent frosts. Many of the mountains in the territorys south-west are snow-covered for at least part of the winter. Thunderstorms can occur between October and March, and annual rainfall is 623 mm, with rainfall highest in spring and summer, the highest maximum temperature recorded in the ACT was 42.8 °C at Acton on 11 January 1939. The lowest minimum temperature was −14.6 °C at Gudgenby on 11 July 1971, notable geological formations in the Australian Capital Territory include the Canberra Formation, the Pittman Formation, Black Mountain Sandstone and State Circle Shale. In the 1840s fossils of brachiopods and trilobites from the Silurian period were discovered at Woolshed Creek near Duntroon, at the time, these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed. Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting, the oldest rocks in the ACT date from the Ordovician around 480 million years ago
10.
Churchill, Victoria
–
Churchill is a town in the Latrobe Valley, located in central Gippsland in the east of Victoria, Australia. The town had a population of 4,750 at the 2011 census, the town was named in honour of former British leader Sir Winston Churchill. Churchill was formerly known as Hazelwood, Victoria and began as a centre for the Hazelwood Power Station and future replacement for Yallourn. The site was chosen for its pleasant location at the foot of the Strzelecki Ranges and it was relatively free from air pollution, is not above rich coalfields and is in close proximity to the larger towns and power stations in the Latrobe Valley. Construction of Churchill began in 1965, within a week five more families arrived and so the town began to grow street by street. The town was sufficiently advanced for the Post Office to open on 11 April 1966, the shopping centre in Churchill was officially opened on July 1967, the first two shops having opened 19 May 1967. In that year many new traders opened for business, all the shop keepers were offered a commission house in Churchill for their use. The Churchill Newsagency opened in 1967 and was run by Ian, a Tattersalls agency was established in 1975. The transport system was to be a network of restricted-access highways, population was anticipated to reach 6,000 by 1971, rising to around 40,000 by 2000. However, the discovery of gas in Bass Strait resulted in the closure of the Lurgi plant to the towns north. This, combined with the development of services in the town. Population peaked at a modest 5500 in the early 1990s before a small decline, signs of renewed growth have appeared, with several new housing estates being released during the past decade. After closing in 2006 the hotel was remodeled and reopened in January 2011, in 2009 Churchill also suffered the shock of the Black Saturday bush fires. Lit deliberately on Glendonald Rd, these fires burnt the surrounding hills of Churchill through to Yarram, the area now known as Churchill was originally named Hazelwood, but was renamed after Sir Winston Churchills death. The name Churchill won by narrow vote, some of the names in Churchill have a distinctly local flavour. Estates in the town were named after early settlers. These include Silcock, Medew, McMillan, Glendonald, and Northways, roads have also been named after people, flora, and Aboriginal names. Churchill Cigar Churchill has a landmark, a tall square golden tower
11.
Victoria (Australia)
–
Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
12.
Eaglemont, Victoria
–
Eaglemont is an established suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,10 km north-east of Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Banyule, at the 2011 Census, Eaglemont had a population of 3,927. Formerly known as Mount Eagle, Eaglemont is a picturesque enclave situated between Ivanhoe East and Heidelberg, the heritage-laden garden suburb was designed by Walter Burley Griffin, playing home to many of Australias most famous artists at the Heidelberg School of Art. Two properties were built in the area in the 1840s, Leighton was built by the Bolden brothers, Hartlands was located on the elevated region known as Mount Eagle, and was subdivided in 1853. The area remained agricultural, apart from a house and gardens, named Mount Eagle. During the landboom of the 1880s, the Mount Eagle and Leighton properties were bought by a syndicate, the area was named Mount Eagle Estate. The Mount Eagle property failed to sell, and remained vacant until 1888 when it was available to a group of artists. This group became known as the Heidelberg School, and included Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton, Charles Conder, in 1915 Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin were commissioned to design a subdivision in the Mount Eagle Estate. The design incorporated curving streets which followed the contours of the land, in 1916 they designed the nearby Glenard Estate upon similar principles. The Griffins designed numerous houses in the area, and later residents of Eaglemont. They lived alongside the house of Walters brother-in-law Roy Lippincott at no.21, Eaglemont Post Office opened on 14 October 1929 some time after the opening of the railway station in 1926. Eaglemonts small shopping strip includes a newsagency/licensed post office, fruit shop, grocery store and book shop, Eaglemont is well serviced by public transport, having its own railway station, as well as numerous bus routes and bike paths. Australian Places - Eaglemont at the Wayback Machine
13.
Environa, New South Wales
–
Environa was a failed real estate development on the border of the ACT and New South Wales. The land itself was originally a subdivision of the property known as Hill Station. It lies just east of the Queanbeyan-Cooma railway line as it goes past the estate of Hume. Henry Ferdinand Halloran, an enterprising realtor bought the property at auction in 1924, Halloran emphasised the future promise of the region, with the closest freehold land to the federal territory. Plans for the part of the subdivision, called Canberra Freehold Estate, included space for offices, shops, a hospital. Some of the names were Rue de Paris, Piazza di Roma. On the southern part of the estate, Halloran built stone monuments and these included an arch at the entrance, rows of stone pillars along the entrance route, and a statue of Henry Parkes on a tall column. Bandstands were built, which had corrugated iron supported by tree trunks. The main top-mast off HMAS Sydney was erected, but rotted at the base and this was later moved to Jervis Bay. No blocks were sold and the planned development never went ahead with the Great Depression killing off the project. The Queanbeyan Council resumed the land to the north, because of unpaid rates, Henry Halloran died in 1953 after 84 years of life and the property at Environa was inherited by his daughter Mrs David Larcombe. A house was there in 1971. As of 2012 the proposed street layout of Environa was marked on Google Maps, however, it has since been removed. Environa lies on the slopes of the Pemberton Hill to the south. It is 620 metres to 660 metres above sea level, the rocks are acid volcanics, rhyodacite and rhyolite from the Deakin Volcanics
14.
New South Wales
–
New South Wales is a state on the east coast of Australia. It borders Queensland to the north, Victoria to the south and it has a coast line with the Tasman Sea on its east side. The Australian Capital Territory is an enclave within the state, New South Wales state capital is Sydney, which is also Australias most populous city. In March 2014, the population of New South Wales was 7.5 million. Just under two-thirds of the population,4.67 million. Inhabitants of New South Wales are referred to as New South Welshmen, the Colony of New South Wales was founded as a penal colony in 1788. It originally comprised a more than half of the Australian mainland with its western boundary set at 129th meridian east in 1825, in addition, the colony also included the island territories of New Zealand, Van Diemens Land, Lord Howe Island, and Norfolk Island. During the 19th century, most of the area was detached to form separate British colonies that eventually became New Zealand. However, the Swan River Colony has never administered as part of New South Wales. Lord Howe Island remains part of New South Wales, while Norfolk Island has become a federal Territory, as have the now known as the Australian Capital Territory. The prior inhabitants of New South Wales were the Aboriginal tribes who arrived in Australia about 40,000 to 60,000 years ago, before European settlement there were an estimated 250,000 Aboriginal people in the region. The Wodi Wodi people are the custodians of the Illawarra region of South Sydney. The Bundjalung people are the custodians of parts of the northern coastal areas. The European discovery of New South Wales was made by Captain James Cook during his 1770 survey along the eastern coast of the Dutch-named continent of New Holland. In his original journal covering the survey, in triplicate to satisfy Admiralty Orders, Cook first named the land New Wales, however, in the copy held by the Admiralty, he revised the wording to New South Wales. After years of chaos and anarchy after the overthrow of Governor William Bligh, macquaries legacy is still evident today. During the 19th century, large areas were separated to form the British colonies of Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria. Responsible government was granted to the New South Wales colony in 1855, following the Treaty of Waitangi, William Hobson declared British sovereignty over New Zealand in 1840
15.
Port Melbourne, Victoria
–
Port Melbourne is an inner suburb of Melbourne, Australia,5 km south-west from Melbournes Central Business District. It is split between the government areas of Melbourne and Port Phillip. The area to the north of the West Gate Freeway is in the City of Melbourne, the area to the south is in the City of Port Phillip. At the 2011 Census, Port Melbourne had a population of 14,521, the suburb is bordered by the shores of Hobsons Bay and the lower reaches of the Yarra River. Port Melbourne covers an area, which includes the distinct localities of Fishermans Bend, Garden City. Historically it was known as Sandridge and developed as the Citys second port, the formerly industrial Port Melbourne has been subject to intense urban renewal over the past decade. The suburb also forms a major link from east to west. The most prominent early resident of the area, now known as Port Melbourne, was Captain Wilbraham Frederick Evelyn Liardet, who arrived in 1839, and established a hotel, jetty, and mail service. Liardet later stated that before his arrival the surveyor William Wedge Darke, from this signpost its first official name, Sandridge, was said to have originated. The area also commonly known as Liardets Beach but Liardet himself was said to have preferred Brighton. It became Port Melbourne in 1884, the area came into prominence during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s. With an increasing number of ships looking to berth, Sandridge became a transport hub. To alleviate the costs of shipping goods via small vessels up the Yarra River to Melbourne the Port Melbourne Line was built in 1854 to connect Sandridge to Melbourne. The disused Sandridge Bridge takes its name from this railway line. In 1860, Port Melbourne was an area of Victoria to gain Municipal status, with the Sandridge Borough. In the early years of Port Melbourne, the suburb was separated from neighboring Albert Park by a shallow lagoon. This was gradually filled in over the years, with the last of it completed in 1929, as a transport hub, Port Melbourne had numerous hotels. Early industries included a sugar refining, soap production, candle works, chemical works, rice and flour mills, gasworks, a distillery, Station and Princes Piers were major places of arrival to Australia for immigrants prior to the availability of affordable air travel
16.
Griffith, New South Wales
–
It is also the seat of the City of Griffith local government area. Like the Australian capital, Canberra, and the town of Leeton, Griffith was designed by Walter Burley Griffin. Griffith was named after Arthur Hill Griffith, the first New South Wales minister of Public Works, Griffith was proclaimed a city in 1987, and had a population of 19,540 in 2015. The main dam was the large Burrinjuck Dam between Gundagai and Canberra, which stored water to be released down the river for irrigation, berembed Weir, near Narrandera, was built across the Murrumbidgee River, from which flows the Main Canal. The Canal, almost a river in its own right, flows through the MIA to Griffith, supplying water to the entire area, the water supply was further enhanced with the construction of the Snowy River scheme by the Australian Federal Government in the 1950s and 1960s. From the start of the MIA, citrus and other fruit, in the 1950s the irrigation area expanded to include large rice farms. Vineyards were established early, and wineries followed, beginning with McWilliams Wines at Hanwood and Yenda, from its earliest days, the MIA was populated by Italian workers, some of whom were initially employed by Australian farmers to run steamboats on the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers. Approximately 60% of todays Griffith population claim Italian background, in the 1970s, Griffith was often associated with drug distribution and organised crime, as depicted in 2009 by Underbelly, A Tale of Two Cities. However, Griffith is now associated with wine and food, primarily as a result of its diverse population. Griffiths multi-ethnic population is now absorbing new national groups, including a significant Sikh Indian community, the city is sister city with the Italian city of Treviso in the Veneto Region. Many Italians in Griffith are from the Veneto Region or the Calabria Region of Italy, De Bortoli, Rosetto and other wineries were established by Italian immigrants, and today they are well known around Australia. In recent times they have been joined by one of the countrys best known wine labels, Yellow Tail, Casella, DeBortoli, McWilliams, Warburn and Berton Vineyards are now among the top 20 wine producers in Australia. Griffith is the city of the Anglican Diocese of Riverina. The foundation stone of the Parish Church of St Alban the Martyr was dedicated in 1954 and it was proclaimed as a cathedral in 1984. The city of Griffith had contained no traffic lights up until February 2010 when the first set of lights was installed at the intersection of Burrell Place. Griffith has a semi-arid climate under the Köppen climate classification with hot summers, a record high temperature of 46.0 degrees was reached on 23 Jan 2001, while a record low of –6.0 degrees was recorded on 17 July 1977. Griffith is the service centre for the vast Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area. Thanks to irrigation, Griffith is rich in agriculture and the city is known as Australias Wine
17.
Inala, Queensland
–
Inala is a suburb of Brisbane, Australia, situated in the south-west of the metropolitan area. At the 2011 Australian Census the suburb recorded a population of 13,769, following World War II there was a shortage of 250,000 houses across Australia. In Queensland alone over 4,000 families were living in dwellings of tin, calico. State and Commonwealth Governments responded by making housing a priority, the history of Inala started as Serviceton suburb, the establishment of which was a meeting held in a Brisbane RSL Hall in May 1946. A group of ex-servicemen, led by Harold Davis, were seeking affordable accommodation for their families during the housing shortage. The Serviceton Co-operative Society was formed and they purchased 480 hectares of flood-safe land, in 1949–1950 the Queensland Housing Commission purchased Serviceton, comprising approximately 850 acres of land, from the faltering Serviceton Housing Co-operative. The Housing Commission subsequently annexed another 200 acres to the suburb, Inala was planned as a satellite town set on a broad high, gently sloping ridge about 18 kilometres from the Brisbane General Post Office. The development of the designs for the estate coincided with the emergence of architectural modernism in Australia. Inala was designed and built in Modernist Revival style with elements of Art Deco and it was both aesthetically successful and a practical architectural solution. The post-war worldwide shortage of building materials coupled with huge demands created the impetus for exploring and using new materials, reinforced concrete was used in the construction of houses and this choice was made because of its strength, reliably and flexibility. Concrete was a material for the fashionable Modernist style. Inala houses were situated on raised foundations, framed with hardwood timber. Windows were framed with silky oak, the outer walls were constructed of poured concrete approximately 18 cm thick. Internal walls and ceilings were constructed with rendered wire lath and these robust construction techniques also served to minimise maintenance costs and achieve a long life span of the houses. Located 18 kilometres to the south west of the Brisbane CBD, Inala is considered a gateway to the nearby Wacol, Inala Avenue/Poinsettia Street is the main roadway east-west and Serviceston Avenue/Rosemary Street and Blunder Road are the main roads stretching north-south. In the 2011 census, Inala recorded a population of 13,796 people,51. 3% female and 48. 7% male, the median age of the Inala population was 33 years,4 years below the Australian median. 50. 9% of people spoke only English at home, other most commonly spoken languages are 24. 5% Vietnamese, 4% Samoan,1. 3% Spanish,1. 3% Arabic, 1% Tongan,0. 5% Hindi,0. 5% Tagalog. There are several shopping precincts within Inala, other shops and restaurants exist in Biota Street located to the north, Skylark Street shops located to the east, and Lavender/Lilac Streets
18.
Queensland
–
Queensland is the second-largest and third-most-populous state in the Commonwealth of Australia. Situated in the north-east of the country, it is bordered by the Northern Territory, South Australia and New South Wales to the west, south-west, to the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. Queensland has a population of 4,750,500, concentrated along the coast, the state is the worlds sixth largest sub-national entity, with an area of 1,852,642 km2. The capital and largest city in the state is Brisbane, Australias third largest city, often referred to as the Sunshine State, Queensland is home to 10 of Australias 30 largest cities and is the nations third largest economy. Tourism in the state, fuelled largely by its tropical climate, is a major industry. Queensland was first inhabited by Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, the first European to land in Queensland was Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon in 1606, who explored the west coast of the Cape York Peninsula near present-day Weipa. In 1770, Lieutenant James Cook claimed the east coast of Australia for the Kingdom of Great Britain. The colony of New South Wales was founded in 1788 by Governor Arthur Phillip at Sydney, New South Wales at that time included all of what is now Queensland, Queensland was explored in subsequent decades until the establishment of a penal colony at Brisbane in 1824 by John Oxley. Penal transportation ceased in 1839 and free settlement was allowed from 1842, the state was named in honour of Queen Victoria, who on 6 June 1859 signed Letters Patent separating the colony from New South Wales. The 6th of June is now celebrated statewide as Queensland Day. Queensland achieved statehood with the Federation of Australia on 1 January 1901, the history of Queensland spans thousands of years, encompassing both a lengthy indigenous presence, as well as the eventful times of post-European settlement. The north-eastern Australian region was explored by Dutch, Spanish and French navigators before being encountered by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770, the Australian Labor Party has its origin as a formal organisation in Queensland and the town of Barcaldine is the symbolic birthplace of the party. June 2009 marked the 150th anniversary of its creation as a colony from New South Wales. The Aboriginal occupation of Queensland is thought to predate 50,000 BC, likely via boat or land bridge across Torres Strait, during the last ice age Queenslands landscape became more arid and largely desolate, making food and other supplies scarce. This led to the worlds first seed-grinding technology, warming again made the land hospitable, which brought high rainfall along the eastern coast, stimulating the growth of the states tropical rainforests. In February 1606, Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon landed near the site of what is now Weipa and this was the first recorded landing of a European in Australia, and it also marked the first reported contact between European and Aboriginal Australian people. The region was explored by French and Spanish explorers prior to the arrival of Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook claimed the east coast under instruction from King George III of the United Kingdom on 22 August 1770 at Possession Island, naming Eastern Australia, including Queensland, the Aboriginal population declined significantly after a smallpox epidemic during the late 18th century
19.
Springfield, Queensland
–
Springfield is a suburb in the City of Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. Springfield was built as part of Greater Springfield, Australias largest master-planned community, Springfield Anglican College was established in the suburb in 1998. Springfield is also home to Woodcrest State College, Springfield is connected to the Brisbane CBD by the Centenary Motorway and the Springfield railway line, a branch of the Ipswich railway line that starts at Darra station, and extends to Springfield. South East Queensland Regional Plan McCreadie, Karen, Stop not till the goal is reached, john Wiley & Sons Australia, ISBN 978-1-74246-856-3 University of Queensland, Queensland Places, Springfield
20.
Joondalup
–
Joondalup is a regional metropolitan city within Perth, Western Australia, approximately 26 kilometres north of Perths central business district. It acts as the urban centre in Perths outer northern suburbs. During the latter part of the 1960s, the Metropolitan Regional Planning Authority developed the Corridor Plan for Perth which was published and adopted in 1970. The plan called for the creation of five sub-regional retail centres which would form the commercial and economic focus of each node, the Corridor Plan was not endorsed by Parliament until 1973. This Plan was amended as new centres were required, a review of the Corridor Plan in 1987 found that the sub-regional centres had failed to adequately compete against the regional shopping centres in the middle-distance suburbs. The city is named after Lake Joondalup, the name Joondalup is a Noongar Aboriginal word, first recorded in 1837 and possibly meaning either place of whiteness or glistening, or place of a creature that can only move backwards. Joondalup as a centre has no statutory boundaries,21. 6% of Joondalups population professed no religion. Joondalup contains a fairly youthful population, with an age of 34. Joondalup is governed by the City of Joondalup local government area, until 1998, the area was entirely governed by the neighbouring City of Wanneroo. Joondalups central business district, centred on Grand Boulevard, is largely a shopping and retail area lined with townhouses, lakeside Joondalup Shopping City is located adjacent to the Joondalup railway station and backs onto Grand Boulevard. Joondalup is home to the Joondalup Festival, an event that takes place in the CBD featuring markets, music, fashion, street arts, fairground rides. The festival is free-of-charge and attracts people from all over the Perth metropolitan area, the city has a number of parks including Central Park and Neil Hawkins Park in the Yellagonga Regional Park. The Neil Hawkins Park is home to many parrots, including the Australian ringneck, the park sits alongside Lake Joondalup and wetlands which stretches out between Burns Beach Road to the north and Ocean Reef Road to the south. These wetlands provide refuge for migratory birds, Joondalups coastal front consists of Burns Beach in the north and Beaumaris Beach in Ocean Reef, running onto the Ocean Reef Boat Harbour in the south. The Arena also hosts events and festivals during the year, as well as the Home and Lifestyle Expo. Furthermore, in the early 1990s with the addition of the Western Reds to the National Rugby League, Joondalup is a popular city for nightlife at weekends and Friday nights, with most of its pubs and nightclubs located in close proximity to each other in the CBD. These include, Arcade Nightclub Paddy Malones The Old Bailey The Sovereign Arms The council chambers for the City of Joondalup are located in Joondalups central business district. The complex includes Joondalup Library, which serves as the central library, Joondalup Private Hospital is also incorporated into the public Health Campus, and both facilities are owned and operated by Ramsay Health Care
21.
Western Australia
–
Western Australia is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Great Australian Bight and Southern Ocean to the south, the state has about 2.6 million inhabitants, around 11% of the national total. 92% of the lives in the south-west corner of the state. The first European visitor to Western Australia was the Dutch explorer Dirk Hartog, the first European settlement of Western Australia occurred following the landing by Major Edmund Lockyer on 26 December 1826 of an expedition on behalf of the New South Wales colonial government. This was followed by the establishment of the Swan River Colony in 1829, including the site of the present-day capital, york was the first inland settlement in Western Australia. Situated 97 kilometres east of Perth, it was settled on 16 September 1831, Western Australia achieved responsible government in 1890, and federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901. Today its economy relies on mining, agriculture and tourism. The state produces 46% of Australias exports, Western Australia is the second-largest iron ore producer in the world. The International Hydrographic Organization designates the body of water south of the continent as part of the Indian Ocean, the total length of the states eastern border is 1,862 km. There are 20,781 km of coastline, including 7,892 km of island coastline, the total land area occupied by the state is 2.5 million km2. Most of the state is a low plateau with an elevation of about 400 metres, very low relief. This descends relatively sharply to the plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment. The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile, even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents. Soils derived from extensive sandplains or ironstone are even less fertile, nearly devoid of soluble phosphate and also deficient in zinc, copper, molybdenum, the infertility of most of the soils has required heavy application by farmers of chemical fertilisers, particularly superphosphate, insecticides and herbicides. These have resulted in damage to invertebrate and bacterial populations, the grazing and use of hoofed mammals and, later, heavy machinery through the years have resulted in compaction of soils and great damage to the fragile soils. Large-scale land clearing for agriculture has damaged habitats for native flora, large areas of the states wheatbelt region have problems with dryland salinity and the loss of fresh water. The southwest coastal area has a Mediterranean climate and it was originally heavily forested, including large stands of karri, one of the tallest trees in the world. This agricultural region is one of the nine most bio-diverse terrestrial habitats, thanks to the offshore Leeuwin Current, the area is one of the top six regions for marine biodiversity and contains the most southerly coral reefs in the world
22.
Karratha, Western Australia
–
Karratha is a city in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, adjoining the port of Dampier. At June 2015, Karratha had an urban population of 19,235. The citys name comes from the station of the same name. The city is the seat of government of the City of Karratha, Karratha, an isolated city, is located approximately 1,535 kilometres north of Perth and 850 kilometres south of Broome on the North West Coastal Highway. Karrathas housing development continues, with new villages and suburbs being built, Baynton West is currently being developed. Also a new suburb going east of Bulgarra with an indigenous name, there is current development of a second industrial estate, Gap Ridge which is west of the city, past the cemetery. The Pilbara Rugby League has 5 teams, Karratha Stormers, Karratha Broncos, Karratha Roosters, Port Hedland Juniors, South Hedland Cougars, soccer has 5 teams, Bulgarra Glory, Karratha Snow Whites, Nickol, Dampier Red Dogs and Salt. West Pilbara Cricket Association has 6 teams, Karratha Kats, Baynton Lions, Rec Club, Dampier Taverners, Wickham and Pegs Creek CRABS. Karratha came into being in 1968 due to the growth of the iron-ore industry. Karratha has the largest shopping centre in the Pilbara, Karratha City and it was opened in 1986 as Karratha City and expanded in 2005. The centre also serves the towns of Dampier, Wickham. There is also a centre, Karratha Village, which has health services including a pharmacy. There is only one hospital in Karratha, the Nickol Bay Hospital, the notable feature of the hospital is its wind resistant design due to the threat of seasonal cyclonic activity. Karratha has a hot climate, that just avoids a desert climate classification. Temperatures are warm to hot all year round, with low rainfall, most of which falls in summer due to the influence of tropical cyclones. Even winter temperatures drop below 10 °C, while maximums stay in the mid to high 20 °Cs. The record high temperature is 48.2 °C, while the low is 6.9 °C. The highest monthly rainfall recorded was 348. 8mm in February 2011, owing to the passage of Tropical Cyclone Carlos
23.
Leeton, New South Wales
–
Leeton is a town in the Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. Leeton is situated approximately 550 km west of Sydney and 450 km north of Melbourne in the productive Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area, Leeton is administered by Leeton Shire Council. Leetons urban population in 2011 was 6,733 and as of 2001, Leeton is situated in one of the most productive farming regions in the state, with citrus, rice, grapes and wheat farms found throughout the Leeton Shire. Leeton is Australias Rice Capital as it is home to the SunRice headquarters, other industry includes Freedom Foods, Berri Juices, Riverina Beef and Murrumbidgee Irrigation. Leeton is renowned as The Heart of SunRice Country, Leeton holds a number of town landmarks, including the Roxy Theatre, War Memorial, Madonna Place, St Peters Church, and the historic Hydro Motor Inn which are located in the centre of town. Leetons areas also feature large towers that store the towns water, Leeton is a purpose-built town designed by Walter Burley Griffin after the irrigation schemes were announced by the New South Wales Government in the early 1900s. The town has a circular structure and streetscape. Leeton has distinct commercial, administrative, industrial, residential, educational, health, recreational and cultural areas, the unique design of Leeton is still considered a practical method of planning even though Leeton was founded over 90 years ago. The town is named after Charles Alfred Lee, a Minister for Public Works in New South Wales from 1904 to 1910, in 1912 a water tower was built to supply water to the then tent town. Leeton Post Office opened on 6 September 1912, on 3 April 1913 the first block of land was sold in the town. During 1913 a kurrajong tree which became known as the Pioneers Tree, was planted as a feature in Kurrajong Avenue, and a butter factory was established in the town. In 1914 World War I broke out, of the population of 2000 people,200 men were serving in the armed forces making it difficult to maintain the plantings in the irrigation area. During 1914 and 1915 an abattoir and canning factory were established in the town, in August 1913 Walter Burley Griffin visited the town to complete its design. The Commission chose and appointed an Advisory Board which was made up of farmers which already had been in operation in the Yanco area since 1913. On 1 January 1928 the Willimbong Shire was formed with the name Willimbong being retained until 19 July 1946 when it was renamed as Leeton Shire. In 1929 the Roxy Theatre was built on a vacant block of land on the corner of Wade. In 1930 Willimbong Shire become the trustee of the Leeton Racecourse, established in 1912, in August 1931 Southern Cross became the first aircraft to officially landing at the aerodrome. During 1935 work was done at the aerodrome for it to be licensed to take aircraft including commercial aircraft
24.
Melbourne City Centre
–
Melbourne City Centre is an area of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is the area in which Melbourne was established in 1835, by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner, today it comprises the two oldest areas of Melbourne, the Hoddle Grid and Queen Victoria Market, as well as sections of the redeveloped areas of Docklands and Southbank/Wharf. It is not to be confused with the local government area of the City of Melbourne. The City Centre is home to five of the six tallest buildings in Australia. In recent times, it has placed alongside New York City and Berlin as one of the worlds great street art meccas. He sailed across Bass Strait, into the bay of Port Phillip, the last sentence of Batmans journal entry on this day became famous as the founding charter of the settlement. So the boat went up the large river, and, I am glad to state about six miles up found the river all good water and very deep. This will be the place for a village, upon returning to Van Diemens Land, Batmans treaty was deemed invalid by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, under the Proclamation of Governor Bourke in August 1835. The proclamation formally declared, under the doctrine of terra nullius, that The Crown owned the whole of the Australian continent and that only it alone could sell and distribute land. It therefore voided any contracts or treaties made without the consent of the government, at the same time, the Port Phillip Association had also funded a second expedition, which sailed from Launceston aboard the Rebecca. The settlement party aboard the Enterprize entered the Yarra River, and anchored close to the chosen by Batman. The party went ashore the following day and landed their stores, livestock, Batman was dismayed to discover the settlers of the Enterprize had established a settlement in the area and informed the settlers that they were trespassing on the Associations land. However, according to the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, both the parties were in fact trespassing on Crown land, when Fawkner arrived in October, and following tense arguments between the two parties, negotiation were made for land to be shared equally. As Fawkner had arrived after the two parties, he was aware of the Proclamation of Governor Bourke, which had gained approval from the Colonial Office in October and he knew that cooperation would be vital if the settlement was to continue to exist fait accompli. Land was then divided, and the settlement existed peacefully, and it was referred to by a number of names, including, Batmania and Bearbrass of which the latter was agreed upon by Batman and Fawkner. Fawkner assumed a role in the establishment of Bearbrass, which, by early 1836. The Secretary of State for the Colonies, Charles Grant, recognised the settlements fait accompli that same year, Batman and the Port Phillip Association were compensated £7,000 for the land. And, in March 1837, it was officially renamed Melbourne by Governor Bourke in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, the City Centre is bordered by Spencer Street to the west and extends north as far as Grattan Street which borders Carlton
25.
Mildura
–
Mildura is a regional city in north-west Victoria, Australia. Located on the Victorian side of the Murray River, Mildura had a population of just over 31,000 in 2011, when nearby Wentworth is included, the area had an estimated urban population of 50,011 at June 2015. It is the largest settlement in the Sunraysia region, Mildura is a major horticultural centre notable for its grape production, supplying 80% of Victorias grapes. Many wineries also source grapes from Mildura, other key crops produced in the district include citrus, almonds and dried fruit. The citys central district is located just a short distance from the banks of the Murray. Langtree Avenue is the shopping and dining precinct in Mildura. The other major retail precinct is along Fifteenth Street in the Mildura South area, the citys name was taken from the Mildura homestead, an early sheep station which covered most of the area. Mildura has a history of orange and grape farming. There are several theories as to the origin of the name Mildura, while it was the name of the sheep station, without precedent in the English language, most historians believe it to have originated from Indigenous Australian words. However, the etymology of Mildura is not entirely certain as in several of the local dialects the words have different meanings, the word dura is generally thought to mean earth, sand or rock, at least in Latje Latje language. However, usage of the mill can vary in dialect and is used to mean red or water. Many Aboriginal people lived around the site of Mildura because of the abundant food, Local tribes included the Latje Latje and Yerre Yerre. The first Europeans in the area arrived in 1857 and brought sheep to graze the rich pastures, there he met George and William Chaffey. After much political wrangling, the settlement of Mildura was established in 1887, the Post Office opened on 23 January 1888. The nearby towns of Wentworth, Gol Gol, Curlwaa and Yelta sprang up in the mid-to-late 19th century, in the 1890s came the scourge of the rabbit. This devastated the farmers, especially south of the Murray. There was also a financial recession at this time, combined, these factors restricted growth of the new settlement. After this period, the new settlement grew and grew and it was soon the main town of the district
26.
Palmerston, Northern Territory
–
Palmerston is a planned satellite city of Darwin, the capital and largest city in Australias Northern Territory. Palmerston is situated near Darwin Harbour and had a population of 27,618 at the 2011 census, Palmerston is currently the fastest growing city in the Northern Territory and has briefly in the past held the title of the fastest growing city in Australia. There are eighteen suburbs in Palmerston, ten of which are close to the Palmerston city centre, Palmerston is mostly residential with two light industrial areas in the north of the city. Like the rest of the Top End, Palmerston has a climate, with a wet season. It receives heavy rainfall during the Wet, and is known for its spectacular lightning. The town was officially renamed Darwin in April 1911 after responsibility for the Northern Territory passed to the Commonwealth of Australia and was gazetted as the City of Darwin in 1959. The land for a new city of Darwin was acquired in 1971 by the Australian government after concerns of under-supply of residential land in Darwin. The site was selected as the land was adjacent to existing transportation corridors, the decision to proceed with the development was made in 1980 and for the third time, the name of Palmerston was selected for the new city. Planning and development was managed by the Palmerston Development Authority, Development of Palmerston began during the early 1980s. Suburbs of Palmerston were built in stages, the first suburbs built were Gray and Driver, followed by Moulden, then Woodroffe and Marlow Lagoon. The urban area continued to grow throughout the 1990s, with the new suburbs of Bakewell, Rosebery, the population growth of Palmerston continues to be the highest in the Northern Territory. The population increased by almost 8,000 people between 1991 and 2001 to a total of 21,000 people, Palmerstons population growth is expected to continue and reach over 40,000 people in the next 10 –15 years. It was initially anticipated that Palmerston would house 50,000 residents, since 1995/1996 the construction commenced on 5 new Palmerston suburbs, Rosebery, Bakewell, Durack, Gunn, and Farrar. These were developed in stages with only the stages of new Palmerston suburbs yet to begin. In 2000 the Palmerston Town Council sought and obtained a change in the name of the municipality to City of Palmerston. Palmerston is approximately a 15-minute drive away from the Darwin city centre, 15–18 minutes from Darwins Northern suburbs and 10 –20 minutes from Howard Springs, the major land-mark in Palmerston is the Power and Water Corporations water storage tank, which supplies the city with fresh potable water. The urban area of Palmerston extends from the Stuart Highway in the north, the city itself is located in the centre, with the outer rural area proposed for development as the population grows. Palmerston like Darwin has a climate, with a wet season
27.
Northern Territory
–
The Northern Territory is a federal Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. It shares borders with Western Australia to the west, South Australia to the south, to the north, the territory is bordered by the Timor Sea, the Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Carpentaria. Despite its large area—over 1,349,129 square kilometres, the Northern Territorys population of 244,000 makes it the least populous of Australias eight major states and territories, having fewer than half as many people as Tasmania. The archaeological history of the Northern Territory begins over 40,000 years ago when Indigenous Australians settled the region, makassan traders began trading with the indigenous people of the Northern Territory for trepang from at least the 18th century onwards. The coast of the territory was first seen by Europeans in the 17th century, the British were the first Europeans to attempt to settle the coastal regions. After three failed attempts to establish a settlement, success was achieved in 1869 with the establishment of a settlement at Port Darwin. Today the economy is based on tourism, especially Kakadu National Park in the Top End and the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park in central Australia, the capital and largest city is Darwin. The population is not concentrated in regions but rather along the Stuart Highway. The other major settlements are Palmerston, Alice Springs, Katherine, Nhulunbuy, residents of the Northern Territory are often known simply as Territorians and fully as Northern Territorians, or more informally as Top Enders and Centralians. With the coming of the British, there were four attempts to settle the harsh environment of the northern coast. The Northern Territory was part of colonial New South Wales from 1825 to 1863, except for a time from February to December 1846. It was part of South Australia from 1863 to 1911, under the administration of colonial South Australia, the overland telegraph was constructed between 1870 and 1872. A railway was built between Palmerston and Pine Creek between 1883 and 1889. The economic pattern of raising and mining was established so that by 1911 there were 513,000 cattle. Victoria River Downs was at one time the largest cattle station in the world, gold was found at Grove Hill in 1872 and at Pine Creek, Brocks Creek, Burrundi, and copper was found at Daly River. On 1 January 1911, a decade after federation, the Northern Territory was separated from South Australia, alfred Deakin opined at this time To me the question has been not so much commercial as national, first, second, third and last. Either we must accomplish the peopling of the territory or submit to its transfer to some other nation. In late 1912 there was growing sentiment that the name Northern Territory was unsatisfactory, the names Kingsland, Centralia and Territoria were proposed with Kingsland becoming the preferred choice in 1913
28.
Perth
–
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia. It is the fourth-most populous city in Australia, with a population of 2.06 million living in Greater Perth. The first areas settled were on the Swan River, with the central business district. Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling in 1829 as the centre of the Swan River Colony. It gained city status in 1856, and was promoted to the status of a Lord Mayorality in 1929. The city is named after Perth, Scotland, due to the influence of Sir George Murray, Member of Parliament for Perthshire and Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. The citys population increased substantially as a result of the Western Australian gold rushes in the late 19th century, largely as a result of emigration from the eastern colonies of Australia. During Australias involvement in World War II, Fremantle served as a base for operating in the Pacific Theatre. An influx of immigrants after the war, predominantly from Britain, Greece, Italy and Yugoslavia, Aboriginal people have inhabited the Perth area for 38,000 years, as evidenced by archaeological remains at Upper Swan. The Noongar people occupied the southwest corner of Western Australia and lived as hunter-gatherers, the wetlands on the Swan Coastal Plain were particularly important to them, both spiritually and as a source of food. The Noongar people know the area where Perth now stands as Boorloo, Boorloo formed part of Mooro, the tribal lands of Yellagongas group, one of several based around the Swan River and known collectively as the Whadjuk. The Whadjuk were part of a group of fourteen tribes that formed the south-west socio-linguistic block known as the Noongar. The judgment was overturned on appeal, the first documented sighting of the region was made by the Dutch Captain Willem de Vlamingh and his crew on 10 January 1697. The British colony would be officially designated Western Australia in 1832, Captain James Stirling, aboard Parmelia, said that Perth was as beautiful as anything of this kind I had ever witnessed. On 12 August that year, Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship, Sulphur. The only contemporary information on the source of the name comes from Fremantles diary entry for 12 August, Murray was born in Perth, Scotland, and was in 1829 Secretary of State for the Colonies and Member for Perthshire in the British House of Commons. The town was named after the Scottish Perth, in Murrays honour, the racial relations between the Noongar people and the Europeans were strained due to these happenings. Because of the amount of building in and around Boorloo
29.
Yallourn
–
However, expansion of the adjacent open-cut brown coal mine led to the closure and removal of the town in the 1980s. Whilst the township no longer exists, at the 2006 census, the Yallourn Works Area is an unincorporated enclave surrounded by the local government area the City of Latrobe, specifically the Tanjil Ward. Often mistakenly thought to have designed by Walter Burley Griffin, who planned Canberra, Australias capital city. La Gerche, the State Electricity Commissions Architect, the design of Yallourn incorporated lessons learnt from the early UK garden cities of Welwyn Garden City and Letchworth Garden City inspired by Ebenezer Howard. The design of Yallourn established a central square adjacent to the shopping area. The whole town area was surrounded by a green belt varying between native vegetation, open parkland and sporting and recreational complexes. The majority of the land and buildings, with the exception of the churches, residents were charged below market rentals and the S. E. C. V. Adopted the role of paternalistic landlord in addition to its role as employer to the majority of the income earners. The conflicts this caused continuing concern throughout the life of the town. For the majority of the life, citizen involvement was limited. Houses within the town were constructed to a number of designs but these were varied by differing external detailing. A brick and tile manufacturing plant was built near the town, the pitch of the roof structure and overhanging eaves remained similar throughout the town, providing a common theme without the sameness characteristic of English garden city developments. The homes were placed on large plots, typically of 1000 m2, the brief from General Sir John Monash. Chairman requiring that each plot should have sufficient land to permit the tenant to keep a horse, the town boasted outstanding public facilities many years in advance of similar rural or suburban communities of similar size, the majority funded by the S. E. C. V. A close community spirit developed within the town, in part through enthusiastic usage of the excellent facilities, the local railway station closed to passengers in the 1960s, with the line then being used primarily to haul briquettes from the Yallourn briquette factory. Closure of the line occurred in 1986 when the transport of briquettes shifted to trucks, Yallourn Post Office opened on 8 October 1923 and closed in 1980 when the town was removed. An earlier Yallourn Post Office opened in 1921 and was renamed Eastern Camp in 1923, another Western Camp Post Office opened in 1924 and closed in 1968. At its peak the population reached 5000
30.
Dhanmondi Thana
–
Dhanmondi is a residential area in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. After the liberation war, it consisted of two storied houses. The founder of Bangladesh, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, lived and was assassinated in Dhanmondi, along with most of his family, Dhanmondi is located in the Dhaka District of Bangladesh. It has 33451 houses and a area of 4.34 km². There are apartment complexes replacing the original two-storied houses of Dhanmondi, along with schools, universities, hospitals, restaurants and shopping centers. Snack stalls along the lakeside, particularly on Road 2, Road 5, Road 8 and Road 32, offer a variety of snacks and beverages, during festivals such as Pohela Baishakh, Independence Day and Eid, moving around Dhanmondi can be difficult due to crowding. Almost every bank operating in the country has an outlet in Dhanmondi, foreign banks such as Citi, HSBC and Standard Chartered also have branches there, with HSBC and Standard Chartered having multiple ATM booths within the area. There are restaurants and cafes all over the locality, hookah bars or shisha lounges are being attached to most restaurants to draw in young crowds. Several local and international fast food chains in the country have outlets in Dhanmondi, real estate in Dhanmondi has seen price rises over the last 20 years. The growth rate of the price is 331%, the highest in Dhaka since 1995, over the last fifteen years, a large number of schools, colleges and private universities have been developed around the area. Colleges like Dhaka City College are located here, upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh Dhanmondi Thana information from IN2BANGLA. com
31.
Gulshan Thana
–
Gulshan is an affluent neighbourhood in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. A residential area, Gulshan is now home to a number of the restaurants, shopping centres, schools. The neighbourhood also hosts the majority of embassies and high commissions in Dhaka, Gulshan was founded as a planned model town in 1961 with its own Pourashabha, while the neighbouring Banani Model Town was founded in 1964. Gulshan Thana was established in 1972, Gulshan Pourashabha was abolished in 1982. In 1984, Gulshan, along with Mirpur municipality, was absorbed into Dhaka, the area was originally built with the purpose of being solely residential, however, over the years many commercial buildings have been set up. Gulshan is now a mix of a residential area and also a city centre with shopping malls. The Gulshan city centre consists of Gulshan, Baridhara and Banani. Only the Gulshan Thana has Mohakhali, on January 3,2017, at approximately 2,30 a. m. BST midnight, a fire out in a local market. 50% of the area is residential, 20% commercial, and 12% is diplomatic area, 18% land in Gulshan consists of other areas, including slums, of which the biggest is the Karail slum. Apart from the areas, the 37 mouzas of Gulshan Thana also contain 20 villages. Gulshan is a commercial and residential area, originally meant for offices and embassies of diplomatic missions, the area has seen an upsurge, since mid-1990s, in the number of high-rise buildings, restaurants, residential areas, modern markets and ice-cream parlors which are open past midnight. Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority conducted a survey to investigate the causes of and remedial measures in 1998 with particular focus on the Gulshan Lake, flood water runoff flows into these water bodies practically turning these into buffer flood control reservoirs, except some pockets of transient water-logging. Drains and sewerage pipes dumping wastes in the Gulshan lake has been identified as major pollution problem by DWASA, the malodorous wastes tend to spill over when the roads are flooded. As per 1991 Bangladesh census, Gulshan had a population of 281,337, many of Dhakas richest reside here. 21. 59% of residents are occupied with commerce, while 40. 92% are service professionals, average literacy rate of the area is 59. 7% for people over the age of 47 against the national average. 93. 65% of the Gulshan population are Muslims, thoroughfares in the area are beautified by major cellphone companies of Bangladesh. There are 25 mosques in this area, including Gulshan Azad Mosque, the area features a number of churches and Christian missions, including that of the Missionaries of Charity
32.
Kawran Bazar
–
Kawran Bazar, also known as Karwan Bazar, is a business district and commercial of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. It is a commercial area of the Dhaka City Corporation. During the Mughal rule, there was a check post located near Karwan Bazar. Markets have existed in Karwan Bazar area since the 17th century, in the late 18th century, a market was established in the area by Karwan Singh, a Marwari trader. The market was named Karwan Bazar after him, by late 19th century, it became notable as a marketplace for household products such as pottery and crockery. Karwan Bazar is one of the largest wholesale marketplaces in Dhaka city and it is also one of the largest marketplaces in South Asia. As of 2002, the market had 1255 stores, out of which 55 were owned by the Dhaka City Corporation, in 2002, the wholesale market has a daily revenue of 50 million Bangladeshi taka. Karwan Bazaar has emerged as an important business district of Dhaka. The main offices of the Daily Prothom Alo, the Daily Star, The Independent, and several other newspapers are located here. Also, the office and studio of Television channels Ekushey Television, NTV, ATN Bangla, Banglavision and ABC Radio, the main campus of Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology was located here. Samsung Electronics has one of her overseas R&D centers in Karwan Bazaar situated in Monem Business District, Karwan Bazaar also has the headquarters for the Trading Corporation of Bangladesh. And, Export Promotion Bureau, EPB of Bangladesh
33.
Mirpur Model Thana
–
Mirpur is a thana of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. It is bounded by Pallabi Thana to the north, Mohammadpur Thana to the south, Kafrul to the east, Mirpur Thana was established in 1962. The thana consists of one union porishod, eight wards,11 mouzas and 86 and 20 villages, Mirpur Thana area was included in Keraniganj Thana during the British period and in Tejgaon Thana during the Pakistan period. After the Liberation War following the day, Mirpur was independent on 31 January 1972. Mirpur is located at 23. 8042°N90. 3667°E /23.8042,90.3667 and it has a total area of 58.66 km2 and is situated in the north-east of Dhaka city. At the 2000 census of Bangladesh, Mirpur had a population of 1,074,232, of which males constituted 54. 15% and females 45. 85%. 610,270 were over the age of 18, and the literacy rate was 68. 9%. Mirpur Thana has recently been divided into the three thanas of Shah Ali, Pallabi and Kafrul, Mirpur Beribadh is a place in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Mirpur thana is part of the Dhaka District in Dhaka Division and it is famous for various historical places in Dhaka city. Bangla College, Monipur High School, Kollyanpur Model Govt. Primary School are located here, for the cricket world cup of 2011, Mirpurs Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium was selected as a venue. For this, renovations were carried out within the thana, the opening match was held there on 19 February 2011. Upazilas of Bangladesh Districts of Bangladesh Divisions of Bangladesh
34.
Motijheel Thana
–
Motijheel is a thana of Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is at the heart of the city, Motijheel is the major business and commercial hub of Dhaka city and has more offices and business institutions than any other part of the city. It is the home to largest number of headquarters in the nation. Many news, magazines, print and other publishers are based here. Motijheel is close to Kamalapur Railway Station, Dhakas main station, one of the highest skyscrapers of the megacity are in this area. It is the business district. City Centre Bangladesh and Bangladesh Bank Building are in this area, Motijheel Thana covers an area of 4.69 square kilometres. It is bounded by Khilgaon Thana to the north, Sutrapur and Kotwali Thanas to the south, Sabujbagh Thana to the east, and Ramna Thana to the west. At the 1991 Bangladesh census, Motijheel had 36,059 households with a population of 223,676, males constituted 59. 45% of the population, and females 40. 55%. Motijheel had a literacy rate of 70. 9%, against the national average of 32. 4%. According to Banglapedia, T & T High School is a secondary school. Notre Dame University Bangladesh, and Notre Dame College, Dhaka, two of the countrys best educational institutions, are located in Motijheel
35.
Uttara Thana
–
Uttara Model Town or simply Uttara is a northern Thana and a suburb of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. The name derives from the Bengali word uttar meaning north and it lies on the road to Gazipur, and adjoins Shahjalal International Airport. Uttara is primarily planned square grid residential suburb, geographically elevated from southern Dhaka saving it from floods and it can be said that Uttara is far from the congestion and pollution of Dhaka. Indeed, well into the 1990s, Uttara retained its quiet, the suburb is well-served by a proliferation of shopping complexes, shops, and schools & colleges. Uttara is planned by RAJUK and divided into 14 sectors, starting from sector 1 to sector 14, originally it was planned that the odd-numbered sectors were to be situated on the west side of Dhaka-Mymensingh Highway, and the even-numbered sectors on the east side. Due to increase in population, new sectors were planned but this order was not upheld, Uttara Residential Area project is now underway. At the 2001 Bangladesh census, Uttara had a population of 345,097, according to 1991 figures, males constitute 54. 41% of the population and females 45. 59%, and about 60% of the thanas population are adults. Uttara has an literacy rate of 61%. The middle class demography has attracted the establishment of market complexes like Rajlaxmi Complex, Amir Complex, RAJUK Commercial Complex, Uttara Tower, H. M. Plaza and the likes. United Airways has its office in Uttara Tower, also commercial towers such as RAK Tower & ABC Tower are all at Jasimuddin Avenue in Uttara. Best Air and Regent Airways are headquartered on Dhaka-Mymensingh Highway, local supermarket chains such as Agora, Nandan Megashop, Meena Bazar and Shwapno have outlets in Uttara. Also, the leading American car manufacturer Ford has its showroom situated in Abdullahpur, aarong has its 36,000 square feet flagship outlet on the Dhaka-Mymensingh Highway. In addition to local fast food chains, many international, ice cream and these include Georges Cafe, Mainland China, Mesquitte Grill, Kabab Factory and many others. Being in close proximity to the airport, Uttara has many hotels. Uttara also hosts multiple community centres such as White Hall, Ishti Kutum, Momotaz Malal, Polwel Community Center, Great Hall and they host many different occasions such as weddings, receptions, birthdays and various ceremonies. The Dhaka-Mymensingh Highway, is the largest highway in the city is a north-south highway pierces Uttara through its middle, the Airport Road is the only road that connects Uttara with the rest of Dhaka. Being the northernmost thana of the Dhaka metropolitan area, Uttara serves as one of the few exits of Dhaka city, travelers entering the city centre can take buses, taxis or CNG-driven three-wheelers southbound on the highway. Travelers coming towards Uttara from within the city must travel on any bus that travels through Khilkhet, travelers coming to Uttara from northern Bangladesh must board a coach that enters Dhaka via Abdullahpur/Tongi, as most buses enter Dhaka city from the Gabtoli entry
36.
Novopolotsk
–
Navapolatsk is a city in Vitsebsk Province, Belarus, with a population of 107,458. Founded in 1958, it is located close to the city of Polatsk, the history of Navapolatsk dates back to the year of 1958, when a large number of enthusiasts, workers and builders, seeking new experiences and romantic feelings came here to establish a new town. There was reason for that, a big oil refinery plant was to be set up, when new factories were being built, they were placed far enough away from Polatsk so that the radiation and dangerous gases would not reach the city. However, it was decided that it would be acceptable to build a few buildings closer to the factories for the workers to live in. With them came a hospital, a station, and a school. A few more buildings were built and the city of Navapolatsk was born, the population grew over the years, even though it was located dangerously close to several factories - an ecological problem - including the well-known Polymir. The city now has 12 secondary schools and 2 gymnasiums, many kindergartens, out of all the cities in the Vitebsk Oblast, Navapolatsk is the leading producer in the refining and chemical industry business. The entire city of Navapolatsk and Polotsk live and survive because of this industry, Naftan is the leading oil refinery. This refinery takes crude oil from the Volga Region of Russia and generates diesel, gasoline, in addition to Naftan, Belarus built a large chemical plant, called Polymir. This plant produces plastic and polyethylene, there are multiple products that could be produced from polyethylene, for example artificial fur. Navapolatsk is not very big in the tourism business, however, there are six hotels in the city available for tourists. Navapolatsk has produced players for Belarus national bandy team. There are several centres, music schools, art schools. There is also a museum of history and culture of Navapolatsk, the city of Navapolatsk has an a cappella music group, which won an international award. Navapolatsk is twinned with, Weihai, Peoples Republic of China Polatsk Alexei Shabunya Andrei Kostitsyn Sergei Kostitsyn FC Naftan Novopolotsk Novopolotsk
37.
Salihorsk
–
Salihorsk is a city in Belarus. In 2010 its population was 102,335, the city it is one of the countrys newest settlements, with its construction begun in 1958. By January 1,1964, the city already had more than 18,000 inhabitants, Salihorsk lies in the south of Minsk Region near Slutsk, around 120 km from Minsk. Salihorsk is the city of Shakhtsyor Salihorsk football club as well as HC Shakhtyor Soligorsk in the Belarusian Extraliga ice hockey league. Kohtla-Järve, Estonia Soligorsk official website eSoligorsk. by Soligorsk News Soligorsk
38.
Louvain-la-Neuve
–
Louvain-la-Neuve is a planned city in the municipality of Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, situated 30 km southeast of Brussels, in the French-speaking part of the country. To a great extent, it still lives following the rhythms of the university that is its raison dêtre, Louvain-la-Neuve is an example of the automobile under type of New Pedestrianism. After much deliberation, the university administration agreed on a site near the town of Ottignies. They bought a 9 km2 plot of farmland, which became the site from which the new city would arise. Construction started on 20 January 1969, the first inhabitants arrived in 1972. At this time, there were only around 600 permanent residents of the city, who were joined during the day by students of Applied Sciences. With the completion of university buildings and the residential development. The final goal is to reach 30,000 inhabitants, in addition to the 15,000 students living in town during the academic year, the town was created with the sole purpose of hosting the Université de Louvain. As such all the grounds are property of the University, consequently, the University was able to play an important role in the conception and planning of the town. They decided that city should not be inhabited by students. Moreover, one of the points of the urban design of Louvain-la-Neuve was to make it people rather than automobile centred. As a consequence, the city center is built on a concrete slab. This allows most of the level of the city center to be car free. Most buildings are built on the slab, and the area is expanding even far from the city centre. The city is clustered around this center in four districts, Biéreau, Lauzelle, Hocaille, a fifth district, Baraque, that was not planned by the University has expanded on the north side of the city. It is distinct from the rest of the city in the willingness of its inhabitants to live outside of the architectural framework used in the other parts of the city. Louvain-la-Neuves location 30 km south of Brussels at the crosspoint of several important roads makes it reachable by car. Moreover, an extension has been built from the nearby station of Ottignies
39.
Scherpenheuvel-Zichem
–
On January 1,2006, Scherpenheuvel-Zichem had a total population of 22,064. The total area is 50.50 km² which gives a density of 437 inhabitants per km². Scherpenheuvel, the most important pilgrimage site in Belgium, is located some 50 km east of Brussels and its origins date back to the pagan worship that still survived during the Middle-Ages around a holy oak on this hilltop. The cross-shaped tree was thus Christianized with a statue of the Holy Mary, legend has it that around AD1500 the Virgin Mary performed a miracle here, freezing into place a shepherd boy who tried to take home the small statue, thus foiling the theft. As of the 1550s, a flood of devoted pilgrims, arriving from surrounding areas, came to the tree to pray for the health, in 1580, the statue disappeared as Dutch-Protestant iconoclasts pillaged the region. Seven years later it was replaced by a new one, which stands on the altar of the present-day pilgrimage-church. The oak tree being almost dead but still inspiring in fetishist worship alongside the Roman Catholic devotion to Mary was felled by order of the Bishop of Antwerp. A first wooden chapel was built on the site and a number of statues of the Holy Virgin cut out of the trunk found their way to various sanctuaries. The fame of Scherpenheuvel increased and increasing numbers of people arrived, begging for protection against plague, the chapel soon became far too small for them. In January 1603 another miracle was reported, the statue wept tears of blood, the religious schism in the Netherlands was blamed for the pain Mary felt. In November 1603 the Spanish army defeated Protestant troops besieging s-Hertogenbosch, archduke Albert of Austria, and his wife, the Archduchess Isabella donated funds for the construction of a stone chapel in Scherpenheuvel and made a pilgrimage themselves. In 1604, a few months after its inauguration by the Bishop of Mechelen, the statue was secured by Jesuits. Two months later the Protestants were chased out of Ostend, their last stronghold in the Southern Netherlands, again, this victory was attributed to the Holy Virgin. Scherpenheuvel was privileged as a city, also in 1604, Philips Numann, clerk of the archbishop of Mechelen, described the legend of Scherpenheuvel in his Historie der Mirakelen. The legend was classified as a folk-tale, but he reported the miracles that were recognised as such by the Catholic authorities. His book was translated from Dutch into French, Spanish and English, seven lanes lead towards the church. Its layout is based on a 7-pointed star, which stands for the abundance of Gods mercy, in the church, the advent of Jesus is announced by six Old Testament prophets and realised by Mary who gives birth to the Messiah. In 1609 the first stone was put in place for the structure in highly developed baroque style
40.
Belmopan
–
Belmopan is the capital city of Belize. Its population in 2010 was 16,451, although the smallest capital city in the continental Americas by population, Belmopan is the third-largest settlement in Belize, behind Belize City and San Ignacio. Founded as a community in 1970, Belmopan is one of the newest national capital cities in the world. Since 2000 Belmopan has been one of two settlements in Belize to hold city status, along with Belize City. Belmopan is located in Cayo District at an altitude of 76 metres above sea level. Belmopan was constructed just to the east of the Belize River,80 km inland from the former capital, the government was moved to Belmopan in 1970. Its National Assembly Building is designed to resemble a Pre-Columbian Maya temple and this new capital would be on better terrain, would entail no costly reclamation of land, and would provide for an industrial area. In 1962, a committee chose the site now known as Belmopan,82 kilometres west of the old capital of Belize City, since Belize was a British colony in 1964, Premier George Cadle Price led a delegation to London to seek funds to finance the new capital. Although they were not ready to commit to funding such a large project, to encourage financial commitment from the British government, Premier Price and the PUP government invited Anthony Greenwood, Secretary of State for the Commonwealth and Colonies, to visit Belize. One of the highlights of this visit was the unveiling of a monument at mile 49 on the Western Highway, the monument records that Lord Greenwood dedicated the site for the new capital on 9 October 1965. Thus, in a fashion, there was a commitment, the initial estimated cost for building this new city was 40 million Belize dollars. Only 20 million Belize dollars were available, but the momentum was not to be lost, in 1967, work began, the first phase of the new city was completed in 1970 at a cost of 24 million Belize dollars. From 1970 to 2000 the administration of Belmopan was managed by the Reconstruction and Development Corporation, Recondev was vested with the power and authority to provide, or cause to be provided, the municipal functions necessary for the smooth running of the citys business and infrastructure. The British High Commission opened in 1981 when Belize achieved independence, in February 2005, the United States government broke ground and started building a new embassy in Belmopan,43 years after it was chosen as the new capital city. The U. S. embassy was opened on 11 December 2006. Mexico, Brazil, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Venezuela also have embassies in Belmopan, while Ecuador, Chile, however, with four embassies and 29 consulates the former capital of Belize City still has most of the countrys foreign diplomatic community. The city layout centers around the Ring Road which is just under 4 km in circumference, the majority of government buildings are situated either within or around the Ring Road, and a large area within the Ring Road is also given to parkland. The National Assembly Building is the point of the citys design, with the grey stone architecture and broad steps designed to resemble a Mayan temple
41.
Gaborone
–
Gaborone is the capital and largest city of Botswana with a population of 231,626 based on the 2011 census, about 10% of the total population of Botswana. Its agglomeration is home to 421,907 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Gaborone is situated between Kgale and Oodi Hills, on the Notwane River in the south-eastern corner of Botswana, and 15 kilometres from the South African border. The city is served by the Sir Seretse Khama International Airport and it is an administrative district in its own right, but is the capital of the surrounding South-East District. Locals often refer to the city as Gabs, many languages are spoken there, Setswana being the main language. English, iKalanga, and the language of the Kgalagadi, are also spoken. Because the city had no affiliation and was close to fresh water. The centre of the city is a strip of commercial businesses, called the Mall. The city is one of the cities in the world. The city has dealt with conflicts spilling into the country from Zimbabwe. The city is the government capital as well as the capital, the city is headquarters to numerous companies. Evidence shows that there have been inhabitants along the Notwane River for centuries, in more recent history, Kgosi Gaborone left the Magaliesberg to settle in the area around 1880, and called the settlement Moshaweng. The word Gaborone literally means it does not fit badly or it is not unbecoming, the city was then called Gaberones by the early European settlers. The nickname, GC, comes from the name Government Camp, in 1890, Cecil John Rhodes picked Gaberones to house a colonial fort. The fort was where Rhodes planned the Jameson Raid, the city changed its name from Gaberones to Gaborone in 1969. In 1965, the capital of the Bechuanaland Protectorate moved from Mafeking to Gaberones, when Botswana gained its independence, Lobatse was the first choice as the nations capital. However, Lobatse was deemed too limited, and instead, a new city would be created next to Gaberones. The city was planned under Garden city principles with numerous pedestrian walkways, Building of Gaborone started in mid-1964. Most of the city was built three years
