1.
Irving Stone
–
To be distinguished from Irving I. Born Irving Tennenbaum, he was seven when his parents divorced, by the time he was a senior in high school, his mother had remarried. He legally changed his last name to Stone, his stepfathers surname, Stone said his mother instilled a passion for reading in him. From then on, he believed education was the only way to succeed in life. In 1923, Stone received his bachelors degree from the University of California, after receiving his M. A. there, he worked as a Teaching Assistant in English. He met his first wife, Lona Mosk, who was a student at the university, on money provided by her father, Los Angeles businessman, Ernest Mosk, the young couple went to Paris. Irving and Lona returned to the United States in the 1930s from Europe, according to the Times, Lust for Life was rejected by seventeen publishers over three years before being published in 1934. Stones first marriage ended in New York, as Lona Mosk later told her son, James Earnest Packer, I got bored having to sit around all day telling Irving how wonderful he was. Stone took up with his secretary Jean, after he was divorced from Lona, he and Jean married. This later marriage lasted until Stones death in 1989, Jean Stone died in 2004 aged 93. During their years together, Jean Stone edited many of his works, the Stones lived primarily in Los Angeles, California. They funded a foundation to support causes they believed in. When at home, Stone relied upon the facilities and expertise made available to him by Esther Euler. He dedicated books to her and thanked her in several of his works, according to his afterword for Lust for Life, Stone relied on Van Goghs letters to his brother Theo. Stone additionally did much of his research in the field, for example, he spent many years living in Italy while working on The Agony and the Ecstasy, a novel about Michelangelo. The Italian government lauded Stone with several awards during this period for his cultural achievements highlighting Italian history. Although best known for his novels, Stone also wrote a number of non-fiction books, one was a biography of Clarence Darrow. In his book They Also Ran, about the losers in presidential campaigns, Stone argues that because Bryan led a privileged life, he could not feel the suffering of the common man
Irving Stone
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Amsterdam, 1956: Kirk Douglas describes to the press his role as Van Gogh in the movie Lust for Life.
2.
Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who is among the most famous and influential figures in the history of Western art. In just over a decade he created about 2,100 artworks, including around 860 oil paintings and his suicide at 37 followed years of mental illness and poverty. Born into a family, Van Gogh drew as a child and was serious, quiet. As a young man he worked as an art dealer, often travelling and he turned to religion, and spent time as a Protestant missionary in southern Belgium. He drifted in ill health and solitude before taking up painting in 1881 and his younger brother Theo supported him financially, and the two kept up a long correspondence by letter. His early works, mostly still lifes and depictions of peasant labourers, in 1886 he moved to Paris, where he met members of the avant-garde, including Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, who were reacting against the Impressionist sensibility. As his work developed he created a new approach to still lifes and his paintings grew brighter in colour as he developed a style that became fully realised during his stay in Arles in the south of France in 1888. During this period he broadened his subject matter to include trees, cypresses, wheat fields. Van Gogh suffered from episodes and delusions and though he worried about his mental stability, he often neglected his physical health, did not eat properly. His friendship with Gauguin ended after a confrontation with a razor and he spent time in psychiatric hospitals, including a period at Saint-Rémy. After he discharged himself and moved to the Auberge Ravoux in Auvers-sur-Oise near Paris and his depression continued and on 27 July 1890, Van Gogh shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died from his injuries two days later, Van Gogh was unsuccessful during his lifetime, and was considered a madman and a failure. He became famous after his suicide, and exists in the imagination as the quintessential misunderstood genius. His reputation began to grow in the early 20th century as elements of his style came to be incorporated by the Fauves. The most comprehensive source on Van Gogh is the correspondence between him and his younger brother, Theo. Their lifelong friendship, and most of what is known of Vincents thoughts, Theo van Gogh was an art dealer and provided his brother with financial and emotional support, and access to influential people on the contemporary art scene. Theo kept all of Vincents letters to him, Vincent kept few of the letters he received, after both had died, Theos widow Johanna arranged for the publication of some of their letters. A few appeared in 1906 and 1913, the majority were published in 1914, Vincents letters are eloquent and expressive and have been described as having a diary-like intimacy, and read in parts like autobiography
Vincent van Gogh
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Self-Portrait, Spring 1887, Oil on pasteboard, 42 × 33.7 cm.,
Art Institute of Chicago (F 345)
Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent c. 1871-1872 aged 18. This photograph was taken at the time when he was working at the branch of
Goupil & Cie 's gallery in
The Hague.
Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent c. 1866, approx. age 13
Vincent van Gogh
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Van Gogh's drawing of
87 Hackford Road
3.
Lust for Life (film)
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Lust for Life is a MGM biographical film about the life of the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh, based on the 1934 novel of the same name by Irving Stone and adapted by Norman Corwin. It was directed by Vincente Minnelli and produced by John Houseman, Vincent van Goghs obsessive devotion to his art engulfs, consumes and finally destroys him. The apostate religious leaders do not like his zeal for God and they frown on his social activism and his brother, Theo van Gogh, provides financial and moral support, while Vincent lives off and on with the critical Paul Gauguin. Vincent begins experiencing hallucinations and seizures and voluntarily commits himself to a mental institution and he signs himself out, and with Theos help, returns to a rural area to paint, where he ultimately shoots himself in despair of never being able to put what he sees on canvas. The film was based on the 1934 novel by Irving Stone, Vincent Minnelli directed the film, while John Houseman produced it. They worked with Douglas on the 1952 melodrama The Bad and the Beautiful, principal photography started in August and ended in December 1955 and it was shot on location in France, Belgium and the Netherlands. George Cukor took Minnellis place as director for the take of a scene, two hundred enlarged colour photos were used representing Vincent’s completed canvases, these were in addition to copies that were executed by an American art teacher, Robert Parker. To prepare for his role as the painter, Douglas practiced painting crows so that he could reasonably imitate van Gogh at work. According to his wife Anne, Douglas was so into character that he returned to home in character, when asked if he would do such a thing again, Douglas responded that he wouldnt. Variety said, This is a slow-moving picture whose only action is in the dialog itself. According to MGM records, the film earned $1,595,000 in the US and Canada and $1,100,000 elsewhere resulting in a loss of $2,072,000. Wins Actor in a Supporting Role, Anthony Quinn Nominations Best Actor, Kirk Douglas Best Art Direction, Art Direction, Cedric Gibbons, Hans Peters, Preston Ames, Set Decoration, Edwin B. Willis, F. Keogh Gleason Best Writing, Norman Corwin The Best Actor prize went to Yul Brynner, the musical also won the Oscar for Best Art Direction. Minnelli felt that Douglas should have won the award, MGM produced a short film Van Gogh, Darkness Into Light, narrated by Dore Schary and showing the European locations used for the filming, to promote Lust for Life. In the film, a 75-year-old woman from Auvers-sur-Oise, who claims to have known Van Gogh when she was a girl, meets star Kirk Douglas. This short promotional film is shown on Turner Classic Movies occasionally, at the start and ending of the film, the creators list and thank a number of galleries, collectors and historians who allowed the works of Van Gogh to be photographed for the film
Lust for Life (film)
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Vincent van Gogh, Self-Portrait, Summer 1887, Paris
Van Gogh Museum,
Amsterdam (F77v)
Lust for Life (film)
–
Lust for Life DVD cover
4.
Kirk Douglas
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Kirk Douglas is an American actor, producer, director, and author. He is one of the last living people of the film industrys Golden Age, after an impoverished childhood with immigrant parents and six sisters, he had his film debut in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers with Barbara Stanwyck. Douglas soon developed into a leading box-office star throughout the 1950s and 1960s, known for dramas, including westerns. During a 64-year acting career, he has appeared in more than 90 movies, other early films include Young Man with a Horn, playing opposite Lauren Bacall and Doris Day, Ace in the Hole opposite Jan Sterling, and Detective Story. He received a second Oscar nomination for his role in The Bad and the Beautiful, opposite Lana Turner. In 1955, he established Bryna Productions, which began producing films as varied as Paths of Glory, in those two films, he starred and collaborated with the then relatively unknown director, Stanley Kubrick. Douglas helped break the Hollywood blacklist by having Dalton Trumbo write Spartacus with an official on-screen credit and he produced and starred in Lonely Are the Brave, considered a cult classic, and Seven Days in May, opposite Burt Lancaster, with whom he made seven films. In 1963, he starred in the Broadway play One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, a story he purchased, which he gave to his son Michael Douglas. As an actor and philanthropist, Douglas has received three Academy Award nominations, an Oscar for Lifetime Achievement, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, as an author, he has written ten novels and memoirs. Currently, he is No.17 on the American Film Institutes list of the greatest male screen legends of classic Hollywood cinema, after barely surviving a helicopter crash in 1991 and then suffering a stroke in 1996, he has focused on renewing his spiritual and religious life. He lives with his wife, Anne, a producer. He turned 100 on December 9,2016, Douglas was born Issur Danielovitch in Amsterdam, New York, the son of Bryna Bertha and Herschel Harry Danielovitch. His parents were Jewish immigrants from Chavusy, Mogilev Region, in the Russian Empire, and his fathers brother, who emigrated earlier, used the surname Demsky, which Douglass family adopted in the United States. Douglas grew up as Izzy Demsky and legally changed his name to Kirk Douglas before entering the United States Navy during World War II. Even on Eagle Street, in the poorest section of town, where all the families were struggling, and I was the ragmans son. Growing up, Douglas sold snacks to mill workers to earn enough to buy milk, later, he delivered newspapers and during his youth worked at more than forty different jobs before getting a job acting. He found living in a family with six sisters to be stifling, in a sense, it lit a fire under me. In high school, after acting in plays, he knew he wanted to become a professional actor
Kirk Douglas
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Douglas in 1969.
Kirk Douglas
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College graduation, 1939
Kirk Douglas
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With
Lauren Bacall in
Young Man with a Horn (1950)
Kirk Douglas
–
With
Eve Miller in The Big Trees (1952)
5.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
Academy Awards
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Academy Awards
Academy Awards
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31st Academy Awards Presentations,
Pantages Theatre, Hollywood, 1959
Academy Awards
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81st Academy Awards Presentations,
Dolby Theatre, Hollywood, 2009
Academy Awards
–
Pantages Theatre, 2008
6.
The Letters of Vincent van Gogh
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The Letters of Vincent van Gogh refers to a collection of 903 surviving letters written or received by Vincent van Gogh. More than 650 of these were from Vincent to his brother Theo, the collection also includes letters van Gogh wrote to his sister Wil and other relatives, as well as between artists such as Paul Gauguin, Anthon van Rappard and Émile Bernard. Vincents sister-in-law and wife to his brother Theo, Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, spent many years after her husbands death in 1891 compiling the letters, by contrast Vincent infrequently kept letters sent him and just 84 have survived, of which 39 were from Theo. Nevertheless, it is to these letters between the brothers that we owe much of what we know today about Vincent van Gogh, indeed, the only period where we are relatively uninformed is the Parisian period when they shared an apartment and had no need to correspond. The letters effectively play much the role in shedding light on the art of the period as those between the de Goncourt brothers did for literature. Within two years both brothers were dead, Vincent as the result of a wound, and Theo from illness. Joanna began the task of completing the collection, which was published in full in January 1914 and that first edition consisted of three volumes, and was followed in 1952–1954 by a four-volume edition that included additional letters. Jan Hulsker suggested, in 1987, that the letters be organized in date order, the project consists of a complete annotated collection of letters written by and to Vincent. In the last days of December 1901, running through January 1902, Bruno Cassirer and his cousin Paul Cassirer organized the first van Gogh exhibition in Berlin, Germany. Paul Cassirer first established a market for van Gogh, and then, with the assistance of Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, in 1906 Bruno Cassirer published a small volume of selected letters of Vincents to Theo, translated into German. Of the 844 surviving letters that van Gogh wrote,663 were written to Theo,9 to Theo, of the letters Vincent received from Theo, only 39 survive. The first letter was written when Vincent was 19 and begins, at that time Vincent was not yet developed as a letter writer – he was factual, but not introspective. When he moved to London, and later to Paris, he began to add personal information. Beginning in 1888 and ending a year later, van Gogh wrote 22 letters to Émile Bernard in which the tone is different from those to Theo, in these letters van Gogh wrote more about his techniques, his use of color, and his theories. Van Gogh was a reader, and his letters reflect his literary pursuits as well as a uniquely authentic literary style. His writing style in the letters reflect the literature he read and valued, Balzac, historians such as Michelet, additionally he read novels written by George Eliot, Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, Keats poetry, reading mostly at night when the light was too poor for painting. Gauguin told him that he read too much, poet W. H. Auden wrote about the letters, there is scarcely one letter by van Gogh which I. do not find fascinating. Pomerans believes the letters to be on the level of world literature based on style, in the letters Vincent reflects different facets of his personality and he adopts a tone specific to his circumstances
The Letters of Vincent van Gogh
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Self-portrait dedicated to
Paul Gauguin, September 1888, (F476), oil on canvas, 62 × 52 cm,
Fogg Art Museum,
Cambridge, MA
The Letters of Vincent van Gogh
–
Vincent c. 1873 aged 19. This photograph was taken at the time when he was working at the branch of
Goupil & Cie 's gallery at
The Hague.
The Letters of Vincent van Gogh
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Vincent van Gogh, Self-portrait without beard, September 1889, van Gogh's last self-portrait. Given as a birthday gift to his mother.
The Letters of Vincent van Gogh
–
Photograph of
Theo van Gogh, 1890
7.
Art dealer
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An art dealer is a person or company that buys and sells works of art. Art dealers professional associations serve to set standards for accreditation or membership and to support art exhibitions. An art dealer typically seeks out various artists to represent, and builds relationships with collectors, some dealers are able to anticipate market trends, while some prominent dealers may be able to influence the taste of the market. Many dealers specialize in a style, period, or region. They often travel internationally, frequenting exhibitions, auctions, and artists studios looking for good buys, little-known treasures, when dealers buy works of art, they resell them either in their galleries or directly to collectors. Those who deal in art usually exhibit artists works in their galleries. Art dealers often study the history of art before entering on their careers, related careers that often cross-over include curators of museums and art auction firms are industry-related careers. Gallery owners who do not succeed may seek to work for more successful galleries, others pursue careers as art critics, academics, curators of museums or auction houses, or practicing artists. Dealers have to understand the business side of the art world and they keep up with trends in the market and are knowledgeable about the style of art people want to buy. They figure out how much they should pay for a piece and they are also often passionate and knowledgeable about art. Those who deal with contemporary art promote new artists, creating a market for the artists works, the art world is subject to economic booms and bust just like any other market. Art dealers must be economically conscious in order to maintain their livelihoods, the mark ups of art work must be carefully monitored. If prices and profits are too large, then investments may be devalued should an overstock or economic downturn occur, to determine an artworks value, dealers inspect the objects or paintings closely, and compare the fine details with similar pieces. Some dealers with many years of experience learn to identify unsigned works by examining stylistic features such as strokes, color. They recognize the styles of different periods and individual artists, often art dealers are able to distinguish authentic works from forgeries. Guillam Forchondt the Elder A 17th century Flemish Baroque painter and art based in Antwerp. He established an important art dealing business with international connections in Europe maintained by his extended family and he originally trained as a painter and cabinet maker but built a reputation through his international art business. At one point, the Brothers Forchondt had 60 painters in service for export to France, Austria, Spain, matthijs Musson A painter and art dealer based in Antwerp, who helped popularize artists of the 17th century Antwerp school by marketing them throughout Europe
Art dealer
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Dealer of art in
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, (Drawn by
Jan Piotr Norblin)
Art dealer
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A Picture Gallery by
Gillis van Tilborch, 1660s
Art dealer
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A visit to the Art Dealer by
Frans Francken the Younger, early 1600s
8.
Theo van Gogh (art dealer)
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Theodorus Theo van Gogh was a Dutch art dealer. He was the brother of Vincent van Gogh, and Theos unfailing financial and emotional support allowed his brother to devote himself entirely to painting. Theo died at the age of 33, six months after his brother died at the age of 37, Theodorus Theo van Gogh was born on 1 May 1857 in the village Groot-Zundert in the province of North Brabant, Netherlands. He was the son of Theodorus van Gogh and Anna Cornelia Carbentus and his elder brother was Vincent van Gogh, who later became a famous painter. Theo worked for years at the Dutch office of the Parisian art dealers Goupil & Cie in The Hague. Theo joined the Brussels office on 1 January 1873 as their youngest employee, after Theo was transferred to the London office, he moved to the office in The Hague, where he developed into a successful art dealer. By 1884, he was transferred to the Paris main office, starting in the winter of 1880–1881, he sent painting materials as well as monthly financial support to his brother and painter Vincent van Gogh, who was living back in the Netherlands. In Paris, Theo met Andries Bonger and his sister Johanna and he married Johanna in Amsterdam on 17 April 1889 and they moved to Paris. Their son Vincent Willem was born in Paris on 31 January 1890, on 8 June, the family visited Vincent, who was living near Paris in Auvers-sur-Oise. Vincent died in July 1890 at age 37, Theo suffered from dementia paralytica, an infection of the brain, and his health declined rapidly after Vincents death. Weak and unable to come to terms with Vincents absence, he died six months later at age 33 in Den Dolder, Theo admired his elder brother Vincent for his whole life. But communicating with him proved to be difficult, even before Vincent opted to follow his artistic vocation, the communication between both brothers suffered from diverging definitions of standards, and it was evidently Theo who kept on writing letters. Therefore, mostly Vincents answers survived and few of Theos, Theo was often concerned about Vincents mental condition and he was amongst the few who understood his brother. It is known that Theo helped Vincent to maintain his artist lifestyle by giving him money and he also helped Vincent pursue his life as an artist through his unwavering emotional support and love. The majority of Theo’s letters and communications with Vincent are filled with praise, Vincent would send Theo sketches and ideas for paintings, along with accounts of his day to day experiences, to the delight and eager attention of Theo. Theo was instrumental in the popularity of Impressionist artists such as Claude Monet and Edgar Degas by persuading his employers, Goupil & Cie, to exhibit and buy their works. In 1886, Theo invited Vincent to come and live with him in Paris, the two brothers maintained an intensive correspondence, with Theo often encouraging his depressed brother. Theo was one of the few people who Vincent could talk to, over three-quarters of the more than 800 letters Vincent wrote during his life were to Theo, including his first and his last letters
Theo van Gogh (art dealer)
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Theo van Gogh in 1878
Theo van Gogh (art dealer)
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Theo van Gogh in 1888
Theo van Gogh (art dealer)
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This 1887 portrait by
Vincent van Gogh, long thought to be a self-portrait, was reassessed in 2011 to be one of his brother Theo van Gogh.
Theo van Gogh (art dealer)
–
Vincent and Theo van Gogh's graves at the cemetery of
Auvers-sur-Oise
9.
The Potato Eaters
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The Potato Eaters is an oil painting by Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh painted in April 1885 in Nuenen, Netherlands. It is in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam and he worked on the painting from April 13 until the beginning of May, when it was mostly done except for minor changes which he made with a small brush later the same year. Van Gogh said he wanted to depict peasants as they really were, I wanted it to give the idea of a wholly different way of life from ours — civilized people. So I certainly don’t want everyone just to admire it or approve of it without knowing why, however, the work was criticized by his friend Anthon van Rappard soon after it was painted. Van Gogh made a lithograph of the composition The Potato Eaters before embarking on the painting proper and he sent impressions to his brother, and in a letter to a friend, wrote that he made the lithograph from memory in the space of a day. Van Gogh had first experimented with lithography in The Hague in 1882, though he appreciated small scale graphic work and was an enthusiastic collector of English engravings he worked relatively little in graphic mediums. No, in most cases the solidity and pith of the small is only obtained through much more study than is imagined by those who think lightly of the task of illustrating. Anyway, some paintings in their huge frames look very substantial, and from what you said about ‘Impressionism’, I’ve grasped that it’s something different from what I thought it was, but it’s still not entirely clear to me what one should understand by it. But for my part, I find so much in Israëls, for instance. Compositionally the two are similar, in both paintings the composition of the painting is centered by a figure whose back is turned to us. Thieves stole the early version of The Potato Eaters, the Weavers Interior, in April,1989, the thieves returned Weavers Interior in an attempt to gain a $2.5 million ransom. The police recovered the two on July 14,1989, no ransom was paid. On April 14,1991, the Vincent van Gogh National Museum was robbed of twenty major paintings including the version of The Potato Eaters. For unknown reasons, the abandoned the art 35 minutes after the robbery. ISBN 1-86046-859-4 De La Faille, Jacob Baart, the works of Vincent van Gogh. The Complete Van Gogh, Paintings, Drawings, Sketches, new York, NY, Harrison House/Harry N. Abrams Distributed by Crown Publishers, Random House. Naifeh, Steven and Smith, Gregory White
The Potato Eaters
–
The Potato Eaters
The Potato Eaters
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The Cottage, 1885,
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F83). The cottage was home to two families, one of which was the de Groots who were the subjects of The Potato Eaters
The Potato Eaters
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Study for The Potato Eaters, 1885,
Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo (F78)
The Potato Eaters
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Study for The Potato Eaters, 1885, Private collection (F77r)
10.
Sunflowers (paintings)
–
Sunflowers are the subject of two series of still life paintings by the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh. The earlier series, executed in Paris in 1887, depicts the flowers lying on the ground, while the set, executed a year later in Arles. In the artists mind both sets were linked by the name of his friend Paul Gauguin, who acquired two of the Paris versions, Van Gogh was upset and replied that Gauguin had absolutely no right to make this request, I am definitely keeping my sunflowers in question. He has two of them already, let that hold him, so if he ever broaches this subject again, Ive told you just how matters stand. The two Sunflowers in question show two buttons each, one of them was preceded by a study, and a fourth large canvas combines both compositions. These were Van Goghs first paintings with nothing but sunflowers—yet, he had already included sunflowers in still life, leaving aside the first two versions, all Arlesian Sunflowers are painted on size 30 canvases. None meets the descriptions supplied by van Gogh himself in his announcement of the series in every detail. The first version differs in size, is painted on a size 20 canvas—not on a size 15 canvas as indicated—and all the others differ in the number of flowers depicted from van Goghs announcement. The second was evidently enlarged and the initial composition altered by insertion of the two flowers lying in the foreground, center and right, neither the third nor the fourth shows the dozen or 14 flowers indicated by the artist, but more—fifteen or sixteen. Both repetitions of the 4th version are no longer in their original state, in the Amsterdam version a strip of wood was added at the top—probably by van Gogh himself. The Tokyo version, however, was enlarged on all sides with strips of canvas, the series is perhaps van Goghs best known and most widely reproduced. In recent years there has been regarding the authenticity of one of the paintings. Most experts, however, conclude that the work is genuine, a definite hint for the arrangement of the triptych is supplied by Van Goghs sketch in a letter of July 1889. Later that year, Vincent selected both versions for his display at Les XX,1890, Van Gogh began painting in late summer 1888 and continued into the following year. One went to decorate his friend Paul Gauguins bedroom, the paintings show sunflowers in all stages of life, from full bloom to withering. The paintings were considered innovative for their use of the yellow spectrum, in a letter to Theo, Vincent wrote, Its a type of painting that changes its aspect a little, which grows in richness the more you look at it. Besides, you know that Gauguin likes them extraordinarily and he said to me about them, among other things, ‘that —. You know that Jeannin has the peony, Quost has the hollyhock, the price was over four times the previous record of about $12 million paid for Andrea Mantegnas Adoration of the Magi in 1985
Sunflowers (paintings)
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Sunflowers
Sunflowers (paintings)
–
Sunflowers, study (F.377), Oil on canvas, 21 x 27 cm,
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Sunflowers (paintings)
–
Sunflowers (F.375), Oil on canvas, 43.2 x 61 cm,
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Sunflowers (paintings)
–
Sunflowers (F.452), Oil on canvas, 60 × 100 cm,
Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo
11.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
12.
Borinage
–
The Borinage is an area in the Walloon province of Hainaut in Belgium. The provincial capital Mons is located in the east of the Borinage, in French the inhabitants are called Borains, but there was a great sociological difference between Mons and the Borains of all the villages around Mons. From the 18th century to 1850, the economy of thirty municipalities in the Borinage was founded on coal mining, between 1822 and 1829, production more than doubled in that region i. e. from 602,000 to 1,260,000 tons. That was more than the production of France and Germany at the time. The Borinage exported its coal mostly to France and Flanders, in 1957, out of 64,800 people recorded as being in employment in the Borinage,23,000 worked in the coal industry. Only 7,000 people in services, although in Belgium as a whole,49 percent of employment was in the tertiary sector. In the 1960s, because of the end of the collieries, Ladrière, Meynaud, in his mid-twenties, the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh spent several years living there, ca. First, he preached to and lived with the coal miners, then, he had a breakdown and decided to become an artist, while living there. His first masterpiece, The Potato Eaters, of Dutch land peasants, was inspired by the bad conditions of miners. Dutch-born Belgian painter Henry Luyten resided in the Borinage during 1886 and 1887 and he witnessed the great strike and its bloody suppression. In response, he painted the triptych The Strike on which he worked until 1893, the painting measures 3 to 5 meters. The painting on the panel is called After the uprising. This region was emblematic of the whole Sillon industriel in Wallonia, for instance the Belgian general strike of 1893 was initiated by the Borains according to Marcel Liebman. The area is best known for its former coalmining industry, the living conditions of the miners were featured in the famous documentary film Misère au Borinage made by Henri Storck and Joris Ivens. It is one of the most important references in the documentary genre, in 1932, a great strike paralysed the coalmines of Wallonia and the response of employers and the police had been merciless. Throughout it all the population was ill-informed and largely indifferent. André Thirifays, Pierre Vermeylen and all the indignant young people involved in the Club de lécran, decided to bear witness to this dire poverty using their weapon, the camera. With the aid of a doctor and a lawyer, with little funding, hiding from the police but supported by the whole population
Borinage
–
The Borains (from
Jemappes) killed by the Civic guard of
Mons on 17 April 1893 (
Le Petit Journal May 1893)
Borinage
–
This giant
mining lamp of the Heribus
colliery. It now stands on the square of
Cuesmes
Borinage
–
Gallow frame of the Crachet in
Frameries (after renovation)
13.
Etten-Leur
–
Etten-Leur is a municipality in the southern Netherlands. Its name is a combination of the two towns from which the municipality originally arose, Etten and Leur, nowadays both towns have grown into one. This prosperity was caused by the fact that Etten was a centre for the production of peat, decline in economic importance marked both towns during the nineteenth century. During this time the painter Vincent van Gogh briefly lived in Etten, making him the most famous citizen in the history of Etten and Leur. During World War II, the two towns were freed from German occupation in late October 1944 by elements of the U. S. 104th Infantry Division, the economic decline was halted when, in 1950, the Dutch government decided to encourage population growth and industrial development. As a result of development, both towns have grown towards each other and merged into one, Etten-Leur. Notable residents have included the previously mentioned Vincent van Gogh
Etten-Leur
–
Street (Markt) in Etten-Leur
Etten-Leur
–
Etten-Leur
14.
The Hague
–
The Hague is a city on the western coast of the Netherlands, and the capital city of the province of South Holland. With a population of 520,704 inhabitants and more than one million including the suburbs, it is the third-largest city of the Netherlands. The Rotterdam The Hague Metropolitan Area, with a population of approximately 2.7 million, is the 12th-largest in the European Union and the most populous in the country. Located in the west of the Netherlands, The Hague is in the centre of the Haaglanden conurbation and lies at the southwest corner of the larger Randstad conurbation. The Hague is the seat of the Dutch government, parliament, the Supreme Court, and the Council of State, but the city is not the capital of the Netherlands, which constitutionally is Amsterdam. King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands plans to live at Huis ten Bosch and works at Noordeinde Palace in The Hague, the Hague is also home to the world headquarters of Royal Dutch Shell and numerous other major Dutch companies. The Hague originated around 1230, when Count Floris IV of Holland purchased land alongside a pond, in 1248, his son and successor William II, King of the Romans, decided to extend the residence to a palace, which would later be called the Binnenhof. He died in 1256 before this palace was completed but parts of it were finished by his son Floris V, of which the Ridderzaal and it is still used for political events, such as the annual speech from the throne by the Dutch monarch. From the 13th century onwards, the counts of Holland used The Hague as their administrative centre, the village that originated around the Binnenhof was first mentioned as Haga in a charter dating from 1242. In the 15th century, the smarter des Graven hage came into use, literally The Counts Wood, with connotations like The Counts Hedge, s-Gravenhage was officially used for the city from the 17th century onwards. Today, this name is used in some official documents like birth. The city itself uses Den Haag in all its communication and their seat was located in The Hague. At the beginning of the Eighty Years War, the absence of city walls proved disastrous, in 1575, the States of Holland even considered demolishing the city but this proposal was abandoned, after mediation by William of Orange. From 1588, The Hague also became the seat of the government of the Dutch Republic, in order for the administration to maintain control over city matters, The Hague never received official city status, although it did have many of the privileges normally granted only to cities. In modern administrative law, city rights have no place anymore, only in 1806, when the Kingdom of Holland was a puppet state of the First French Empire, was the settlement granted city rights by Louis Bonaparte. After the Napoleonic Wars, modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands were combined in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands to form a buffer against France, as a compromise, Brussels and Amsterdam alternated as capital every two years, with the government remaining in The Hague. After the separation of Belgium in 1830, Amsterdam remained the capital of the Netherlands, when the government started to play a more prominent role in Dutch society after 1850, The Hague quickly expanded. The growing city annexed the rural municipality of Loosduinen partly in 1903, the city sustained heavy damage during World War II
The Hague
The Hague
The Hague
The Hague
15.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
Paris
–
In the 1860s Paris streets and monuments were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, making it literally "The City of Light."
Paris
Paris
–
Gold coins minted by the Parisii (1st century BC)
Paris
–
The
Palais de la Cité and
Sainte-Chapelle, viewed from the Left Bank, from the
Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410)
16.
Arles
–
Arles is a city and commune in the south of France, in the Bouches-du-Rhône department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the former province of Provence. A large part of the Camargue is located on the territory of the commune, the city has a long history, and was of considerable importance in the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis. The Roman and Romanesque Monuments of Arles were listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1981, the Dutch post-Impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh lived in Arles from 1888 to 1889 and produced over 300 paintings and drawings during his time there. An international photography festival has held in the city since 1970. The river Rhône forks into two branches just upstream of Arles, forming the Camargue delta and its area is 758.93 km2, which is more than seven times the area of Paris. Arles has a Mediterranean climate with an annual temperature of 14.6 °C. The summers are warm and moderately dry, with averages between 22 °C and 24 °C, and mild winters with a mean temperature of about 7 °C. The city is constantly, but especially in the months, subject to the influence of the mistral. Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed from September to May, with the summer drought being less marked than in other Mediterranean areas, the Ligurians were in this area from about 800 BC. Later, Celtic influences have been discovered, the city became an important Phoenician trading port, before being taken by the Romans. The Romans took the town in 123 BC and expanded it into an important city, however, it struggled to escape the shadow of Massalia further along the coast. Its chance came when it sided with Julius Caesar against Pompey, Massalia backed Pompey, when Caesar emerged victorious, Massalia was stripped of its possessions, which were transferred to Arelate as a reward. The town was established as a colony for veterans of the Roman legion Legio VI Ferrata. Its full title as a colony was Colonia Iulia Paterna Arelatensium Sextanorum, Arelate was a city of considerable importance in the province of Gallia Narbonensis. It covered an area of some 99 acres and possessed a number of monuments, including an amphitheatre, triumphal arch, Roman circus, theatre, ancient Arles was closer to the sea than it is now and served as a major port. It also had the southernmost bridge on the Rhône, very unusually, the Roman bridge was not fixed but consisted of a pontoon-style bridge of boats, with towers and drawbridges at each end. The boats were secured in place by anchors and were tethered to twin towers built just upstream of the bridge and this unusual design was a way of coping with the rivers frequent violent floods, which would have made short work of a conventional bridge. Nothing remains of the Roman bridge, which has replaced by a more modern bridge near the same spot
Arles
–
Left bank of the Rhône in Arles
Arles
–
Arles Amphitheatre, a Roman arena.
Arles
–
Passageway in Roman arena
Arles
–
Church of St. Trophime and its cloister.
17.
The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)
–
The Agony and the Ecstasy is a biographical novel of Michelangelo Buonarroti written by American author Irving Stone. Stone lived in Italy for years visiting many of the locations in Rome and Florence, worked in marble quarries, and apprenticed himself to a marble sculptor. A primary source for the novel is Michelangelos correspondence, all 495 letters of which Stone had translated from Italian by Charles Speroni and published in 1962 as I, Michelangelo, Stone also collaborated with Canadian sculptor Stanley Lewis, who researched Michelangelos carving technique and tools. The Italian government lauded Stone with several awards for his cultural achievements highlighting Italian history. Stone wrote a number of novels, but this one and Lust for Life are his best known. Part of the 1961 novel was adapted to film in The Agony, after Ghirlandaio looks at Michelangelo’s sketches of Christ drawn with a stonemason as the model, he tells Michelangelo the story of Donatellos showing his newly carved crucifix to Brunelleschi. Brunelleschi observes that it seems to him Donatello has, “put a plowman on the cross, rather than the body of Jesus Christ, Donatello, upset by his friend’s criticism, challenges Brunelleschi to make Christ’s figure himself. When Brunelleschi presents his own, newly finished crucifix, “Donatello, who could not take his eyes off the beautiful Christ, answered, ‘It is your work to make Christs, and mine to make plowmen. With Donatello’s figure the crucifixion had come as a horrifying surprise…. ”Ghirlandaio was currently working on the sketches for the Baptism of Christ, behind him he did two white-bearded assistants to John, with beauty in their faces and a rugged power in their figures. He experimented with flesh tones from his paint pots, enjoyed this culminating physical effort of bringing his figures to life, clothing them in warm-colored lemon-yellow and rose robes. ”The book is mentioned in John Guares Six Degrees of Separation as being a book Paul, the protagonist, had recently completed. In the Mad Men season 2 episode Flight 1, Peggy Olsons mother tells her daughters, Im reading The Agony and the Ecstasy, its taking forever. In the autobiographical adventure book Minus 148°, author Art Davidson mentions that he is reading The Agony, the team he was with had just had two near fatalities and one accident that did end in a fatality. Nonetheless, they decided to continue to climb, translated by Dr. Charles Speroni, professor of Italian at the University of California, Los Angeles. Also includes a list of characters
The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)
–
The Agony and the Ecstasy, Signet Books edition 1987
The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)
–
Wooden Crucifix at Santa Croce by Donatello, 1406-08
The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)
–
Wooden Crucifix at Santa Maria Novella by Brunelleschi, 1410-15
The Agony and the Ecstasy (novel)
–
Baptism of Christ, Tornabuoni Choir
18.
Vincent van Gogh chronology
–
This is a chronology of the artist Vincent van Gogh. It is based as far as possible on Van Goghs correspondence, however, it has only been possible to construct the chronology by drawing on additional sources. Most of his letters are not dated, and it was only in 1973 that a sufficient dating was established by Jan Hulsker, subsequently revised by Ronald Pickvance and marginally corrected by others. Many other relevant dates in the chronology derive from the biographies of his brother Theo, his uncle and godfather Cent, his friends Émile Bernard and Paul Gauguin, facts and dates which are undisputed, remain unreferenced. Theodorus van Gogh, since 1849 pastore in Groot-Zundert, married Anna Cornelia Carbentus, his brother Cents sister-in-law, March 30, a first son, called Vincent, died at birth. March 30, Vincent Willem van Gogh is born in Groot-Zundert, February 17, sister Anna Cornelia van Gogh, called Anna, is born. May 1, brother Theodorus van Gogh, called Theo, is born, may 16, sister Elisabeth Huberta van Gogh, called Lies, is born. March 26, Uncle Cent becomes partner of Goupil & Cie. March 16, sister Willemina Jacoba van Gogh, October 1, in Zevenbergen to attend the school of Jan Provily. September 3, enters secondary school at Tilburg, may 17, brother Cornelis Vincent van Gogh, called Cor, is born. March, leaves Tilburg and returns to his family in Zundert, July 30, Vincent starts apprenticeship with Goupil & Cie, The Hague. January, Van Goghs family moves to Helvoirt, January 1, Theo starts apprenticeship with Goupil & Cie, Brussels. February 19, the lot to serve in the army has fallen on Vincent, may 12, Vincent leaves for Paris where he visits the Paris branches of Goupil & Cie, the annual Salon and the Musée du Luxembourg. A week later, takes up work at the London branch of Goupil & Cie, August, moves to the house of Ursula Loyer and her daughter Eugenie in Brixton,87 Hackford Road. June 27 - July 15, summer holiday with his family in Helvoirt, November, on the demand of Uncle Cent, Vincent is transferred to Paris to get acquainted with the headquarters of Goupil & Cie. November 26, Jet Carbentus, a cousin of Vincent, marries Anton Mauve, Christmas, with his family in Helvoirt. May 24, Goupils London opens its first exhibition, end of May, Vincent is re-transferred to Paris headquarters. October 18, Van Goghs family moves to Etten, Christmas, with his family in Etten. December 30, visits Uncle C. M. in the Hague to talk about his future, December 31, father thinks he has to advise Vincent to resign
Vincent van Gogh chronology
–
Self-Portrait, August 1889, Oil on canvas,
National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C. (
F626,
JH1770)
Vincent van Gogh chronology
–
The Van Gogh family: On top Theodorus van Gogh (1822-1885) and Anna Cornelia van Gogh-Carbentus (1819-1907), below left to right
Vincent Willem (1853-1890), Anna Cornelia (1855-1930),
Theo (1857-1891), Elisabetha Huberta (1859-1936),
Willemina Jacoba (1862-1941) and Cornelis Vincent (1867-1900)
Vincent van Gogh chronology
–
Van Gogh's birthplace in Zundert
Vincent van Gogh chronology
19.
Death of Vincent van Gogh
–
Van Gogh was shot in the stomach, either by himself or by others, and died two days later. In 1889, Vincent van Gogh experienced a deterioration in his mental health, as a result of incidents in Arles leading to a public petition, he was committed to a hospital. His condition improved and he was ready to be discharged by March 1889, at Salles suggestion van Gogh chose an asylum in nearby Saint-Rémy. Theo originally resisted this choice, even suggesting that Vincent rejoin Paul Gauguin in Pont Aven, Vincent entered the asylum in early May 1889. His mental condition remained stable for a while and he was able to work en plein air, producing many of his most iconic paintings, such as Starry Night, at this time. However at the end of July, following a trip to Arles and he made a good recovery, only to suffer another relapse in late December 1889, and early the following January an acute relapse while delivering a portrait of Madame Ginoux to her in Arles. This last relapse, described by Jan Hulsker as his longest and saddest, lasted until March 1890. In May 1890 Vincent was discharged from the asylum, and after spending a few days with Theo and Jo in Paris, Vincent went to live in Auvers-sur-Oise, a commune north of Paris popular with artists. Shortly before leaving Saint-Rémy, Van Gogh told how he was suffering from his stay in the hospital, I need some air, I feel overwhelmed by boredom and grief. On arriving at Auvers, van Goghs health was not very good. Writing on 21 May to Theo he comments, I can do nothing about my illness, I am suffering a little just now — the thing is that after that long seclusion the days seem like weeks to me. But by 25 May, the artist was able to report to his parents that his health had improved and his letters to his sister Wilhelmina on 5 June and to Theo and his wife Jo on about 10 June indicate a continued improvement, his nightmares almost having disappeared. The other patients society had a bad influence on me, furthermore, an unsent letter to Paul Gauguin which van Gogh wrote around 17 June is quite positive about his plans for the future. After describing his recent colourful wheat studies, he explains, I would like to paint some portraits against a very vivid yet tranquil background. On 2 July, writing to his brother, van Gogh comments, I myself am also trying to do as well as I can, and if my disease returns, you would forgive me. I still love art and life very much, the first sign of new problems was revealed in a letter van Gogh wrote to Theo on 10 July. He first states, I am very well, I am working hard, have painted four studies, first of all, he is sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much, so thats that. Certainly my last attack, which was terrible, was in a large measure due to the influence of the other patients, later in the letter he adds, For myself, I can only say at the moment that I think we all need rest — I feel exhausted
Death of Vincent van Gogh
–
Graves of
Vincent van Gogh and his
brother Theo
Death of Vincent van Gogh
–
Vincent van Gogh: Ward in the Hospital in Arles (1889)
Death of Vincent van Gogh
–
Vincent van Gogh: Village Street in Auvers (late May, 1890)
Death of Vincent van Gogh
–
Vincent van Gogh: Wheatfield under Thunder Clouds (July 1890)
20.
Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh
–
His friendship with his younger brother Theo was documented in numerous letters they exchanged from August 1872 onwards. The letters were published in three volumes in 1914 by Johanna van Gogh-Bonger, Theos widow, who generously supported most of the early Van Gogh exhibitions with loans from the artists estate. His fame reached its first peak in Austria and Germany before World War I, due to the economic crisis in Germany and France after 1918, pioneer collections of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist art which included works by Van Gogh were dissolved. Thus, British and American collectors had the opportunity to acquire first rate works relatively late, during his lifetime, Van Gogh contributed works of his own only on a few and minor occasions which mainly passed unnoted by critics and public. Van Gogh considered the first one a disaster, while he was prepared to take the one as a success, Bernard and Anquetin sold paintings. The hall was decorated with his canvases, in 1888, Van Gogh joined the Société des Artistes Indépendants, so this year three of his paintings were on show in their annual exhibition in Paris, and two in the year following. In 1890 and 1891, their annual exhibitions comprised ten paintings by Vincent, part of them had shown before by the society Les XX in Brussels. According to letters from his brother Theo, Vincents contributions to these few exhibitions established his renown amongst French vanguard painters like Claude Monet, probably it is little more than for curiosity that one of the first mentions of Van Gogh in newspapers was printed in Arles. September 30,1888, LHomme de Bronze told its readers Mr. Vincent, impressionist painter, works in the night, as we are assured, earlier this year, Van Goghs contribution to the exhibition of the Artists Indépendants has been reviewed. Vincent felt more troubled than honoured, and asked Isaacson to stop writing about him, another voice was that of Octave Mirbeau whose review article Vincent van Gogh in LEcho de Paris on 1 March 1891. Later that year Van Goghs friend Émile Bernard contributed short pieces on Van Gogh for La Plume, in the English-speaking world, the Bloomsbury art critics Roger Fry and Clive Bell were his first champions. His works gave an expression in paint for the violence of his spiritual hunger. That set the agenda for many subsequent Van Gogh studies, which are predominantly biographical to this day, Van Gogh fits modern cultures attempt to find secular substitutes for a religion it no longer believed in, as M. H. Abrams describes in Natural Supernaturalism. There were retrospectives in Brussels and Paris in 1891, during the 1890s, Van Gogh exhibitions were staged in several Dutch and Belgian towns. In 1893, Julien Leclercq brought together a first exhibition featuring Van Gogh, Gauguin and other modernists touring Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Berlin. In 1895 and in 1896 Ambroise Vollard mounted Van Gogh retrospectives in his galleries Rue Lafitte, in 1901, Leclercq arranged a Van Gogh Exhibition at the Galeries Bernheim Jeune in Paris. A little later in the year 1901, the Berlin Secessionists entered the scene, accompanied by the art dealers Bruno Cassirer and especially his cousin Paul, who set the pace for the years to come. In the last days of December, running through January 1902, Paul Cassirer organized the first van Gogh exhibition in Berlin, minor exhibitions of some recently found early works were held in Rotterdam and Amsterdam in 1903 and 1904
Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh
–
Paul Gauguin,
The Painter of Sunflowers (Le Peintre de Tournesols): Portrait of Vincent van Gogh, painted in Arles, December 1888
Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh
–
Hiroshige's wood-cut "
Flowering Plumtrees at Kameido " (1857) and Vincent van Gogh's oil version (1887)
Posthumous fame of Vincent van Gogh
–
The Red Vineyard, 1888, oil on canvas, 75 × 93 cm,
Pushkin Museum, Moscow
21.
Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh
–
This is a list that shows references made to the life and work of artist Vincent van Gogh in culture. Letters to Theo, a selection of Vincents letters to his brother Theo in various sized volumes, became available in several languages during the 1950s, the artists life forms the basis for Irving Stones biographical novel Lust for Life. Starry Night, a written by Tupac Shakur, is a dedication to Van Gogh. Antonin Artaud wrote a study Van Gogh le suicidé de la société in 1947, Paul Celan mentions Van Goghs ear in his poem Mächte, Gewalten. Woody Allen wrote a parody of Vincents letters to his brother Theo, the short story If the Impressionists Had Been Dentists is included in Allens book Without Feathers. Paul Gauguin writes about van Gogh in his book Avant et après, theun de Vries wrote a novel Vincent in Den Haag which takes place between 1881 and 1883. Ivan Diviš wrote a poem Goghova milá, published in his book Rozpleť si vlasy and this was based on several events in Van Goghs life, he later used some of the same themes in his 6th symphony, Vincentiana. Einojuhani Rautavaara, Vincentiana, symphony N°6 - movements, I Tähtiyö II Varikset III Saint-Rémy IV Apotheosis Henri Dutilleux, Correspondances for soprano and orchestra - movements, gong II V. De Vincent à Théo. Henri Dutilleux, Timbres, espace, mouvement is a work for orchestra composed,1978, in 2006, Hong Kong singer-songwriter Ivana Wong composed a song called Paintings Meaning in memory of van Gogh. In 2007, Folk rock songwriter Freddy Blohm had a different take on Van Gogh in the song Cheerful, Bob Dylan in the 1960s wrote an unreleased, but widely bootlegged, song called Vincent Van Gogh. Bob Neuwirth, a friend of Bob Dylans, wrote a song in the 1960s called Where did Vincent van Gogh. The title track for Joni Mitchells album Turbulent Indigo references Van Goghs madness, the album cover is a take on Van Goghs Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear. A Spanish Group is named La Oreja de Van Gogh, the Vigilantes of Love released a song titled Skin which is about Van Gogh. Smooth jazz composer/singer Michael Franks released the song Vincents Ear in 1990 on his Blue Pacific album produced on the Reprise label, lyrics include No-one understands all the love inside he tried to give/No-one understands his life was hard to live. Lust for Life, a 1934 novel by Irving Stone, was adapted into a film of the same name and it was directed by Vincente Minnelli and George Cukor and produced by John Houseman. The 1956 film starred Kirk Douglas as Vincent van Gogh and Anthony Quinn as Paul Gauguin, the film was nominated for four Academy Awards, including best actor and best supporting actor, for which Anthony Quinn won. In 1948, Alain Resnais made the documentary Van Gogh, resnais’ black-and-white film featured only Van Gogh’s canvases. According to art and film historian John Walker, the personal crisis was inscribed in the images on screen by means of accelerated montage
Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh
–
Self-portrait with Bandaged Ear, Easel and Japanese Print, January 1889 Oil on canvas, 60 × 49 cm
Courtauld Institute Galleries, London (F527)
Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh
–
Vincent van Gogh,
The Starry Night, 1889,
Museum of Modern Art, New York, (F612)
Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh
–
Wheatfield with Crows, 1890,
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Cultural depictions of Vincent van Gogh
–
Vincent van Gogh, Self-Portrait, Summer 1887, Paris
Van Gogh Museum,
Amsterdam (F77v)
22.
List of works by Vincent van Gogh
–
List of works by Vincent van Gogh is an incomplete list of paintings and other works by the Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh. Little appreciated during his lifetime, his fame grew in the years after his death, according to the legend van Gogh sold only one painting, The Red Vineyard, bought for 400 Francs by the painter and art collector Anna Boch. Today, he is regarded as one of historys greatest painters. Van Gogh did not begin painting until his twenties. He produced more than 2,000 artworks, consisting of around 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings, in 2013 Sunset at Montmajour became the first full-sized Van Gogh painting to be newly confirmed since 1928. Today, many of his pieces—including his numerous portraits, landscapes, portraits and sunflowers—are among the worlds most recognizable. The Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam is dedicated to Van Goghs work, the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo, has another considerable collection of his paintings. The listing is ordered by year and then by catalogue number, all works listed here are oil on canvas unless otherwise indicated. † Denotes paintings which are recent recordholders for the highest price paid for a painting at an auction and it includes paintings of the interior, the enclosed wheat field he painted from his cell and a number of paintings of the garden grounds, trees and flowers. Seine, Paris, paintings along the Seine in Paris, Clichy, section showing samples of Holland work and background info about Haussmann renovations throughout the article
List of works by Vincent van Gogh
–
Self-portrait dedicated to Paul Gauguin, September 1888, (F476), Oil on canvas, 62 cm × 52 cm.
Harvard Art Museums,
Cambridge, MA.
List of works by Vincent van Gogh
List of works by Vincent van Gogh
List of works by Vincent van Gogh
23.
Post-Impressionism
–
Post-Impressionism is a predominantly French art movement that developed roughly between 1886 and 1905, from the last Impressionist exhibition to the birth of Fauvism. Post-Impressionism emerged as a reaction against Impressionists concern for the depiction of light. The movement was led by Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh, the term Post-Impressionism was first used by art critic Roger Fry in 1906. Three weeks later, Roger Fry used the term again when he organized the 1910 exhibition, Manet, the Post-Impressionists were dissatisfied with what they felt was the triviality of subject matter and the loss of structure in Impressionist paintings, though they did not agree on the way forward. Georges Seurat and his followers concerned themselves with Pointillism, the use of tiny dots of colour. Paul Cézanne set out to restore a sense of order and structure to painting, to make of Impressionism something solid and durable and he achieved this by reducing objects to their basic shapes while retaining the saturated colours of Impressionism. The Impressionist Camille Pissarro experimented with Neo-Impressionist ideas between the mid-1880s and the early 1890s, Vincent van Gogh used colour and vibrant swirling brush strokes to convey his feelings and his state of mind. Although they often exhibited together, Post-Impressionist artists were not in agreement concerning a cohesive movement, yet, the abstract concerns of harmony and structural arrangement, in the work of all these artists, took precedence over naturalism. Artists such as Seurat adopted a scientific approach to colour. Younger painters during the early 20th century worked in geographically disparate regions and in various categories, such as Fauvism and Cubism. Most of the artists in Frys exhibition were younger than the Impressionists, Fry later explained, For purposes of convenience, it was necessary to give these artists a name, and I chose, as being the vaguest and most non-committal, the name of Post-Impressionism. This merely stated their position in time relatively to the Impressionist movement, john Rewald limited the scope to the years between 1886 and 1892 in his pioneering publication on Post-Impressionism, From Van Gogh to Gauguin. This volume would extend the period covered to other artistic movements derived from Impressionism, though confined to the late 19th, Rewald focused on such outstanding early Post-Impressionists active in France as van Gogh, Gauguin, Seurat, and Redon. Pont-Aven School, implying more than that the artists involved had been working for a while in Pont-Aven or elsewhere in Brittany. Symbolism, a highly welcomed by vanguard critics in 1891. Rewald wrote that the term Post-Impressionism is not a precise one. Convenient, when the term is by definition limited to French visual arts derived from Impressionism since 1886, rewalds approach to historical data was narrative rather than analytic, and beyond this point he believed it would be sufficient to let the sources speak for themselves. Rival terms like Modernism or Symbolism were never as easy to handle, for they covered literature, architecture and other arts as well, Symbolism, however, is considered to be a concept which emerged a century later in France, and implied an individual approach
Post-Impressionism
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Henri Rousseau, The Centenary of Independence, 1892,
Getty Center, Los Angeles
Post-Impressionism
Post-Impressionism
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Poster of the 1889 Exhibition of Paintings by the
Impressionist and
Synthetist Group, at Café des Arts, known as the
The Volpini Exhibition, 1889
Post-Impressionism
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Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Portrait of
Émile Bernard, 1886,
Tate Gallery London
24.
Auberge Ravoux
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The Auberge Ravoux is a French historic landmark located in the heart of the village of Auvers-sur-Oise. It is known as the House of Van Gogh because the Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh spent the last 70 days of his life as a lodger at the auberge. During his stay at Auvers, Van Gogh created more than 80 paintings and 64 sketches before shooting himself in the chest on 27 July 1890, the auberge has been restored and is now a museum and tourist attraction. The room where Van Gogh lived and died has been restored, the auberge was built in the mid-nineteenth century as a family home on the main road leading to Pontoise. Various parts of buildings were incorporated into the auberge – including an entire eighteenth-century wall. The auberge was ideally situated in front of the Town Hall, the daughter of Mr Levert, the original owner, put the centrality of the location to use by opening a retail wine business. During Van Gogh’s stay, the rooms were all occupied by Dutch, the Spaniard artist Nicolás Martínez de Valdivieso, who lived nearby, took his meals at the auberge with Van Gogh. Van Gogh arrived in Auvers-sur-Oise on 20 May 1890 and he had spent a year in a convalescent home in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence and wanted to settle in the North, closer to Paris. Camille Pissarro, a friend of Van Goghs, suggested that he go to Auvers-sur-Oise where Dr Gachet lived, Dr Gachet had treated mental patients before and was interested in and sympathetic to the arts. The doctor was immortalized in a portrait Van Gogh made of him in June of that year, which fetched a record price of $82.5 million in 1990. Upon arrival in Auvers, Van Gogh decided to stay at the Auberge Ravoux, mainly because it was cheaper than the proposed by Dr. Gachet. At the Auberge Ravoux, Vincent paid 3 francs 50 a day, half board, and rented room 5, an attic room measuring 75 square feet and containing only a bed, a dressing table. He stored his paintings and drawings in a shed at the back and he became acquainted with Arthur Ravoux and his family and painted a portrait of Adeline Ravoux, the eldest daughter of Ravoux, on more than one occasion. Van Gogh was charmed by the village and in a letter to his brother Theo van Gogh praised its old thatched roofs and colours and he found the juxtaposition between the rustic country life and recent modern additions such as the railway and the bridge on the River Oise fascinating. He was in health, covering large distances with his painting gear. Despite his love of his new surroundings and his activity, on the morning of 27 July 1890, Van Gogh walked into a field. The bullet was deflected by a rib and lodged in his stomach and he survived the impact and managed to walk back to the auberge. Adeline Ravoux later recalled, Vincent walked bent, holding his stomach, crossed the hall, took the staircase and climbed to his bedroom
Auberge Ravoux
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Auberge Ravoux
Auberge Ravoux
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Vincent van Gogh: Portrait of Adeline Ravoux (Auvers, June 1890)
Auberge Ravoux
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Auberge Ravoux c. 1890. From left to right: Arthur Gustave Ravoux, Germaine Ravoux,
Raoul Levert,
Adeline Ravoux. Vincent Levert may be one of the three men sitting on the right (©
Van Gogh Museum).
Auberge Ravoux
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Vincent's room at the Auberge Ravoux
25.
Wil van Gogh
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Wilhelmina Jacoba Wil van Gogh was a nurse and early feminist. She is best known as the youngest sister of the artist Vincent van Gogh, wilhelmina Jacoba van Gogh was born on 16 March 1862 in Zundert in the Netherlands, daughter of Theodorus van Gogh and Anna Cornelia Carbentus. She had three brothers Vincent, Theo, and Cor, and two sisters Elisabeth and Anna, during the first part of her life Wil van Gogh served her family and others, nursing the sick. After the death of her brothers in 1890 and 1891, she obtained a modest job in a hospital, There she engaged in the committee to organise the National exhibition of womens work,1898. This was a successful enterprise and funds raised from the exhibition,20,000 Dutch guilders. No sources record what happened, but on 4 December 1902 Wil van Gogh was interned and later transferred to the House Veldwijk, the diagnosis of dementia praecox, on which this measure was based, was at the time considered a fatal illness. Asylum records later noted, There has been no significant change in the condition of this long-standing patient and she remains solitary and withdrawn, rarely speaks and generally does not respond to questions. She spends her day in the same place in the lounge, sitting in her chair. She has refused food for years and has to be fed artificially, Wil van Gogh remained at Ermelo for almost four decades before she died there on 17 May 1941. Whether she was ill or not is nowadays difficult to prove. Renate Berger asserts that Wil van Gogh shared the fate of many sisters of men at the time. Anonymous, Van Gogh, s-Gravenhage, Nederlands Patriciaat 50,1964, pp. 171–183 Berger, Renate, Willemina Jacoba van Gogh, Du bist sehr tapfer, liebe Schwester, in, Schwestern berühmter Männer
Wil van Gogh
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Willemina Jacoba van Gogh
26.
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
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Johanna Gezina Jo van Gogh-Bonger was the wife of Theo van Gogh, art dealer, and the sister-in-law of the painter Vincent van Gogh and key player in the growth of Vincents fame. Johanna Gezina Bonger was born on 4 October 1862 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands and she was the fifth of seven children, the daughter of an insurance broker. The family was musical, holding evening performances of quartets, and she stayed some months in London, working in the library of the British Museum. From the age of seventeen she kept a diary, which was to become a source of much information about Vincent van Gogh. At this time she came under the influence of the non-conformist writer Multatuli. At the age of twenty-two she became a teacher of English at a school for girls at Elburg. About this time while in Amsterdam she was introduced by her brother Andries to Theo van Gogh, one of the Van Gogh sisters described her as smart and tender. Theo became preoccupied with Johanna, and the following year paid a visit to Amsterdam to declare his love, surprised and annoyed that a man she hardly knew should wish to marry her, she rejected him. However, she accepted his proposal the following year, and they were married in Amsterdam on 17 April 1889 and their son Vincent Willem, was born on 31 January 1890. Following Theos death in January 1891, Johanna was left a widow with her infant son to support and she was left with only an apartment in Paris filled with a few items of furniture and about 200 then valueless works of her brother-in-law Vincent. She had not kept her diary during her marriage, but resumed it, to earn extra income she translated short stories from French and English into Dutch. In 1905, to the evident disapproval of her family, she was one of the members of a womens socialist movement. It is schoolgirlish twaddle, nothing more, in August 1901, she married Johan Cohen Gosschalk, a Dutch painter who was born in Amsterdam. She was widowed again in 1912, in 1914, she moved Theos body from Utrecht to Auvers-sur-Oise and interred it next to Vincents grave. A sprig of ivy taken from the garden of Dr Paul Gachet carpets both graves to this day, after the death of Vincent and her husband, she worked assiduously on editing the brothers correspondence, producing the first volume in Dutch in 1914. She also played a key role in the growth of Vincents fame and she wrote a Van Gogh family history as well. Johanna van Gogh stayed in contact with Vincent van Goghs friend Eugène Boch to whom she offered the portrait of Eugene Boch in July 1891. She also stayed in touch with Émile Bernard, who helped her to promote Vincent van Goghs paintings, the legacy and renown of Vincent van Gogh the long-suffering artist began to spread in the years after his death, first in the Netherlands, and Germany and then throughout Europe
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
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Johanna van Gogh-Bonger in 1889
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
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Johanna Bonger, by her second husband Johan Cohen Gosschalk, 1905
Johanna van Gogh-Bonger
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Jo with son Vincent Willem at the studio of photographer Raoul Saisset, 4 Rue Frochot, Paris, 1890
27.
Andries Bonger
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Andries Bonger, nicknamed Dries, was Johanna van Gogh-Bongers favorite brother. Bonger was a friend of his future brother-in-law Theo van Gogh in Paris and it was through Andries that Johanna and Theo met. He also knew Vincent van Gogh who called him André in letters and he mentioned that Van Gogh was not very strong, and so this was a very melancholy circumstance. In several letters over the remainder of the year, Bonger comments on an appreciation for. Vincent van Gogh arrived in Paris in 1886 which meant that Bonger saw less of Theo, Bonger expressed his concern that Vincent van Gogh was harsh with his brother Theo, who had begun to look haggard. Theo met Bongers parents during a visit to the Netherlands about August,1886, Bonger went into the insurance business later in Amsterdam. He was a friend of Bertrand-Jean Redon, better known as Odilon Redon. His collection also included works by Van Gogh, Paul Cézanne and Émile Bernard and he is buried at Zorgvlied cemetery
Andries Bonger
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Johan Cohen Gosschalk,
Johanna Bonger, 1905
Andries Bonger
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Vincent van Gogh, self-portrait in 1887
28.
Theo van Gogh (film director)
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Theodoor Theo van Gogh was a Dutch film director, film producer, television director, television producer, television presenter, screenwriter, actor, critic and author. On 2 November 2004, Van Gogh was murdered by Mohammed Bouyeri, Theo van Gogh was born on 23 July 1957 in The Hague, Netherlands to Anneke and Johan van Gogh. His father served in the Dutch secret service and he was named after his paternal uncle Theo, who was captured and executed while working as a resistance fighter during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands during World War II. Theo van Gogh was the great-grandson of Theo van Gogh, the brother of painter Vincent van Gogh, after dropping out of law school at the University of Amsterdam, Van Gogh became a stage manager. His self-proclaimed passion was film-making, and he made his debut as a director with the movie Luger and he was awarded a Gouden Kalf for Blind Date and In het belang van de staat. For the latter, he received a Certificate of Merit from the San Francisco International Film Festival. As an actor, he appeared in the film, De noorderlingen and he made numerous films, many on political themes. From the 1990s, van Gogh worked in television and his last book was Allah weet het beter, in which he strongly condemned Islam. He was a critic of Islam, particularly after the September 11 attacks in the United States. He supported the nomination of writer Ayaan Hirsi Ali for the Dutch parliament, born in Somalia, she had immigrated to the Netherlands to escape an arranged marriage. She became a writer and liberal politician, in the 1980s, Van Gogh became a newspaper columnist. Through the years he used his columns to express his frustration with politicians, actors, film directors, writers and he delighted in provocation and became a controversial figure, frequently criticizing Islamic cultures. He used his website, De Gezonde Roker, to express criticism of multicultural society. He said the Netherlands was so rife with social turmoil that it was in danger of turning into something Belfast-like, working from a script written by Ayaan Hirsi Ali, Van Gogh created the 10-minute short film Submission. The movie deals with violence against women in some Islamic societies, it tells the stories, using visual shock tactics, the title, Submission, is a translation of the word Islam into English. Following the broadcast, both Van Gogh and Hirsi Ali received death threats, Van Gogh did not take the threats seriously and refused any protection. According to Hirsi Ali, he said, Nobody kills the village idiot, Van Gogh was a member of the Dutch Republican society Republikeins Genootschap, which advocates the abolition of the Dutch monarchy. He was a friend and supporter of the controversial Dutch politician Pim Fortuyn, the killer shot Van Gogh eight times with an HS2000 handgun
Theo van Gogh (film director)
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Theo van Gogh in 2004
Theo van Gogh (film director)
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Place where van Gogh was killed
Theo van Gogh (film director)
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Ten years after the murder, the bullet holes are still visible in the bicycle lane in front of Linnaeusstraat 22 (picture taken 2 November 2014)
Theo van Gogh (film director)
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Demonstration at the Dam square after Van Gogh was killed
29.
Anton Mauve
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Anthonij Rudolf Mauve was a Dutch realist painter who was a leading member of the Hague School. Mauve or with a monogrammed A. M, a master colorist, he was a very significant early influence on his cousin-in-law Vincent van Gogh. Most of Mauves work depicts people and animals in outdoor settings, in his Morning Ride in the Rijksmuseum, for example, fashionable equestrians at the seacoast are seen riding away from the viewer. An unconventional detail, horse droppings in the foreground, attests his commitment to realism and his best known paintings depict peasants working in the fields. His paintings of flocks of sheep were especially popular with American patrons, Anton Mauve was born on 18 September 1838 in Zaandam, a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. A year after his birth, his father Willem Carel Mauve, a Mennonite chaplain, was sent to Haarlem and he was apprenticed to the painter Pieter Frederik van Os followed by Wouter Verschuur. In his further development he worked with Paul Gabriël, painting from nature, and they stayed and worked together at Oosterbeek. He was a friend of Jozef Israëls and Willem Maris, in the last two years of his life Mauve settled in the village of Laren in the region surrounding Hilversum called het Gooi. Mauve will have influenced other painters one of whom was the Scottish painter. Mauve died suddenly in Arnhem on 5 February 1888, Mauve was married to van Goghs cousin Ariëtte Sophia Jeannette Carbentus, and he was a major influence on van Gogh, who revered him. He is mentioned, directly or indirectly, in 152 of van Goghs surviving letters, a comparative table of number of letters mentioning his most significant influences is shown in the table. Mauve continued to him and lent him money to rent and furnish a studio. Van Gogh continued his letter by expressing his sorrow, and then launches defiantly into a defence of his relationship with Clasina Maria Hoornik. Vincent is keeping something back that may not be divulged, the reality was that they were lovers. The presumption must be that Mauve had heard of the relationship, however, their relationship had already become strained by late January. Nevertheless, van Gogh continued to hold Mauve in very high esteem, now here, for instance, at this moment, I have 6 paintings of blossoming fruit trees. You may well see it, since I’ve decided to send one to Jet Mauve. I’ve written on it Souvenir de Mauve Vincent & Theo, van Gogh und die Haager Schule, Skira, Milan 1996 ISBN 88-8118-072-3 Engel, E. P. Anton Mauve
Anton Mauve
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Anton Mauve
Anton Mauve
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Morning Ride on the Beach (1876), oil on canvas,
Rijksmuseum
Anton Mauve
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Ariëtte (Jet) Carbentus, the Artist's Wife,in the Dunes. She was a cousin of van Gogh on his mother's side.
Anton Mauve
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Vincent van Gogh, Souvenir de Mauve (circa 30 March 1888), oil on canvas,
Kröller-Müller Museum
30.
Johannes Stricker
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Johannes Paulus Stricker was a Dutch theologian and biblical scholar. He attended the University of Leiden where he worked with J. F. van Oordt and he sat his ordination examination in May 1841, and was appointed to a ministerial post in October of that year. In December of that year, he married Willemina Carbentus, a sister of Vincent van Goghs mother. As an uncle he tutored the young Vincent in theology and biblical criticism in 1877-78, in the summer of 1881, van Gogh became infatuated with Strickers daughter Kee. He proposed marriage, but was rebuffed with an adamant no, nay, never
Johannes Stricker
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A photo of Kee Vos Stricker with her son taken around 1879/1880 by Albert Greiner.
31.
Anna Boch
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Anna Rosalie Boch was a Belgian painter, born in Saint-Vaast, Hainaut. Anna Boch died in Ixelles in 1936 and is interred there in the Ixelles Cemetery, Brussels, Boch participated in the Neo-Impressionist movement. Her early works used a Pointillist technique, but she is best known for her Impressionist style which she adopted for most of her career, a pupil of Isidore Verheyden, she was influenced by Théo van Rysselberghe whom she met in the Groupe des XX. Besides her own paintings, Boch held one of the most important collections of impressionist paintings of her time and she promoted many young artists including Vincent van Gogh whom she admired for his talent and who was a friend of her brother Eugène Boch. The Vigne Rouge, purchased by Anna Boch, was believed to be the only painting Van Gogh sold during his lifetime. The Anna Boch collection was sold after her death, in her will, she donated the money to pay for the retirement of poor artist friends. 140 of her own paintings were left to her godchild Ida van Haelewijn, many of these paintings show Ida van Haelewijn as a little girl in the garden. In 1968 these 140 paintings were purchased by her great nephew Luitwin von Boch, the paintings remained in the house of Ida van Haelewijn until her death in 1992. The Anna & Eugène Boch Expo opened March 30,2011, some paintings were also donated by Anna Bochs will to various museums like the Musées royaux des beaux-arts de Belgique. Different exhibitions of her life and work were held at the Royal Museum of Mariemont at Morlanwelz and her name is associated with famous museums like the Pushkin Museum in Moscow, the Musée dOrsay in Paris or the Van Goghhuis in Zundert, the Netherlands. In 2005 the Belgian historian Dr Therèse Thomas published a catalogue raisonné, in 2010 a great great great nephew of Anna Boch and Dr Therèse Thomas created the Anna Boch. com website. Since 2011 the website is edited from the Cremerie de Paris, P. & V. Berko, Dictionary of Belgian painters born between 1750 &1875, Knokke 1981, p.51. Anna Boch. com - includes painting reproductions Newsletter on Anna Boch
Anna Boch
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Photo of Anna Boch (before 1900)
Anna Boch
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Falaise - Côte de Bretagne. 62 x 84 cm. Oil on canvas.'
Anna Boch
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Anna Boch, c. 1889, by
Théo van Rysselberghe
32.
Fernand Cormon
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Fernand Cormon was a French painter born in Paris. He became a pupil of Alexandre Cabanel, Eugène Fromentin, and Jean-François Portaels and his father was the playwright Eugène Cormon. His mother was Charlotte Furais, the actress, the Musée dOrsay has his Cain flying before Jehovahs Curse, and for the Mairie of the fourth arrondissement of Paris he executed in grisaille a series of panels, Birth, Death, Marriage, War, etc. A Chiefs Funeral, and a series of paintings for the Museum of natural history in Paris with themes from the Stone Age. He was appointed to the Legion of Honor in 1880, subsequently he also devoted himself to portraiture. Among his students with whom he was unsuccessful on this point were, for instance, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Louis Anquetin, Eugène Boch, Paul Tampier, Émile Bernard, other students included Alphonse Osbert, Marius Borgeaud, and Theodor Pallady. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. Atelier Cormon ~1885 (note e. g. Toulouse-Lautrec, Tampier, Anquetin, last row, second after sculpture, É. Bernard
Fernand Cormon
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Fernand Cormon.
Fernand Cormon
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Murder in the
Seraglio, (1874)
Fernand Cormon
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Cain flying before Jehovah's Curse (1880)
Fernand Cormon
–
A
Forge (1894)
33.
Paul Gachet
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Paul-Ferdinand Gachet was a French physician most famous for treating the painter Vincent van Gogh during his last weeks in Auvers-sur-Oise. Gachet was a supporter of artists and the Impressionist movement. He was a painter, signing his works Paul van Ryssel, referring to his birthplace. Born and raised in Lille, his family moved to Mechelen and he qualified for a B. A. at the University of Paris and then worked at the mental hospitals of Bicêtre and Salpêtrière. In 1858 he received a degree for his thesis Étude sur la Mélancolie. He returned to Paris and set up a private practice and he knew Gustave Courbet, Champfleury, Victor Hugo and later Paul Cézanne. He was a friend of the chemist Henri Nestlé and prescribed Nestlés new powdered milk supplement to some of his child patients and he spent much time with Charles Méryon after the etchers committal to Charenton. He oversaw Auguste Renoirs recovery from pneumonia in 1882 and he advised Édouard Manet against the amputation of his leg. However, Manet did not follow this advice, Gachets tomb is situated in section 52 of Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Vincents brother, Theo van Gogh, thought that Gachets background, very soon after he began seeing Gachet, however, Vincent began to doubt the doctors usefulness. Vincent described Gachet as, sicker than I am, I think, Gachet has come in for much criticism over the years regarding Van Goghs suicide after ten weeks of consultation. However Van Gogh was either unable or unwilling to follow his doctors advice to cut back on alcohol, according to Arnold, there was not much else available to any physician of the day which could have reversed the course of Vincents illness. Gachet was friends with and treated Pissarro, Renoir, Manet, Cézanne and Goeneutte and he had amassed one of the largest impressionist art collections in Europe before he died in 1909. Paul Gachet at Find a Grave
Paul Gachet
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Paul Gachet
Paul Gachet
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Portrait of Dr. Gachet, painting by Vincent van Gogh (1890)
Paul Gachet
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Dr. Gachet, etching by Vincent van Gogh (1890)
Paul Gachet
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Paul Gachet by Charles Leandre (c. 1887)
34.
Paul Gauguin
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Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin was a French post-Impressionist artist. Underappreciated until after his death, Gauguin is now recognized for his use of color. His work was influential to the French avant-garde and many artists, such as Pablo Picasso. Many of his paintings were in the possession of Russian collector Sergei Shchukin and he was an important figure in the Symbolist movement as a painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramist, and writer. He was also a proponent of wood engraving and woodcuts as art forms. Gauguin was born in Paris, France to Clovis Gauguin and Alina Maria Chazal on June 7,1848 and his birth coincided with revolutionary upheavals throughout Europe that year. His father, a 34-year-old liberal journalist, came from a family of petit-bourgeoisie entrepreneurs residing in Orléans and he was compelled to flee France when the newspaper for which he wrote was suppressed by French authorities. Gauguins mother, the 22-year-old Aline Marie Chazal, was the daughter of Andre Chazal, an engraver, and Flora Tristan and their union ended when Andre assaulted his wife Flora and was sentenced to prison for attempted murder. Paul Gauguins maternal grandmother, Flora Tristan, was the daughter of Thérèse Laisnay. Details of Thérèses family background are not known, her father, Don Mariano, was a Spanish nobleman, members of the wealthy Tristan Moscoso family held powerful positions in Peru. Nonetheless, Don Marianos unexpected death plunged his mistress and daughter Flora into poverty, when Floras marriage with Andre failed, she petitioned for and obtained a small monetary settlement from her fathers Peruvian relatives. She sailed to Peru in hopes of enlarging her share of the Tristan Moscoso family fortune and this never materialized, but she successfully published a popular travelogue of her experiences in Peru which launched her literary career in 1838. An active supporter of early socialist societies, Gauguins maternal grandmother helped to lay the foundations for the 1848 revolutionary movements, placed under surveillance by French police and suffering from overwork, she died in 1844. Her grandson Paul idolized his grandmother, and kept copies of her books with him to the end of his life. In 1850, Clovis Gauguin departed for Peru with his wife Alina and he died of a heart attack en route, and Alina arrived in Peru a widow with the 18-month-old Paul and his 2 ½ year-old sister, Marie. Gauguins mother was welcomed by her granduncle, whose son-in-law would shortly assume the presidency of Peru. To the age of six, Paul enjoyed an upbringing, attended by nursemaids. He retained a vivid memory of period of his childhood which instilled indelible impressions of Peru that haunted him the rest of his life
Paul Gauguin
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Aline Marie Chazal Tristán, La mère de l'artiste ("The Artist's Mother"), 1889,
Staatsgalerie Stuttgart.
Paul Gauguin
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Gauguin, c. 1891
Paul Gauguin
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Woman Sewing, 1880,
Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek
35.
John Peter Russell
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John Peter Russell was an Australian impressionist painter. Born and raised in Sydney, Russell moved to Europe in his teenage years to attend art school. A mans man, popular with students, Russell befriended fellow pupil Vincent Van Gogh. Van Gogh maintained correspondence with Russell throughout his life, Russells work was also admired by the French Impressionists, with whom he often painted. Russell returned to Sydney in old age, where he died and his works are held in major galleries in his home country and in Europe. John Peter Russell was born at the Sydney suburb of Darlinghurst, the eldest of four children of John Russell, J. P. Russell was a nephew of Sir Peter Nicol Russell. After his fathers death J. P. Russell enrolled at the Slade School of Fine Art, University College London, on 5 January 1881, Russell then went to Paris to study painting under Fernand Cormon. His fellow students there included Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Émile Bernard, Russell was a man of means and, having married a beautiful Italian, Mariana Antoinetta Matiocco, he settled at Belle Île off the coast of Brittany, where he established an artists colony. He would have 11 children with Matiocco, of whom six survived, Russell had met Vincent van Gogh in Paris and formed a friendship with him. Van Gogh spoke highly of Russells work, and after his first summer in Arles in 1888 he sent twelve drawings of his paintings to Russell, to inform him about the progress of his work. Claude Monet often worked with Russell at Belle Île and influenced his style, due to his substantial private income Russell did not attempt to make his pictures well known. In 1897 and 1898 Henri Matisse visited Belle Île, Russell introduced him to impressionism and to the work of van Gogh. Matisses style changed radically, and he would later say Russell was my teacher, in 1907, Russells wife Matiocco died in Paris. Grief-stricken, Russell buried her next to his home and destroyed 400 of his oils, Auguste Rodin despaired at the destruction of those marvels, and in one of his final letters to Russell, said Your works will live, I am certain. One day you will be placed on the level with our friends Monet, Renoir. Russell returned to Sydney, where he suffered a heart attack. Thea Proctor, a cousin of Russell prominent in Sydney art and society circles, Russell was a friend of Auguste Rodin and Emmanuel Frémiet, and his wifes beauty is immortalised in Rodins Minerve sans Casque and Fremiets Joan of Arc. Five of Russells sons served in France during World War I and his portrait of van Gogh, painted about 1886-87, was acquired by the Van Gogh Museum, at Amsterdam in 1938
John Peter Russell
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John Peter Russell, c. 1888
John Peter Russell
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John Peter Russell:
Vincent van Gogh, 1886,
Van Gogh Museum,
Amsterdam
36.
Agostina Segatori
–
She is also known for running the Café du Tambourin in Paris. Agostina Segatori was born in the Italian city of Ancona, in 1860 she posed for Manet and in 1873 for Jean-Baptiste Corot. Little is known of her life until she met the Parisian painter Edward Dantan in 1873, Agostina Segatori had a child by Dantan, Jean-Pierre Segatori. In 1874, she was depicted by Edward Dantan in the first work that he exhibited at the Salon, during the summers of 1874,1875 and 1877, Agostina Segatori posed many times for Dantan. In 1884, Edward Dantan described his former mistress by the name of Madame Segatori-Morière and his son Jean-Pierre is also called Morière, so he may have been recognized or adopted by her husband. Agostina Segatori is not only known for being the mistress of Edward Dantan, she was the proprietress of the Café Tambourin, Agostina Segatori became famous for her relationship in the spring of 1887 with Vincent van Gogh, who lived in Paris from 1886 until 1888. We have little information on this relationship as Vincent van Gogh lived at the time with his brother, however Agostina Segatori was cited in two letters by the painter. It seems that Vincent van Gogh and Agostina Segatori were very fond of other, and she inspired the painter. Agostina Segatori gave Vincent van Goghs first exhibition at her Café Tambourin and their relationship quickly became stormy and they decided by mutual agreement to separate in July 1887. After this separation, Agostina Segatori improperly retained works by Van Gogh in her Café, Agostina Segatori died in Paris in 1910 after experiencing a number of setbacks including the loss of her Café. Segatoris Café du Tambourin was originally located at 27 rue de Richelieu in Paris, before reopening at 62 Boulevard de Clichy, the decor included works offered to her by Edward Dantan, but also featured those by Vincent van Gogh. In 1887, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec created a portrait of Vincent van Gogh at the Café, in 1860, she posed for Manet, who painted her portrait known as The Italian. This work, now held in a collection in New York, was sold by the merchant Alphonse Portier to Alexander Cassatt. She then posed twice for the painter Jean-Baptiste Corot, the first work is called The Picture of Agostina and the second the Bacchante with tambourines. She was also painted by Jean-Léon Gérôme, Vincent van Gogh created two portraits of Agostina Segatori, one named The woman with the tambourine and the other the Italian
Agostina Segatori
–
Vincent van Gogh,
Agostina Segatori Sitting in the Café du Tambourin (1887–88;
Van Gogh Museum).
Agostina Segatori
–
Henri Toulouse-Lautrec (1864–1901), Portrait of Vincent van Gogh, 1887
Agostina Segatori
–
Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, Agostina, the Italian, 1866
Agostina Segatori
–
Vincent van Gogh, Portrait of an Italian woman, 1887
37.
Anthon van Rappard
–
Anthon Gerard Alexander van Rappard was a Dutch painter and draughtsman. He was a pupil of Lawrence Alma-Tadema and for four years a friend and mentor of Vincent van Gogh. According to the RKD he worked in Paris, Brussels, Utrecht, Amsterdam and he studied at the Rijksakademie and was a member of the Utrecht artist societies Kunstliefde and Utrechtse Kunstkring, and Arti et Amicitiae in Amsterdam. The letters Van Gogh wrote to Van Rappard during their correspondence in the years 1881-1885 are a source for Van Goghs biography. Today, Van Rappards works are due to his short life
Anthon van Rappard
–
G. A. Ridder van Rappard, (1858-1892) portrait by unknown photographer
Anthon van Rappard
–
Workers at a brickworks
38.
Portraits of Vincent van Gogh
–
This article refers to self portraits and portraits of Vincent van Gogh. It includes self-portraits, portraits of him by artists, and photographs. Van Goghs dozens of self-portraits were an important part of his oeuvre as a painter. Most probably, van Goghs self-portraits are depicting the face as it appeared in the mirror he used to reproduce his face, the first self-portrait by van Gogh that survived, is dated 1886. All the self-portraits executed in Saint-Rémy show the head from the left. No self-portraits were executed by van Gogh in Auvers-sur-Oise, during the weeks of his life. F208a, Self-Portrait with Dark Felt Hat is amongst the earliest of Vincents self-portraits and it was discovered late in the family collection and was not exhibited before 1945. Opinions differ about the date and place of its execution, de la Faille thought it painted in Antwerp before 1886, while Hulsker thought it painted in Paris in spring 1886. Hendriks and Tilborgh opt for autumn 1886, based on its resemblance to Vincents work that winter when he began to embrace Neo-impressionism, x-ray analysis reveals a nude figure study below. Since students did not work from the model at Antwerp. There is no work in Vincents oeuvre which complements this portrait. However Hendriks and Tilborgh are satisfied that the painting is consistent with others executed at the beginning, marc Edo Tralbaut, Vincents principal biographer, especially valorised the portrait, selecting it for the dust-jacket of his biography and stating that Vincent had laid himself bare for the portrait. Tralbaut notes that Vincent painted a number of self-portraits at this time and he was in poor health and his teeth were falling out, prompting him to grow a moustache to conceal them. At this time he was wearing city-clothes in an effort to stress his middle-class background as he strove to establish a career for himself as an artist. F627, This painting may have been van Goghs last self-portrait, f525, This painting may have been van Goghs last self-portrait, which he gave to his mother as a birthday gift. Van Gogh painted Self-Portrait without beard just after he had shaved himself, the painting can be seen in the third version of Bedroom in Arles at the Musée dOrsay. The self-portrait is one of the most expensive paintings of all time, at the time, it was the third most expensive painting ever sold. F476, Vincent van Gogh, Arles, gift, to Paul Gauguin, sold
Portraits of Vincent van Gogh
–
Vincent van Gogh, Self-portrait without beard, end September 1889, (F 525), Oil on canvas, 40 × 31 cm., Private collection. This may have been Van Gogh's last self-portrait. Given as a birthday gift to his mother. (See Remarks below)
Portraits of Vincent van Gogh
–
Two Self-Portraits and Several Details, Drawing, Paris, 1886
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F1378r)
Portraits of Vincent van Gogh
–
Self-Portrait with Dark Felt Hat at the Easel, 1886
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F181)
Portraits of Vincent van Gogh
–
Self-Portrait with Pipe, 1886
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F208)
39.
Portraits by Vincent van Gogh
–
Vincent van Gogh lived during the Impressionist era. With the development of photography, painters and artists turned to conveying the feeling and ideas behind people, places, Impressionist artists did this by emphasizing certain hues, using vigorous brushstrokes, and paying attention to highlighting. Vincent van Gogh implemented this ideology to pursue his goal of depicting his own feelings toward, Van Gogh’s portraiture focuses on color and brushstrokes to demonstrate their inner qualities and van Gogh’s own relationship with them. Vincent van Gogh painted portraits throughout his career from 1881 through 1890, Van Gogh was fascinated with making portraits early in his artistic career. Even so, he considered it a matter to focus on their character. Van Gogh wrote to his brother Theo in November 1882 that he had drawn a portrait of Jozef Blok, unlike the character studies, the work was detailed in pencil with watercolor and chalk. At this time it was rare for Van Gogh to use color, in November 1882 Van Gogh began drawings of individuals to depict a range of character types from the working class. The peasant genre that greatly influenced Van Gogh began in the 1840s with the works of Jean-François Millet, Jules Breton, in 1885 Van Gogh described the painting of peasants as the most essential contribution to modern art. If one hasnt a horse, one is ones own horse, to depicting the essence of the life of the peasant and their spirit, Van Gogh lived as they lived, he was in the fields as they were, enduring the weather or long hours as they were. To do so was not something taught in schools, he noted, Van Gogh described his sitter for this painting a wonderful old man. It was made in Antwerp where Van Gogh hoped to bring in money to himself by painting portraits. Van Gogh made a series of paintings of Sien Hoornik, a prostitute whom he met, included in the series are works of Siens daughter, Maria, her newborn son and her mother. Van Gogh occasionally visited Café du Tambourin run by Agostina Segatori, the Italian Woman also called Le Italienne is without doubt Agostina Segatori, per the Musée dOrsay. Van Gogh introduced elements of Japanese woodcut prints in this portrait, surrounding her image is an asymmetrical border with a monochromatic background. He also brings, though, his own style and energy to the work as compared to the lines of the Asian prints. Van Gogh creates his own style of brushstroke from Impressionism and Pointillism and he uses red and green in her face which he later described as a technique to be able to express the terrible passions of humanity by means of red and green. The Portrait of Etienne-Lucien Martin was made of the owner of a restaurant in Paris and he allowed artists to exhibit their work. In November 1887 Van Gogh and his friends showed their works, Van Gogh made the painting of Martin with care and precision
Portraits by Vincent van Gogh
–
John Peter Russell 1886
Van Gogh Museum,
Amsterdam
Portraits by Vincent van Gogh
Portraits by Vincent van Gogh
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Photo by Victor Morin, c. 1886, Brussels, discovered in the early 1990s. Experts disagree whether or not it is Vincent van Gogh.
Portraits by Vincent van Gogh
–
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 1887, pastel on cardboard
Van Gogh Museum,
Amsterdam
40.
Early works of Vincent van Gogh
–
The early works of Vincent van Gogh is a group of paintings and drawings that Vincent van Gogh made when he was 27 and 28, in 1881 and 1882, his first two years of serious artistic exploration. Over the course of the two-year period Van Gogh lived in several places and he left Brussels, where he had studied for about a year in 1881, to return to his parents home in Etten, where he made studies of some of the residents of the town. In January 1882 Van Gogh went to The Hague where he studied with his cousin-in-law Anton Mauve and set up a studio, in 1882 Van Gogh had an offer for a commission of paintings of The Hague however the paintings, now considered masterpieces, were not acceptable. Van Gogh started out primarily drawing and painting with watercolor, under Mauves tutelage Van Gogh began painting with oils in 1882. A subject that fascinated Van Gogh was the class or peasant, inspired by the works of Jean-François Millet. In July 1869, Van Goghs uncle Philip James Quinlan helped him obtain a position with the art dealer Goupil & Cie in The Hague. After his training, in June 1873, Goupil transferred him to London, where he lodged at 87 Hackford Road, Brixton and this was a happy time for him, he was successful at work and was, at 20, earning more than his father. He fell in love with his landladys daughter, Eugénie Loyer and he was increasingly isolated and fervent about religion. His father and uncle sent him to Paris to work in a dealership, however, he became resentful at how art was treated as a commodity, a fact apparent to customers. On 1 April 1876, his employment was terminated, Van Gogh explored his interest in ministry to serve working people. He studied for a time in the Netherlands but his zeal and he became somewhat embittered and rejected the church establishment, yet found a personal spirituality that was comforting and important to him. By 1879, he made a shift in the direction of his life and found he could express his love of God and man through painting. After having moved to Brussels Van Gogh decided to study on his own, rather than at the art academy, often in the company of Dutch artist Anthon van Rappard. It is at this point his brother Theo, working as an art dealer at the Paris Goupil & Cie branch, began sending him money for support, a practice that continued throughout the brothers lives. In April 1881, Van Gogh moved to the Etten countryside in the Netherlands with his parents where he continued drawing, through the summer he spent much time walking and talking with his recently widowed cousin, Kee Vos-Stricker. She was the daughter of his mothers sister and Johannes Stricker. Although Van Gogh would have liked to marry Stricker, given her decisive refusal, No, never, never and his inability to support himself financially, marriage was out of the question. That Christmas he quarreled violently with his father, to the point of refusing a gift of money, in January 1882, he settled in The Hague where he called on his cousin-in-law, the painter Anton Mauve
Early works of Vincent van Gogh
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The Sower (after Millet)
Early works of Vincent van Gogh
–
Rooftops, View from the Atelier
The Hague (1882), watercolor, Private collection.
Early works of Vincent van Gogh
–
Van Gogh's drawing of
87 Hackford Road
Early works of Vincent van Gogh
–
Man Stooping with Stick or Spade 1882 Kuboso Memorial Museum of Arts,
Izumi,
Japan (F12)
41.
Lost works by Vincent van Gogh
–
A part of the work that remained with his family when he left the Netherlands must be considered lost, and the remaining early works of Vincent van Gogh tell an incomplete story. Van Gogh himself wrote that he had stored some 70 painted studies in the attic of his studio when he left The Hague, but only some 25 of these are now known. Some of those involved in the trade have been interviewed by journalists and art researchers. The father of Vincent van Gogh, the Nuenen pastor Theo van Gogh, Vincent moved to Antwerp on November 27. In the following months his mother, Anna-Cornelia van Gogh-Carbentus, decided to move to a home for her and her daughter Wil. They found a part of a house on the corner of the Nieuwe Ginnekenstraat and Wapenplein in Breda. Vincents mother had a part of the furniture, including Vincents possessions and it ended up in a warehouse owned by a carpenter, Adrianus Schrauwen, living in the Ginnekenstraat. When the furniture and boxes were later retrieved, Vincents sister Wil discovered traces of woodworm in the crates and he wondered if he had to help with arrangements in Nuenen. Vincent went to Paris at the end of February 1886 and he did not help his family with packing. When the family moved, the things that Vincent had left behind when he went to Antwerp, including wood engravings, the carpenters name was Adrianus Schrauwen. In a letter from Arles to his sister Wil from June 1888 Vincent writes and it is perhaps worth saving what is good among the rubbish which, as Theo says, is still in an attic somewhere in Breda. I dare not ask, however, and perhaps it is lost, in a postscript of a letter in early August 1888, Vincent asks Wil to bring him some wood engravings and prints that had remained in Breda. This could mean that Vincent considered his work in the attic at Schrauwen lost, in any case, in 1888 Theo and Wil knew of belongings that had been left behind in Breda. In a letter from Vincent to Wil he says that Wil, the population register in Breda mentions that the move took place on November 2,1889. On this basis, it is assumed that in the beginning of November 1889 his mother and Wil reclaimed their possessions from Schrauwen, but left Vincents boxes because of the alleged woodworm. Seventeen years later, in 1903, Schrauwen invited a market merchant Mr. J. C. Couvreur to sell some belongings, such as a small can, a pot and other kitchen equipment. Couvreur offered 2.50 guilders and Schrauwen accepted on condition that he take the rubbish which he had stored in his attic for so long. She said to me, That I do not want to have in my house, I said, you can never know what those things may turn out to be worth, but my wife said, those things go out the door or I go out the door
Lost works by Vincent van Gogh
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Still Life with Bible, 1885, Nuenen.
Lost works by Vincent van Gogh
–
Planting Potatoes, April 1885, Nuenen.
Lost works by Vincent van Gogh
–
Still Life with Potatoes, September 1885, Nuenen.
42.
Sien (Van Gogh series)
–
Vincent van Gogh drew and painted a series of works of his mistress Sien during their time together in the Netherlands. In particular, his drawing Sorrow is widely acknowledged as a masterwork of draftsmanship, commonly called Sien Hoornik, Clasina Maria Hoornik lived with van Gogh during much of his time in The Hague from 1881 to 1883. Van Gogh used Sien, a pregnant prostitute, as a model for his work and later took Sien, Van Gogh made drawings and paintings of Sien and her daughter, baby and mother over that period, which reflected the domestic life and hardships of the working poor. Their relationship was not accepted by his family or supporters, although his brother Theo did not withdraw his support over it, at his brother Theos urging, van Gogh left Sien in 1883 to paint in Drenthe, ending the only domestic relationship he would ever have. Sien resumed her life as a seamstress, cleaning woman and likely prostitute before marrying in 1901. On 12 November 1904, aged 54, she threw herself into the Schelde river and drowned, fulfilling a prediction she had made to van Gogh in 1883, it’s bound to end up with me jumping into the water. In the summer of 1881, van Gogh fell in love with his widowed cousin. He proposed marriage, but was rebuffed with an adamant no, nay, Mauve was a successful and noted artist, a leading member of the Hague School and a master colorist whose paintings found a ready market both home and abroad. He had married van Goghs cousin, Ariëtte Carbentus, in 1874 while she was very young and he was already established and successful. After a last, humiliating, effort to win Kee over, on Christmas Day that year he refused to attend church, provoking a violent quarrel with his father, a pastor, which resulted in his leaving home the very same day. He returned to The Hague and studied further under Mauve and he also introduced van Gogh to painting, first in oils and then with watercolor. At the end of January 1882, on his own account, van Gogh met a homeless, pregnant, the exact date of this meeting is not known beyond van Goghs dating of it in a letter to Theo written in May. However another letter written mid-January mentions he was negotiating modelling with a mother with a little child, based on the dates, van Gogh could not have been the father of the child. Sien was born in 1850, the eldest of ten children of Pieter Hoornik, a porter in the district of the Geest. To provide for the family, Sien and her mother worked as seamstresses and their earnings were supplemented by what Siens brother, Pieter, could provide from the income of his chair-making business. The family often relied upon public assistance, for a time Sien and some of her siblings lived at a Catholic orphanage, relying on assistance from the public soup kitchen and church charities. So meager were her earnings, she turned to prostitution for a better income, by the age of 32, the unmarried Sien had given birth to four children, two of whom lived, Maria Wilhelmina, born about 1877, and Willem, born July 1882. Sien posed for van Gogh throughout the winter, in exchange, van Gogh provided Sien and her daughter with a place to live and food to eat
Sien (Van Gogh series)
–
Sorrow, drawing in chalk, the
Garman Ryan Collection, at
The New Art Gallery Walsall (F929a)
Sien (Van Gogh series)
–
Kee Vos Stricker with her son Jan c. 1879/1880.
Sien (Van Gogh series)
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Anton Mauve - Ariëtte (Jet) Carbentus, the Artist's Wife,in the Dunes. Jet Carbentus was a cousin of Van Gogh on his mother's side.
Sien (Van Gogh series)
–
Anton Mauve - Fishing boat on the beach, 115 x 172 cm. This was the painting Mauve was busy with at the time of his dealings with Van Gogh. It was shown in May at the
1882 Salon.
Gemeentemuseum, The Hague.
43.
Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series)
–
Peasant Character Studies is a series of works that Vincent van Gogh made between 1881 and 1885. Van Gogh had an attachment and sympathy for peasants and other working class people that was fueled in several ways. He was particularly fond of the peasant genre work of Jean-François Millet and he found the subjects noble and important in the development of modern art. Van Gogh had a particular interest in creating character studies of working men and women in the Netherlands and Belgium, such as farmers, weavers, and fishermen. Making up a body of Van Goghs work during this period. The peasant genre of the Realism movement began in the 1840s with the works of Jean-François Millet, Jules Breton, Van Gogh described the works of Millet and Breton as having religious significance, something on high, and described them as being the voices of the wheat. The Van Gogh Museum says of Millets influence on Van Gogh, Millets paintings, with their depictions of peasants and their labors. Before Millet, peasant figures were just one of many elements in picturesque or nostalgic scenes, in Millets work, individual men and women became heroic and real. Millet was the major artist of the Barbizon School who was not interested in pure landscape painting. In 1880 when he was 27 years old, Van Gogh decided to become an artist, in October of that year he moved to Brussels and began a beginners course of study. Van Gogh returned to Etten in April 1881 to live with his parents and his younger brother Theo, an art dealer at the main branch of Goupil & Cie, encouraged him and started covering Van Goghs expenses. Van Gogh used images from illustrated magazines to teach himself how to draw, Charles Bargue, a French artist, wrote two books on drawing that were a significant source of study for Van Gogh. In January 1882, he settled in The Hague where he called on his cousin-in-law, Mauve introduced him to painting in both oil and watercolor and lent him money to set up a studio. Van Gogh began drawing people from the poor, including the prostitute Clasina Maria Sien Hoornik. Van Gogh dreamed his studio would one day become a form of respite for the poor where they could receive food, shelter and money for posing. His work was not well received, Mauve and H. G. Tersteeg, manager of Goupil & Cie, considered the drawings coarse, Van Gogh likened the unrefined characteristics of his drawings to harsh yellow soap made of lye. Van Goghs relationship with Sien changed as they lived together with Maria, her five-year-old daughter, Mauve appears to have suddenly gone cold towards Van Gogh and did not return a number of his letters. Van Gogh supposed that Mauve did not approve of his arrangement with Sien
Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series)
–
Woman Sewing
Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series)
–
Jean-François Millet, La Charité, 1859
Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series)
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Two Hands, 1885, Private collection (F66)
Peasant Character Studies (Van Gogh series)
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Head of a Woman, 1885,
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F160)
44.
Cottages (Van Gogh series)
–
Cottages is a subject of paintings created by Vincent van Gogh from 1883 and 1885. This is related to the Peasant Character Studies that Van Gogh worked on during the time period. Inspired by the work of Jean-François Millet and others working in the peasant genre, Van Gogh became interested in representing peasant life in his art. To depict the essence and spirit of their life, he for a time lived as they lived, he was in the fields as they were, enduring the weather for long hours as they were. To do so was not something taught in art schools, he wrote, so thoroughly was he engaged in living the peasant lifestyle that his appearance and manner of speech began to change. This alienated some of his friends and family, but was a cost, he believed, Van Gogh visited the province of Drenthe for three months, staying in Nieuw-Amsterdam. While there, he explored the countryside still untouched by progress found in larger towns, cottages is a study of farm cottages and an outbuilding that Van Gogh found on one of his treks. The dark cottage is set against the evening sky, here he was greatly impressed by the working poor, but unable to find models for his character studies. In 1882 Van Goghs father became pastor in Nuenen and the family lived at the vicarage at Nuenen, having been in Drenthe for several months, Van Gogh came to live with his parents in December 1883 and stayed there until May 1885. During the winter in Nuenen Van Gogh worked on studies of the local peasants. There was little to be done in the fields and Van Gogh was able to make connections to people through his father, Van Goghs character studies culminated in his famous painting The Potato Eaters. The Cottage was a home that the De Groot family, immortalized in The Potato Eaters shared with another family, the cottage has double front doors, a split chimney and quarters for two families. Seen in the light, the cottage seems peaceful. Van Gogh called the peasant homes human nests, Peasant Woman Digging in Front of Her Cottage was one of the paintings that Van Gogh left behind when he went to Antwerp in 1885 and it went to his mother Anna Carbentus van Gogh. Houses at Auvers, a return to the subject of cottages by van Gogh in 1890 Impressionism List of works by Vincent van Gogh Postimpressionism Saint-Paul Asylum, Saint-Rémy
Cottages (Van Gogh series)
–
Cottages, 1883,
Van Gogh Museum,
Amsterdam (F17)
Cottages (Van Gogh series)
–
Farmhouse Among Trees, 1883,
Museum Kolekcji Jana Pawla II,
Warsaw, Poland (F18)
Cottages (Van Gogh series)
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Cottage, 1885,
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F83)
Cottages (Van Gogh series)
–
Cottage with Peasant Woman Digging, 1885, Private collection (F89)
45.
Montmartre (Van Gogh series)
–
The Montmartre paintings are a group of works that Vincent van Gogh made in 1886 and 1887 of the Paris district of Montmartre while living there with his brother Theo. Rather than capture urban settings in Paris, van Gogh preferred pastoral scenes, such as Montmartre, of the two years in Paris, the work from 1886 often has the dark, somber tones of his early works from the Netherlands and Brussels. By the spring of 1887 van Gogh embraced use of color and light, the works in the series provide examples of his work during that period of time and the progression he made as an artist. In 1886, van Gogh left the Netherlands for Paris and the guidance of his brother Theo van Gogh who was an art dealer. While he had influenced not only by the great Dutch masters but also to a considerable extent by his cousin-in-law Anton Mauve a Dutch realist painter. Coming to Paris meant that he would also have the opportunity to be influenced by Impressionists, Symbolists, Pointillists and his circle of friends included Camille Pissarro, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Paul Gauguin and Émile Bernard. Montmartre, sitting on a butte overlooking Paris, was known for its bars, cafes and it was also located on the edge of countryside that afforded Van Gogh the opportunity to work on paintings of rural settings while living in Paris. When Van Gogh painted he intended not just to capture the subject and it was through his paintings of nature that he was most successful at accomplishing his goal. It also created a challenge, how to portray the subject. The Boulevard de Clichy, a street in Montmartre, played an important role in van Goghs life in Paris, the Café du Tambourin was located there, a restaurant just around the corner from the apartment where he lived with his brother Theo. There van Gogh met with artists and displayed some of his works. He had a relationship with the owner of the establishment, Agostina Segatori, the painting of the Boulevard is Impressionistic in terms of subject and technique. Van Gogh used short brush strokes to depict the figures of the people, light is reflected off the road. Capturing a moment in a scene was a common theme for Impressionists. The vantage point for the painting was looking northwest from Place Blanche, Rue Lepics entrance is on the right side of the painting. Van Gogh also made a drawing of this site from a greater distance, Van Gogh created a number of paintings titled Le Moulin de la Galette, which was also called Moulin Bloute-Fin. In van Gogh’s first year in Paris he painted rural areas around Montmartre, such as the butte, the colors are somber and evoke a sense of his anxiety and loneliness. The landscape and windmills around Montmartre were the source of inspiration for a number of van Goghs paintings, the Moulin de la Galette, still standing, is located near the apartment he shared with his brother
Montmartre (Van Gogh series)
–
Street Scene in Montmartre: Le Moulin à Poivre
Montmartre (Van Gogh series)
–
Sloping Path in Montmartre 1886
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F232)
Montmartre (Van Gogh series)
–
Terrace of a Cafe on Montmartre (La Guinguette) 1886
Musée d'Orsay, Paris (F238)
Montmartre (Van Gogh series)
–
Shelter on Montmartre 1886
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, San Francisco (F264a)
46.
Outskirts of Paris (Van Gogh)
–
Outskirts of Paris are paintings that Vincent van Gogh made in 1887, while he was living in Paris with his brother Theo. Van Gogh liked to explore the outskirts of Paris, searching for pastoral settings in parks and his goal was to find scenes that would allow him to explore techniques he learned in Paris. Like many Impressionsits, Van Gogh was concerned about the way in which the landscape and way of life was affected by technical progress and industrialization. Speaking for myself, in certain spots I do not look without a little sadness on a new red-tiled tavern, since then there have come beet-sugar factories, railways, agricultural developments of the heath, etc. which is infinitely less picturesque. One of the versions of Outskirts of Paris illustrates the encroachment of urban expansion to the pastoral life, to Van Gogh, industrialization meant loss of a revered lifestyle, the simple life of the peasant
Outskirts of Paris (Van Gogh)
–
Outskirts of Paris: Road with Peasant Shouldering a Spade
Outskirts of Paris (Van Gogh)
–
On the Outskirts of Paris 1887 Private Collection (F351)
Outskirts of Paris (Van Gogh)
–
Outskirts of Paris near Montmartre, watercolor, 1887, Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam (F1410)
47.
Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)
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Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh is the subject of many drawings, sketches and paintings by Vincent van Gogh in 1886 and 1887 after he moved to Paris from the Netherlands. While in Paris, Van Gogh transformed the subjects, color and he saw the work and met the founders and key artists of Impressionism, Pointillism and other movements and began incorporating what he learned into his work. Japanese art, Ukiyo-e, and woodblock prints also influenced his approach to composition, There was a gradual change from the somber mood of his work in the Netherlands to a far more varied and expressive approach as he began introducing brighter color into his work. He painted many still life paintings of flowers, experimenting with color, light, by 1887 his work incorporated several elements of modern art as he began to approach his mature oeuvre. Another example are the Blue Vases paintings made in 1887 that incorporate both color and technique improvements that result in uplifting, colorful paintings of flowers, with the spring of 1887 Van Gogh left the city proper for a visit to Asnières with his friend Émile Bernard. While there his work was further transformed stylistically and through the use of bright, contrasting color, see his works from Asnières and Seine. From 1880 to 1885 Van Gogh began working as an artist in earnest and he was influenced not only by the great Dutch masters but also to a considerable extent by his cousin-in-law Anton Mauve a Dutch realist painter and a leading member of the Hague School. Van Goghs palette consisted mainly of earth tones, particularly dark brown. His brother Theo, an art dealer, commented that his work was too somber to be marketable and encouraged him to modern art, particularly Impressionism for its bright. In 1886, Van Gogh left the Netherlands and traveled to Paris to explore emerging artistic movements under the guidance and continued support of his brother Theo van Gogh, an art dealer. For four months, Van Gogh studied with Fernand Cormon, painting plaster casts, live nude models, There me met Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Émile Bernard, and Louis Anquetin. Through Theo and artistic social circles he also met Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, Paul Signac, Georges Seurat, through the fellowship with these men, he was introduced to Impressionists, Symbolists, Pointillists, and Japanese art, Ukiyo-e, and woodcut prints. In spite of his manner, disheveled clothes and often time frightening manner. So much so that when Toulouse-Lautrec heard disparaging remarks against Van Gogh, seeing and trading artwork with the Parisian avant-garde artists, Van Gogh understood what Theo had been trying to tell him for years about modern art. He was able to experiment with each of the movements to develop his own style, romanticism was an art and literature movement formed by people looking to escape the drab world. Its characteristics are paintings of exotic lands with grandiose feeling and intense color, Adolphe Joseph Thomas Monticelli developed a highly individual Romantic style of painting with richly colored, dappled, and textured painting and glazed surfaces. Vincent van Gogh, greatly admired his work after seeing it in Paris when he arrived there in 1886, Van Gogh was influenced by the richness that he perceived in Monticellis work. In 1890, Van Gogh and his brother Theo were instrumental in publishing the first book about Monticelli, the Impressionism movement was a change from traditional artistic techniques
Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)
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Vase with Red Gladioli, 1886, Private collection (F247) This painting represents some of Van Gogh's early Paris still life, where he introduced brighter, contrasting color.
Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)
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Fritillaries in a Copper Vase, 1887,
Musée d'Orsay, Paris (F213) This is an example of Van Gogh's integration of brighter, contrasting colors and
Impressionist brushstroke techniques.
Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)
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A Girl in the Street, Two Coaches in the Background, 1882, Private collection (F13)
Still life paintings by Vincent van Gogh (Paris)
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Still Life with Earthenware, Bottle and Clogs, 1885,
Kröller-Müller Museum, Otterlo, Netherlands (F63)
48.
Le Moulin de la Galette (Van Gogh series)
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Le Moulin de la Galette is the subject and title of several paintings made by Vincent van Gogh in 1886 of a windmill. The Moulin de la Galette was near Van Goghs apartment with his brother, the owners of the windmill maximized the view on a butte overlooking Paris, creating a terrace for viewing and a dance hall for entertainment. The windmill paintings are a subset of paintings from Montmartre, in 1886 van Gogh left the Netherlands for Paris and the guidance of his brother Theo van Gogh. While van Gogh had been influenced by great Dutch masters, coming to Paris meant that he would have the opportunity to be influenced by Impressionists, Symbolists, Pointillists and his circle of friends included Émile Bernard, Paul Gauguin, Camille Pissarro, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and others. Montmartre, sitting on a butte overlooking Paris, was known for its bars, cafes and it was also located on the edge of countryside that afforded van Gogh the opportunity to work on paintings of rural settings while living in Paris. The landscape and windmills around Montmartre were the source of inspiration for a number of van Goghs paintings, Moulin de la Galette, still standing, is located near the apartment that van Gogh shared with his brother Theo from 1886 until 1888. Built in 1622, it was originally called Blute-Fin and belonged to the Debray family in the 19th century, Moulin de la Galette was also the name of an outdoor dance hall that was located between two of the last windmills on a Montmartre hilltop. In addition to van Gogh, Toulouse-Lautrec and Pierre-Auguste Renoir also painted Moulin de la Galette, renoirs painting of the dance hall is titled Bal du moulin de la Galette. In van Gogh’s first year in Paris he painted rural areas around Montmartre, such as the butte, the colors are somber and evoke a sense of his anxiety and loneliness. Le Moulin de la Galette, also called The Blute-Fin Windmill, Montmartre reflects van Goghs artistic transition from his work in the Netherlands which was somber, influenced by Impressionism, van Goghs painted this work with lighter colors and unrestrained brushstrokes to capture light and movement. Van Gogh made the painting from an empty lot on rue Lepic, the painting features the Moulin de Blute-Fin, a 17th-century grain-mill, which was an attraction for its views of Paris. At this time there were three windmills on the butte, but this was the windmill van Gogh favored as a subject for his paintings, Moulin a Poivre, a second windmill, is just inside the left frame of the painting on the horizon. The painting was sold by Scottish art dealer Alex Reid to William McInnes, Le Moulin de la Galette is an example how van Gogh used a technique for heavily applying paint called impasto that it created a relief effect, partly to convey emotion. The brushstrokes in the windmill and doorsteps are noticeable, the faces of the two people were created with just a couple of brushstrokes. In addition to Le Moulin de la Galette, which is also named The Blute-Fin Windmill, here are the images of paintings from van Goghs period in Paris that include windmills
Le Moulin de la Galette (Van Gogh series)
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Le Moulin de la Galette (F348a)
Le Moulin de la Galette (Van Gogh series)
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Le Moulin de la Galette 1886
Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin (F228)
49.
Seine (Van Gogh series)
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Seine is the subject and location of paintings that Vincent van Gogh made in 1886. The Seine has been a part of Parisian life for centuries for commerce, travel. Here van Gogh primarily captures the respite and relief from city life found in nature, a few of the paintings were made in Paris and the rest in the northwestern suburbs of Paris in Clichy and Asnières. Through these works the audience can see a transition in his work one of dark colors and serious themes to more joyous use of color and light. In the Netherlands van Gogh was influenced by great Dutch masters as well as cousin-in-law Anton Mauve a Dutch realist painter who was a member of the Hague School. In Paris van Gogh was exposed to and influenced by Impressionism, Symbolism, Pointillism, the spring of 1887 seemed to trigger an awakening within van Gogh where he experimented with the genres to develop his personal style. To dull colors, van Gogh often added black to his paintings, in 1886 van Gogh left the Netherlands for Paris never to return. His brother Theo, a successful Parisian art dealer, provided Vincent the support, starting March 1886 van Gogh studied with Fernand Cormon. During that time he lived with Theo who leased an apartment on Rue Lepic in Montmartre with space for a studio for his brother. Three months later Vincent abandoned his studies with Cormon, but his education continued on a basis as he met local artists. During 1886 he was introduced to Impressionist artists and their works, such as Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Georges Seurat, many of the Impressionist artists also shared his interest in Japanese ukiyo-e wood block prints. In the two years, from 1886 through 1888, Van Gogh emerged as a sophisticated, thoughtful, one of van Goghs quarrels with Impressionists, though, was subject matter. In the late 1880s the avant-garde painted the city, one modified significantly by the work of Baron Georges Haussmann. His plan was to build a city of grand boulevards, bridges and parks, which figure into van Goghs works of the Seine. The city lost tens of thousands of old buildings, some of them cherished historical buildings, paradoxically, renovations along the Seine provided some of artists most cherished views. Prior to the renovation buildings crowded the Seine, which could only be reached at right angles from narrow streets, new bridges were built and existing ones rebuilt, without shops and other structures that previously sat on the bridges. The city benefited by more light and air and improved commerce, to celebrate the modern city, Impressionists painted the changing urban landscape. Many, including van Gogh, felt that the city now dwarfed the individual and this was one of the key reasons for van Goghs growing unease in Paris
Seine (Van Gogh series)
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Fishing in Spring, the Pont de Clichy (Asnières)
Seine (Van Gogh series)
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The State Lottery 1882
Musée d'Orsay, Paris (F970)
Seine (Van Gogh series)
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Two Women in the Moor 1883
Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F19)
Seine (Van Gogh series)
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Head of a Peasant Woman with White Cap, 1885,
National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh (F140)
