1.
HTTP cookie
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An HTTP cookie is a small piece of data sent from a website and stored on the users computer by the users web browser while the user is browsing. Cookies were designed to be a mechanism for websites to remember stateful information or to record the users browsing activity. They can also be used to remember pieces of information that the user previously entered into form fields such as names, addresses, passwords. Other kinds of cookies perform essential functions in the modern web, perhaps most importantly, authentication cookies are the most common method used by web servers to know whether the user is logged in or not, and which account they are logged in with. Without such a mechanism, the site would not know whether to send a page containing sensitive information, the security of an authentication cookie generally depends on the security of the issuing website and the users web browser, and on whether the cookie data is encrypted. Security vulnerabilities may allow a cookies data to be read by a hacker, used to access to user data. Lawmakers to take action in 2011, European law requires all websites targeting European Union member states gain informed consent from users before storing non-essential cookies on their device. The term cookie was coined by web browser programmer Lou Montulli and it was derived from the term magic cookie, which is a packet of data a program receives and sends back unchanged, used by Unix programmers. Magic cookie in turn derives from fortune cookie, a cookie with an embedded message, magic cookies were already used in computing when computer programmer Lou Montulli had the idea of using them in web communications in June 1994. At the time, he was an employee of Netscape Communications, vint Cerf and John Klensin represented MCI in technical discussions with Netscape Communications. MCI did not want its servers to have to retain partial transaction states, cookies provided a solution to the problem of reliably implementing a virtual shopping cart. Together with John Giannandrea, Montulli wrote the initial Netscape cookie specification the same year, version 0. 9beta of Mosaic Netscape, released on October 13,1994, supported cookies. The first use of cookies was checking whether visitors to the Netscape website had already visited the site, Montulli applied for a patent for the cookie technology in 1995, and US5774670 was granted in 1998. Support for cookies was integrated in Internet Explorer in version 2, the introduction of cookies was not widely known to the public at the time. In particular, cookies were accepted by default, and users were not notified of their presence, the general public learned about cookies after the Financial Times published an article about them on February 12,1996. In the same year, cookies received a lot of media attention, cookies were discussed in two U. S. Federal Trade Commission hearings in 1996 and 1997. The development of the formal cookie specifications was already ongoing, in particular, the first discussions about a formal specification started in April 1995 on the www-talk mailing list. A special working group within the Internet Engineering Task Force was formed, two alternative proposals for introducing state in HTTP transactions had been proposed by Brian Behlendorf and David Kristol respectively
2.
Adobe Flash
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Adobe Flash is a multimedia software platform used for production of animations, rich Internet applications, desktop applications, mobile applications and mobile games. Flash displays text, vector graphics and raster graphics to provide animations, video games and it allows streaming of audio and video, and can capture mouse, keyboard, microphone and camera input. Artists may produce Flash graphics and animations using Adobe Animate, Software developers may produce applications and video games using Adobe Flash Builder, FlashDevelop, Flash Catalyst, or any text editor when used with the Apache Flex SDK. End-users can view Flash content via Flash Player, AIR or third-party players such as Scaleform, Adobe Flash Player enables end-users to view Flash content using web browsers. Adobe Flash Lite enabled viewing Flash content on older smartphones, but has discontinued and superseded by Adobe AIR. The ActionScript programming language allows the development of interactive animations, video games, web applications, desktop applications, programmers can implement Flash software using an IDE such as Adobe Animate, Adobe Flash Builder, Adobe Director, FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT. Adobe AIR enables full-featured desktop and mobile applications to be developed with Flash, and published for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and Wii U. Content-providers frequently used to use Flash to display streaming video, advertising and interactive content on web pages. However, after the 2000s, the usage of Flash on Web sites declined, in the early 2000s, Flash was widely installed on desktop computers, and was commonly used to display interactive web pages, online games, and to playback video and audio content. In 2005, YouTube was founded by former PayPal employees, between 2000 and 2010, numerous businesses used Flash-based websites to launch new products, or to create interactive company portals. Notable users include Nike, Hewlett-Packard, Nokia, General Electric, World Wildlife Fund, HBO, Cartoon Network, after Adobe introduced hardware-accelerated 3D for Flash, Flash websites saw a growth of 3D content for product demonstrations and virtual tours. In 2007, YouTube offered videos in HTML5 format to support the iPhone and iPad, after a controversy with Apple, Adobe stopped developing Flash Player for Mobile, focussing its efforts on Adobe AIR applications and HTML5 animation. In 2015, Google introduced Google Swiffy to convert Flash animation to HTML5, in 2015, YouTube switched to HTML5 technology on all devices, however it will preserve the Flash-based video player for older web browsers. After Flash 5 introduced ActionScript in 2000, developers combined the visual and programming capabilities of Flash to produce interactive experiences, such Web-based applications eventually came to be known as Rich Internet Applications. In 2004, Macromedia Flex was released, and specifically targeted the application development market, Flex introduced new user interface components, advanced data visualization components, data remoting, and a modern IDE. Flex competed with Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and Microsoft Silverlight during its tenure, Flex was upgraded to support integration with remote data sources, using AMF, BlazeDS, Adobe LiveCycle, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, and others. As of 2015, Flex applications can be published for desktop platforms using Adobe AIR, between 2006 and 2016, the Speedtest. net web service conducted over 9.0 billion speed tests using an RIA built with Adobe Flash. In 2016, the service shifted to HTML5 due to the availability of Adobe Flash Player on PCs
3.
Adobe Flash Player
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Adobe Flash Player is freeware software for using content created on the Adobe Flash platform, including viewing multimedia, executing rich Internet applications, and streaming video and audio. Flash Player can run from a web browser as a browser plug-in or on supported mobile devices, Flash Player was created by Macromedia and has been developed and distributed by Adobe Systems since Adobe acquired Macromedia. Flash Player is distributed for free and its versions are available for every major web browser. Google Chrome comes bundled with the sandboxed Adobe Flash plug-in and Windows 8, Flash Player has a wide user base, and is a common format for games, animations, and graphical user interfaces embedded in web pages. Adobe stated in 2013 that more than 400 million out of over 1 billion connected desktops update to the new version of Flash Player within six weeks of release. Flash Player runs SWF files that can be created by the Adobe Animate authoring tool, Flash Player supports vector and raster graphics, 3D graphics, an embedded scripting language called ActionScript, and streaming of video and audio. ActionScript is based on ECMAScript, and supports object-oriented code, and is similar to JavaScript, Adobe Flash Player is a runtime that executes and displays content from a provided SWF file, although it has no in-built features to modify the SWF file at runtime. It can execute software written in the ActionScript programming language enables the runtime manipulation of text, data, vector graphics, raster graphics, sound. The player can access certain connected hardware devices, including web cameras and microphones. Flash Player is used internally by the Adobe Integrated Runtime, to provide a runtime environment for desktop applications. AIR supports installable applications on Windows, Linux, macOS, and some operating systems such as iOS. Flash Player includes native support for different data formats, some of which can only be accessed through the ActionScript scripting interface. XML, Flash Player has included support for XML parsing. XML data is held in memory as an XML Document Object Model, ActionScript 3 also supports ECMAScript for XML, which allows XML data to be manipulated more easily. JSON, Flash Player 11 includes native support for importing and exporting data in the JavaScript Object Notation format, AMF, Flash Player allows application data to be stored on users computers, in the form of Local Shared Objects, the Flash equivalent to browser cookies. Flash Player can also read and write files in the Action Message Format. The SWX system stores data as standard SWF bytecode which is interpreted by Flash Player. Another open-source project, SWXml allows Flash applications to load XML files as native ActionScript objects without any client-side XML parsing, Flash Player is primarily a graphics and multimedia platform, and has supported raster graphics and vector graphics since its earliest version
4.
Adobe Systems
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Adobe Systems Incorporated /əˈdoʊbiː/ is an American multinational computer software company. The company is headquartered in San Jose, California, United States, Adobe has historically focused upon the creation of multimedia and creativity software products, with a more recent foray towards rich Internet application software development. It is best known for Photoshop, an image editing software, Acrobat Reader, Adobe was founded in February 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke, who established the company after leaving Xerox PARC in order to develop and sell the PostScript page description language. In 1985, Apple Computer licensed PostScript for use in its LaserWriter printers, as of 2015, Adobe Systems has about 13,500 employees, about 40% of whom work in San Jose. The name of the company, Adobe, comes from Adobe Creek in Los Altos, California, Adobes corporate logo features a stylized A and was designed by the wife of John Warnock, Marva Warnock, who is a graphic designer. Adobes first products after PostScript were digital fonts, which released in a proprietary format called Type 1. Apple subsequently developed a standard, TrueType, which provided full scalability and precise control of the pixel pattern created by the fonts outlines. In the mid-1980s, Adobe entered the software market with Illustrator. Illustrator, which grew from the firms in-house font-development software, helped popularize PostScript-enabled laser printers, Adobe Systems entered NASDAQ in 1986. Its revenue has grown from roughly $1 billion in 1999 to roughly $4 billion in 2012, Adobes fiscal years run from December to November. For example, the 2007 fiscal year ended on November 30,2007, in 1989, Adobe introduced what was to become its flagship product, a graphics editing program for the Macintosh called Photoshop. Stable and full-featured, Photoshop 1.0 was ably marketed by Adobe, in 1993, Adobe introduced PDF, the Portable Document Format, and its Adobe Acrobat and Reader software. PDF is now an International Standard, ISO 32000-1,2008, in December 1991, Adobe released Adobe Premiere, which Adobe rebranded as Adobe Premiere Pro in 2003. In 1992, Adobe acquired OCR Systems, Inc, in 1994, Adobe acquired Aldus and added PageMaker and After Effects to its product line later in the year, it also controls the TIFF file format. In 1995, Adobe added FrameMaker, the long-document DTP application, in 1996, Adobe Systems Inc added Ares Software Corp. In 2002, Adobe acquired Canadian company Accelio, on December 12,2005, Adobe acquired its main rival, Macromedia, in a stock swap valued at about $3. Adobe released Adobe Media Player in April 2008, on April 27, Adobe discontinued development and sales of its older HTML/web development software, GoLive in favor of Dreamweaver. Adobe offered a discount on Dreamweaver for GoLive users and supports those who still use GoLive with online tutorials, on June 1, Adobe launched Acrobat. com, a series of web applications geared for collaborative work
5.
Browser game
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A browser game is a computer game that is played over the Internet using a web browser. Browser games can be run using standard web technologies or browser plug-ins, the creation of such games usually involves use of standard web technologies as a frontend and other technologies to provide a backend. Browser games include all video game genres and can be single-player or multiplayer, browser games are also portable and can be played on multiple different devices, web browsers, and operating systems. Browser games come in many genres and themes that appeal to regular and casual players. Browser games are often free-to-play and do not require any client software to be installed apart from a web browser or browser plug-in, in some cases a game may be free, but charge for extra in-game features. Multiplayer browser games have a focus on social interaction, either between several players or on a massive scale. Due to the accessibility of browser games, they are played in more frequent. Since browser games run isolated from hardware in a web browser, a persistent browser-based game is a video game that is both browser-based and persistent. Persistent browser-based games usually rely on some kind of code, though some will use technologies like Flash, ActiveX. The server-side code will store persistent information about players and possibly the world in some kind of database. Sustainability, especially combined with persistence is a key distinction of a PBBG. This allows dynamic system modelling elements to develop and progress, even while the player is offline, such games often last for several months. Browser games can take advantage of different technologies in order to function, standard web technologies such as HTML, CSS, PHP, and JavaScript can be used to make browser games, but these have had limited success because of issues with browser compatibility and quality. These technologies allow for games that can be run in all standards-compliant browsers, in addition, dedicated graphics technologies such as SVG and canvas allow for the fast rendering of vector and raster graphics respectively. In addition, WebGL allows for hardware-accelerated 3D support in the browser, browser plug-ins can be used to provide game technologies after being installed by the user. List of browser games List of multiplayer browser games
6.
Action Message Format
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The Actionscript 3 language provides classes for encoding and decoding from the AMF format. The format is used in conjunction with Adobes RTMP to establish connections. In this case, the AMF data is encapsulated in a chunk which has a header which defines things such as the message length, AMF was introduced with Flash Player 6, and this version is referred to as AMF0. It was unchanged until the release of Flash Player 9 and ActionScript 3.0, Flash Player 10 added vector and dictionary data types documented in a revised specification of January 2013. The following amf-packet is for transmission of messages outside of defined Adobe/Macromedia containers or transports such as Flash Video or the Real Time Messaging Protocol, XML is supported as a native type. Each type is denoted by a single byte preceding the actual data, keys are encoded as strings with the type-definition byte being implied. Values can be of any type including other objects and whole object graphs can be serialized in this way, both object keys and strings are preceded by two bytes denoting their length in number of bytes. This means that strings are preceded by a total of three bytes which includes the 0x02 type byte, null types only contain their type-definition. Numbers are encoded as double-precision floating point and are composed of eight bytes, as an example, when encoding the object below in actionscript 3 code. The data held in the ByteArray is, Note, the properties can be sorted in a different order from the one in which they are placed in actionscript. For coloring/markup, refer to the legend below, the code above will work only for built-in classes like Object. To serialise and deserialise custom classes, the needs to declare them using the registerClassAlias command or else an error will be thrown by the player. Although, strictly speaking, AMF is only a data encoding format and it is of Message Type 0x14, which denotes a command in the form of a string of value _result and two serialized objects as arguments. The message can be decoded as follows, Here one can see an array as a value of the key which has one member. We can see the value to be 3. This means that subsequent messages are going to be sent with the 0x11 message type, the latest version of the protocol specifies significant changes that allow for a more compressed format. The table includes keys as well as values, in older versions of Flash player there existed one number type called Number which was a 64-bit double precision encoding. In the latest releases there is an int and a uint which are included in AMF3 as separate types
7.
SWF
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SWF is an abbreviation for small web format, an Adobe Flash file format used for multimedia, vector graphics and ActionScript. They may also occur in programs, commonly browser games, using ActionScript, although Adobe Illustrator can generate SWF format files through its export function, it cannot open or edit them. Other than using Adobe products, one can build SWFs with open-source Motion-Twin ActionScript 2 Compiler, the open-source Ming library, various other third-party programs can also produce files in this format, such as Multimedia Fusion 2, Captivate and SWiSH Max. The term SWF has originated as an abbreviation for ShockWave Flash and this usage was changed to the backronym Small Web Format to eliminate confusion with a different technology, Shockwave, from which SWF derived. Anyway, there is no resolution to the acronym SWF by Adobe. The small company FutureWave Software originally defined the file format with one primary objective, the idea involved a format which player software could run on any system and which would work with slower network connections. FutureWave released FutureSplash Animator in May 1996, in December 1996 Macromedia acquired FutureWave and FutureSplash Animator became Macromedia Flash 1.0. As Flash became more popular than Shockwave itself, this decision became more of a liability. On May 1,2008, Adobe dropped its restrictions on the SWF format specifications. However, Rob Savoye, a member of the Gnash development team, has pointed to parts of the Flash format which remain closed. On July 1,2008, Adobe released code to Google and Yahoo, the main graphical primitive in SWF is the path, which is a chain of segments of primitive types, ranging from lines to splines or bezier curves. Additional primitives like rectangles, ellipses, and even text can be built from these, the graphical elements in SWF are thus fairly similar to SVG and MPEG-4 BIFS. SWF also uses display lists and allows naming and reusing previously defined components, the binary stream format SWF uses is fairly similar to QuickTime atoms, with a tag, length and payload—an organization that makes it very easy for players to skip contents they dont support. Originally limited to presenting vector-based objects and images in a sequential manner. Adobe introduced a new, low-level 3D API in version 11 of the Flash Player, initially codenamed Molehill, the official name given to this API was ultimately Stage3D. It was intended to be an equivalent of OpenGL or Direct3D, in Stage3D shaders are expressed in a low-level language called Adobe Graphics Assembly Language. GNU has started developing a free software SWF player called Gnash under the GNU General Public License, despite being a declared high-priority GNU project, funding for Gnash was fairly limited. Another player is the LGPL-licensed Swfdec, lightspark is a continuation of Gnash supporting more recent SWF versions
8.
Domain name
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A domain name is an identification string that defines a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control within the Internet. Domain names are formed by the rules and procedures of the Domain Name System, any name registered in the DNS is a domain name. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and application-specific naming and addressing purposes, in 2015,294 million domain names had been registered. Domain names are organized in levels of the DNS root domain. The registration of domain names is usually administered by domain name registrars who sell their services to the public. A fully qualified domain name is a name that is completely specified with all labels in the hierarchy of the DNS. A domain name may represent entire collections of resources or individual instances. Individual Internet host computers use domain names as host identifiers, also called host names, the term host name is also used for the leaf labels in the domain name system, usually without further subordinate domain name space. Host names appear as a component in Uniform Resource Locators for Internet resources such as web sites, Domain names are also used as simple identification labels to indicate ownership or control of a resource. Such examples are the realm identifiers used in the Session Initiation Protocol, the Domain Keys used to verify DNS domains in e-mail systems, an important function of domain names is to provide easily recognizable and memorizable names to numerically addressed Internet resources. This abstraction allows any resource to be moved to a different physical location in the topology of the network. Such a move usually requires changing the IP address of a resource, Domain names are used to establish a unique identity. Organizations can choose a name that corresponds to their name. A generic domain is a name that defines a category, rather than a specific or personal instance, for example. Some examples of names are books. com, music. com. Companies have created brands based on names, and such generic domain names may be valuable. The use of names in commerce may subject them to trademark law. The practice of using a simple memorable abstraction of a hosts numerical address on a computer network dates back to the ARPANET era, before the advent of todays commercial Internet
9.
XML
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In computing, Extensible Markup Language is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The W3Cs XML1.0 Specification and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML, the design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is used for the representation of arbitrary data structures such as those used in web services. Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, hundreds of document formats using XML syntax have been developed, including RSS, Atom, SOAP, SVG, and XHTML. XML-based formats have become the default for many office-productivity tools, including Microsoft Office, OpenOffice. org and LibreOffice, XML has also provided the base language for communication protocols such as XMPP. Applications for the Microsoft. NET Framework use XML files for configuration, apple has an implementation of a registry based on XML. XML has come into use for the interchange of data over the Internet. IETF RFC7303 gives rules for the construction of Internet Media Types for use when sending XML and it also defines the media types application/xml and text/xml, which say only that the data is in XML, and nothing about its semantics. The use of text/xml has been criticized as a source of encoding problems. RFC7303 also recommends that XML-based languages be given media types ending in +xml, further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context appear in RFC3470, also known as IETF BCP70, a document covering many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language. The material in this section is based on the XML Specification and this is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs that appear in XML, it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use. Character An XML document is a string of characters, almost every legal Unicode character may appear in an XML document. Processor and application The processor analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an application, the specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor is often referred to colloquially as an XML parser, Markup and content The characters making up an XML document are divided into markup and content, which may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. Generally, strings that constitute markup either begin with the character < and end with a >, or they begin with the character &, strings of characters that are not markup are content. However, in a CDATA section, the delimiters <. > are classified as markup, in addition, whitespace before and after the outermost element is classified as markup. Tag A tag is a construct that begins with <
10.
Wired (magazine)
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Wired is a monthly American magazine, published in print and online editions, that focuses on how emerging technologies affect culture, the economy, and politics. Owned by Condé Nast, it is headquartered in San Francisco, California, several spin-offs have been launched including, Wired UK, Wired Italia, Wired Japan and Wired Germany. In its earliest colophons, Wired credited Canadian media theorist Marshall McLuhan as its patron saint, from its beginning, the strongest influence on the magazines editorial outlook came from techno-utopian co-founder Stewart Brand and his associate Kevin Kelly. From 1998 to 2006, Wired magazine and Wired News had separate owners, however, Wired News remained responsible for republishing Wired magazines content online due to an agreement when Condé Nast purchased the magazine. In 2006, Condé Nast bought Wired News for $25 million, the founding designers were John Plunkett and Barbara Kuhr, beginning with a 1991 prototype and continuing through the first five years of publication, 1993–98. Wired, which touted itself as the Rolling Stone of technology, a great success at its launch, it was lauded for its vision, originality, innovation and cultural impact. In its first four years, the magazine won two National Magazine Awards for General Excellence and one for Design. The founding executive editor of Wired, Kevin Kelly, was an editor of the Whole Earth Catalog and the Whole Earth Review, six authors of the first Wired issue had written for Whole Earth Review, most notably Bruce Sterling and Stewart Brand. However, the first issue did contain a few references to the Internet, including online-dating and Internet sex, the last page, a column written by Nicholas Negroponte, was written in the style of an e-mail message, but contained obviously fake, non-standard email addresses. Wired was among the first magazines to list the email address of its authors and contributors, associate publisher Kathleen Lyman was brought on board to launch Wired with an advertising base of major technology and consumer advertisers. The magazine was followed by a companion website HotWired, a book publishing division, HardWired, a Japanese edition. Wired UK was relaunched in April 2009, in 1994, John Battelle, co-founding editor, commissioned Jules Marshall to write a piece on the Zippies. The cover story broke records for being one of the most publicized stories of the year and was used to promote Wireds HotWired news service, HotWired spawned websites Webmonkey, the search engine HotBot, and a weblog, Suck. com. In June 1998, the magazine launched an index, The Wired Index. The fortune of the magazine and allied enterprises corresponded closely to that of the dot-com bubble, in 1996, Rossetto and the other participants in Wired Ventures attempted to take the company public with an IPO. The initial attempt had to be withdrawn in the face of a downturn in the stock market, the second try was also unsuccessful. Rossetto and Metcalfe lost control of Wired Ventures to financial investors Providence Equity Partners in May 1998, Wired was purchased by Advance Publications, who assigned it to Advances subsidiary, New York-based publisher Condé Nast Publications. Wired survived the bubble and found new direction under editor-in-chief Chris Anderson in 2001
11.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
12.
Federal Trade Commission
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The Federal Trade Commission is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act. Its principal mission is the promotion of consumer protection and the elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices, the Federal Trade Commission Act was one of President Woodrow Wilsons major acts against trusts. Trusts and trust-busting were significant political concerns during the Progressive Era. Since its inception, the FTC has enforced the provisions of the Clayton Act, over time, the FTC has been delegated with the enforcement of additional business regulation statutes and has promulgated a number of regulations. He would make the first speech on the House floor advocating its creation on February 21,1912, though the initial bill did not pass, the questions of trusts and antitrust dominated the 1912 election. With the 1912 presidential election decided in favor of the Democrats and Woodrow Wilson, the national debate culminated in Wilsons signing of the FTC Act on September 26, with additional tightening of regulations in the Clayton Antitrust Act three weeks later. The new Federal Trade Commission would absorb the staff and duties of Bureau of Corporations, previously established under the Department of Commerce, the following table lists commissioners as of March 2017. Recent former commissioners were, The Bureau of Consumer Protections mandate is to protect consumers against unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce, with the written consent of the Commission, Bureau attorneys enforce federal laws related to consumer affairs and rules promulgated by the FTC. Its functions include investigations, enforcement actions, and consumer and business education, areas of principal concern for this bureau are, advertising and marketing, financial products and practices, telemarketing fraud, privacy and identity protection, etc. The bureau also is responsible for the United States National Do Not Call Registry, under the FTC Act, the Commission has the authority, in most cases, to bring its actions in federal court through its own attorneys. In some consumer protection matters, the FTC appears with, or supports, the Bureau of Competition is the division of the FTC charged with elimination and prevention of anticompetitive business practices. It accomplishes this through the enforcement of antitrust laws, review of proposed mergers, the FTC shares enforcement of antitrust laws with the Department of Justice. The FTC investigates issues raised by reports from consumers and businesses, pre-merger notification filings, congressional inquiries and these issues include, for instance, false advertising and other forms of fraud. FTC investigations may pertain to a company or an entire industry. Traditionally an administrative complaint is heard in front of an independent administrative law judge with FTC staff acting as prosecutors. The case is reviewed de novo by the full FTC commission which then may be appealed to the U. S. Court of Appeals, in numerous cases, the FTC employs this authority to combat serious consumer deception or fraud. Additionally, the FTC has rulemaking power to address concerns regarding industry-wide practices, Rules promulgated under this authority are known as Trade Rules. In the mid-1990s, the FTC launched the fraud sweeps concept where the agency and its federal, state, the first sweeps operation was Project Telesweep in July 1995 which cracked down on 100 business opportunity scams
13.
Add-on (Mozilla)
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Mozilla add-ons are installable enhancements to the Mozilla Foundations projects, including Firefox, Thunderbird, SeaMonkey, and Sunbird. Add-ons allow the user to add or augment application features, use themes to their liking, there are three major categories of add-ons, Extensions, Themes, and Plugins. The main repository for distributing the first two type is the eponymous Mozilla Add-ons website, there are several types of add-ons, Extensions, Modify the behavior of existing features or add new features. The feature could be something in the interface or a functional feature that manifests itself when a certain action is performed. Themes are examples of extensions that primarily concern themselves with the user interface, search engine definitions are examples of functional extensions. A list of extensions can be found in the List of Firefox extensions article, although there are others for Thunderbird, SeaMonkey, strictly modify certain elements of the user interface. Their most prominently featured change is the image that they add to toolbars, menu bars. They may change the text and background color as well, plug-ins, Render web contents that the program cannot natively render. For example, Adobe Flash Player is such a plug-in, it renders embedded Adobe Flash contents in web pages, the framework that enables creation of Mozilla plug-ins is called NPAPI. Mozilla plug-ins are being phased out, Mozilla removed support for plugins, with the exception of Adobe Flash Player, Firefox ESR52 Retains support for plugins for the duration of its support. The eponymous Mozilla Add-ons website is the official Mozilla Foundation repository for add-ons of Mozilla software, including Mozilla Firefox, Mozilla Thunderbird, SeaMonkey and these add-ons include Mozilla extensions and personas, but not Mozilla plug-ins. In contrast to mozdev. org which provides free hosting for Mozilla-related projects, Mozilla Add-ons is targeted to end-users, Many Mozilla applications contain direct links to the website, and contain settings to poll for updates to the extensions and the application itself. Firefox 3 includes features for retrieving and displaying content from the website in the add-ons manager, on January 30,2008, it was announced that over 600 million add-ons had been downloaded from the site and that over 100 million add-ons automatically check the site for updates every day. On July 26,2012, Mozilla announced that 3 billion add-ons were downloaded from the site, formerly, Mozilla Add-ons was known as Mozilla Update. The site underwent several changes between its launch and when it became the AMO, a major rewrite of the public pages was launched on April 4,2006. A visual refresh of the Firefox pages was pushed on October 24,2006 to correspond with the launch of Firefox 2, a complete rewrite of both the developer and public pages, codenamed Remora, was launched on March 23,2007. Another visual refresh, Remora 3.2, launched spring 2008, in 2011, Remora was replaced with Zamboni. The site also featured a redesign, codenamed Impala, Extensions can be used to modify the behavior of existing features to the application or add entirely new features
14.
CCleaner
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CCleaner /ˈsiːkliːnər/, developed by Piriform, is a utility program used to clean potentially unwanted files and invalid Windows Registry entries from a computer. A public version 1.10 for Mac OS X has been released along with a commercial Network Edition, CCleaner is mentioned on different software directories, like Softonic, Softpedia, FILEHIPPO, 01Net, where it has been downloaded over 1.5 billion times. CCleaner has been reviewed by Chip, CCleaner v2.27 and later can wipe the MFT free space of a drive, or the entire drive. CCleaner can uninstall programs or modify the list of programs that execute on startup, CCleaner 2.19.901 and later can delete System Restore points. The License for the version has common terms against reverse engineering, copying and sub-licensing. The Business and Professional licences have a 30-day warranty, the Privacy Policy says they collect IP address and unique device identifiers, We may collect information about the device you are using. Including what type of device it is, what operating systems you are using, device settings, application IDs, some of our products allow us to gather information about your computer, other software you use. They consider all the information above anonymous and non-personal, for Android, they say, we may also use anonymous or non-personal information to improve and maintain applications and services. Note this wording is not limited to their own applications, and they say, we will never sell information you have given us to other parties. They express no restriction on giving or trading the information with others and they work closely with Google Analytics and Google AdMob, and may receive information about you from them. Information is retained on Content Delivery Networks, and they never say they delete it, if the user provides an email address for their newsletter, subscription, or forums, they consider this personal information. We may disclose personal information to third parties if we are under a duty to disclose or share your personal data in order to comply with any legal obligation. This lets them contract with anyone to exchange information, since a contract puts them under a legal obligation. The Cookies Policy says that visitors to their website, for example while downloading and updating the software, are subject to cookies, Piriform works with a number of companies that help us interact better with our customers. These companies may use cookies to collect anonymous data, Piriform uses Google Adwords re-marketing tracking cookies. This allows the display of relevant ads, CNET editors gave the application a rating of 5/5 stars, calling it a must-have tool. It was awarded Editors Choice Award in April 2009 by CNET, media related to CCleaner at Wikimedia Commons Official website
15.
Control Panel (Windows)
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Additional applets can be provided by third party software. The Control Panel has been an inherent part of the Microsoft Windows operating system since Windows 2.0, physically, these applets are stored as. cpl files. For example, the Add or Remove Programs applet is stored under the name appwiz. cpl in the SYSTEM32 folder, many of the individual Control Panel applets can be accessed in other ways. For instance, Display Properties can be accessed by right-clicking on an empty area of the desktop, the classic view consists of shortcuts to the various control panel applets, usually without any description. The categories are seen if the user use Details view, the category view consists of categories, which when clicked on display the control panel applets related to the category. In Windows Vista, the category used applets below the name of the category, the Control Panel can be accessed quickly by typing control in the Run dialog box. HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Explorer\ControlPanel\Namespace This contains the location of the CLSID variables for all the panels not included as cpl files and these are commonly folders or shell applets, though Windows Vista allows physical programs themselves to be registered as well. The CLSID then allows items such as the icon, infobox and category to be set, the control panel then uses these lists to locate the applets and load them into the control panel program when started by the user. In addition to using the panel, a user can also invoke the applets manually via the command processor. For instance, the syntax Control. exe inetcpl. cpl or control. exe /name Microsoft. InternetOptions will run the internet properties applet in Windows XP or Vista respectively, while both syntax examples are accepted on Windows Vista, only the former one is accepted on Windows XP. These are options in the panel that show devices connected to the computer. They do not actually offer a direct interface to control these devices, such applets include, Scanners and Cameras Game Controllers Portable Media Devices Third-party software vendors have released many applets. Although it is impossible to mention all of them, some of them are listed here, System Preferences – same purpose program on macOS How to run Control Panel tools by typing a command at Microsoft. com
16.
System Preferences
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System Preferences is an application included with the macOS operating system that allows users to modify various system settings which are divided into separate Preference Panes. The System Preferences application was introduced in the first version of Mac OS X to replace the control panel that was included in the classic Mac OS. Prior to Mac OS X, a panel is a small application which enabled the user to modify software and hardware settings such as the sound volume. Control panels differ from extensions in that allow the user to specify options. In many software distributions Extensions provided the functionality and the corresponding Control Panel provided all the configuration options, before the release of Mac OS X in 2001, users modified system settings using control panels. Control panels, like the preference panes found in System Preferences, were resources that were accessed through the Apple menus Control Panel. A rudimentary form of system preferences dates back to 1983 with the Apple Lisa Preferences menu item and this included a subset of configurable settings called convenience settings as well as other settings that adapted according to the programs and devices installed on the Lisa Office System. The original control panels in the earliest versions of the classic Mac OS were all combined into one small Desk Accessory, susan Kare designed the interface for the original control panel, and tried to make it as user-friendly as possible. This design was used until System 3 when separate control panel files were added, Mac OS9, the last release of the Mac OS before Mac OS X, included 32 control panels. By Mac OS9, many control panels had been rewritten as true applications, when Mac OS X was released, preference panes replaced control panels. Preference panes are not applications but loadable bundles for the System Preferences application, by default, System Preferences organizes preference panes into several categories. In the latest version of System Preferences, included with Mac OS X v10.7, these categories are Personal, Hardware, Internet & Wireless, a fifth category, Other, appears when third-party preference panes are installed. Users can also choose to sort preference panes alphabetically, Apple has added new preference panes when major features are added to the operating system and occasionally merges multiple panes into one. When Exposé was introduced with Mac OS X v10.3 and this was replaced by a single Dashboard & Exposé pane in Mac OS X v10.4, which introduced Dashboard. When the. Mac service was replaced by MobileMe, the corresponding preference pane was also renamed, Mac Basics, Set your preferences, Apple Support
17.
GNOME
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GNOME is a desktop environment composed of free and open-source software that runs on Linux and most BSD derivatives. GNOME was originally an acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment, GNOME is developed by The GNOME Project, which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat. GNOME is part of the GNU Project, since GNOME2, productivity has been a key focus for GNOME. To this end, the GNOME Human Interface Guidelines were created, all GNOME programs share a coherent style of graphical user interface but are not limited to the employment of the same GUI widgets. Rather, the design of the GNOME GUI is guided by concepts described in the GNOME HIG, following the HIG, developers can create high-quality, consistent, and usable GUI programs, as it addresses everything from GUI design to recommended pixel-based layout of widgets. During the GNOME2 rewrite, many settings deemed of value to the majority of users were removed. Or even configurable to be the union of all applications that anyones ever seen on any historical platform and it turns out that preferences have a cost. Of course, some also have important benefits – and can be crucial interface features. But each one has a price, and you have to consider its value. Many users and developers dont understand this, and end up with a lot of cost, GNOME aims to make and keep the desktop environment physically and cognitively ergonomic for people with disabilities. The GNOME HIG tries to take this account as far as possible. Particular utilities are registered with ATK using Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface, several assistive technology providers, including Orca screen reader and Dasher input method, were developed specifically for use with GNOME. GNOME Shell is the user interface of the GNOME desktop environment. It features a top bar holding an Activities button, a menu, a clock. The status menu holds various system status indicators, shortcuts to system settings, and session actions including logging out, switching users, locking the screen, clicking on the Activities button, moving the mouse to the top-left hot corner or pressing the Super key brings up the Overview. The Overview gives users an overview of current activities and provides a way to switch between windows and workspaces and to launch applications, the Dash on the left houses shortcuts to favorite applications and open windows and an application picker button to show a list of all installed applications. A search bar appears at the top and a workspace list for switching between workspaces is on the right, notifications appear from the bottom of the screen. Beginning with GNOME3.8, GNOME provides a Classic Mode for those who prefer a traditional desktop experience, GNOME3.24 will extend Wayland compatibility to NVidia drivers
18.
Privacy mode
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Privacy mode or private browsing or incognito mode is a privacy feature in some web browsers to disable browsing history and the web cache. This allows a person to browse the Web without storing data that could be retrieved at a later date. Privacy mode will also disable the storage of data in cookies and this privacy protection is only on the local computing device as it is still possible to identify frequented websites by associating the IP address at the web server. The earliest reference to privacy mode was in May 2005 and used to discuss the features in the Safari browser bundled with Mac OS X Tiger. However, privacy modes operate as shields because browsers typically do not remove all data from the cache after the session, plugins, like Silverlight, are able to set cookies that will not be removed after the session. Internet Explorer 8 also contains a feature called InPrivate Subscriptions, an RSS web feed with sites approved for use with InPrivate browsing. The common web browser plugin Adobe Flash Player began supporting privacy mode in Chrome, Firefox, Internet Explorer, privacy mode has multiple uses, including, Reducing history, including autofill, browsing, and personal information. Performing pure searches that are not influenced by prior browsing history or networks or friends recommendations, preventing accidental saving of log-in credentials to accounts. Signing into multiple accounts simultaneously, via multiple tabs, preventing other users of the computer from finding ones search history. Preventing potentially embarrassing and/or pornographic links from appearing on suggestions or tabs, the Mozilla Foundation performed a study about the user behavior when the feature is switched on and how long the session lasts. Privacy mode is known by different names in different browsers and they were able to collect enough data to identify pages visited and even partially reconstruct them. This research was extended to include Chrome and Safari browsers. Browser extensions are potential threats to the user privacy, by design, existing browsers commonly choose to enable extensions in the private mode by default. This however allows an installed extension to secretly record the visited websites without the users awareness, newer versions of Chrome disable extensions in the private mode by default, but allow the private and the normal modes to run in parallel. This makes it possible for an extension in the normal mode to learn the user activities in the private mode by measuring the usage of shared computing resources. Data erasure by the browser alone is found to be insufficient, for example, the records of visited websites during the private session can be retained in memory for a long time even after the private session is closed. In addition, the website records are usually kept by the operating system in the local DNS cache. Furthermore, the time stamps of certain profile files saved on the disk may reveal if the private mode was previously turned on
19.
Internet Explorer 8
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Windows Internet Explorer 8 is a web browser developed by Microsoft in the Internet Explorer browser series, released on March 19,2009. It is the successor to Internet Explorer 7, released in 2006, Internet Explorer 8 is the first version of IE to pass the Acid2 test, and the last of the major browsers to do so. According to Microsoft, security, ease of use, and improvements in RSS, CSS, and Ajax support were its priorities for IE8. Internet Explorer 8 is the last version of Internet Explorer to run on Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP, however several Windows Embedded versions will remain supported until their respective EOL, unless otherwise specified. IE8 development started in at least March 2006, in February 2008, Microsoft sent out private invitations for IE8 Beta 1, and on March 5,2008, released Beta 1 to the general public, although with a focus on web developers. The release launched with a Windows Internet Explorer 8 Readiness Toolkit website promoting IE8 white papers, related software tools, Microsoft Developer Network added new sections detailing new IE8 technology. Major press focused on a controversy about Version Targeting, and two new features then called WebSlice and Activities, the readiness toolkit was promoted as something developers can exploit to make Internet Explorer 8 light up. On August 27,2008, Microsoft made IE8 Beta 2 generally available, PC World noted various Beta 2 features such as InPrivate mode, tab isolation and color-coding, and improved standards and compatibility compared to Internet Explorer 7. Two name changes included Activities to Accelerators, and the IE7 Phishing filter renamed Safety Filter in the first Beta to SmartScreen, by August 2008, the new feature called InPrivate had taken the spotlight. The first non-beta version was released on March 19,2009, on January 5,2009, a tool was provided by Microsoft to block the automatic install of Internet Explorer 8 via Windows Update. As of May 20,2009, Windows XPe was not a platform for Internet Explorer 8. There have been no announcements of planned support, on May 27,2010, Microsoft released Internet Explorer 8 optimized for Bing and MSN. Support for all versions of IE on Windows XP ended effective April 8,2014 due to its end-of-life, language support was not complete on release. IE8 was released with 25 languages and this grew up to 63 for Vista 32-bit in June 2009. Support for additional languages can come pre-installed based on the OS, IE8 contains many new features, including WebSlices and Accelerators. Accelerators are a form of selection-based search which allow a user to invoke an online service from any page using only the mouse. Actions such as selecting the text or other objects will give access to the usable Accelerator services. According to Microsoft, Accelerators eliminate the need to copy and paste content between web pages, IE8 specifies an XML-based encoding which allows a web application or web service to be invoked as an Accelerator service
20.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
21.
Mozilla Foundation
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The Mozilla Foundation is a non-profit organization that exists to support and collectively lead the open source Mozilla project. Founded in July 2003, the sets the policies that govern development, operates key infrastructure and controls Mozilla trademarks. It owns a subsidiary, the Mozilla Corporation, which employs many Mozilla developers and coordinates releases of the Mozilla Firefox web browser. The subsidiary is 100% owned by the parent, and therefore follows the same non-profit principles, the Mozilla Foundation was founded by the Netscape-affiliated Mozilla Organization. The organization is based in the Silicon Valley city of Mountain View, California. The Mozilla Foundation describes itself as a organization that promotes openness. On February 23,1998, Netscape created the Mozilla Organization to co-ordinate the development of the Mozilla Application Suite, when AOL drastically scaled back its involvement with Mozilla Organization, the Mozilla Foundation was launched on July 15,2003 to ensure Mozilla could survive without Netscape. As part of a move to target end-users, the foundation made deals with commercial companies to sell CDs containing Mozilla software. In both cases, the group chose the same suppliers as Netscape for these services, the Mozilla Foundation also became more assertive over its intellectual property, with policies put in place for the use of Mozilla trademarks and logos. New projects such as marketing were also started, with the formation of the Mozilla Corporation, the Mozilla Foundation delegated all their development and business-related activities to the new subsidiary. The Mozilla Foundation now focuses on its Webmaker initiative as well as on governance, the Mozilla Foundation owns the Mozilla trademarks and other intellectual property, which it licenses to the Mozilla Corporation. It also controls the Mozilla source code repository and decides who is allowed to code in. It also handles relationships with businesses, many of which generate income, unlike the Mozilla Foundation, the Mozilla Corporation is a tax-paying entity, which gives it much greater freedom in the revenue and business activities it can pursue. From 2004 to 2014, the majority of revenue came from a deal with Google, in November 2014, Mozilla signed a five-year partnership with Yahoo, making Yahoo Search the default search engine for Firefox in the US. Yandex Search is the default for Firefox in Russia and Baidu continues its role as the default in China, Mozilla China, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Mozilla Corporation with its headquarters in Beijing. The Mozilla Foundation is funded by donations and search royalties, initial funding in 2003 came from AOL, which donated US$2 million, and from Mitch Kapor who donated US$300,000. The group has tax-exempt status under section 501 of the U. S. tax code, in 2006, the Mozilla Foundation received US$66.8 million in revenues, of which US$61.5 million is attributed to search royalties from Google. The original contract expired in November 2006, however, Google renewed the contract until November 2008 and again through 2011
22.
Firefox 4
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Mozilla Firefox 4 is a version of the Firefox web browser, released on March 22,2011. The first beta was available on July 6,2010. It was codenamed Tumucumaque, and was Firefoxs last large release cycle, the Mozilla team planned smaller and quicker releases following other browser vendors. The primary goals for this version included improvements in performance, standards support, there was one security update in April 2011 and version 4 of the browser was made obsolete by the release of Firefox 5 in June 2011. Most of these objectives were incorporated into versions 3.0,3.5, the largest changes, however, were deferred to Firefox 4.0. In early May 2010, Mozillas plans for Firefox 4.0 were officially detailed through a blog post by Mike Beltzner, Mozilla continued to issue updates for Firefox 3.6 after 4s EOL declaration. Only one update was issued for Firefox 4 during its lifetime, many looking for a copy of this version 4 will be directed to version 6, which cannot run on PowerPC Macintoshes. Mozilla Firefox 4 includes many new features since version 3.6, Firefox 4 brings a new user interface, with a new look designed to make it faster. Early mockups of the new interface on Windows, Mac OS X, many changes were made to the user interface. By default, tabs are now on the top of the window, the stop reload and go buttons have been combined into a single button, placed on the right side of the address bar. The button changes based upon the current state of the page. On Windows Vista and Windows 7, the bar is hidden by default with the most common actions moved to a new Firefox menu in the upper left hand corner of the browser. Users can create persistent app tabs, and customize the tab bar, as well as the bookmark, many of these features are similar to ones introduced by Google Chrome. Firefox 4 is based on the Gecko 2.0 engine, which adds and improves support for HTML5, CSS3, WebM, also, it includes a new JavaScript engine and better XPCOM APIs. JägerMonkey is a new JavaScript engine designed to work alongside the TraceMonkey engine introduced with Firefox 3.5 and it improves performance by compiling non-traceable JavaScript into machine language for faster execution. Firefox 4 is the first version of Firefox to drop support of the Gopher protocol, however. Firefox 4 introduces an audio API, which provides a way to access or create audio data associated with a HTML5 audio element. It allows, for example, to raw sound data
23.
Safari (web browser)
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Safari is a web browser developed by Apple based on the WebKit engine. First released in 2003 with Mac OS X Panther, a version has been included in iOS devices since the introduction of the iPhone in 2007. It is the browser on Apple devices. A Windows version, now discontinued, was available from 2007 to 2012, until 1997, Apple Macintosh computers were shipped with the Netscape Navigator and Cyberdog web browsers only. Internet Explorer for Mac was later included as the web browser for Mac OS8.1 and onwards. Microsoft ultimately released a Mac OS X edition of Internet Explorer for Mac, on January 7,2003, at Macworld San Francisco, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had developed their own web browser, called Safari. It was based on Apples internal fork of the KHTML rendering engine, Apple released the first beta version for OS X that day. A number of official and unofficial beta versions followed, until version 1.0 was released on June 23,2003. 1.0.3, released on August 13,2004 was the last version to support Mac OS X v10.2, while 1.3.2, however,10.3 received security updates through 2007. On April 27,2005, he announced that his development version of Safari now passed the test, Safari 2.0 was released on April 29,2005, as the only web browser included with Mac OS X v10.4. This version was touted by Apple as possessing a 1. 8x speed boost over version 1.2.4, Apple eventually released version 2.0.2 of Safari, which included the modifications required to pass Acid2, on October 31,2005. In June 2005, after criticism from KHTML developers over lack of access to change logs, Apple moved the development source code. WebKit itself was released as open source. The source code for non-renderer aspects of the browser, such as its GUI elements, the final stable version of Safari 2, Safari 2.0.4, was released on January 10,2006 for Mac OS X. It was only available as part of Mac OS X Update 10.4.4 and this version addresses layout and CPU usage issues, among others. Safari 2.0.4 was the last version to be released exclusively on Mac OS X until version 6 in 2012, on January 9,2007, at Macworld SF, Jobs announced Apples iPhone, which would use a mobile version of the Safari browser. On June 11,2007, at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference, Jobs announced Safari 3 for Mac OS X v10.5, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. During the announcement, he ran a benchmark based on the iBench browser test suite comparing the most popular Windows browsers, hence claiming that Safari was the fastest browser
24.
Google Chrome
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Google Chrome is a freeware web browser developed by Google. It was first released in 2008, for Microsoft Windows, and was ported to Linux, macOS, iOS. Google Chrome is also the component of Chrome OS, where it serves as a platform for running web apps. Google releases the majority of Chromes source code as the Chromium open-source project, a notable component that is not open-source is the built-in Adobe Flash Player. Chrome used the WebKit layout engine until version 27, as of version 28, all Chrome ports except the iOS port use Blink, a fork of the WebKit engine. As of February 2017, StatCounter estimates that Google Chrome has a 62% worldwide usage share of web browsers as a desktop browser and it also has 52% market share across all platforms combined, because it is also the most popular browser for smartphones. Its success has led to Google expanding the Chrome brand name on other products such as Chromecast, Chromebook, Chromebit, Chromebox. Google CEO Eric Schmidt opposed the development of an independent web browser for six years and he stated that at the time, Google was a small company, and he did not want to go through bruising browser wars. Rumors of Google building a web browser first appeared in September 2004, online journals and U. S. newspapers stated at the time that Google was hiring former Microsoft web developers among others. It also came shortly after the final 1.0 release of Mozilla Firefox, the release announcement was originally scheduled for September 3,2008, and a comic by Scott McCloud was to be sent to journalists and bloggers explaining the features within the new browser. Google subsequently made the comic available on Google Books and mentioned it on their blog along with an explanation for the early release. The browser was first publicly released on September 2,2008 for Windows XP and later, with 43 supported languages, officially a beta version and this passage was inherited from the general Google terms of service. Google responded to this criticism immediately by stating that the language used was borrowed from other products, Chrome quickly gained about 1% usage share. After the initial surge, usage share dropped until it hit a low of 0. 69% in October 2008 and it then started rising again and by December 2008, Chrome again passed the 1% threshold. In early January 2009, CNET reported that Google planned to release versions of Chrome for OS X, in December 2009, Google released beta versions of Chrome for OS X and Linux. Google Chrome 5.0, announced on May 25,2010, was the first stable release to all three platforms. Chrome was one of the twelve browsers offered to European Economic Area users of Microsoft Windows in 2010, the V8 JavaScript virtual machine was considered a sufficiently important project to be split off and handled by a separate team in Denmark coordinated by Lars Bak at Aarhus. Chrome initially used the WebKit rendering engine to display web pages, in 2013, they forked the WebCore component to create their own layout engine Blink
25.
Firefox
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Mozilla Firefox is a free and open-source web browser developed by the Mozilla Foundation and its subsidiary the Mozilla Corporation. Firefox was created in 2002, under the name Phoenix by the Mozilla community members who wanted a standalone rather than the Mozilla Application Suite bundle. Even during its phase, Firefox proved to be popular with its testers and was praised for its speed, security. Firefox was released in November 2004, and was successful with 60 million downloads within nine months. Firefox is considered the successor of Netscape Navigator, as the Mozilla community was created by Netscape in 1998 before their acquisition by AOL. Firefox usage grew to a peak of 32% at the end of 2009, usage then declined in competition with Google Chrome. As of January 2016, Firefox has between 9% and 16% of worldwide usage as a browser, making it the second most popular web browser. Firefox is still the most popular browser in Cuba, Eritrea, and Germany, with 85. 93%,79. 39%. It is also the most popular browser in many other African countries. According to Mozilla, as of December 2014 there were half a billion Firefox users around the world, the Firefox project began as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project by Dave Hyatt, Joe Hewitt, and Blake Ross. They believed the requirements of Netscapes sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser. To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suites software bloat, they created a stand-alone browser, on April 3,2003, the Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird. The community-driven SeaMonkey was formed and eventually replaced the Mozilla Application Suite in 2005, the Firefox project has undergone several name changes. Phoenix was renamed due to issues with Phoenix Technologies, the replacement name, Firebird. In response, the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser would always bear the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion, after further pressure, on February 9,2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox. The name Firefox was said to be derived from a nickname of the red panda, for the abbreviation of Firefox, Mozilla prefers Fx or fx, though it is often abbreviated as FF. The Firefox project went through many versions before the version 1.0 was released on November 9,2004, search, which is a front end of Microsoft search engine Bing, by default in most localizations. Firefox Hello is scheduled to be removed in September 2016, functions can be added through add-ons created by third-party developers
26.
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
27.
MacOS
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Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows. Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems, Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS9 in 1999. An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999, the first desktop version, Mac OS X10.0, followed in March 2001. In 2012, Apple rebranded Mac OS X to OS X. Releases were code named after big cats from the release up until OS X10.8 Mountain Lion. Beginning in 2013 with OS X10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California, in 2016, Apple rebranded OS X to macOS, adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version of macOS is macOS10.12 Sierra, macOS is based on technologies developed at NeXT between 1985 and 1997, when Apple acquired the company. The X in Mac OS X and OS X is pronounced ten, macOS shares its Unix-based core, named Darwin, and many of its frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A heavily modified version of Mac OS X10.4 Tiger was used for the first-generation Apple TV, Apple also used to have a separate line of releases of Mac OS X designed for servers. Beginning with Mac OS X10.7 Lion, the functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store. Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC-based Macs from the time period, Mac OS X10.5 Leopard was released as a Universal binary, meaning the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors. In 2009, Apple released Mac OS X10.6 Snow Leopard, in 2011, Apple released Mac OS X10.7 Lion, which no longer supported 32-bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs, the heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989 and its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, previous Macintosh operating systems were named using Arabic numerals, e. g. Mac OS8 and Mac OS9. The letter X in Mac OS Xs name refers to the number 10 and it is therefore correctly pronounced ten /ˈtɛn/ in this context. However, a common mispronunciation is X /ˈɛks/, consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API, the consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X10.0. Reviews were variable, with praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface
28.
Linux
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Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17,1991 by Linus Torvalds, the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy. Linux was originally developed for computers based on the Intel x86 architecture. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all operating systems. Linux is also the operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers. It is used by around 2. 3% of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs on Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux also runs on embedded systems – devices whose operating system is built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions, many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free, the underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a known as a Linux distribution for both desktop and server use. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, first released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie, the availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, as a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs, freed of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, the GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, has the goal of creating a complete Unix-compatible software system composed entirely of free software. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation, by the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time, although not released until 1992 due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Torvalds has also stated that if 386BSD had been available at the time, although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2000
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Unix
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Among these is Apples macOS, which is the Unix version with the largest installed base as of 2014. Many Unix-like operating systems have arisen over the years, of which Linux is the most popular, Unix was originally meant to be a convenient platform for programmers developing software to be run on it and on other systems, rather than for non-programmer users. The system grew larger as the system started spreading in academic circles, as users added their own tools to the system. Unix was designed to be portable, multi-tasking and multi-user in a time-sharing configuration and these concepts are collectively known as the Unix philosophy. By the early 1980s users began seeing Unix as a universal operating system. Under Unix, the system consists of many utilities along with the master control program. To mediate such access, the kernel has special rights, reflected in the division between user space and kernel space, the microkernel concept was introduced in an effort to reverse the trend towards larger kernels and return to a system in which most tasks were completed by smaller utilities. In an era when a standard computer consisted of a disk for storage and a data terminal for input and output. However, modern systems include networking and other new devices, as graphical user interfaces developed, the file model proved inadequate to the task of handling asynchronous events such as those generated by a mouse. In the 1980s, non-blocking I/O and the set of inter-process communication mechanisms were augmented with Unix domain sockets, shared memory, message queues, and semaphores. In microkernel implementations, functions such as network protocols could be moved out of the kernel, Multics introduced many innovations, but had many problems. Frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics but not by the aims and their last researchers to leave Multics, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, M. D. McIlroy, and J. F. Ossanna, decided to redo the work on a much smaller scale. The name Unics, a pun on Multics, was suggested for the project in 1970. Peter H. Salus credits Peter Neumann with the pun, while Brian Kernighan claims the coining for himself, in 1972, Unix was rewritten in the C programming language. Bell Labs produced several versions of Unix that are referred to as Research Unix. In 1975, the first source license for UNIX was sold to faculty at the University of Illinois Department of Computer Science, UIUC graduate student Greg Chesson was instrumental in negotiating the terms of this license. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to adoption of Unix by commercial startups, including Sequent, HP-UX, Solaris, AIX. In the late 1980s, AT&T Unix System Laboratories and Sun Microsystems developed System V Release 4, in the 1990s, Unix-like systems grew in popularity as Linux and BSD distributions were developed through collaboration by a worldwide network of programmers
30.
Gnash (software)
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Gnash is a media player for playing SWF files. Gnash is available both as a player for desktop computers and embedded devices, as well as a plugin for several browsers. It is part of the GNU Project and is a free and it was developed from the gameswf project. Gnash was first announced in late 2005 by software developer John Gilmore, as of 2011, the projects maintainer is Rob Savoye. The main developers web site for Gnash is located on the Free Software Foundations GNU Savannah project support server, Gnash supports most SWF v7 features and some SWF v8 and v9, however SWF v10 is not supported. Writing a free software Flash player has been a priority of the GNU Project for some time, prior to the launch of Gnash, the GNU Project had asked for people to assist the GPLFlash project. The majority of the previous GPLFlash developers have now moved to the Gnash project, the primary distribution terms for Gnash are those of the GNU GPL. Adobe only provides a version of its official player for Linux on IA-32. Gnash, however, can be compiled and executed on many architectures, including x86, ARM, MIPS and it also supports BSD-based operating systems. An early port for RISC OS, which has never had Macromedia/Adobe Flash support beyond Flash 3, does exist, as well as a port for BeOS. Development of a port to AmigaOS4.1 has also recently begun, a port to the Haiku Operating System also exists. Gnash requires one of AGG, Cairo, or OpenGL for rendering, in contrast to most GNU projects, which are typically written in C, Gnash is written in the C++ programming language because of its gameswf heritage. Currently, Gnash can play SWF files up to version 7, the goal of the Gnash developers is to be as compatible as possible with the proprietary player. For security reasons the extension mechanism must be explicitly and enabled via configuration files. Gnash supports playback of FLV videos and allows playing some FLV files from YouTube, Myspace, ShowMeDo, FLV support requires FFmpeg or GStreamer to be installed on the system. Version 0.8.8 was released 22 August 2010, Rob Savoye announced that Gnash should now work with all YouTube videos. Version 0.8.8 has GPU support, which pushed it ahead of the proprietary Adobe Flash Player in Linux, Gnash still suffers from high CPU usage. A Flashblock plugin can be installed by the user, turning on the Flash support on a case-by-case, YouTube video controls and full screen mode is functioning, although version 0.8.8 has a bug that can cause YouTube to display Invalid parameters
31.
SeaMonkey
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SeaMonkey is a free and open-source Internet suite. It is the continuation of the former Mozilla Application Suite, based on the source code. SeaMonkey was created in 2005 after the Mozilla Foundation decided to focus on projects such as Firefox. The development of SeaMonkey is community-driven, in contrast to the Mozilla Application Suite, the new project-leading group is called the SeaMonkey Council. Compared to Firefox, the SeaMonkey web browser keeps the far more traditional-looking interface of Netscape, many Firefox and Thunderbird add-ons can be converted to make them compatible with SeaMonkey if they arent already. SeaMonkey consists of a web browser, which is a descendant of the Netscape family, an e-mail and news client program, an HTML editor and it comes with two skins in the default installation, Modern and Classic. SeaMonkey Mail is a traditional e-mail client that includes support for multiple accounts, junk mail detection, message filters, HTML message support and it shares code with Mozilla Thunderbird, both Thunderbird and SeaMonkey are built from Mozillas comm-central source tree. SeaMonkey Composer is a WYSIWYG HTML editor and its main user interface features four tabs, Normal, HTML tags, HTML code, and browser preview. The generated code is HTML4.01 Transitional, SeaMonkey Composer is no longer actively maintained, but the underlying editor code is shared with the Mail component. The SeaMonkey project releases official builds for Linux, macOS, and it also releases “unofficial” x86-64 builds for Linux. To avoid confusing organizations that want to use the original Mozilla Suite. After initial speculation by members of the community, a July 2,2005 announcement confirmed that SeaMonkey would officially become the name of the Internet suite superseding the Mozilla Suite. Seamonkey had been used by Netscape and the Mozilla Foundation as a name for the never-released Netscape Communicator 5. Originally, the derived from the need for a nicer word to replace ButtMonkey, which had won a contest to decide the codename. The SeaMonkey Council has now trademarked the name with help from the Mozilla Foundation, the project uses a separate numbering scheme, with the first release being called SeaMonkey 1.0. Despite having a different name and version number, SeaMonkey 1.0 is based on the code as Mozilla Suite 1.7. For trademark and copyright reasons, Debian rebranded SeaMonkey and distributed it as Iceape until 2013, however, the Foundation emphasized that it would still provide infrastructure for community members who wished to continue development. In effect, this meant that the suite would still continue to be developed, SeaMonkey was first released on September 15,2005
32.
Dojo Toolkit
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Dojo Toolkit is an open source modular JavaScript library designed to ease the rapid development of cross-platform, JavaScript/Ajax-based applications and web sites. It was started by Alex Russell, Dylan Schiemann, David Schontzler, the Dojo Foundation is a non-profit organization created with the goal to promote the adoption of the toolkit. New, The official name of the rebranded and relaunched merging of the jQuery Foundation, Dojo is a JavaScript framework targeting the many needs of large-scale client-side web development. The entire toolkit can be downloaded as a ZIP and is hosted on the Google CDN. The toolkit includes about three thousand JavaScript modules, in addition to images and other resources, the Dojo Toolkit is organized in several parts, dojo contains the core and most non-visual modules. Dijit is a library of user-interface modules for widgets and layout, dojox holds assorted modules not yet considered stable enough to include in dojo or dijit. Util includes build tools such as optimization, documentation, style-checking, traditionally, this is done with the JavaScript object XMLHttpRequest. Dojo provides a wrapper around various web browsers implementations of XMLHttpRequest, and dojo. io also supports other transports. -- under a root dojo namespace, after initialization of the root namespace any Dojo package can be loaded by using utility functions supplied in the bootstrap. Dojo packages can consist of files, and can specify which files constitute the entire package. Any package or file can also specify a dependency on other packages or files, workarounds for cross-domain loading of most Dojo packages are provided. This allows all necessary code to be loaded and initialized at once, pre-built profiles for some common use cases are available for download from the same location as the full toolkit. In addition to providing support functions for reading and writing cookies, Dojo also provides a local, Dojo Storage allows web applications to store data on the client-side, persistently and securely and with a users permission. It works across existing web browsers, including Internet Explorer, Firefox, when included in a web page, Dojo Storage determines the best method for persistently storing information. On Firefox 2, it uses native browser persistence, on other browsers it uses a hidden Flash applet, with Flash 6+ being installed on about 95% of computers connected to the web, this makes the storage mechanism accessible for much of the webs installed base. For a web application that is being loaded from the system, Dojo Storage will transparently use XPCOM on Firefox. The programmer using Dojo Storage is abstracted from the mechanism used and is presented with a simple hash table abstraction, with methods such as put. Dojo Storage is not supported in versions later than the 1.3 release, as of January 2007, Dojo includes the following example server-side datastore implementations in the dojo
33.
International Data Group
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International Data Group, Inc. is an American-based media, data and marketing services and venture capital organization. IDG evolved from International Data Corporation which was founded in 1964 in Newtonville, Massachusetts, IDC provides market research and advisory services and is now a subsidiary of IDG. IDG operates in 97 countries and is headquartered in Boston, IDGs brands include CIO, Computerworld, PCWorld and Macworld. IDG produces these and its publications on a national level in each country. IDGs subsidiary IDG World Expo produces large-scale events, such as conventions and these are typically conventions for technology businesses. IDG World Expo runs E for All, Macworld Conference & Expo, IDG also has its own international news agency, IDG News Service. It is headquartered in Boston and has bureaus in cities such as New York, Beijing, Amsterdam and it provides news, images, video and other editorial content to IDGs web sites and print publications worldwide. In 2005, several investors, including IDG, attempted to purchase BlogCN, IDG Books, which was a public company spun off from the privately held IDG, published the popular self-help. For Dummies books. The. For Dummies range was limited to computer related fields. The series is now published by John Wiley & Sons, IDG Books/Hungry Minds — as IDG Books was briefly renamed before being sold to Wiley in 2001 — no longer exists as a separate company. In 2014, the founder and then-owner died, leaving the corporation to the McGovern Foundation, in 2016, the corporation retained Goldman Sachs to explore a possible sale. Also at the time, International Data Group published publications such as Computerworld magazine, on March 29, China Oceanwide Holdings Group announced the close of the acquisition of International Data Group, Inc. IDG Connect, a division of International Data Group, produces, publishes and distributes local IT and business information. Founded in 2006, it has offices in Framingham, Massachusetts, IDG Ventures was founded in 1996. It is a network of venture capital funds with approximately $3.6 billion under management. The IDG Ventures network comprises five independent partnerships managing funds in North America, each partnership makes investments on behalf of its limited partners, including IDG. The latest San Francisco fund, formed in 2007, accepted other institutional investors in addition to IDG, following the successful launch of the San Francisco fund, IDG organized its non-publishing investments in China into venture funds. In 2009, IDG Ventures China renamed itself IDG Capital Partners to reflect the breadth of its half dozen funds encompassing start-up venture through growth investments, in 2000, IDG started a fund in Europe, this fund is now closed
