1.
Bukoba
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Bukoba is a town in northwest Tanzania on the western shore of Lake Victoria. It is the capital of the Kagera region, and the seat for Bukoba Urban District. The city is served by Bukoba Airport and regular connections to Mwanza. Situated on the shore of Lake Victoria, Bukoba lies only 1 degree south of the Equator and is Tanzanias second largest port on the lake, Bukoba city is situated at the Western shore of Lake Victoria in the northwest of Tanzania. The regional capital and Kageras biggest town is the gateway to the region, the climate is sunny and mild most of the year. It can sometimes get cool especially in the evenings during the two seasons, but never as cold as the winter season in Europe. Kageras Regional Commissioner Col. Fabian Massawe resides and has his office in Bukoba city. The city is flat and compact, forming a bowl as it is surrounded by hills, auric Air flies three times a day to Mwanza. In 2010 the airport is being extended and more flights are expected, a bus leaves for Kampala at 7 am every day and from Kampala for Bukoba at 11 am every day. It boasts a white beach, a large market, a port, tennis courts. Bukoba Town itself has the status of a municipal Council and it has a municipal Director and other local government officials like other district councils in the region. Bukoba is represented in the Tanzanian Premier League by football club Kagera Sugar and it is the home to several charities - including SHARE in Africa and Jambo Bukoba. Both are focused on the educational sector
2.
Tanzania
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Tanzania /ˌtænzəˈniːə/, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, is a country in Eastern Africa within the African Great Lakes region. Parts of the country are in Southern Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro, Africas highest mountain, is in northeastern Tanzania. Tanzanias population of 51.82 million is diverse, composed of ethnic, linguistic. Dar es Salaam, the capital, retains most government offices and is the countrys largest city, principal port. Tanzania is a one party dominant state with the Chama Cha Mapinduzi party in power, from its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. Elections for president and all National Assembly seats were last held in October 2015, the CCM holds approximately 75% of the seats in the assembly. Prehistoric population migrations include Southern Cushitic speakers, who are ancestral to the Iraqw, Gorowa, and Burunge and who moved south from Ethiopia into Tanzania. Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago. These movements took place at about the time as the settlement of the iron-making Mashariki Bantu from West Africa in the Lake Victoria. They brought with them the west African planting tradition and the staple of yams. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania, European colonialism began in mainland Tanzania during the late 19th century when Germany formed German East Africa, which gave way to British rule following World War I. The mainland was governed as Tanganyika, with the Zanzibar Archipelago remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction, following their respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania. Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located, three of Africas Great Lakes are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africas largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The Menai Bay Conservation Area is Zanzibars largest marine protected area, over 100 different languages are spoken in Tanzania, making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa. Among the languages spoken in Tanzania are all four of Africas language families, Bantu, Cushitic, Nilotic, Swahili and English are Tanzanias official languages. In connection with his Ujamaa social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili, approximately 10% of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90% speak it as a second language. Most Tanzanians thus speak both Swahili and a language, many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English
3.
Kenya Colony
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The Colony and Protectorate of Kenya was part of the British Empire in Africa from 1920 until 1963. It was established when the former East Africa Protectorate was transformed into a British Crown colony in 1920, technically, the Colony of Kenya referred to the interior lands, while a 16-kilometre coastal strip was the Protectorate of Kenya but the two were controlled as a single administrative unit. The colony came to an end in 1963 when a majority government was elected for the first time. The Colony of Kenya was established on 11 June 1920 when the territories of the former East Africa Protectorate were annexed by Britain. The Kenya Protectorate was established on 13 August 1920 when the territories of the former East Africa Protectorate which were not annexed by Britain were established as a British Protectorate. The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the Colony of Kenya by virtue of an agreement between the United Kingdom and the Sultan dated 14 December 1895, in summary, the Colony of Kenya referred to the interior lands. The Protectorate of Kenya was a 16 km coastal strip together with certain islands which remained under the sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar until the independence of Kenya, in the 1920s Indians objected to the reservation of the Highlands for Europeans, especially British war veterans. Bitterness grew between the Indians and the Europeans, the population in 1921 was estimated at 2,376,000, of whom 9,651 were Europeans,22,822 Indians, and 10,102 Arabs. Mombasa, the largest city in 1921, had a population of 32,000 at that time, the Colony and the Protectorate each came to an end on 12 December 1963. In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963 which established the Dominion of Kenya, mzee Jomo Kenyatta was the first prime minister. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name Republic of Kenya, class and economic change in Kenya, The making of an African petite bourgeoisie 1905-1970 Lonsdale, John, and Bruce Berman. Coping with the contradictions, the development of the state in Kenya. Journal of African History 20#04, 487-505, British rule in Kenya, 1895-1912 Ochieng, William Robert. A history of Kenya Ochieng, William Robert, and Robert M. Maxon, an economic history of Kenya Wolff, Richard D. Britain and Kenya, 1870-1930, The Economics of Colonialism The British Empire — Kenya Media related to War Office Archive – British East Africa at Wikimedia Commons
4.
Kisumu
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Kisumu is a port city in Kisumu County, Kenya. It is the size of 1,131 m, with a population of 409,928 according to the 2009 census. It is the third largest city in Kenya, the city of western Kenya, the immediate former capital of Nyanza Province. It has a charter but no city charter. It is the largest city in Nyanza region and second most important city after Kampala in the greater Lake Victoria basin, the port was founded in 1901 as the main inland terminal of the Uganda Railway named Port Florence. Although trade stagnated in the 1980s and 1990s, it is growing around oil exports. Kisumu literally means a place of barter trade sumo, the city has Friendship status with Cheltenham, United Kingdom, and sister city status with Roanoke, Virginia and Boulder, Colorado, United States. When the Europeans first settled in the area in the late 19th century, Kisumu became a trading post – attracting the Luo people from as far as Migori, the Kisumu region was then occupied by the Luo community. A person going to Kisumu at that time would say, Adhi Kisuma to mean Im going to trade, derived from the word Kisuma, the word for a trading post in Luo is Kisumo. The current name Kisumu is an English corruption of the word Kisumo or Kesumett, an opposing theory states that Kisumu acquired its name from Kusuma. Because, before the Luo arrived in the area, the Maragoli were already trading with people in the area like the Nandi. It should be noted that some Luo words were acquired from the Maragoli, the City of Kisumu is believed to be one of the oldest settlements in Kenya. Historical records indicate that Kisumu has been dominated by diverse communities at different times long before Europeans arrived. The people from the Nandi, Kalenjin, Abagusii, Maasai, Luo and Abaluhya communities converged at the tip of Lake Victoria and called the place sumo which literally means a place of barter trade. Each community called it different names, for instance, The luo called it Kisumo meaning a place to look for food such that the luo would say I am going Kisuma to mean I am going to look for food. The Abaluhya called it Abhasuma which means a place to borrow food such that the luhya would say I am going Khusuma to mean I am going to borrow food, the Abagusii called it egesumu meaning a structure for keeping/rearing chicken. It is believed the Abagusii were in Kisumu but found Kisumu was not good for crop husbandry, the Nandi called it Kisumett which means a place where food was found during times of scarcity and exchange, which cannot be attacked by Nandi and Terik irrespective of any issue. Kisumu was located on a rocky schwarz covered with bush, before it was cleared and roads were cut, so wrote C. W. Hobley
5.
Lake Victoria
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Lake Victoria is one of the African Great Lakes. The lake was named after Queen Victoria by the explorer John Hanning Speke, Speke accomplished this in 1858, while on an expedition with Richard Francis Burton to locate the source of the Nile River. In terms of volume, Lake Victoria is the ninth largest continental lake. Lake Victoria receives its water primarily from rainfall and thousands of small streams. The Kagera River is the largest river flowing into this lake, Lake Victoria is drained solely by the Nile River near Jinja, Uganda, on the lakes northern shore. Lake Victoria occupies a depression in Africa. The lake has a depth of 84 metres and an average depth of 40 metres. Its catchment area covers 184,000 square kilometres, geologically, Lake Victoria is relatively young – about 400,000 years old – and it formed when westward-flowing rivers were dammed by an upthrown crustal block. During its geological history, Lake Victoria went through changes ranging from its present shallow depression, geological cores taken from its bottom show Lake Victoria has dried up completely at least three times since it formed. These drying cycles are probably related to past ice ages, which were times when precipitation declined globally, Lake Victoria last dried out about 17,300 years ago, and it refilled 14,700 years ago. Lake Victoria receives 80 percent of its water from direct rainfall, average evaporation on the lake is between 2.0 and 2.2 metres per year, almost double the precipitation of riparian areas. In the Kenya sector, the main influent rivers are the Sio, Nzoia, Yala, Nyando, Sondu Miriu, Mogusi, combined, these rivers contribute far more water to the lake than does the largest single river entering the lake from the west, the Kagera River. The only outflow from Lake Victoria is the Nile River, which exits the lake near Jinja, in terms of contributed water, this makes Lake Victoria the principal source of the longest branch of the Nile. The uppermost section of the Nile is generally known as the Victoria Nile until it reaches Lake Albert, in 1990–1991, oxygen concentrations in the mixed layer were higher than in 1960–1961, with nearly continuous oxygen supersaturation in surface waters. The changes in oxygenation are considered consistent with measurements of higher algal biomass, the extinction of cichlids in the genus Haplochromis has also been blamed on the lakes eutrophication. The fertility of tropical waters depends on the rate at which nutrients can be brought into solution, the influent rivers of Lake Victoria provide few nutrients to the lake in relation to its size. Because of this, most of Lake Victorias nutrients are thought to be locked up in lake-bottom deposits, by itself, this vegetative matter decays slowly. Animal flesh decays considerably faster, however, so the fertility of the lake is dependent on the rate at which nutrients can be taken up by fish
6.
Yarrow Shipbuilders
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Yarrow Shipbuilders Limited, often styled as simply Yarrows, was a major shipbuilding firm based in the Scotstoun district of Glasgow on the River Clyde. It is now part of BAE Systems Surface Ships, owned by BAE Systems, the company was founded by Alfred Yarrow, later Sir Alfred Yarrow, 1st Baronet, in the year 1865 as Yarrow & Company, Limited. Originally it was based at Folly Wall, Poplar, then in 1898 as the company grew, Yarrow moved his shipyard to London Yard, Cubitt Town. Hundreds of steam launches, lake and river vessels, and eventually the Royal Navys first destroyers, between 4,000 and 5,000 tons of material had to be transported, from models to heavy machine tools. A train-load of from forty to fifty wagons left the works at Poplar every day, the first vessel launched from the new works at Scotstoun on 14 July 1908 was the lead ship of the Pará-class destroyers for the Brazilian Navy. The company also established the Coventry Ordnance Works joint venture in 1905, during the First World War, the company developed the pioneering Erskine artificial limb with Sir William Macewen. The Yarrow company was one of the leading builders of destroyers and frigates from its inception. For many years until the 1960s Yarrow also built a number of merchant ships, specialising particularly on Riverboat vessels for the rivers and lakes of Burma, India, Africa. Several of these vessels were built to serve on lakes that had no access to deliver them by sea. Yarrows Scotstoun yard built the knock down ferry MV Ilala for Nyasaland in 1949 and she was completed and launched on Lake Nyasa in 1951. The yard built three knock down ferries for Lake Victoria in East Africa, RMS Victoria was built in Scotstoun in 1960 and reassembled at the Kenyan port of Kisumu on the lake in 1961. The train ferries MV Umoja and MV Uhuru were built in Scotstoun in 1965, in total Yarrow built approximately 400 ships on the Clyde – these can be traced in detail in the Clyde-built Ship Database. In 1968 the Company became part of Upper Clyde Shipbuilders which collapsed in 1971, Yarrows had already left the UCS joint venture by April 1970 however, as the only profitable division of the joint venture. Investment continued in the yard, with the construction of a large GRP fabrication hall at the end of the yard. Dry dock No.1 was also covered over and this was in preparation for the Hunt-class mine countermeasures vessel project, although only two vessels of the class were eventually built at Yarrow. The long-disused hall was demolished in 2008. The succeeding government of Margaret Thatcher began a programme and the profitable Yarrow was one of British Shipbuilders early divestitures. It was sold in 1985 to GECs GEC-Marconi division, becoming Marconi Marine, GEC began a programme of major capital investment, culminating in the construction of a large Module Hall, north of the covered building berths, in 1987
7.
Kenya
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Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya, is a country in Africa and a founding member of the East African Community. Its capital and largest city is Nairobi and it is bordered by Tanzania to the south and southwest, Uganda to the west, South Sudan to the north-west, Ethiopia to the north and Somalia to the north-east. Kenya covers 581,309 km2, and had a population of approximately 48 million people in January 2017, Kenya has a warm and humid tropical climate on its Indian Ocean coastline. The climate is cooler in the grasslands around the capital city, Nairobi, and especially closer to Mount Kenya. Further inland are highlands in Central and Rift Valley regions where tea, in the West are Nyanza and Western regions, there is an equatorial, hot and dry climate which becomes humid around Lake Victoria, the largest tropical fresh-water lake in the world. This gives way to temperate and forested areas in the neighbouring western region. The north-eastern regions along the border with Somalia and Ethiopia are arid and semi-arid areas with near-desert landscapes, Kenya is known for its world class athletes in track and field and rugby. The African Great Lakes region, which Kenya is a part of, has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Paleolithic period, by the first millennium AD, the Bantu expansion had reached the area from West-Central Africa. Bantu and Nilotic populations together constitute around 97% of the nations residents, European and Arab presence in coastal Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, European exploration of the interior began in the 19th century. The British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, which starting in 1920 gave way to the Kenya Colony, Kenya obtained independence in December 1963. Following a referendum in August 2010 and adoption of a new constitution, Kenya is now divided into 47 semi-autonomous counties, the capital, Nairobi, is a regional commercial hub. The economy of Kenya is the largest by GDP in East, agriculture is a major employer, the country traditionally exports tea and coffee and has more recently begun to export fresh flowers to Europe. The service industry is also an economic driver. Additionally, Kenya is a member of the East African Community trading bloc, the Republic of Kenya is named after Mount Kenya. The origin of the name Kenya is not clear, but perhaps linked to the Kikuyu, Embu and Kamba words Kirinyaga, Kirenyaa, if so, then the British may not so much have mispronounced it, as misspelled it. In the 19th century, the German explorer Johann Ludwig Krapf was staying with the Bantu Kamba people when he first spotted the mountain. On asking for the name of the mountain, he was told Kĩ-Nyaa or Kĩĩma- Kĩĩnyaa probably because the pattern of black rock, the Agikuyu, who inhabit the slopes of Mt. Kenya, call it Kĩrĩma Kĩrĩnyaga in Kikuyu, which is quite similar to the Kamba name. Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version, others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/
8.
Uganda
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Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. It is bordered to the east by Kenya, to the north by South Sudan, to the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, to the south-west by Rwanda, Uganda is the worlds second most populous landlocked country after Ethiopia. The southern part of the country includes a portion of Lake Victoria, shared with Kenya. Uganda is in the African Great Lakes region, Uganda also lies within the Nile basin, and has a varied but generally a modified equatorial climate. Uganda takes its name from the Buganda kingdom, which encompasses a portion of the south of the country. The people of Uganda were hunter-gatherers until 1,700 to 2,300 years ago, beginning in 1894, the area was ruled as a protectorate by the British, who established administrative law across the territory. Uganda gained independence from Britain on 9 October 1962, luganda, a central language, is widely spoken across the country, and several other languages are also spoken including Runyoro, Runyankole, Rukiga, and Luo. The president of Uganda is Yoweri Museveni, who came to power in January 1986 after a protracted guerrilla war. The ancestors of the Ugandans were hunter-gatherers until 1, 700-2,300 years ago, Bantu-speaking populations, who were probably from central Africa, migrated to the southern parts of the country. According to oral tradition, the Empire of Kitara covered an important part of the lakes area, from the northern lakes Albert and Kyoga to the southern lakes Victoria. Bunyoro-Kitara is claimed as the antecedent of the Buganda, Toro, Ankole, some Luo invaded the area of Bunyoro and assimilated with the Bantu there, establishing the Babiito dynasty of the current Omukama of Bunyoro-Kitara. Arab traders moved inland from the Indian Ocean coast of East Africa in the 1830s and they were followed in the 1860s by British explorers searching for the source of the Nile. British Anglican missionaries arrived in the kingdom of Buganda in 1877 and were followed by French Catholic missionaries in 1879, the British government chartered the Imperial British East Africa Company to negotiate trade agreements in the region beginning in 1888. From 1886, there were a series of wars in Buganda. Because of civil unrest and financial burdens, IBEAC claimed that it was unable to maintain their occupation in the region, in the 1890s,32,000 labourers from British India were recruited to East Africa under indentured labour contracts to construct the Uganda Railway. Most of the surviving Indians returned home, but 6,724 decided to remain in East Africa after the lines completion, subsequently, some became traders and took control of cotton ginning and sartorial retail. British naval ships unknowingly carried rats that contained the bubonic plague and these rats spread the disease throughout Uganda. From 1900 to 1920, a sleeping sickness epidemic in the part of Uganda, along the north shores of Lake Victoria
9.
Marine Services Company Limited
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Marine Services Company Limited is a Tanzanian company that operates ferries, cargo ships and tankers on three of the African Great Lakes, namely Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It provides services to neighbouring Burundi, DR Congo, Zambia, on 21 May 1996, MV Bukoba capsized while travelling from Bukoba to Mwanza due to overloading. MSCL is wholly owned by the Tanzanian Government via the Treasury Registrar and its share capital consists of 1,000 shares each with a nominal value of TSh 1,000. The companys head office is in the city of Mwanza at the shores of Lake Victoria. It maintains two offices in Kigoma and Kyela, and liaison offices in Dar es Salaam and Kampala. Passenger services on Lake Tanganyika to neighbouring countries include Mpulungu in Zambia, Bujumbura in Burundi, the company also plies on Lake Nyasa between Mbamba Bay in southern Tanzania and Nkhata Bay in Malawi. Between July 2013 and April 2014, MSCL transported 231,866 passengers and 41,234 tonnes of cargo, most of its fleet is located on Lake Victoria and includes MV Victoria, the former Royal Mail Ship. MV Liemba was built in 1913 and still operates on Lake Tanganyika, the companys livery appears to be the same as TRCs predecessor, the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation, white hull above the waterline, white superstructure and buff funnel. The hull below the waterline appears to be dark red, the acquisition will cost US$74.9 million and construction of the vessels will take three years. He also stated that discussions with the South Korean government are on-going to procure three vessels, in February 2013, fire broke out on the MV Victoria whilst docked at Mwanza Port. It is believed that it was due to the works going on in one of the lower deck rooms. The situation was under control within two hours, the Surface and Marine Transport Regulatory Authority blamed the management for professional negligence. On 10 October 2014, MV Victoria experienced an engine failure midway on its journey from Bukoba to Mwanza
10.
Mwanza
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Mwanza is a mid-sized port city on the southern shores of Lake Victoria in northwestern Tanzania. With a population of over 700,000, it is Tanzanias second largest city, Mwanza is the capital of the surrounding Mwanza Region. The Sukuma constitute over 90 percent of the population of the Mwanza Region, other ethnic groups in the region, in much smaller proportions, include the Zinza, Haya, Sumbwa, Nyamwezi, Luo, Kurya, Jita, and Kerewe. They live mainly in the Mwanza city area, National policy, however, gives very little importance to ethnic groupings and reliable data is difficult to find. In 2011 the city announced plans to create a major commercial development in the Ilemela District. Construction works on Rock City Mall were finalized in early 2016 and this mall is the first of its size in Mwanza and one of the biggest malls in the country. One major occupation of the inhabitants along the shores of Lake Victoria in Mwanza region is fishing, nile perch were previously introduced to the lake, and are exported in large quantities. The consequences of the nile perch industry are the subject of the Academy Award nominated documentary Darwins Nightmare by Hubert Sauper, on the lake around Mwanza, a lot of sardine fishing takes place. Several Tanzanian National Parks are located in the vicinity of Mwanza town. Saanane Island National Park can be reached by boat from the centre of Mwanza in around 10 minutes, the western most gate of Serengeti National Park is located at around 150 kilometres by road from Mwanza town. Day trips to Serengeti National Park are organised by several operators in Mwanza. Rubondo Island National Park can be reached by road and boat and it is located around 110 kilometres west of Mwanza town. The Sukuma Museum is located in Bujora, just east of Mwanza and it gives an overview of the history, architecture, culture and language of the Sukuma tribe, which is the main tribe in the area. Mwanza is served by Mwanza Airport, which is located at 10 km to the north of the city centre in Ilemela District, the airport has flights to Dar es Salaam, Nairobi, and other destinations around Tanzania. Mwanzas railway station is located in the centre of town, in Nyamagana District, the city is connected by rail with Shinyanga. Twice a week the train departs to Dar es Salaam, via Dodoma, Tabora, two bus stations connect Mwanza to the rest of Tanzania and neighbouring countries by road, Nyegezi and Buzuruga bus station. Nyegezi bus station is located in Nyamagana district, buses going to the south and west leave from Nyegezi, as well as international services. Buzuruga bus station is located in Ilemela district, buses going to the east, North and the Kenyan border depart from Buzuruga bus station
11.
Ferry
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A ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo as well, across a body of water. Most ferries operate regular return services, a passenger ferry with many stops, such as in Venice, Italy, is sometimes called a water bus or water taxi. Ferries form a part of the transport systems of many waterside cities and islands. However, ship connections of much larger distances may also be called ferry services, the profession of the ferryman is embodied in Greek mythology in Charon, the boatman who transported souls across the River Styx to the Underworld. Speculation that a pair of oxen propelled a ship having a wheel can be found in 4th century Roman literature Anonymus De Rebus Bellicis. Though impractical, there is no reason why it could not work and such a ferry, see When Horses Walked on Water, Horse-Powered Ferries in Nineteenth-Century America. The Marine Services Company of Tanzania offers passenger and cargo services in three of the African Great Lakes viz, Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa. It also operates one of the oldest ferries in the region, Ferries from Great Britain also sail to Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain and Ireland. Some ferries carry mainly tourist traffic, but most also carry freight, in Britain, car-carrying ferries are sometimes referred to as RORO for the ease by which vehicles can board and leave. The busiest single ferry route is across the part of Øresund. Before the Øresund bridge was opened in July 2000, car and car & train ferries departed up to seven times every hour, in 2013, this has been reduced, but a car ferry still departs from each harbor every 15 minutes during daytime. The route is around 2.2 nautical miles and the crossing takes 22 minutes, today, all ferries on this route are constructed so that they do not need to turn around in the harbors. This also means that the ferries lack natural stems and sterns, due to the same circumstances, starboard and port-side are dynamic and depending of in what direction the ferry sails. Despite the short crossing, the ferries are equipped with restaurants, cafeteria, kiosks, large cruiseferries sail in the Baltic Sea between Finland, Åland, Sweden, Estonia, Latvia and Saint Petersburg, Russia and from Italy to Sardinia, Corsica, Spain and Greece. In many ways, these ferries are like cruise ships, also many smaller ferries operate on domestic routes in Finland, Sweden and Estonia. The south-west and southern parts of the Baltic Sea has several routes mainly for heavy traffic, on the longer of these routes, simple cabins are available. In Istanbul, ferries connect the European and Asian shores of Bosphorus, as well as Princes Islands, in 2014 İDO transported 47 million passengers, the largest ferry system in the world. Due to the numbers of freshwater lakes and length of shoreline in Canada
12.
Lake Victoria ferries
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Lake Victoria ferries are motor ships carrying freight and passengers among Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya on Lake Victoria. The main ports on the lake are Kisumu, Mwanza, Bukoba, Entebbe, Port Bell, typical journey times were 13 hours between Port Bell in Uganda and Kisumu in Kenya, and 19 hours between Port Bell and Mwanza in Tanzania. After 2006, most railway wagon ferry services ceased operating, in 2012, Rift Valley Railways restarted operation of the rail wagon ferry service between Port Bell and Mwanza using the refurbished MV Kaawa. The railway line from Kisumu is not operating, other passenger and cargo ferries continue to operate on Lake Victoria. SS William Mackinnon was built for the Imperial British East Africa Company in 1890 by Bow, McLachlan and Company at Paisley in Scotland, in the First World War, she was armed as a gunboat. In 1929, she was withdrawn from service, taken into deep water, the sister ships SS Winifred and SS Sybil were built by Bow, McLachlan & Co in 1901. Winifred was launched on the lake in 1902 followed by Sybil in 1903, in the First World War East African Campaign, they were armed as gunboats. In 1914, Sybil was beached after striking a rock but she was refloated in 1915, in 1924, Sybil was converted into a lighter. Winifred was purposely sunk in 1936 to form a breakwater off Luamba Island and her remains were scrapped in 1954. In the 1950s, Sybil sank at her moorings but she was raised, restored as a passenger and cargo vessel, in 1967, Sybil was purposely sunk at Kisumu to form a breakwater. SS Clement Hill was built by Bow, McLachlan & Co in 1905 and she served on the lake from 1907 to 1935. In 1936 she was sunk at Bukakata to form a breakwater. SS Nyanza is a steamer built by Bow, McLachlan & Co in 1907. She was reported to be laid up as of 2007, SS Kavirondo is a tugboat built by Bow, McLachlan & Co in 1912 and launched at Kisumu in 1913. During the First World War, she served as a gunboat, in about 1984, she was laid up at Kisumu and later was used as an accommodation vessel. She later sank alongside, but in 2005 was raised and her purchasers intended to lengthen and re-engine her for use as a tanker. The sister ships SS Rusinga and SS Usoga were built by Bow, McLachlan & Co in 1913 and launched on the lake in 1914 and 1915 and they were troop ships during the First World War East African Campaign and passed into civilian service after the Armistice. EAR&H withdrew Rusinga for scrap in 1966, but she passed into private ownership, Usoga was laid up in 1975, sank at her moorings at Kisumu in the 1990s, and as of 2006 her remains were still there
13.
History of Kenya
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A part of Eastern Africa, the territory of what is now Kenya has seen human habitation since the beginning of the Lower Paleolithic. The Bantu expansion from a West African centre of dispersal reached the area by the 1st millennium AD, with the borders of the modern state at the crossroads of the Bantu, Nilo-Saharan and Afro-Asiatic ethno-linguistic areas of Africa, Kenya is a truly multi-ethnic state. The European and Arab presence in Mombasa dates to the Early Modern period, the British Empire established the East Africa Protectorate in 1895, from 1920 known as the Kenya Colony. The independent Republic of Kenya was formed in 1964 and it was ruled as a de facto one-party state by the Kenya African National Union, it was an alliance led by Jomo Kenyatta during 1963 to 1978. Kenyatta was succeeded by Daniel arap Moi, who ruled until 2002, Moi came under pressure, notably by US ambassador Smith Hempstone, to restore a multi-party system, which he did by 1991. Moi won elections in 1992 and 1997, which were overshadowed by political killings on both sides, during the 1990s, evidence of Mois involvement in human rights abuses and corruption was uncovered. He was constitutionally barred from running in the 2002 election, which was won by Mwai Kibaki, widely reported electoral fraud on Kibakis side in the 2007 elections resulted in the 2007–2008 Kenyan crisis. After that Kenya was succeeded by Uhuru Kenyatta in the 2013 elections, subsequently many species of early hominid have been discovered in Kenya. Maxim Stromeier is the oldest was found by Martin Pickford in the year 2000 and is the 6 million years old Orrorin tugenensis and it is the second oldest fossil hominid in the world after Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1995 Meave Leakey named a new species of hominid Australopithecus anamensis following a series of discoveries near Lake Turkana in 1965,1987 and 1994. In 20113.2 million year old stone tools were discovered at Lake Turkana - these are the oldest stone tools found anywhere in the world and pre-date the emergence of Homo. The oldest Acheulean tools ever discovered anywhere in the world are from West Turkana, the first inhabitants of present-day Kenya were hunter-gatherer groups, akin to the modern Khoisan speakers. For the most part, these communities were assimilated into various food producing societies that began moving into Kenya from the 3rd millennium BC and they kept domestic stock, most likely sheep and goats, and possibly also had a knowledge of agriculture. By 1000 BC and even earlier, the Southern Cushities had spread into central Kenya, in present times the descendants of the Southern Cushitic speakers are located in north central Tanzania near Lake Eyasi. Their past distribution, as determined by the presence of loanwords in other languages, encompasses the distribution of the Highland Savanna Pastoral Neolithic culture. The arrival of the Southern Nilotes in Kenya occurred shortly before the introduction of iron to East Africa, the past distribution of the Southern Nilotic speakers, as inferred from place names, loan words and oral traditions includes the known distribution of Elmenteitan sites. The Bantu expansion is thought to have reached western Kenya around 1000 BC, later migrations through Tanzania led to settlement on the Kenyan coast where these communities established links with Arabian and Indian traders leading to the development of the Swahili culture. Kenya is an interesting country that is located in East Africa Arab traders began frequenting the Kenya coast around the 1st century AD
14.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
15.
Royal Mail Ship
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Royal Mail Ship is usually seen in its abbreviated form RMS, a designation which dates back to 1840. It is the prefix used for seagoing vessels that carry mail under contract to the British Royal Mail. Any vessel designated as RMS has the right to fly both the pennant of the Royal Mail when sailing and to include the Royal Mail crown insignia with any identifying device and/or design for the ship, originally the Admiralty operated these ships. The designation RMS has been used since 1840, in 1850 contracts were awarded to private companies. Having the title RMS was seen as a mark of quality, the most valuable route, with the highest volume, was between Kingstown, in Ireland, and Holyhead in Wales. The City of Dublin Steam Packet Company won the contract and they bought RMS St Columa and RMS Llwywllyn from the Admiralty to supplement their Prince Arthur. In the CDSPCo contract, in 1860, there was a penalty clause of £1 1s 4d for every minutes delay, the RMS designation was also used on the ships White Star Line, P&O and the Cunard lines of the 19th and 20th century. QM2 was conferred RMS by Royal Mail when she entered service in 2004 on the Southampton to New York route as a gesture to Cunards history, the Royal Mail continues a form of this tradition on modern day airliners. The UKs flag carrier airline, British Airways, is contracted to carry mail on some of its scheduled long-distance routes, aircraft operating these routes with the facilities to carry mail are allowed to display the Royal Mails logo and crest on their fuselage, usually alongside their registration markings. The less-common designations RMMV for Royal Mail Motor Vessel and RMMS for Royal Mail Motor Ship, were used for a period when RMS was restricted to steam-ships, Motor Vessel and Motor Ship indicated that propulsion was provided by diesel rather than steam. The RMV Scillonian III carries the designation RMV for Royal Mail Vessel and is the only active RMV and those highlighted are still in service with the status of Royal Mail Ship. Union-Castle Line Mail steamer Steamboat Kennedy, John, OCLC3553860 RMS Caronia Green Goddess Time-Line Titanic Archive
16.
Scotstoun
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Scotstoun is an area of Glasgow, Scotland, west of Glasgow City Centre. It is bounded by Garscadden to the west, Victoria Park, Jordanhill and Whiteinch to the east, Jordanhill to the north, at the heart of Scotstoun lies Scotstounhill, an enclave of late Victorian and post-war housing centred upon Scotstounhill railway station. Scotstoun is home to BAE Systems Surface Ships, a naval shipbuilding defence contractor owned by BAE Systems, Scotstoun was until the early 1860s the site of the Oswald family estate, which was centred on Scotstoun House. By 1861 the westward expansion of the Clyde shipbuilding yards had reached Scotstoun with the opening of the Charles Connell and Company shipyard in 1861, the local primary school and church lie in the centre. Unfortunately, the area has suffered the loss of many of its trees in recent years. Scotstoun is today home to Scotstoun Primary School, and formerly a fine red sandstone secondary school, Victoria Drive, which was closed and demolished in 1998. Scotstouns finest B listed building, the former Scotstoun West church, was destroyed by fire then replaced with a Cala development of flats with little architectural merit in the 1990s. A brand new community centre was opened on Balmoral Street on 18 June 2011 and it is called The Heart of Scotstoun Community Centre. Other local groups are involved in contributing to the community. Scotstoun Primary School is a school built by the Renfrew Landward School Board in 1905 on Earlbank Avenue. The building differs from those built by the Glasgow School Board in many respects, the current head teacher is Gillian Mackay. Scotstoun Primary is part of the Knightswood New Learning Community
17.
Mombasa
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Mombasa is a city on the coast of Kenya. It is the countrys second-largest city, after the capital Nairobi and its metropolitan region is the second largest in the country and has a population of approximately two million people. Administratively, Mombasa is the capital of Mombasa County, a regional cultural and economic hub, Mombasa has an extra-large port and an international airport, and is an important regional tourism centre. The city had a population of about 939,000 per the 2009 census and it is located on Mombasa Island and sprawls to the surrounding mainlands. The island is separated from the mainland by two creeks, Tudor Creek and Kilindini Harbour. It is connected to the mainland to the north by the Nyali Bridge, to the south by the Likoni Ferry, the port serves both Kenya and countries of the interior, linking them to the ocean. The city is served by Moi International Airport located in the northwest mainland suburb of Chaani, Mombasa has a cosmopolitan population, with the Swahili people and Mijikenda predominant. Other communities include the Akamba and Taita Bantus as well as a significant population of Luo, the major religions practised in the city are Islam, Christianity and Hinduism. Over the centuries, many immigrants and traders have settled in Mombasa, particularly from the Middle East, Somalia, and the Indian sub-continent, the founding of Mombasa is associated with two rulers, Mwana Mkisi and Shehe Mvita. According to oral history and medieval commentaries, Shehe Mvita superseded the dynasty of Mwana Mkisi, Shehe Mvita is remembered as a Muslim of great learning and so is connected more directly with the present ideals of Swahili culture that people identify with Mombasa. The ancient history associated with Shehe Mvita and the founding of a settlement on Mombasa Island is still linked to present-day peoples living in Mombasa. The Thenashara Taifa Swahili lineages recount this ancient history today and are the keepers of local Swahili traditions, even though today Mombasa is a very heterogeneous cultural mix, families associated with the Twelve Nations are still considered the original inhabitants of the city. Most of the information on Mombasa comes from Portuguese chroniclers writing in the 16th century. In 1331, the famous Moroccan scholar and traveller Ibn Battuta also visited the area during his travels to the Swahili Coast and made mention of the city. He noted that the people of Mombasa were Shãfii Muslims, a people, trustworthy. Their mosques are made of wood, expertly built, the exact founding date of the city is unknown, but it has a long history. Kenyan school history books place the founding of Mombasa as 900 A. D and it must have been already a prosperous trading town in the 12th century, as the Arab geographer Al Idrisi mentions it in 1151. During the pre-modern period, Mombasa was an important centre for the trade in spices, gold and its trade links reached as far as the Indian subcontinent and modern-day China and oral historians today can still recall this period of local history
18.
East African Railways and Harbours Corporation
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The East African Railways and Harbours Corporation is a defunct company that operated railways and harbours in East Africa from 1948 to 1977. It was formed in 1948 for the new East African High Commission by merging the Kenya and Uganda Railways and Harbours with the Tanganyika Railway of the Tanganyika Territory. As well as running railways and harbours in the three territories it ran inland shipping services on Lake Victoria, Lake Kyoga, Lake Albert, the Victoria Nile, the Malayan Railway sold EAR&H eight metre gauge USATC S118 Class steam locomotives in 1948, and another eight in 1949. EAR&H converted them to oil fuel and numbered them 2701–2716, making them the 27 class, EAR&H allocated them to its Tabora Depot on its Tanganyika section. EAR&H built further S118 from spare parts in 1953 and numbered it 2717, EAR&H withdrew them from service in about 1965 and they were in Dar es Salaam awaiting scrapping in 1966. In 1955 and 1956 EAR&H introduced new and much more powerful locomotives for its Kenya and Uganda network. These were the mainstay of the sections heaviest traffic until they started to be withdrawn from service between 1973 and 1980, EAR&H extended the Uganda Railway from Kampala to Kasese in 1956 and thence to Arua in 1964. In 1962 it completed the northern Uganda railway from Tororo to Pakwach, also in 1961 EAR&H introduced the new Lake Victoria ferry RMS Victoria. This faster vessel doubled the speed of the service around the lake. Elizabeth II designated her a Royal Mail Ship, the only EAR&H ship to receive this distinction, EAR&H In 1965 and 1966 introduced a train ferry service across Lake Victoria with the MV Umoja and MV Uhuru. In 1967 EAR&H made harbour improvements at Kisumu on the Kenyan shore of Lake Victoria by scuttling the disused ferry SS Winifred to form a breakwater, kenyan-born singer Roger Whittaker wrote and recorded the song The Good Old EAR&H in about 1982, after a return visit to Kenya. Central Line Rift Valley Railways Consortium Uganda Railway East African Railways map Media related to East African Railways at Wikimedia Commons Malcolm McCrows EAR web site Flags of the EAR&HC
19.
Elizabeth II
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Elizabeth II has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand since 6 February 1952. Elizabeth was born in London as the eldest child of the Duke and Duchess of York, later King George VI and Queen Elizabeth and her father acceded to the throne on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII in 1936, from which time she was the heir presumptive. She began to undertake duties during the Second World War. Elizabeths many historic visits and meetings include a visit to the Republic of Ireland. She has seen major changes, such as devolution in the United Kingdom, Canadian patriation. She has reigned through various wars and conflicts involving many of her realms and she is the worlds oldest reigning monarch as well as Britains longest-lived. In October 2016, she became the longest currently reigning monarch, in 2017 she became the first British monarch to commemorate a Sapphire Jubilee. Elizabeth has occasionally faced republican sentiments and press criticism of the family, however, support for the monarchy remains high. Elizabeth was born at 02,40 on 21 April 1926, during the reign of her paternal grandfather and her father, Prince Albert, Duke of York, was the second son of the King. Her mother, Elizabeth, Duchess of York, was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and she was delivered by Caesarean section at her maternal grandfathers London house,17 Bruton Street, Mayfair. Elizabeths only sibling, Princess Margaret, was born in 1930, the two princesses were educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their governess, Marion Crawford, who was casually known as Crawfie. Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature and music, Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margarets childhood years entitled The Little Princesses in 1950, much to the dismay of the royal family. The book describes Elizabeths love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, others echoed such observations, Winston Churchill described Elizabeth when she was two as a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant and her cousin Margaret Rhodes described her as a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved. During her grandfathers reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own. When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis. Consequently, Elizabeths father became king, and she became heir presumptive, if her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession
20.
Tanzania Railways Limited
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The Tanzania Railways Corporation is a state-owned enterprise that runs one of Tanzanias two main railway networks. When the East African Railways and Harbours Corporation was dissolved in 1977, in 1997 the inland shipping division became a separate company. TRCs gauge is 1,000 mm and the length about 2,600 kilometres, a north-south connection, from Korogwe to Morogoro, links the two lines. The main line runs to Lake Victoria where a connection operates via Lake Victoria train ferries with the Uganda Railway, from the Tanga line a line to Kenya is disused. There is a break-of-gauge at Dar es Salaam to the Tanzania-Zambia Railway Authority 1,067 mm line to Zambia, a second link is at Kidatu, where the TAZARA line meets the Kidatu branch. TRC inherited ferry and cargo services on Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi. TRC introduced MV Bukoba on Lake Victoria in about 1979, MV Mwongozo on Lake Tanganyika in 1982 and passenger, on 21 May 1996 Bukoba sank in 25 metres of water about 30 nautical miles off Mwanza. She had many passengers aboard than she was certified to carry. After the disaster criminal charges were brought against nine TRC officials including Bukobas master, in 1997 the Marine Division became a separate company, Marine Services Company Limited. On 24 June 2002 the Igandu train disaster killed 281 people, in 2007 RITES Ltd of India won a contract from the Parastatal Sector Reform Commission to operate passenger and freight trains on a concession basis for 25 years. The concession agreement was signed on 3 September 2007, to begin on 1 October 2007, the railway will be run as Tanzania Railway Ltd, with the government owning a 49% stake. In 2010, the government terminated the contract and resumed control, in 2007 the Deputy Minister for Infrastructure Maua Abeid Daftari proposed conversion to standard gauge. In 2008 tenders were sought for 1,000 mm -gauge steel sleepers convertible to 1,067 mm gauge, East African Railway Master Plan Central Line Rail transport in Tanzania TAZARA Transport in Tanzania Official website Optic Fibre Communications
21.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
22.
Institution of Mechanical Engineers
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The Institution of Mechanical Engineers is an independent engineering society, headquartered in central London, that represents mechanical engineers. The Institution was founded at the Queens Hotel, Birmingham, by George Stephenson in 1847 and it received a Royal Charter in 1930. The Institutions headquarters, purpose-built for the Institution in 1899, are situated at One Birdcage Walk, the first woman to be elected to the Institution was Verena Holmes in 1919. The Institution of Mechanical Engineers was founded on 27 January 1847, in the Queens Hotel next to Curzon Street railway station in Birmingham by the railway pioneer George Stephenson and others. Charles Beyer proposed that George Stephenson become the Institutions first President in 1847, followed by his son, Robert Stephenson, Beyer became Vice President and was one of the first to present papers to the Institution, Charles Geach was the IMechEs first treasurer. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries some of Britains most notable engineers held the position of President, including Joseph Whitworth, Carl Wilhelm Siemens and it operated from premises in Birmingham until 1877 when it moved to London, taking up its present headquarters on Birdcage Walk in 1899. Upon its move to London in 1877, the Institution rented premises at No 10 Victoria Chambers, in 1895 the Institution bought a plot of land at Storeys Gate, on the eastern end of Birdcage Walk, for £9,500. Architect Basil Slade looked to the newly completed Admiralty buildings facing the site for inspiration, the building was designed in the Queen Anne, streaky bacon, style in red brick and Portland stone. In 1933 architect James Miller, who designed the neighbouring Institution of Civil Engineers, remodelled the building, expanding the library. The building would go on to host the first public presentation of Frank Whittles jet engine in 1945, in 1943 it became the venue for the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers planning of Operation Overlord and the invasion of Normandy. AMIMechE, Associate Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, this is the grade for graduates MIMechE, for those who meet the educational and professional requirements for registration as a Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer or Engineering Technician in Mechanical Engineering. FIMechE, Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and this is the highest class of elected membership, and is awarded to individuals who have demonstrated exceptional commitment to and innovation in mechanical engineering. The Engineering Heritage Awards were created in 1984 to help recognise and promote the value of artefacts, locations, collections, along with The Manufacturer, the Institution also runs The Manufacturer MX Awards, and Formula Student, the worlds largest student motorsport event. As of 2016, there have been 131 presidents of the Institution, the first president was George Stephenson, followed by his son Robert. Joseph Whitworth, John Penn and William Armstrong are the persons to have served two terms. Pamela Liversidge in 1997-98 was the first female president and Professor Isobel Pollock became the second in May 2012, the Institution of Mechanical Engineers has a number of committees that work to promote and develop thought leadership in different industry sectors. This committee offers, seminars, lectures and conferences every year, the Journal of Engineering in Medicine, the Railway Division was formed in 1969 when IMechE amalgamated with the Institution of Locomotive Engineers
23.
DGEG
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The German Railway History Company or DGEG is a society concerned with the history of the railways. The society was founded on 22 April 1967 in Karlsruhe and was entered on the register of clubs. In 1981 then, the DGEG Railway Museum of Neustadt/Weinstraße emerged, today the Würzburg Railway Museum is also operated by DGEG. The society owns by far the largest and most valuable collection of railway vehicles and these include, The Bochum Dahlhausen Railway Museum. The Neustadt/Weinstraße Railway Museum, that is located in the vicinity of the main station at Neustadt an der Weinstraße. The DGEG operates the Little Cuckoo Railway from there, using its own rolling stock, the collection of narrow gauge vehicles was dissolved and museum operations on the Jagsttal line had to be given up on the closure of the route. The DGEG has around 2,000 members at present, that in regions and towns have also formed membership groups. The office is located in Werl, the museums in Bochum, Neustadt und Würzburg are legally dependant profit centres within the society, the museum in Bochum is still a limited company. Together this forms a charitable setup from which the DGEG can be operated, in addition to this charitable base, there is a commercial one, that is called the DGEG Holding AG. Included in this company are the, DGEG Bahnen und Reisen Bochum AG. DGEG Bahnen und Reisen Neustadt GmbH DGEG Bahnen und Reisen Würzburg GmbH DGEG-Medien GmbH, a publisher based in Hövelhof, bavarian Localbahn Society which came from the DGEG. lokomotive-online. com/bayern. htm There is an English-language discussion forum at Railways of Germany
24.
Motor ship
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A motor ship or motor vessel is a ship propelled by an internal combustion engine, usually a diesel engine. The names of ships are often prefixed with MS, M/S. Engines for motorships were developed during the 1890s, and by early-20th century, gas turbine ship — prefix for a jet-engine/turbine propelled ship. Steamship — a steamship is a ship propelled by an engine or steam turbine. The name of ships are often prefixed with SS or S/S. Royal Mail Ship - Royal Mail steamer, or ship Ship prefix
25.
MV Liemba
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MV Liemba, formerly Graf Goetzen or Graf von Goetzen, is a passenger and cargo ferry that runs along the eastern shore of Lake Tanganyika. The Marine Services Company Limited of Tanzania sails her, with stops to pick up and set down passengers. Graf von Goetzen was built in 1913 in Germany, and was one of three vessels the German Empire used to control Lake Tanganyika during the part of the First World War. Her captain had her scuttled on 26 July 1916 in Katabe Bay during the German retreat from Kigoma, in 1924, a British Royal Navy salvage team raised her and in 1927 she returned to service as Liemba. Liemba is the last vessel of the German Imperial Navy still actively sailing anywhere in the world, Liemba was the inspiration for the German gunboat Luisa in C. S. Foresters 1935 novel The African Queen, and John Hustons subsequent film version. The ship featured in the 1992 BBC Television travel series Pole to Pole, breadbox Productions in the US released a feature documentary film on the ship Liemba, narrated by Chiwoniso Maraire, in 2010. The Meyer-Werft Shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, built Goetzen in 1913 and named her after Count Gustav Adolf Graf von Götzen, Goetzen was designed to serve as a passenger and cargo ferry in conjunction with the Ostafrikanische Eisenbahngesellschaft. After preliminary assembly Goetzen was taken apart and shipped in 5000 boxes loaded on three vessels to Dar es Salaam in German East Africa. From there the trains of the Mittellandbahn carried the boxes to Kigoma and she was rebuilt there in 1914 and launched on 5 February 1915. Originally the ship had seven first class cabins and five second class cabins, as well as first, the machinery consisted at first of two round boilers for steam for the two triple expansion engines with a power rating of 250 indicated horsepower per engine. She also had an ice and cooling unit in an insulated cold storage with a capacity of 3 kilograms of ice per hour, and a lighting. The ship was designed for a crew of 64 men, during World War I the Germans converted Goetzen to an auxiliary warship under the name SMS Goetzen. They gave her a 10.5 cm gun from the light cruiser SMS Königsberg, a no longer operational. She also received an 8.8 cm gun, one of two that Königsberg had brought out from Germany to arm auxiliary cruisers should the opportunity arise, lastly, the survey ship SMS Möwe contributed two 37 mm Hotchkiss revolver guns to Goetzens armament. The Germans appointed Oberleutnant zur See Siebel captain of Goetzen, under his command Goetzen initially gave the Germans complete supremacy on Lake Tanganyika. She ferried cargo and personnel across the lake, and provided a base from which to launch attacks on Allied troops. It therefore became essential for the Allied forces to control of the lake themselves. The British then launched their two boats at Albertville on the shore of Lake Tanganyika
26.
MV Mwongozo
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MV Mwongozo is a mixed passenger and cargo ferry on Lake Tanganyika operated by the Marine Services Company Limited. She can carry up to 800 passengers and 80 tons of cargo and her accommodation includes open sleeping areas, individual cabins and a passenger dining saloon. She can take cars and small trucks on her forward deck, Mwongozo normally plies a daily route between Kigoma and Bujumbura. The journey takes about 14 hours, mSCs other Lake Tanganyika ferry, MV Liemba, operates the route to Zambia. Mwongozo was built by a Finnish company for the Tanzania Railways Corporation and her original route was a weekly return route from Bujumbura, Burundi to Mpulungu, Zambia, calling at Kigoma, Tanzania and various small settlements along the Tanzanian coast of the lake. Also in 1997, TRCs inland shipping division became a separate company, regional instabilities during the early 2000s lead to an increase of piracy on Lake Tanganyika. In 2001 and 2002 Mwongozo was attacked twice by pirates resulting in thousands of dollars of loss to passengers and substantial damage to the hull, service between Kigoma and Bujumbura was suspended for a year after the second attack
27.
Oil tanker
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An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a merchant ship designed for the bulk transport of oil. There are two types of oil tankers, crude tankers and product tankers. Crude tankers move large quantities of unrefined oil from its point of extraction to refineries. Product tankers, generally smaller, are designed to move refined products from refineries to points near consuming markets. Oil tankers are often classified by their size as well as their occupation, the size classes range from inland or coastal tankers of a few thousand metric tons of deadweight to the mammoth ultra large crude carriers of 550,000 DWT. Tankers move approximately 2,000,000,000 metric tons of oil every year, second only to pipelines in terms of efficiency, the average cost of oil transport by tanker amounts to only two or three United States cents per 1 US gallon. Some specialized types of oil tankers have evolved, one of these is the naval replenishment oiler, a tanker which can fuel a moving vessel. Combination ore-bulk-oil carriers and permanently moored floating storage units are two variations on the standard oil tanker design. Oil tankers have been involved in a number of damaging and high-profile oil spills, as a result, they are subject to stringent design and operational regulations. The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry, although anthropogenic use of oil reaches to prehistory, the first modern commercial exploitation dates back to James Youngs manufacture of paraffin in 1850. In the early 1850s, oil began to be exported from Upper Burma, the oil was moved in earthenware vessels to the river bank where it was then poured into boat holds for transportation to Britain. In the 1860s, Pennsylvania oil fields became a supplier of oil. Break-bulk boats and barges were used to transport Pennsylvania oil in 40-US-gallon wooden barrels. But transport by barrel had several problems, the first problem was weight, the standard empty barrel weighed 64 pounds, representing 20% of the total weight of a full barrel. Other problems with barrels were their expense, their tendency to leak, the expense was significant, for example, in the early years of the Russian oil industry, barrels accounted for half the cost of petroleum production. In 1863, two tankers were built on Englands River Tyne. These were followed in 1873 by the first oil-tank steamer, Vaderland, the vessels use was curtailed by U. S. and Belgian authorities citing safety concerns. By 1871, the Pennsylvania oil fields were making limited use of oil tank barges, the modern oil tanker was developed in the period from 1877 to 1885
28.
Merchant vessel
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A merchant vessel or trading vessel is a boat or ship that transports cargo or carries passengers for hire. This excludes pleasure craft that do not carry passengers for hire, most countries of the world operate fleets of merchant ships. However, due to the costs of operations, today these fleets are in many cases sailing under the flags of nations that specialize in providing manpower. Such flags are known as flags of convenience, currently, Liberia and Panama are particularly favoured. Ownership of the vessels can be by any country, however, the Greek-owned fleet is the largest in the world. Today, the Greek fleet accounts for some 16 per cent of the world’s tonnage, during wars, merchant ships may be used as auxiliaries to the navies of their respective countries, and are called upon to deliver military personnel and materiel. The term commercial vessel is defined by the United States Coast Guard as any vessel engaged in trade or that carries passengers for hire. In English, Merchant Navy without further clarification is used to refer to the British Merchant Navy, general cargo ships include multi-purpose and project vessels and roll-on/roll-off cargo. A cargo ship or freighter is any sort of ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, thousands of cargo carriers ply the worlds seas and oceans each year, they handle the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload. Dry cargo ships today are mainly bulk carriers and container ships, bulk carriers or bulkers are used for the transportation of homogeneous cargo such as coal, rubber, copra, tin, and wheat. Container ships are used for the carriage of miscellaneous goods, a bulk carrier is an ocean-going vessel used to transport bulk cargo items such as iron ore, bauxite, coal, cement, grain and similar cargo. Bulk carriers can be recognized by large box-like hatches on deck, the dimensions of bulk carriers are often determined by the ports and sea routes that they need to serve, and by the maximum width of the Panama Canal. Most lakes are too small to accommodate bulk carriers, but a large fleet of lake freighters has been plying the Great Lakes, container ships are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size containers, in a technique called containerization. They form a common means of commercial freight transport. A tanker is a designed to transport liquids in bulk. Tankers can range in size from several hundred tons, designed to serve small harbours and coastal settlements, to several hundred thousand tons, gas Carriers such as LNG carriers as they are typically known, are a relatively rare tanker designed to carry liquefied natural gas. It has a deadweight of 565 thousand metric tons and length of about 458 meters, the use of such large ships is in fact very unprofitable, due to the inability to operate them at full cargo capacity, hence, the production of supertankers has currently ceased
29.
Charles W. Morgan (ship)
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Charles W. Morgan is an American whaling ship built in 1841 whose active service period was during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Ships of this type were used to harvest the blubber of whales for whale oil. The ship has served as a ship since the 1940s. She is the worlds oldest surviving merchant vessel, and the surviving wooden whaling ship from the 19th century American merchant fleet. She was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1966, Charles Waln Morgan chose Jethro and Zachariah Hillmans shipyard in New Bedford, Massachusetts to construct a new ship. Charles W. Morgans live oak keel was laid down in February 1841, the bow and stern pieces of live oak were secured to the keel by an apron piece. The sturdy stern post was strengthened with hemlock root and white oak, yellow pine shipped from North Carolina was used for the ships beams and hemlock or hackmatack was used for the hanging knees. Construction of Charles W. Morgan proceeded until April 19,1841, the strike gathered support until it encompassed the shipyard, the oil refineries, and the cooper shops, Morgan was appointed chairman of the employers and given the task of resolving the strike. Morgan opposed their demands, and a meeting with four master mechanics ended in failure, on May 6, an agreement was reached when the workers accepted a ten-and-a-half-hour workday. Work resumed on the ship without incident and she was launched on July 21,1841, the ship was registered as a caravel of 106 1⁄2 feet in length,27 feet 2 1⁄2 inches inches in breadth, and 13 feet 7 1⁄4 inches in depth. The ship was outfitted at Rotchs Wharf for the two months while preparations were made for its first voyage. The eponymous name, Charles W. Morgan, was rejected by her namesake builder before being used. Captain Thomas Norton sailed Charles W. Morgan into the Atlantic alongside Adeline Gibbs, a stop was made at Porto Pim on Faial Island to gather supplies before crossing the Atlantic. The ship passed Cape Horn, then charted a course to the north, on December 13, the men launched in their whaling boats and took their first whale, harpooning and killing it with the thrust of a lance under the side fin. Charles W. Morgan entered the port of Callau in early February, in 1844, the ship sailed to the Kodiak Grounds before sailing for home on August 18. Charles W. Morgan returned to her port in New Bedford on January 2,1845.56. In her 80 years of service from her port of New Bedford, Massachusetts. Charles W. Morgan, in total, brought home 54,483 barrels of sperm and she sailed in the Indian and South Atlantic Oceans, surviving ice and snow storms
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SS Great Britain
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SS Great Britain is a museum ship and former passenger steamship, which was advanced for her time. She was the longest passenger ship in the world from 1845 to 1854 and she was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for the Great Western Steamship Companys transatlantic service between Bristol and New York. While other ships had been built of iron or equipped with a screw propeller and she was the first iron steamer to cross the Atlantic, which she did in 1845, in the time of 14 days. The ship is 322 ft in length and has a 3 and she was powered by two inclined 2 cylinder engines of the direct-acting type, with twin 88 in bore, 6-foot stroke cylinders. She was also provided with secondary sail power, the four decks provided accommodation for a crew of 120, plus 360 passengers who were provided with cabins, dining, and promenade saloons. When launched in 1843, Great Britain was by far the largest vessel afloat, in 1852 she was sold for salvage and repaired. Great Britain carried thousands of immigrants to Australia from 1852 until converted to sail in 1881, three years later, she was retired to the Falkland Islands where she was used as a warehouse, quarantine ship and coal hulk until scuttled in 1937. In 1970, following a donation by Sir Jack Hayward that paid for the vessel to be towed back to the UK. Now listed as part of the National Historic Fleet, she is a visitor attraction and museum ship in Bristol Harbour. After the initial success of its first liner, SS Great Western of 1838, the same engineering team that had collaborated so successfully on Great Western—Isambard Brunel, Thomas Guppy, Christopher Claxton and William Patterson—was again assembled. This time however, Brunel, whose reputation was at its height, construction was carried out in a specially adapted dry dock in Bristol, England. Two chance encounters were to affect the design of Great Britain. In late 1838, John Lairds 213-foot English Channel packet ship Rainbow—the largest iron-hulled ship then in service—made a stop at Bristol, Brunel despatched his associates Christopher Claxton and William Patterson to make a return voyage to Antwerp on Rainbow to assess the utility of the new building material. Both men returned as converts to iron-hulled technology, and Brunel scrapped his plans to build a wooden ship, Great Britains builders recognised a number of advantages of iron over the traditional wooden hull. Wood was becoming more expensive, while iron was getting cheaper, Iron hulls were not subject to dry rot or woodworm, and they were also lighter in weight and less bulky. The chief advantage of the hull was its much greater structural strength. The practical limit on the length of a ship is about 300 feet. Iron hulls are far less subject to hogging, so that the size of an iron-hulled ship is much greater
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Edwin Fox
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Edwin Fox is the worlds second oldest surviving merchant sailing ship and the only surviving ship that transported convicts to Australia. She is unique in that she is the only intact hull of a wooden sailing ship built to British specifications surviving in the world outside the Falkland Islands. Edwin Fox carried settlers to both Australia and New Zealand and carried troops in the Crimean War, the ship is dry-docked at The Edwin Fox Maritime Centre at Picton in New Zealand. She was built of teak in Calcutta in 1853 and her voyage was to London via the Cape of Good Hope. She then went into service in the Crimean War as a troop ship, on 14 February 1856 she began her first voyage to Melbourne, Australia, carrying passengers, then moved to trading between Chinese ports. In 1858 she was chartered by the British Government as a ship bound for Fremantle. Conditions on board for the four to six-month voyage were harsh and luggage strictly limited, on arrival they often found conditions much harsher than expected, and were also faced with being cut off from family and friends in distant Europe, sometimes for life. Edwin Fox was overtaken by the age of steam, and in the 1880s she was refitted as a floating freezer hulk for the sheep industry in New Zealand. She was towed to Picton in the South Island on 12 January 1897 where she continued as a freezer ship. By this time she had long since lost her rigging and masts, and suffered holes cut in her sides, the ship was in use until 1950, then abandoned to rot at her moorings. In 1965 she was bought by the Edwin Fox Society for the sum of one shilling. In 1967 she was towed to Shakespeare Bay where she remained for the next 20 years, after much further fundraising the ship was refloated and towed to her final home, a dry dock on the Picton waterfront. She floated in and the dock was drained to begin restoration, initially it was planned to restore the ship completely, replacing rigging and refurbishing the interior. It has since decided that this is not practical, not only for reasons of finance. She is thus preserved as a hull with an adjacent informative museum, the trust are also looking for sponsors to continue their work on this unique vessel. She has been given a category I registration from Heritage New Zealand, the Edwin Fox, Picton, New Zealand from H2G2
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Star of India (ship)
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Star of India was built in 1863 at Ramsey in the Isle of Man as Euterpe, a full-rigged iron windjammer ship. After a full career sailing from Great Britain to India and New Zealand, retired in 1926, she was not restored until 1962–63 and is now a seaworthy museum ship home-ported at the Maritime Museum of San Diego in San Diego, California. She is the oldest ship still sailing regularly and also the oldest iron-hulled merchant ship still floating, the ship is both a California Historical Landmark and United States National Historic Landmark. She was launched on 14 November 1863, and assigned British Registration No.47617, euterpes career had a rough beginning. She sailed for Calcutta from Liverpool on 9 January 1864, under the command of Captain William John Storry, a collision with an unlit Spanish brig off the coast of Wales carried away the jib-boom and damaged other rigging. The crew became mutinous, refusing to continue, and she returned to Anglesey to repair,17 of the crew were confined to the Beaumaris Jail at hard labor. Then, in 1865, Euterpe was forced to cut away her masts in a gale in the Bay of Bengal off Madras and limped to Trincomalee, Captain Storry died during the return voyage to England and was buried at sea. In late 1871 she began twenty-five years of carrying passengers and freight in the New Zealand emigrant trade, the fastest of her 21 passages to New Zealand took 100 days, the longest 143 days. She also made ports of call in Australia, California, a baby was born on one of those trips en route to New Zealand, and was given the middle name Euterpe. Another child, John William Philips Palmer, was born on the 1873 journey to Dunedin, New Zealand and she was registered in the United States on 30 October 1900. In 1906, the Association changed her name to be consistent with the rest of their fleet and she was laid up in 1923 after 22 Alaskan voyages, by that time, steam ruled the seas. In 1926, Star of India was sold to the Zoological Society of San Diego, California, the Great Depression and World War II caused that plan to be canceled, and it was not until 1957 that restoration began. Alan Villiers, a captain and author, came to San Diego on a lecture tour. Seeing Star of India decaying in the harbor, he publicized the situation, progress was still slow, but in 1976, Star of India finally put to sea again. She houses exhibits for the Maritime Museum of San Diego, is kept fully seaworthy, unlike many preserved or restored vessels, her hull, cabins and equipment are nearly 100% original. This location is slightly west of downtown San Diego, California, the other ships belonging to the Maritime Museum are always docked to the north of Star of India. Her nearest neighbor – since 2007 – is HMS Surprise, a replica of a British frigate, when she sails, Star of India often remains within sight of the coast of San Diego County, and usually returns to her dock within a day. She is sailed by a volunteer crew of Maritime Museum members
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City of Adelaide (1864)
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City of Adelaide is a clipper ship, built in Sunderland, England, and launched on 7 May 1864. The ship was commissioned in the Royal Navy as HMS Carrick between 1923 and 1948 and, after decommissioning, was known as Carrick until 2001. At a conference convened by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh in 2001, the decision was made to revert the name to City of Adelaide. City of Adelaide was built by William Pile, Hay and Co. for transporting passengers, between 1864 and 1887 the ship made 23 annual return voyages from London and Plymouth to Adelaide, South Australia. During this period she played an important part in the immigration of Australia, on the return voyages she carried passengers, wool, and copper from Adelaide and Port Augusta to London. From 1869 to 1885 she was part of Harrold Brothers Adelaide Line of clippers, after 1887 the ship carried coal around the British coast, and timber across the Atlantic. In 1893 she became a hospital in Southampton, and in 1923 was purchased by the Royal Navy. Converted as a ship, she was also renamed HMS Carrick to avoid confusion with the newly commissioned HMAS Adelaide. HMS Carrick was based in Scotland until 1948 when she was decommissioned and donated to the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve Club, Carrick remained on the River Clyde until 1989 when she was damaged by flooding. In order to safeguard the vessel she was protected as a listed building, Carrick was recovered by the Scottish Maritime Museum the following year, and moved to a private slipway adjacent to the museums site in Irvine. Restoration work began, but funding ceased in 1999, and from 2000 the future of the ship was in doubt, in 2010, the Scottish Government decided that the ship would be moved to Adelaide, to be preserved as a museum ship. In September 2013 the ship moved by barge from Scotland to the Netherlands to prepare for transport to Australia. In late November 2013, loaded on the deck of a ship, City of Adelaide departed Europe bound for Port Adelaide, Australia. City of Adelaide is the worlds oldest surviving clipper ship, of two that survive — the other is Cutty Sark. With Cutty Sark and HMS Gannet, City of Adelaide is one of three surviving ocean-going ships of composite construction to survive. City of Adelaide is one of three surviving sailing ships, and the only of these a passenger ship, to have taken emigrants from the British Isles, City of Adelaide is the only surviving purpose-built passenger sailing ship. Adding to her significance as an emigrant ship, City of Adelaide is the last survivor of the trade between North America and the United Kingdom. Having been built in the prior to Lloyds Register publishing their rules for composite ships
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El Mahrousa
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El Mahrousa, officially renamed for a period of time as El Horreya, is a super yacht that currently serves as Egypts presidential yacht, and before that as the countrys royal yacht. It was built by the London-based Samuda Brothers company in 1863 at the order of Khedive Ismail Pasha and it is the oldest active yacht in the world and the seventh largest one. It also witnessed much of Egypts modern history since it was first commissioned in the 19th century up till now. This marked the end of the monarchy in Egypt following the 1952 revolution, the ship continued to play a role in the countrys post-revolutionary history and participated in the 1976 United States Bicentennial celebrations. It took Egypts president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, to locations and it notably sailed with President Anwar Sadat to Jaffa, Israel. It was renamed back to El Mahrousa in 2000 and recently became the first ship to cross the New Suez Canal extension in 2015 and she was built by the Samuda Brothers on the River Thames and designed by Oliver Lang along the same lines as HMY Victoria and Albert II. Twice in the ships history significant alterations to the shops length were carried out, firstly by 40 feet in 1872, with a further 16.5 feet being added in 1905. Inglis were one of the first companies to be granted a license by the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company, in 1869, Mahroussa gained fame as the first ship to pass through the newly completed Suez Canal as part of the opening ceremony. She spent most of her career in the eastern Mediterranean, in 1984 its title as the largest yacht was taken by Prince Abdulaziz, after having retained it for 119 years. Presently, the ship is cared for by the Egyptian Navy, the ship goes to sea about three times a year, usually for just a day. On September 10,2000 after visiting the El Horreya, ex-president Mubarak changed the back to her original name Mahroussa On August 6,2015. List of motor yachts by length
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Cutty Sark
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Cutty Sark is a British clipper ship. She continued as a ship until purchased in 1922 by retired sea captain Wilfred Dowman. After his death, Cutty Sark was transferred to the Thames Nautical Training College, by 1954, she had ceased to be useful as a cadet ship and was transferred to permanent dry dock at Greenwich, London, for public display. Cutty Sark is listed by National Historic Ships as part of the National Historic Fleet, the ship has been damaged by fire twice in recent years, first on 21 May 2007 while undergoing conservation. She was restored and was reopened to the public on 25 April 2012, on 19 October 2014 she was damaged in a smaller fire. Cutty Sark was ordered by shipping magnate John Willis, who operated a company founded by his father. The company had a fleet of clippers and regularly took part in the tea trade from China to Britain. In 1868 the brand new Aberdeen built clipper Thermopylae set a time of 61 days port to port on her maiden voyage from London to Melbourne. It is uncertain how the shape for Cutty Sark was chosen. Willis chose Hercules Linton to design and build the ship but Willis already possessed another ship, The Tweed, which he considered to have exceptional performance. The Tweed was a designed by Oliver Lang based on the lines of an old French frigate. She and a ship were purchased by Willis, who promptly sold the second ship plus engines from The Tweed for more than he paid for both. The Tweed was then lengthened and operated as a fast sailing vessel, Willis also commissioned two all-iron clippers with designs based upon The Tweed, Halloween and Blackadder. Linton was taken to view The Tweed in dry dock, Willis considered that The Tweeds bow shape was responsible for its notable performance, and this form seems to have been adopted for Cutty Sark. Linton, however, felt that the stern was too barrel shaped, the broader stern increased the buoyancy of the ships stern, making it lift more in heavy seas so it was less likely that waves would break over the stern, and over the helmsman at the wheel. The square bilge was carried forward through the centre of the ship, in the matter of masts Cutty Sark also followed the design of The Tweed, with similar good rake and with the foremast on both ships being placed further aft than was usual. A contract for Cutty Sarks construction was signed on 1 February 1869 with the firm of Scott & Linton and their shipyard was at Dumbarton on the River Leven on a site previously occupied by shipbuilders William Denny & Brothers. The contract required the ship to be completed six months at a contracted price of £17 per ton
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Lewis R. French (schooner)
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Lewis R. French is a gaff-rigged topsail schooner sailing out of Camden, Maine as a Maine windjammer offering weeklong cruises to tourists. Built in 1871, she is the oldest known two-masted schooner in the United States and she was designated a US National Historic Landmark in 1992. The Lewis R. French was launched in 1871 in Christmas Cove in the town of South Bristol and she is 64.7 feet long, has a 18. 8-foot beam, and draws 7 feet with a full keel. Sail is her only means of power and her frame is of double-sawn oak and her planking is white pine. Fastenings were originally treenails, but were replaced during restoration by spiking, according to her current owners website and to researcher and author Virginia L. Thorndike, the schooner was built by the sons of Maine storekeeper Lewis R. French and named for their father. Joseph W. French was her first master, at first used in the coasting trade, she was operated as a fishing vessel between 1877 and 1888 before again returning to coasting. In 1928 her masts were removed and she was converted to engine power and she remained in the coasting trade, carrying all manner of cargo, until 1973, when she was purchased by John Foss. He spent three years restoring the vessel to its original sailing condition and outfitting its hold for passengers, since 1976 she has been in the tourist trade on the Maine coast. She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 and she is the oldest two-masted schooner in the United States, and is one of only two that has a full keel. She is the oldest sailing ship built in Maine, and the known surviving Maine-built schooner. List of National Historic Landmarks in Maine National Register of Historic Places listings in Knox County, Maine List of schooners Schooner French web site
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James Craig (barque)
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James Craig is a three-masted, iron-hulled barque restored and sailed by the Sydney Heritage Fleet, Sydney, Australia. Built in 1874 in Sunderland, England, by Bartram, Haswell and she was employed carrying cargo around the world, and rounded Cape Horn 23 times in 26 years. In 1900 she was acquired by Mr J J Craig, renamed James Craig in 1905, unable to compete profitably with freight cargo, in later years James Craig was used as a collier. Like many other sailing ships of her vintage, she fell victim to the advance of steamships, in 1932 she was sunk by fishermen who blasted a 3-metre hole in her stern. Restoration of James Craig began in 1972, when volunteers from the Lady Hopetoun and Port Jackson Marine Steam Museum refloated her, brought back to Sydney under tow in 1981, her hull was placed on a submersible pontoon to allow work on the hull restoration to proceed. Over twenty-five years, the vessel was restored, repaired by both paid craftspeople and volunteers and relaunched in 1997, in 2001 restoration work was completed and she now goes to sea again. A DVD on her restoration has been produced and available from the Sydney Heritage Fleet, James Craig is currently berthed at Wharf 7 of Darling Harbour, near the Australian National Maritime Museum. She is open to the public, and takes passengers out sailing on Sydney Harbour and she is crewed and maintained by volunteers from the Sydney Heritage Fleet. The ship has now made historic return voyages to Hobart and to Port Philip in 2006 and 2008, the voyages to Hobart to coincide with the Wooden Boat Festival. In October 2013 James Craig participated in the International Fleet Review 2013 in Sydney, James Craig is of exceptional historical value in that she is one of only four 19th century barques in the world that still go regularly to sea. She sails out through the Sydney heads fortnightly, when not on voyages to Melbourne, as such she is a working link to a time when similar ships carried the bulk of global commerce in their holds. Thousands of similar ships plied the oceans in the 19th and early 20th centuries linking the old world and she is sailed in the traditional 19th Century manner entirely by volunteers from the Master to the galley crew. Her running rigging consists of 140 lines secured to belaying pins, many of the crew know each rope by name. She achieved 11.3 knots on a voyage from Melbourne in February 2006. The James Craig, her history, recovery and restoration Jeff Toghill The James Craig story Jeff Toghill Welcome Aboard James Craig, flyer for visitors to the ship, Sydney Heritage Fleet, Sydney,2008. The James Craig restoration - archived website from the James Craig Restoration Division, Sydney Heritage Fleet, 1999–2002
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County of Peebles (ship)
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County of Peebles was the worlds first four-masted, iron-hulled full-rigged ship, built in 1875 by Barclay Curle Shipbuilders in Glasgow, Scotland for the shipping firm R & J Craig of Glasgow. Her rig was in the Scottish style i. e. Royal sails above double top-sails, R & J Craig ordered a further eleven similar four-masted full-rigged ships for the thriving Indian jute trade, forming what was referred to as the Scottish East India Line. In 1898, County of Peebles was sold to the Chilean Navy, renamed Muñoz Gamero, she was used as a coal hulk at Punta Arenas on the Strait of Magellan. In the mid-1960s she was beached as a breakwater in Punta Arenas, where she lies today with cut-down masts
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Elissa (ship)
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The tall ship Elissa is a three-masted barque. She is currently moored in Galveston, Texas, and is one of the oldest ships sailing today, Elissa was built in Aberdeen, Scotland as a merchant vessel in a time when steamships were overtaking sailing ships. She was originally launched on October 27,1877, according to the descendants of Henry Fowler Watt, Elissas builder, she was named for the Queen of Carthage, Elissa, Aeneas tragic lover in the epic poem The Aeneid. Elissa also sailed under Norwegian and Swedish flags, in Norway she was known as the Fjeld of Tønsberg and her master was Captain Herman Andersen. In Sweden her name was Gustav of Gothenburg, in 1918, she was converted into a two-masted brigantine and an engine was installed. She was sold to Finland in 1930 and reconverted into a schooner, in 1959, she was sold to Greece, and successively sailed under the names Christophoros, in 1967 as Achaeos, and in 1969 as Pioneer. In 1970, she was rescued from destruction in Piraeus after being purchased for the San Francisco Maritime Museum, however, she languished in a salvage yard in Piraeus until she was purchased for $40,000, in 1975, by the Galveston Historical Foundation, her current owners. In 1979, after a year in Greece having repairs done to her hull, there, she was prepared for an ocean tow by Captain Jim Currie of the New Orleans surveyors J. K. The restoration process continued until she was ready for tow on June 7,1979, Elissa has an iron hull, and the pin rail and bright work is made of teak. Her masts are Douglas fir from Oregon, and her 19 sails were made in Maine and she has survived numerous modifications including installation of an engine, and the incremental removal of all her rigging and masts. Elissa made her first voyage as a sailing ship in 1985, traveling to Corpus Christi. In Freeport the crew was joined by seventh grader Jerry Diegel and Betty Rusk, his history, a year later, she sailed to New York City to take part in the Statue of Libertys centennial celebrations. When shes not sailing, Elissa is moored at the Texas Seaport Museum in Galveston, public tours are available year-round-provided she is not out sailing. The ship is sailed and maintained by qualified volunteers from around the nation, in July 2011, the U. S. Coast Guard declared Elissa to be not seaworthy. Officials at the Texas Seaport Museum in Galveston where Elissa is berthed were astonished when a Coast Guard inspection in 2011 revealed a corroded hull, the tall ship is inspected twice every five years, said John Schaumburg, museum assistant director. The 2011 inspection uncovered the worst corrosion since the ship was rebuilt in 1982. Texas Seaport Museum raised the $3 million that paid for hull replacement and other long-overdue maintenance projects, the museum also replaced the 22,000 board feet of Douglas fir decking. Including building new quarter deck furniture out of high quality teak, Elissa returned to sailing once again in March 2014
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Governor Stone (schooner)
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Governor Stone is a historic schooner, built in 1877, in Pascagoula, Mississippi as a cargo freighter, United States. On 4 December 1991, she was added to the US National Register of Historic Places, one year later, the schooner was designated a US National Historic Landmark. She became part of Eden Gardens State Park in 2003, however, the water in Tucker Bayou next to the park was too shallow for the boat to dock there. She was in Sandestin for a time, then moved to Bay County. In 2007, the schooner was towed to a marina in Fort Walton Beach, in 2014, it was moved again to Panama City. List of schooners Delgado, James P. Maritime Heritage of the United State NHL Themes Study Large Vessels / Governor Stone
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Falls of Clyde (ship)
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Falls of Clyde is the last surviving iron-hulled, four-masted full-rigged ship, and the only remaining sail-driven oil tanker. Designated a U. S. National Historic Landmark in 1989, she is now a museum ship in Honolulu and she is currently not open to the public. In September 2008, ownership was transferred to a new organization, the Friends of Falls of Clyde. Efforts to raise $1.5 million to get the ship into drydock have not succeeded as of 2015, an additional $30 million may be needed to fully restore the ship. In August,2016, the Harbors Division of the State of Hawaii impounded the ship, efforts are underway to convince the Governor to preserve the ship, including an online petition. Falls of Clyde was built in 1878 by Russell and Company in Port Glasgow, Inverclyde, Scotland, launched as the first of nine iron-hulled four-masted ships for Wright and Breakenridges Falls Line. She was named after the Falls of Clyde, a group of waterfalls on the River Clyde and her maiden voyage took her to Karachi, now in Pakistan, and her first six years were spent engaged in the India trade. She then became a tramp pursuing general cargo such as lumber, jute, cement, and wheat from ports in Australia, California, India, New Zealand, and the British Isles. To economize on crew, Matson rigged Falls of Clyde down as a barque, at the same time, he added a deckhouse, charthouse, and rearranged the after quarters to accommodate paying passengers. From 1899 to 1907, she made over sixty voyages between Hilo, Hawaii, and San Francisco, California, carrying general merchandise west, sugar east and she developed a reputation as a handy, fast, and commodious vessel, averaging 17 days each way on her voyages. In 1907, the Associated Oil Company bought Falls of Clyde, ten large steel tanks were built into her hull, and a pump room, boiler and generator fitted forward of an oil-tight bulkhead. In this configuration she brought kerosene to Hawaii and returned to California with molasses for cattle feed, in 1927, she was sold to the General Petroleum Company, her masts cut down, and converted into a floating fuel depot in Alaska. In 1959 she was purchased by William Mitchell, who towed her to Seattle, Washington, in 1963, the bank holding the mortgage on Falls of Clyde decided to sell her to be sunk as part of a breakwater at Vancouver, British Columbia. Kortum and Klebingat aroused interest in the ship in Hawaii, at the end of October 1963, Falls of Clyde was taken under tow bound for Honolulu. Falls of Clyde was given to the Bishop Museum and opened to the public in 1968, in 1970 the grandson of original 19th century designer William Lithgow was engaged to assist in her restoration as a full-rigged ship. Support came from Sir William Lithgow, the shipbuilder and industrialist, whose Port Glasgow shipyard donated new steel masts, in 1973 the ship was entered into the National Register of Historic Places, and declared a U. S. National Historic Landmark in 1989. The ship is now in poor condition, causes of the deterioration of the ship are multiple. The ship has not been dry docked for a long time, preventive maintenance was not performed, although it would have been relatively inexpensive
Kenya Colony
Kenya, Uganda
Tanzania
