1.
Skara Cathedral
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Skara Cathedral is a church in the Swedish town of Skara. The cathedral is the seat for the bishop of the Church of Sweden Diocese of Skara and its history is traced from the 11th century, but its current appearance is from the 13th century. The church has a crypt that was found in 1949 after having been buried under stones since the 13th century. A grave, containing a skeleton, was found in the crypt, the church is 65 meters long and the towers reach a height of 63 meters. Wideen, Harald, nd, Skara Domkyrka, kort historik och vägledning Skara Cathedral profile
2.
Valdemar, King of Sweden
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Valdemar, was King of Sweden from 1250–1275. Valdemar was the son of the Swedish princess Ingeborg Eriksdotter and Birger Jarl, during the first sixteen years of his reign, it was Birger Jarl who was the real ruler. Birger Jarl had in fact been the de facto ruler of Sweden from 1248, before the reign of Valdemar, Valdemars mother was a daughter of Eric X and Richeza of Denmark. When King Eric XI died in 1250, Valdemar was elected king, even after the coming of age of Valdemar in 1257, Birger Jarl held a grip over the country. After Birgers death in 1266 Valdemar came into conflict with his younger brother Magnus Birgersson, Duke of Södermanland, in 1260, Valdemar married Sophia, the eldest daughter of King Eric IV of Denmark and Jutta of Saxony. Valdemar also had a relationship with his sister-in-law Jutta, in 1272, Jutta visited Sweden and became Valdemars mistress. The affair resulted in a born in 1273. The following year, Jutta was placed in a convent and Valdemar was forced to make a pilgrimage to Rome to ask for the absolution of the Pope, Valdemar was deposed by his younger brother, Magnus after the Battle of Hova in Tiveden June 14,1275. Magnus was supported by his brother, Eric Birgersson, Duke of Småland, Magnus was elected King Magnus III of Sweden at the Stones of Mora. In 1277, Sophia separated from her spouse and returned to Denmark, in 1277, Valdemar managed to regain provinces in Gothenland in the southern part of the kingdom and was called the Duke of Götaland. However, Magnus regained them about 1278, in 1288 Valdemar was imprisoned by King Magnus in Nyköping Castle and lived openly with mistresses in his comfortable prison. Valdemar married Sofia of Denmark in 1260 and they separated in 1277 and they had six children, Ingeborg Valdemarsdotter of Sweden, Countess of Holstein, spouse of Gerhard II, Count of Holstein-Plön
3.
Birger, King of Sweden
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Birger was King of Sweden from 1290 to 1318. Birger was the son of King Magnus III and Hedwig of Holstein and he was hailed king of Sweden when he was four years old. This was done by his father in order to secure the succession, in 1275, King Magnus had led a rebellion against his elder brother, King Valdemar, and ousted him from the throne. King Magnus ordered his kinsman Torgils Knutsson, the Constable of the Realm, in 1293, Birger was crowned at Söderköping after marrying Martha, the daughter of King Eric V of Denmark. Birger was only ten years old when his father died, at which time Torgils Knutsson was the most influential statesman in Sweden, in 1293, Torgils Knutsson led the Swedes to a victory which won a part of western Karelia. This expedition has traditionally been dubbed as the Third Swedish Crusade, when Torgils Knutsson returned from leading the crusade in Finland, a feud had developed between the brothers. The kings brothers Erik Magnusson, Duke of Södermanland and Valdemar Magnusson, a civil war broke out, but by 1306 emotions had cooled to the point where the dukes acknowledged the son of Birger, Magnus Birgersson, as the successor to the throne. Torgils Knutsson, who was Duke Valdemars father-in-law, was executed in 1306 as a token of reconciliation between King Birger and his brothers. The same year, in an event known as the Håtuna games, Birger was taken captive by his brothers on the Håtuna royal estate in Uppland and taken as prisoner to Nyköping Castle. In 1308, Eric and Valdemar were forced by the Danish king to release King Birger, when King Birger was free, he sought aid in Denmark, and the strife began anew. In 1312, Duke Eric married Ingeborg of Norway, daughter of King Haakon V of Norway in a wedding in Oslo. At the same time, Erics brother Duke Valdemar married Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway, Duke Erik also held Bohuslän from Norway as well as northern Halland and was creating a separate kingdom centered on Göta älv. In 1317 however, Birger captured his brothers during the Nyköping Banquet, according to Erics Chronicle, the dukes were starved to death in a cellar of Nyköping Castle. Birger was ousted by his brothers supporters in 1318 and went into exile to his brother-in-law King Eric VI of Denmark and his son, Prince Magnus Birgersson, was executed at Stockholm. In 1319, the son of Duke Erik, King Magnus VII of Norway, was hailed King Magnus IV of Sweden under the Regency of his grandmother Queen Helvig. Magnus Birgersson Eric Birgersson Agnes Birgersdotter Katarina Birgersdotter In 2003, the band Falconer released The Sceptre of Deception, the album covers events during the reign of King Birger of Sweden and lengthy strife with his brothers, and the Danish and Norwegian crowns. Barck, Sven Eric, Persson, ÅkeKungligt skvaller genom tusen år, En annorlunda bok om svensk historia Lindqvist, Från islossning till kungarike Harrison, Dick Jarlens sekel, en berättelse om 1200-talets Sverige Bergman, Mats Nyköpingshus. En rundvandring i historia och nutid Mannervik, Cyrus Sagor och sägner – Från Nordens forntid och medeltid
4.
Riddarholm Church
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The Riddarholm Church is the burial church of the Swedish monarchs. It is located on the island of Riddarholmen, close to the Royal Palace in Stockholm, the congregation was dissolved in 1807 and today the church is used only for burial and commemorative purposes. Swedish monarchs from Gustavus Adolphus to Gustaf V are entombed here, as well as the earlier monarchs Magnus III and it has been discontinued as a royal burial site in favor of the Royal Cemetery and today is run by departments of the Swedish Government and Royal Court. It is one of the oldest buildings in Stockholm, parts of it dating to the late 13th century, after the Protestant Reformation, the monastery was closed and the building transformed into a Protestant church. A spire designed by Willem Boy was added during the reign of John III, coats of arms of knights of the Order of the Seraphim are on the walls of the church. When a knight of the Order dies, his coat of arms is hung in the church, gamla stan Storkyrkan The Riddarholm Church at the Royal Courts website
5.
Hedwig of Holstein
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Hedwig of Holstein or Helvig was a Swedish queen consort, spouse of King Magnus III of Sweden. She was the child of Gerhard I, Count of Holstein-Itzehoe, Hedwig was married to Magnus Ladulås in 1276, and was granted the fief of Dåvö in Munktorp in Västmanland. Magnus succeeded in preventing a Danish-Holstein alliance by marrying her, however, he had obtained a dispensation for their marriage only after the wedding. Her father was captured during the Folkunge party revolt by rebellious noblemen in Skara in 1278, the actions of the rebels were well timed, they coincided with her journey through Sweden. She sought refuge in the convent in the city, Hedwig was crowned Queen of Sweden in the city of Söderköping on 29 June 1281, this is the first confirmed coronation of a queen consort in Sweden. It included the prayers for her fertility, which was the matter of great importance and she founded the Greyfriars convent in Stockholm and several other churches and convents. As a queen, however, she is not very much heard of, despite the fact that she held the position for fourteen years, she lived a discreet life, both as a queen and as a dowager queen. She took a prominent part in processions which accompanied the inauguration of bishops, celebrations of a feast day, after the death of her spouse in 1290, Hedwig acted as one of the executors of the will of the King. In 1291, she withdrew to her estate Dåvö in Västmanland and she is not known to have taken any political role, formal or informal, during or after the reign of her spouse. She was described as a noble, loyal and peace-loving mother figure and she acted as a foster mother for her sons future bride, Martha of Denmark, who spent a lot of her childhood in Sweden as the future Queen of Sweden after 1290. In 1302, she was present at the coronation of her son, as dowager queen, she governed Fjärdhundraland, which was given to her as dower. Queen Hedwig is buried in Riddarholm Church in Stockholm, with her husband, hedwigs wedding took place at Kalmar castle the 11 November 1276 with king Magnus III Ladulås of Sweden. They had the children, Ingeborg Magnusdotter of Sweden, born abt. Married King Eric VI of Denmark, Erik Menved, Eric Magnusson, Duke of Södermanland in 1302 and Halland etc. Died of starvation 1318 at Nyköpingshus Castle while imprisoned by his brother, valdemar Magnusson, Duke of Finland in 1302 and Öland 1310. Died of starvation 1318 at Nyköpingshus castle while imprisoned by his brother King Birger, Richeza Magnusdotter of Sweden, abbess of the convent of St. Clara at Stockholm
6.
Ingeborg Magnusdotter of Sweden
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Princess Ingeborg Magnusdotter of Sweden, was a Danish queen consort, daughter of king Magnus III of Sweden and wife of king Eric VI of Denmark. Ingeborg was born a daughter of King Magnus III of Sweden, the dispensation necessary for the marriage was not obtained until 1297 because of the conflict between her spouse and the archbishop Jens Grand. Queen Ingeborg was described as beautiful and tender and she is not believed to have played any political role. In 1318, Queen Ingeborg gave birth to a son who lived, she showed him off to the public from her carriage, from which he fell from her grip, broke his neck and died. After this, she entered the convent of St. Clare in Roskilde of the sorrow, in 1319, she foretold the death of herself, her spouse and the archbishop, and soon after, she died followed by her husband
7.
Eric Magnusson (duke)
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Eric Magnusson was a Swedish prince, Duke of Svealand, Södermanland, Dalsland, Västergötland, Värmland and North Halland and heir to the throne of Sweden. He was the father of King Magnus who became king of both Norway and Sweden, Eric was born circa 1282, the second son of King Magnus III of Sweden and his Queen consort Helvig of Holstein. He later became the Duke of Södermanland and a part of Uppland in 1302, erik is reported as being more skilled and intelligent than his elder brother who became King Birger of Sweden. He was also bold and ambitious, and his social skills won him many allies and his younger brother Valdemar Magnusson, the duke of Finland, became his close ally and helped him in all his projects. King Birger, who feared his brothers plans, forced them to sign a paper, in 1304 and they then fled to Norway, but in 1305, they reconciled with the king and regained their duchies. Eric was also in possession of Kungahälla, which he had given during his exile by the Norwegian king. Duke Eric planned to topple Birgers marshal Torgils Knutsson who was in the way of his ambitious plans, as the clergy were in opposition to the marshal, they joined Eric. They prevailed on the weak Birger in 1306 to execute Torgils, little more than half a year later, Birger was imprisoned by his brothers, and his brothers took control of Sweden. Birgers brother-in-law, Eric VI of Denmark arrived with his army to support Birger, Haakon V of Norway, however, was on the side of the younger brothers. In 1308, Eric and Valdemar were forced by the Danish king to release Birger, when Birger was free, he sought aid in Denmark, and the strife began anew. The course of events turned against duke Eric, by concluding a peace treaty with the Danish king, unbeknownst to Haakon V, Eric lost Haakons trust. Håkon wanted to have Kungahälla back, but Eric refused, a war broke out between Haakon V of Norway and Eric in 1309, and the kings of Norway and Denmark concluded peace, and allied against the dukes. Through his strategic skills, Eric managed to out the storm, and defeated the Norwegians. He attacked Norway and reconquered Kungahälla, which he had lost to Haakon in 1310, finally, there was peace at Helsingborg, in which Sweden was divided between Birger and his brothers. Eric received Västergötland, Dalsland, Värmland and Kalmar County, as well was northern Halland as a fief from Denmark, in spite of the fact that Eric never returned Kungahälla, and broke almost all his promises to Haakon, he managed to win his approval. He married Haakon V of Norways 11-year-old daughter Ingeborg Haakonsdatter, in 1312, Eric married Ingeborg in a double wedding in Oslo. At the same time, Erics brother Valdemar Magnusson married Ingeborg Eriksdottir of Norway, in 1316 Eric and Ingeborg had a son, the future king Magnus IV of Sweden and in 1317 daughter Euphemia of Sweden. However, his career was stopped and his life was shortened by the treachery of his brother King Birger, the de jure ruler of Sweden
8.
Valdemar, Duke of Finland
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Valdemar Magnusson was a Swedish prince, heir to the throne of Sweden, and Duke of Finland. Valdemar was the son of Magnus III and Helvig of Holstein. He became Duke of Finland in 1302 at the coronation of his brother, Birger. Valdemar married Kristina, daughter of Torgils Knutsson, who was the constable, Valdemars father-in-law was arrested in December 1305 and executed the following February. Valdemar subsequently divorced his wife, claiming that they were related because Torgils was his godfather. In the fall of 1312 in Oslo, he married Ingeborg and it was a double wedding, because at the same time Valdemars brother Eric married Ingeborg, daughter of King Haakon V of Norway. Valdemar and Ingeborg had a son in 1316 who died as a child, in 1306, in an event known as the Håtuna games, King Birger was captured by his brothers on the Håtuna royal estate in Uppland and taken as prisoner to Nyköping Castle. Two years later, King Eric VI of Denmark forced Valdemar, King Birger sought aid in Denmark after his release and the strife resumed. By 1315, Valdemar and Eric had managed to wrest large parts of the Swedish kingdom from their brother. Valdemar had gained Turku and Häme castles, with a share of Finland, the castle of Stockholm, most of Uppland, Borgholm castle. Eric was in possession of Kungahälla and northern Halland, which he had been given by King Eric VI of Denmark, on December 10,1317, Valdemar and Eric were captured and imprisoned by Birger at the Nyköping Banquet. Valdemar and Erics wives assumed leadership roles after their husbands imprisonment and this treaty was not honored, and their husbands died later that same year. Although their exact cause of death is unknown, the brothers are thought to have been murdered or starved to death, the dower Ingeborg had included the island of Öland. Ingeborg was styled Duchess of Öland from at least 1340, surviving her husband long after his death. Från islossning till kungarike Harrison, Dick Jarlens sekel, en berättelse om 1200-talets Sverige Bergman, Mats Nyköpingshus
9.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
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