1.
Hip hop
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Hip hop is a subculture and art movement developed by African-Americans and Latinos from the inner-city South Bronx neighbourhood in New York City in the late 1970s. Jamaican immigrant DJ Kool Herc also played a key role in developing hip hop music, at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, Herc mixed samples of existing records and DJed percussion breaks, mixing this music with his own Jamaican-style toasting to rev up the crowd and dancers. These youths mixed these influences with existing musical styles associated with African Americans prior to the 1970s, Hip hop music became popular outside of the African-American community in the late 1980s, with the mainstream commercial success of gangsta rap. Critic Greg Tate described the hip hop movement as the only avant-garde still around, Hip hop culture has spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the United States and subsequently the world. These elements were adapted and developed considerably, particularly as the art spread to new continents and merged with local styles in the 1990s. Sampling older culture and re-using it in a new context or a new format is called flipping in hip hop culture. Hip hop music follows in the footsteps of earlier African-American-rooted musical genres such as blues, jazz, rag-time, funk, cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into his stage performance. The group frequently performed with artists who would refer to this new type of music by calling them hip hoppers. The name was meant as a sign of disrespect, but soon came to identify this new music. The song Rappers Delight, by The Sugarhill Gang, released in 1979, begins with the phrase I said a hip, hop the hippie the hippie to the hip hip hop, and you dont stop. Lovebug Starski, a Bronx DJ who put out a single called The Positive Life in 1981, and DJ Hollywood then began using the term when referring to this new disco rap music. Bill Alder, an independent consultant, once said, There was hardly ever a moment when rap music was underground, one of the very first so-called rap records, was a monster hit. Hip hop pioneer and South Bronx community leader Afrika Bambaataa also credits Lovebug Starski as the first to use the hip hop. Bambaataa, former leader of the Black Spades gang, also did much to popularize the term. In the 1970s, an urban movement known as Hip Hop began to develop in the South Bronx in New York City. It focused on emceeing over breakbeats, house parties and neighbourhood block party events, Hip hop music has been a powerful medium for protesting the impact of legal institutions on minorities, particularly police and prisons. Jamaican-born DJ Clive Kool Herc Cindy Campbell pioneered the use of DJing percussion breaks in hip hop music, beginning at Hercs home in a high-rise apartment at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the movement later spread across the entire borough. Herc created the blueprint for hip hop music and culture by building upon the Jamaican tradition of impromptu toasting, on August 11,1973 DJ Kool Herc was the DJ at his sisters back-to-school party
2.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
3.
N.W.A
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N. W. A was an American hip hop group from Compton, California. The group was banned from many mainstream American radio stations. In spite of this, the group has sold over 10 million units in the United States alone, the group was also known for their deep hatred of the police system, which sparked much controversy over the years. The original lineup formed in 1986 consisted of Arabian Prince, Dr. Dre, Eazy-E, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, MC Ren and Dr. Dre would later become platinum-selling solo artists in the 1990s. Rolling Stone ranked N. W. A number 83 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, in 2016, the group was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, following three previous nominations. The group was assembled by Compton-based Eazy-E, who co-founded Ruthless Records with Jerry Heller, Eazy-E sought an introduction to Steve Yano. Although initially rebuffed, Yano was impressed by Eazy-Es persistence and arranged a meeting with Dr. Dre, initially, N. W. A consisted of Eazy-E and Dr. Dre. Together with fellow producer Arabian Prince, Ice Cube was added to the roster after he had started out as a rapper for the group C. I. A, Dre would later bring DJ Yella on board as well. Dre and Yella were both members of the World Class Wreckin Cru as DJs and producers. Ruthless released the single Panic Zone in 1987 with Macola Records, which was included on the compilation album N. W. A. Mexican rapper Krazy-Dee co-wrote Panic Zone, which was originally called Hispanic Zone, also included was Eazy-Es solo track Boyz-n-the-Hood. N. W. A released their studio album, Straight Outta Compton. With its famous opening salvo of three tracks, the reflected the rising anger of the urban youth. The opening song Straight Outta Compton introduced the group, Fuck tha Police protested police brutality and racial profiling, while the group was later credited with pioneering the burgeoning subgenre of gangsta rap, N. W. A referred to their music as reality rap. Dr. Dre and DJ Yella, as HighPowered Productions, composed the beats for each song, with Dre making occasional rapping appearances. Ice Cube, and MC Ren wrote most of the lyrics, including Fuck tha Police, perhaps the groups most notorious song. This letter can still be seen at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, policemen refused to provide security for the groups concerts, hurting their plans to tour. Nonetheless, the FBIs letter only served to more publicity to the group
4.
Brand Nubian
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Brand Nubian is an American hip hop group from New Rochelle, New York, composed of three emcees, Grand Puba, Sadat X and Lord Jamar, and formerly two DJs, DJ Alamo and DJ Sincere. About. com placed the group on its list of the 25 Greatest Rap Groups of All Time, Brand Nubian formed in 1989 and their first single, Brand Nubian, was released in 1989. Signed to Elektra Records by A&R man Dante Ross, their debut album, generally acclaimed, the album drew fire for militant Five-Percenter rhetoric on tracks such as Drop the Bomb and Wake Up. The controversy helped selling in excess of 400,000 copies, a version of the Fab Five Freddy-directed video of the single Wake Up, featuring a black man in white-face makeup, was banned from MTV. On that channel and from official WEA sources, this image was replaced by a Baptist preacher, the singles Slow Down, All for One, and Wake Up all became hits on Billboard’s Hot Rap Tracks chart in 1991. Shortly after the debut release, Sadat X and Lord Jamar quarreled with Grand Puba. Following this, Lord Jamar and Sadat X asked DJ Sincere to join the group in 1992, the same year, Puba released his solo debut, Reel to Reel. At the end of 1992, Brand Nubian released the single Punks Jump up to Get Beat Down. The track created controversy because of its content such as Sadat Xs line I can freak, fly, flow, fuck up a faggot/I dont understand their ways. Despite this, the single charted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 77, later versions omitted the line and replaced it with different lyrics, including the version on the greatest hits compilation The Very Best of Brand Nubian. In early 1993, Brand Nubian released their album, In God We Trust, which included the song Punks Jump Up to Get Beat Down. That same year, the groups song Lick Dem Muthaphuckas was released as part of the Menace II Society soundtrack, Brand Nubian’s next release, Everything is Everything, came out in November 1994. Reviews were mixed and sales mediocre, despite the top-40 Hot Rap Tracks singles Word is Bond, in 1995, Brand Nubian broke up and its members started solo careers in music and television. That same year, Grand Puba released his solo effort,2000, featuring another Billboard Hot 100 single, I Like It. Brand Nubians original members reunited in 1997 and contributed A Child is Born to the Soul in the Hole soundtrack, in 1997, Keep It Bubblin appeared on the Money Talks soundtrack. In 1998, Brand Nubian released the album Foundation on Arista/BMG Records and it featured contributions from producers such as DJ Premier, Buckwild, Lord Finesse, and Diamond D. The lead single Dont Let It Go to Your Head became, at number 54, in 2000, Brand Nubian once again teamed up with Buckwild of D. I. T. C. Releasing the single Rockin It, after which the members, once again, Sadat X released a solo EP in 2000, The State of New York vs. Derek Murphy
5.
Gang Starr
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Gang Starr was an influential East Coast hip hop duo that consisted of MC Guru and the DJ/producer DJ Premier. In 1987 and 1988, Gang Starr released three 12 vinyl singles on Wild Pitch Records, in 1989, the group split and the only member willing to continue under the name was Guru. He soon got in touch with Houston, Texas native DJ Premier who sent him a beat tape and he invited DJ Premier to join Gang Starr and in that same year they released their first single Words I Manifest along with the album No More Mr. Nice Guy. In 1990, the group was signed to the Chrysalis record label by then A&R director Duff Marlowe, during their career Gang Starr helped pioneer the New York City hardcore hip hop sound. The entire Gang Starr catalog, especially Step in the Arena, Daily Operation, Hard to Earn and Moment of Truth are well respected among underground rap fans, Gang Starr provided a track, Battle, for the sound track of the 2002 movie 8 Mile. Their track Jazz Thing was featured on the soundtrack to Spike Lees film Mo Better Blues, after several albums and tours, in late 2002 DJ Premier left Europe back to the United States. Once again Guru was faced with continuing alone and became involved in a European tour in 2003-04 with an alternate DJ, in 2006, Guru indicated in several interviews that Gang Starr had reached its end. In February 2010, Guru suffered an attack, went into a coma. Solar, a collaborator of the artist, said Guru chose not to go public with the diagnosis of myeloma that was made in 2000. Guru appeared to have fallen out with DJ Premier seven years prior to his death and did not wish my ex-DJ to have anything to do with my name, likeness, events, tributes, etc. There is speculation that the letter was not written by Guru, the validity of the statement continues to be heavily questioned by Gurus family and many of his contemporaries within the Hip-Hop culture. Soon after DJ Premier stated that there was a posthumous Gang Starr CD/DVD project in the works, and most likely to have released in 2014. Premier confirmed in late 2015 that he was working on a Gang Starr biopic with the cooperation of Gurus sister, members of the foundation included Big Shug, Afu-Ra, Jeru the Damaja, Krumbsnatcha, Ed O. G. and Group Home. Each episode title of the first season of the Netflix series Luke Cage, based on the Marvel Comics character, was named after a Gang Starr song
6.
Too Phat
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Too Phat is a Malaysian hip-hop duo, consisting of Joe Flizzow and Malique Ibrahim. In the late 1990s Joe Flizzow, Malique Ibrahim and Kevin Felix@DoctahK at that time formed a trio who later became a duo under the Positive Tone label. Their first big break came in 1999 when their first singles, Lil Fingaz, on the back of the success of these first singles, work soon began on an album entitled whuttadilly. So far, Plan B has sold over 45,000 copies, song lyrics were also included in the Platinum Edition and all albums and singles thereafter. The video features appearances from local artistes M. Nasir, Fauziah Latiff and Ferhad. Most of the scenes were shot locally, in the city of Kuala Lumpur, the group controversially used their video to confront issues regarding homosexuality, addressing a topic which is usually avoided in conservative Malaysia. Just a Friend became the first music video produced by a music act to be shown on national television. Too Phat have also collaborated with American hip hop artist Warren G, in 2005, they produced their latest album Rebirth Into Reality featuring various hip-hop artists from East Asia. The albums first single Dua Dunia features award-winning Malaysian singer Siti Nurhaliza, the respective Phat boys started to venture in their solo career after their last public performance for Kanye West in 2007. Malique with his solo album OK, K. O The Mixtape and TKO, Malique will release a new English album in 2017. Joe Flizzow releases his first solo album President on 31 December 2008 under Warner Music Malaysia as the distributor, during 2015 Anugerah Juara Lagu Award the song Apa Khabar by Joe Flizzow had win top prize on that night. The song lyric talked about Joe reminiscing the memory that he had with Malique, despite receiving mix criticism by the masses. As of 2016 Joe Flizzow project mostly involved with Kartel Records, numerous local and R&B artist had signed under his label with notable name like Altimet and SonaOne. As for Malique, he has more private after the days with Too Phat. Despite releasing numerous top hit collaboration track with local artist such as Mantera Beradu, Senyum Aku Maafkan Kamu. In an interview in 2011, Malique was quoted that being able to sell his product without having public appearance make him more comfortable. As of December 2016 it is announced that his new album may be out with the title TKO in 2016 under his own label Qarma Music. Malique intends to release an English album in 2017, owner of State of Mine Caps Kanye West -Touch The Sky Tour, Malaysia,2006 Recharge Revelation - Global Gathering, A Famosa,2007 Quiksilver 2
7.
EMI International
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EMI was a British multinational conglomerate founded in March 1931 and was based in London. At the time of its break-up in 2012, it was the fourth-largest business group and its EMI Records Ltd. group of record labels included EMI Records, Parlophone, Virgin Records and Capitol Records. EMI also had a publishing arm, EMI Music Publishing—also based in London with offices globally. The company was once a constituent of the FTSE100 Index, other members of the Sony consortium include the Estate of Michael Jackson, The Blackstone Group, and Abu Dhabi–owned investment fund Mubadala Development Company. The new vertically integrated company produced sound recordings as well as recording, the companys gramophone manufacturing led to forty years of success with larger-scale electronics and electrical engineering. He was killed in 1942 whilst conducting flight trials on an experimental H2S radar set, post-war, the company resumed its involvement in making broadcasting equipment, notably providing the BBCs second television transmitter at Sutton Coldfield. It also manufactured broadcast television cameras for British television production companies as well as for the BBC, the commercial television ITV companies also used them alongside cameras made by Pye and Marconi. Exports of this piece of equipment were low, however, the company was also for many years an internationally respected manufacturer of photomultipliers. This part of the business was transferred to Thorn as part of Thorn-EMI, in 1958 the EMIDEC1100, the UKs first commercially available all-transistor computer, was developed at Hayes under the leadership of Godfrey Hounsfield, an electrical engineer at EMI. In 1973 EMI was awarded a prestigious Queens Award for Technological Innovation for what was called the EMI scanner. After brief, but brilliant, success in the imaging field, EMIs manufacturing activities were sold off to other companies. Subsequently, development and manufacturing activities were sold off to companies and work moved to other towns such as Crawley. Emihus Electronics, based in Glenrothes, Scotland, was owned 51% by Hughes Aircraft, of California, US and it manufactured integrated circuits electrolytic capacitors and, for a short period in the mid-1970s, hand-held calculators under the Gemini name. Early in its life, the Gramophone Company established subsidiary operations in a number of countries in the British Commonwealth, including India, Australia. Over 150,000 78-rpm recordings from around the world are held in EMIs temperature-controlled archive in Hayes, in 1931, the year the company was formed, it opened the legendary recording studios at Abbey Road, London. During the 1930s and 1940s, its roster of artists included Arturo Toscanini, Sir Edward Elgar, during this time EMI appointed its first A&R managers. These included George Martin, who brought the Beatles into the EMI fold. When the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company in 1931, at this point RCA had a majority shareholding in the new company, giving RCA chair David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board
8.
Chakra Sonic
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Viveck, born April 8,1976, is a Malaysian hip hop artist. Viveck has featured artistes like Reshmonu and Datuk Siti Nurhaliza. He currently owns a record label and music publishing company releasing their own recordings as well as those of other artists, an article about Viveck has been featured on Deccan Chronicle on 29.03.14. 2010 Audio launch of ‘DISS’, an album of top Malaysian Indian composers. Nationwide roadshow and launch of ‘DISS’ Featured in MIROS LOVELIFE2010 video, Performed for the 1st Afro-Asia Dancehall Reggae Bash at The Titanium Club, K. L Produced solo singles called ‘Beautiful ‘ Involved in composition of a Malay song for Anuar Zain. 2009 Produced singles ‘Nyanee Tee’ with Norwegian Rappers, 2R and Mark J Worked on a Chinese rap number with MC, Performed at Magnum THR Raaga Charity Concert Performed at DIGI ‘1’ Malaysia Concert In Penang Special Appearance in ‘Aatam Nooru Vagai ‘, ASTO Vaanavil Dance Competition. Performed at charity concert at Ramakrishan Orphanage in Melaka,2008 Performed at live concert in Stadium Badminton Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. Performed in ‘ Cultural Nite’ with African Rapper JKL, Performed at “Malam Oscar Award” at Saloma Club. Nationwide promotion and roadshow of ‘Veera Puranam ‘ album Nominated for ‘Best Newcomer’ for AIM, ‘Hey Ma’ Song was nominated for the ‘Best Indian Song of the Year’. Worked with JKL for an album, ‘Yah Raman’, Worked on numerous audio launches and concerts with other top Malaysia Indian artistes. 2007 Was involved in the production of the 4th album “Veera Puranam”,2006 Produced third album called Rise of The Brahmmas and produced video clips, compilation of 3 albums. Performed in Queensland University, Australia for a “Cultural Nite”,2005 Represented IRIM for Tsunami Charity Foundation. Performed In Jurong East, Singapore for National Day, participated in concert in Sunway on Malaysian Independence day. Performed in Cape Town, Africa for a Cultural Show, was invited to perform in most of the local colleges, such as KDU, MMU Cyberjaya, Lim Kok Weng, Olympia, Informatic, Uniten, University Malaya and so on. 2004 Nominated for Best New Comer on Anugerah Era, Astro, Nominated for Best song called Sang Puteri on Anugerah Era, Astro. Performed live on Anugerah Era show, a song from Album “Kodi Kelviyin Bathil” titled Sang Puteri stayed on top of on Tower Records chart. 2002 Released an album called Kalai Oru Por, a song called Natpu Illai stayed top on MM Top10 Chart. “Feel This” song remained on top of BBC London Chart and Hits FM Chart for four weeks, anticipated in “Sure Heboh TV3 Carnival”
9.
Namewee
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Wee Meng Chee, is a Malaysian Chinese rapper, filmmaker and movie star of Hainanese descent. He is widely known as Namewee, a pun on his name. Wee gained popularity releasing a controversial song fused with the national anthem of Malaysia, Negaraku. The lyrics of the remake shocked the society, in the following weeks, the song increasingly drew both praise and criticism from various quarters of Malaysian society thus been entitled Muka Ubi Kentang by the locals meaning Potato-tuber. Recently, he was nominated for the 27th Golden Melody Award. In August 2016, he was arrested by police for filming a video on the grounds of a mosque. Born and raised up in the town of Muar, Johor, Malaysia, Wee was educated in SRJK Chung Hwa 1B and he was an undergraduate student majoring in Mass communication at Ming Chuan University in Taoyuan, Taiwan. While in secondary school, he wrote his first 400 songs, around the same time, Wee and a few good friends formed a band named 大娘乐队 and won several competitions, while studying abroarious languages. Despite the controversy surrounding Negarakuku, Wee released his first, self-titled album, 明志 Namewee, the album was completed in May and does not contain Negarakuku. When Wee was still studying in a university, there were a lot of teachers in his university. They asked Wee and his classmates to find themselves a nickname, a lot of students in the class did not have a nickname, so they went back and started to referring to the dictionary and other resources to find an appropriate nickname. Unfortunately, Wee was not able to choose a nickname, the next day, Wees teacher asked the class for their nicknames. When his teacher asked him whats his nickname, its impossible for Wee to tell her My name is Huang Ming Zhi, Meng Chee means Name as the pronunciation of combet and 名字 is almost the same. Wee is Wees surname as it is in Hainan language, which means Yellow, therefore, Name means Meng Chee, Wee means Yellow, thats how he discovered Namewee. One day, Wee used Namewee to register his YouTube account, since then, people started to call him Namewee. Wees sudden rise to stardom is the result of his highly controversial piece – I Love My Country Negarakuku, Wee was studying in Taiwan when he released the song. While the national anthem sung in an R&B style, Wee had no intention of altering the melody and lyrics of the anthem and had tried to retain the original theme. The arrangement used by Wee follows original arrangement of the anthem, the rap was in Mandarin, with occasional Hokkien phrases and words, while verses of the national anthem are sung in their original Malay form
10.
Kartel Records
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Kartel Records is a Malaysian hip-hop record label, dealing predominantly in Hip-Hop/R&B music, founded by rapper/entrepreneur Joe Flizzow in 2005. In 2008, Kartel Records entered into an agreement with Warner Music Group Malaysia. This gave birth to Kartel Records in 2005, the labels first release was Rebirth Into Reality by Too Phat in 2005, jointly-owned and in partnership with EMI Malaysia. This hugely successful release instantly made Kartel Records an award-winning record label, taking the Best Local English Album, in 2008, Kartel Records released President, the debut solo studio album by Joe Flizzow. President featured many collaborations with regional and international superstars such as KRS-One, Jin, Thaitanium, TerryTyeLee. This was very much in line with the mission to place Malaysia in the forefront of hip-hop music at an international level. Kartel Records made 5 new artist signings in 2009 and these new artists include Altimet, SonaOne, Richard J, Micbandits and DJ Iman. Kartel Records owns a publishing company, Kartel Music Publishing
11.
Malaysian pop
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Malaysian pop or abbreviated as M-pop or Malay pop refers to popular music forms in Malaysia. Although popular music in various such as Mandopop are popular and have been produced in Malaysia. Malaysian pop covers a diverse musical genres, such as pop, rock, hip hop, electronic, Malaysian popular music has its origin in local musical tradition and popular European music styles. Some of the musical styles, performers, and songs of Kroncong. The Bangsawan troupes originated in the 19th century as a form of opera called Wayang Pasir that developed as an adaptation of Persian theatre brought to Malaya by performers from Bombay. They portrayed stories from diverse groups such as Indian, Western, Islamic, Chinese, Indonesian and Malay with music, dance, the musicians were mostly local Malays, Filipinos and Goans. Famous early singers such as Temah, Tijah and Dean often incorporate Chinese, Middle Eastern, Western popular music has continually influenced Malaysian popular music since its early days. In the pre-World War II era, songs based on Anglo-American and Latin-American dance music sung in Malay were very popular and these songs were accompanied by dance bands that became known as orkes Melayu. The orkes Melayu, which influenced dangdut, was played at dance halls in amusement parks, bangsawan shows, early singers were often Filipinos originally brought to Malaya by the British to form the Selangor State Band, for example Soliano, DCruz and Martinez. In the 1960s and 1970s, influenced by Western rock bands, from the 1970s to 1980s, a Western orchestral sound also became popular as musical accompaniment in albums, which is widely assumed to be due to the influence of RTM Orchestra. Other musical forms such as Indian, Islamic and other Asian popular music have also exerted their influences at various times, and many international trends in music surfaced in Malaysian pop. Hindustani music had a influence on many traditional types of music in the Malay Peninsula, for example in the use of instruments such as the tabla. More recently, music of J-pop and K-pop have become influential, the first recording of music in Malaya was made 1903 by Fred Gaisberg of the Gramophone Company who was sent to record local music in Asia. Until the 1960s, few records were produced locally, and recordings of the singers and film stars done in Malaya were pressed in India, one of the earliest modern Malay pop songs was Tudung Periok, sung by Momo Latiff, who recorded it in the 1930s. Many of the stars became popular through Malay films in the early era. In the 1940s and 1950s, singers who achieved popularity through their films and recordings were P. Ramlee, R. Azmi, Jasni, Ahmad C. B. S. M. Salim, Saloma, Momo Latif, some of these singers had Bangsawan or Kroncong background. The songs of this era were influenced by music styles such as those of Latin American dance, Hawaiian music. The most important of the singers was P. Ramlee whose career spanned the late 1940s through early 1970s
12.
Breakdancing
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B-boying or breaking, also called breakdancing, is a style of street dance that originated primarily among Puerto Rican and African American youths during the mid-1970s in the Bronx. The dance spread worldwide due to popularity in the media, especially in such as Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, South Korea. While diverse in the amount of variation available in the dance, b-boying consists of four kinds of movement, toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes. B-boying is typically danced to hip-hop, funk music, and especially breakbeats, although modern trends allow for much wider varieties of music along certain ranges of tempo, a practitioner of this dance is called a b-boy, b-girl, or breaker. Although the term breakdance is frequently used to refer to the dance in culture and in the mainstream entertainment industry. These terms are preferred by the majority of the pioneers and most notable practitioners, instead of the term b-boying, the mainstream media promoted the artform as breakdancing, causing many to only know it as such. Enthusiasts consider breakdancing an ignorant and derogatory term due to the exploitation of the artform. The media displayed a simplified version of the dance, making it seem like the so-called “tricks” were everything, ultimately trading the culture for money and promotion. The dance itself is properly called breaking according to such as KRS-One, Talib Kweli, Mos Def. The terms b-boy, b-girl, and breaker are the terms used to describe the dancers who performed to DJ Kool Hercs breakbeats. DJ Kool Herc is a Jamaican-American DJ who is responsible for developing the foundational aspects of hip-hop music, the obvious connection of the term breaking is to the word breakbeat. DJ Kool Herc has commented that the term breaking was 1970s slang for getting excited, most breaking pioneers and practitioners prefer the terms b-boy, b-girl, and/or breaker when referring to these dancers. For those immersed in culture, the term breakdancer may be used to disparage those who learn the dance for personal gain rather than for commitment to the culture. B-boy London of the New York City Breakers and filmmaker Michael Holman refer to these dancers as breakers, frosty Freeze of the Rock Steady Crew says, we were known as b-boys, and hip-hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa says, b-boys, what you call break boys. Or b-girls, what you call break girls, many elements of b-boying can be seen in other antecedent cultures prior to the 1970s. B-boy pioneers Richard Crazy Legs Colon and Kenneth Ken Swift Gabbert, many of b-boyings acrobatic moves, such as the flare, show clear connections to gymnastics. The engraving shows a man apparently B-boying. The dance was called the Giesse Harad Polska or salmon district dance, a young street dancer performing acrobatic headspins was recorded by Thomas Edison in 1898
13.
Turntablism
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The mixer is plugged into a PA system for live events and/or broadcasting equipment (if the DJ is performing on radio, TV or Internet radio, so that a wider audience can hear the turntablists music. Turntablists typically use two or more turntables and headphones to cue up desired start points on different records, the word turntablist was originated by Luis DJ Disk Quintanilla. The new term coincided with the resurgence of hip-hop DJing in the 1990s, some turntablists use turntable techniques like beat mixing/matching, scratching, and beat juggling. Some turntablists seek to have recognized as traditional musicians capable of interacting and improvising with other performers. The use of the turntable as an instrument has its roots dating back to the 1930s, 1940s. Experimental composers used them to sample and create music that was produced by the turntable. Cages Imaginary Landscape No.1 is composed for two variable speed turntables, frequency recordings, muted piano and cymbal, edgard Varèse experimented with turntables even earlier in 1930, though he never formally produced any works using them. Examples of turntable effects can also be found on popular records produced in the 1960s and 1970s, creedence Clearwater Revivals 1968 self-titled debut album features a backspin effect in the song Walk on the Water. However, turntablism as it is known today did not surface until the development of hip hop in the late 1970s, Turntablism as a modern art form and musical practice has its roots within African-American inner city hip hop and hip hop culture of the late 1970s. Kool DJ Herc, Afrika Bambaataa and Grandmaster Flash are widely credited for having cemented the now established role of DJ as hip hops foremost instrumentalist. Kool Hercs invention of break-beat DJing is generally regarded as the development in hip hop history. His influence on the concept of DJ as turntablist is equally profound, to understand the significance of this achievement, it is important to first define the break. Briefly, the break of a song is a musical fragment only seconds in length, Kool Herc introduced the break-beat technique as a way of extending the break indefinitely. This is done by buying two of the record, finding the break on each record, and switching from one to the other using the DJ mixer. Using that idea, Grandmaster Flash elaborated on Kool Hercs invention of break-beat DJing and came up with the quick-mix theory and he described it as being. like cutting, the backspin, and the double-back. Kool Hercs revolutionary techniques set the course for the development of turntablism as an art form in significant ways, most important, however, he developed a new form of DJing that did not consist of just playing and mixing records one after the other. The type of DJ that specializes in mixing a set is well respected for his/her own set of unique skills, the DJ would be examined critically by the crowd on both a technical and entertainment level. Grand Wizzard Theodore, an apprentice of Flash, who isolated the most recognizable technique of turntablism, [ Eshun
14.
Graffiti
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Graffiti are writing or drawings that have been scribbled, scratched, or painted illicitly on a wall or other surface, often within public view. Graffiti range from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and they have existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, in modern times, paint and marker pens have become the most commonly used graffiti materials. In most countries, marking or painting property without the property owners permission is considered defacement and vandalism, Graffiti may also express underlying social and political messages and a whole genre of artistic expression is based upon spray paint graffiti styles. Within hip hop culture, graffiti have evolved alongside hip hop music, b-boying, unrelated to hip-hop graffiti, gangs use their own form of graffiti to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Controversies that surround graffiti continue to create disagreement amongst city officials, law enforcement, both graffiti and its occasional singular form graffito are from the Italian word graffiato. Graffiti is applied in art history to works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface, a related term is sgraffito, which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was used by potters who would glaze their wares. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, the word originates from Greek γράφειν — graphein — meaning to write. The term graffiti referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, use of the word has evolved to include any graphics applied to surfaces in a manner that constitutes vandalism. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD, the first known example of modern style graffiti survives in the ancient Greek city of Ephesus. Local guides say it is an advertisement for prostitution, located near a mosaic and stone walkway, the graffiti shows a handprint that vaguely resembles a heart, along with a footprint and a number. This is believed to indicate that a brothel was nearby, with the handprint symbolizing payment, the ancient Romans carved graffiti on walls and monuments, examples of which also survive in Egypt. Graffiti in the world had different connotations than they carry in todays society concerning content. One inscription gives the address of a woman named Novellia Primigenia of Nuceria, another shows a phallus accompanied by the text, mansueta tene. Etched on the surface of the Mirror Wall, they contain pieces of prose, poetry, the majority of these visitors appear to have been from the elite of society, royalty, officials, professions, and clergy. There were also soldiers, archers, and even some metalworkers, the topics range from love to satire, curses, wit, and lament. Many demonstrate a high level of literacy and a deep appreciation of art. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there, one reads, Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems
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Rapping
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The components of rapping include content, flow, and delivery. Rap differs from spoken-word poetry in that rap is performed in time to a beat. Rapping is often associated with and an ingredient of hip-hop music. Rapping is also used in Kwaito music, a genre originated in Johannesburg, South Africa. Another form of rap that predates hip hop was boxer Muhammad Alis rhythmic poetry used to taunt his opponents in the 1960s and 1970s, rapping can be delivered over a beat, typically provided by a DJ, turntablist or Beatboxer, or without accompaniment. Stylistically, rap occupies an area between speech, prose, poetry, and singing. The word, as used to describe quick speech or repartee, the word had been used in British English since the 16th century. It was part of the African American dialect of English in the 1960s meaning to converse, today, the terms rap and rapping are so closely associated with hip-hop music that many writers use the terms interchangeably. The English verb rap has various meanings, such as to strike, especially with a quick, smart, or light blow, as well to utter sharply or vigorously, to rap out a command. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary gives a date of 1541 for the first recorded use of the word with the meaning to utter sharply, vigorously and it is these meanings from which the musical form of rapping derives, and this definition may be from a shortening of repartee. A rapper refers to a performer who raps, by the late 1960s, when Hubert G. Brown changed his name to H. Rap was used to describe talking on records as early as 1971, on Isaac Hayes album Black Moses with track names such as Ikes Rap, Ikes Rap II, Ikes Rap III, Hayes husky-voiced sexy spoken raps became key components in his signature sound. Del the Funky Homosapien similarly states that rap was used to refer to talking in a manner in the early 1970s. Back then what rapping meant, basically, was you trying to convey something—youre trying to convince somebody, thats what rapping is, its in the way you talk. Rapping can be traced back to its African roots, centuries before hip-hop music existed, the griots of West Africa were delivering stories rhythmically, over drums and sparse instrumentation. Such connections have been acknowledged by modern artists, modern day griots, spoken word artists, mainstream news sources. Grammy-winning blues musician/historian Elijah Wald and others have argued that the blues were being rapped as early as the 1920s, Wald went so far as to call hip hop the living blues. A notable recorded example of rapping in blues music was the 1950 song Gotta Let You Go by Joe Hill Louis, not just jazz music and lyrics but also jazz poetry
16.
Beatboxing
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Beatboxing is a form of vocal percussion primarily involving the art of mimicking drum machines using ones mouth, lips, tongue, and voice. It may also involve vocal imitation of turntablism, and other musical instruments, beatboxing today is connected with hip-hop culture, often referred to as the fifth element of hip-hop, although it is not limited to hip-hop music. The term beatboxing is sometimes used to refer to vocal percussion in general, examples include the Appalachian technique of eefing and the blues song Bye bye bird by Sonny Boy Williamson II. Many well-known performers used vocal percussion occasionally, even though this was not directly connected to the tradition that came to be known as beatboxing. Paul McCartneys That Would Be Something includes vocal percussion, pink Floyds Pow R. Toc H. also includes vocal percussion performed by the groups lead vocalist Syd Barrett. Jazz singers Bobby Mcferrin and Al Jarreau were very known for their vocal styles and techniques which have had great impact on techniques beatboxers use today. The term beatboxing is derived from the mimicry of the first generation of drum machines, Human beatboxing in hip-hop originated in the 1980s. Its early pioneers include Doug E. Wise inspired a new fan base of human beatboxers with his human turntable technique. The Internet has played a part in the popularity of modern beatboxing. Alex Tew started the first online community of beatboxers in 2000 under the banner of HUMANBEATBOX. COM, in 2001, Gavin Tyte, a member of this community created the worlds first tutorials and video tutorials on beatboxing. In 2003, the community held the worlds first Human Beatbox Convention in London featuring beatbox artists from all over the world, beatboxings current popularity is due in part to releases from artists such as Rahzel, RoxorLoops, Reeps One, and Alem. Sometimes, modern beatboxers will use their hand or another part of their body to extend the spectrum of sound effects and rhythm. Some have developed a technique that involves blowing and sucking air around their fingers to produce a realistic record scratching noise. Another hand technique includes the throat tap which involves the beatboxer tapping their fingers against their throat as they sing or hum. Today there is an increase in the variety in which we see beatboxing throughout musical culture, people have gone as far as adding beatboxing in with different instruments to create a completely different sound unlike any other. Artist Greg Patillo goes as far as adding in beatboxing while playing the flute to very iconic songs, Beatbox has become modernized and has even been seen in popular movies such as Pitch Perfect and Pitch Perfect 2. Beatbox Battle Network was founded in summer 2002 in Berlin, Germany as a non profit organization with the focus to support the global beatboxing community. It is specialized on culture marketing, live broadcasting and artist management, bBB3TV also known as Beatbox Battle Television produces the Beatbox Beatbox World Championship
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Hip-hop dance
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Hip-hop dance refers to street dance styles primarily performed to hip-hop music or that have evolved as part of hip-hop culture. It includes a range of styles primarily breaking, locking. The television show Soul Train and the 1980s films Breakin, Beat Street, the dance industry responded with a commercial, studio-based version of hip-hop—sometimes called new style—and a hip-hop influenced style of jazz dance called jazz-funk. Classically trained dancers developed these studio styles in order to choreograph from the dances that were performed on the street. Because of this development, hip-hop dance is practiced in both studios and outdoor spaces. 1980s films, television shows, and the Internet have contributed to introducing hip-hop dance outside of the United States, since being exposed, educational opportunities and dance competitions have helped maintain its presence worldwide. Europe hosts several international hip-hop competitions such as the UK B-Boy Championships, Juste Debout, Australia hosts a team-based competition called World Supremacy Battlegrounds and Japan hosts a two-on-two competition called World Dance Colosseum. What distinguishes hip-hop from other forms of dance is that it is often freestyle in nature, crews, freestyling, and battles are identifiers of this style. Hip-hop dance can be a form of entertainment or a hobby and it can also be a way to stay active in competitive dance and a way to make a living by dancing professionally. Hip-hop dance is a category that includes a variety of styles. The older dance styles that were created in the 1970s include uprock, breaking, breaking was created in The Bronx, New York, incorporating dances that were popular in the 1960s and early 1970s in African-American and Latino communities. In its earliest form, it began as elaborations on James Browns Good Foot dance which came out in 1972, breaking at this period was not primarily floor-oriented as seen today, it started out as toprock which dancers perform while standing up. An influence on toprock was uprock which was created in Brooklyn, uprock looks similar to toprock, but it is more aggressive and looks like a fight. Uprock is also performed with partners, but in toprock—and in breaking in general—each person takes turns dancing, in 1973, DJ Kool Herc invented the break beat. A break beat is a rhythmic, musical interlude of a song that has been looped over and over again to extend that instrumental solo, Kool Herc did this to provide a means for dancers who attended his parties to demonstrate their skills. B-boy and b-girl stands for break-boy and break-girl, b-boys and b-girls dance to the break of a record, further influenced by martial arts and gymnastics, breaking went from being a purely upright dance style—toprock only—to becoming more floor-oriented. At the same time breaking was developing in New York, other styles were being created in California, out of all of these dances, boogaloo is one of the oldest. It started out as a 1960s fad dance and was the subject of songs released during that time such as Do the Boogaloo
18.
Hip hop fashion
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Each city contributed various elements to its overall style seen worldwide today. Hip hop fashion complements the expressions and attitudes of hip hop culture in general, Hip hop fashion has changed significantly during its history, and today, it is a prominent part of popular fashion as a whole across the world and for all ethnicities. In the late 1970s, established sportswear and fashion brands, such as Le Coq Sportif, Kangol, Adidas and Pro-Keds attached themselves to the emerging hip hop scene. During the 1980s, hip-hop icons wore clothing items such as brightly colored name-brand tracksuits, sheepskin and leather jackets, Clarks shoes. Popular haircuts ranged from the early-1980s Jheri curl to the early-1990s hi-top fade popularized by Will Smith and Christopher Kid Reid of Kid n Play, popular accessories included large eyeglasses, Kangol bucket hats, nameplates, name belts, and multiple rings. Heavy gold jewelry was popular in the 1980s, heavy jewelry in general would become an enduring element of hip hop fashion. In general, mens jewelry focused on gold chains and womens jewelry on large gold earrings. The heavy jewelry was suggestive of prestige and wealth, and some have connected the style to Africanism, the famous rapper, Jay Z also echoed the same words O’Neal talks about. It is not necessarily because of consumption that the hip-hop lifestyle brought in these high end fashion products. In addition, the Preppy looks also caught onto 80s youth in the first wave of hip-hop influence, the immense popularity of the brand, Tommy Hilfiger among the hip-hop subculture community then led to the global expansion of the brand. Hip-hop has also adopted and then transformed traditional or “old world” luxury symbols and made them modern-day, rapper LL Cool J wore a Kangol hat back in the 1980s, when few Americans knew anything about the European hat maker—but its association with hip-hop would invigorate the brand. In 2003, London-based Kangol even acknowledged the popularity given its sixty-year-old brand by a young LL Cool J in 1983, black nationalism was increasingly influential in rap during the late 1980s, and fashions and hairstyles reflected traditional African influences. Blousy pants were popular among dance-oriented rappers like M. C, in the early 1990s, pop rappers such as The Fresh Prince, Kid n Play, and Left Eye of TLC popularized baseball caps and bright, often neon-colored, clothing. TLC and late R&B singer Aaliyah created a trend among women. Wearing over-sized pants and big flannel shirts, they would couple the over-sized clothing with a shirt usually a sports bra underneath their big shirts. This was to show their own version of femininity, everything does not have to be form fitting, kris Kross also established the fad of wearing clothes backwards. Kwamé sparked the trend of polka-dot clothing as well, while others continued wearing their mid-1980s attire. Gangsta rap pioneers N. W. A popularized a form of street Gangsta style in the late 1980s from the African American Gangs
19.
Hip-hop theater
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Hip-hop theater is a form of theater that presents contemporary stories through the use of one or more of the four elements of hip-hop culture—b-boying, graffiti writing, MCing, and DJing. Other cultural markers of such as spoken word, beatboxing. What is most important is the language of the theatrical piece, hip-hop theater productions appear in a wide range of platforms including single performances, week-long festivals, and traveling repertory companies. Marc Bamuthi Joseph is a spoken word poet and dancer who has been commissioned several times to create. British choreographer Jonzi D is the director of the London-based Breakin Convention. Rennie Harris, Mourad Merzouki, and Victor Quijada are artistic directors who run hip-hop theater companies in the U. S. France, the Rock Steady Crew, Magnificent Force, and the Rhythm Technicians pioneered this theatrical genre which started in the United States. Though hip-hop culture has managed to establish itself on film, on television, in fashion, in music, stage productions are few in number but growing. The first hip-hop stage shows were 1990s off Broadway musical So, what Happens Now. and 1995s Jam on the Groove which were co-authored, co-directed, and co-choreographed by Jorge Popmaster Fabel Pabon and Steffan Mr. Wiggles Clemente. Rock Steady Crew, Magnificent Force, and the Rhythm Technicians performed in both shows, aside from the pioneers in New York City was Lorenzo Rennie Harris Puremovement hip-hop theater company which Harris founded in 1992 in Philadelphia. The company has toured all over the world showcasing its original works such as March of the Antmen, P-Funk, Endangered Species, Facing Mekka, Other hip-hop theater companies were founded in the 1990s. Compagnie Käfig is a French hip-hop theater company of mostly Algerian descent founded in 1995 by Mourad Merzouki and their performances mix standard b-boying, locking, and popping with capoeira, mime, and gymnastics. They use the fusion in music by mixing rap music with classical music. While on tour in the U. S. they performed at Jacobs Pillow in Massachusetts, Bintou Dembélé, whom is recognized as one of the pioneer in French hip hop, performed at the Joyce Theater in New York with Mourad Merzoukis danse compagnie Käfig in 2002. In 2002, she created her own dance compagnie, which she describes as being inspired by Pina Bauschs notion of danced theater. In 2014, she created a show untitled Z. H which, by raising and exploring the issue of human zoos questions French racism. More broadly, Bintou Dembélés dance aims to unsettle her audience and interrogate its relation to the Other, to the different, to the other, to relativity and time. The Groovaloos are a hip-hop theater company based in Los Angeles that was founded by Bradley Shooz Rapier and they started out in 1999 as a dance crew and eventually developed a stage show called Groovaloo that is a series of stories based on the true life experiences of the dancers. Company members include Edmundo Poe One Loayza, Rynan Kid Rainen Paguio from JabbaWockeeZ, rUBBERBANDance Group was founded in 2002 in Montreal by Los Angeles native Victor Quijada
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Five-Percent Nation
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Specifically, Clarence 13X denied that the Nations biracial founder Wallace Fard Muhammad was Allah and instead taught that the black man was himself God personified. Initially, the Nation of God and Earth, as it is today, was viewed as little more than an offshoot of the Nation of Islam. The New York City areas of Harlem and Brooklyn were named after notable Islamic cities by members of the organization, other areas include Detroit, New Jersey, Chicago, Queens, Connecticut, St. Louis, Seattle, and Dallas. The Nation of God and Earth teaches that people are the original people of the planet Earth. The Nation teaches that Supreme Mathematics and Supreme Alphabet, a set of principles created by Clarence 13X, is the key to understanding humankinds relationship to the universe. The Nation does not believe in a mystery God but instead teaches that the Asiatic Blackman is God and his name is Allah. The Nation of God and Earth was founded by Clarence 13X after he left the Nation of Islams Temple Number Seven in Harlem and that same year Clarence met James Howell, a sea merchant, who would later become Justice, and Clarences closest associate until his death. Clarence proselytized the streets of Harlem to teach others his views based on his interpretation of NOI teachings, after failing to reach elder adults whom he saw as already set in their ways, he found success with street youth. On October 10,1964, this group formed the First Nine Born of what became known as the Five Percent Nation, or later the Nation of Gods. In December of that year, Clarence was shot in a basement gambling den called the Hole, after surviving the shooting, he assumed the name Allah, and, according to some, boasted that he was immortal. He taught the 120 Lessons to his followers, but instead of teaching them to be Muslims. The women who came into Clarence 13Xs growing movement to study along with the males were taught they were symbolic of the planet Earth, in this system, the numbers from one to nine, and zero all represent principles and concepts. Coming together to discuss the Supreme Mathematics is the most fundamental regimen of the NGE, whenever members meet, they discuss about the Supreme Mathematics and 120 Lessons and relate them to life. Representatives of the Nation of God and Earth view themselves as their own God, Gods and Earths sometimes refer to themselves as scientists, implying their search for knowledge and proof. According to the Five Percenter Newspaper, God first means that it is no longer a judicial argument, culture is the practices and principles of a people at any given time. The teachings of the Nation of God and Earth are passed on through an oral tradition. The 10% can also include the governments of the world that deceive, the remaining 5% are the Poor Righteous Teachers—those who do not subscribe to the teachings of the 10%, as they know and teach that God is the Asiatic Blackman. The Supreme Mathematics is a system of understanding numerals alongside concepts, the Supreme Mathematics is thought to be the highest system of numerology in the NGE, used to give qualitative value to numbers in addition to quantity
21.
Old-school hip hop
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Old-School Hip Hop describes the earliest commercially recorded hip hop music, and the music in the period preceding it from which it was directly descended. Old school hip hop is said to have ended around 1984 due to changes in both rapping technique and the music and rhythms. It is characterized by the simpler rapping techniques of the time, old-school hip hop is noted for its relatively simple rapping techniques compared to later hip-hop music. Artists such as Melle Mel would use few syllables per bar of music, with simple rhythms, much of the subject matter of old school hip hop centers around partying and having a good time. In the book How to Rap, Immortal Technique explains how party content played a big part in old school hip hop, hip-hop was born in an era of social turmoil, in the same way that slaves used to sing songs on a plantation. Thats the party songs that we used to have, as mentioned earlier, a notable exception is the song The Message, which was written, produced and mainly rapped by Duke Bootee. It was offered to Grandmaster Flash and he turned it down, citing that no one wanted to hear reality, Melle Mel however contacted Duke Bootee afterward and expressed that he did want to take part. Melle Mel rapped the verse he rapped in 1979s Super Rappin on the Message, once the song was completed it was released under the banner of Grandmaster Flash & The Furious Five in order to give it some credibility. The song was a hit and introduced social commentary to hip hop, Duke Bootee solely produced and rapped The Message II with Melle Mel again in 1983. Battle rap was also a part of the old school hip hop aesthetic, while discussing battle rapping, Esoteric said, a lot of my stuff stems from old school hip-hop, braggadocio ethic. A famous old school hip hop battle occurred in December 1981 when Kool Moe Dee challenged Busy Bee Starski. Busy Bee Starskis defeat by the more complex raps of Kool Moe Dee meant that no longer was an MC just a crowd-pleasing comedian with a tongue, he was a commentator. KRS-One also credits this as creating a shift in rapping in the documentary Beef, sci-Fi/Afrofuturism was another theme introduced into hip hop. The release of Planet Rock in 1982 was a game changer, the combination of electronic percussive propulsion and Afrika Bambaataas rap sounded like an orchestra being rocketed into outer space. Light Years Away, by Warp 9, produced and written by Lotti Golden and Richard Scher, a cornerstone of early 80s beatbox afrofuturism, Light Years Away, is characterized as a brilliantly spare and sparse piece of electro hip-hop traversing inner and outer space. Freestyle rap during hip-hops old school era was defined differently than it is today, Kool Moe Dee refers to this earlier definition in his book, Theres a God on the Mic, There are two types of freestyle. Theres an old-school freestyle thats basically rhymes that youve written that may not have anything to do with any subject or that all over the place. Then theres freestyle where you come off the top of the head, in old school hip hop, Kool Moe Dee says that improvisational rapping was instead called coming off the top of the head
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New school hip hop
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The new school of hip hop was a movement in hip hop music starting 1983–84 with the early records of Run–D. M. C. and LL Cool J. Like the hip hop preceding it, it came predominantly from New York City, the new school was initially characterized in form by drum machine led minimalism, often tinged with elements of rock. It was notable for taunts and boasts about rapping, and socio-political commentary, in image as in song its artists projected a tough, cool, street b-boy attitude. These elements contrasted sharply with the funk and disco influenced outfits, novelty hits, live bands, synthesizers and party rhymes of artists prevalent in 1984, New school artists made shorter songs that could more easily gain radio play, and more cohesive LPs than their old school counterparts. By 1986 their releases began to establish the hip hop album as a fixture of the mainstream, hip-hop production became denser, rhymes and beats faster, as the drum machine was augmented with the sampler technology. Rakim took lyrics about the art of rapping to new heights, while KRS-One, native Tongues artists inclusive, sample-crowded music accompanied their positivity, Afrocentricity and playful energy. I. G. Coming to dominate the East Coast scene, the phrase leader of the new school, coined in hip hop by Chuck D in 1988, and presumably given further currency by the group with the exact name Leaders of the New School, remains popular. It has been applied to artists ranging from Jay-Z to Lupe Fiasco, elements of new school had existed in some form in the popular culture since hip-hops birth. This part of the culture was initiated by Kool DJ Herc in 1972 using breaks from James Brown, The Incredible Bongo Band, browns music—extensive vamps in which his voice was a percussive instrument with frequent rhythmic grunts, and with rhythm-section patterns. West African polyrhythms—was a keynote of hip hops early days, by 1975, Grandmaster Flash and Afrika Bambaataa had taken up Kool Hercs breakbeat style of DJing, each with their own accompanying rappers. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band and Grand Funk Railroads Inside Looking Out on unsuspecting b-boys, the earliest hip-hop records replaced the DJ with a live band playing funk and disco influenced tunes, or interpolating the tunes themselves, as in Rappers Delight and King Tim III. It was the soft, futuristic funk closely tied to disco that ruled hip hops early days on record, often though the rawer elements present in live shows did not make it past the recording studio. Bambaataas first records, for instance, two versions of Zulu Nation Throwdown, were recorded with just drums and rhymes, when Bambaataa heard the released records, a complete live band had been added. Likewise on the bootleg Live Convention 82, Grand Wizard Theodore cuts the first six bars of Rufus Thomass Do the Funky Penguin together for five and a half minutes while an MC raps over the top. Grandmaster Flashs Superrappin had a pumping syncopated rhythm and The Furious Five emulating his spinbacks and needle drops and chanting that that Flash is on the beatbox going. The beatbox itself however, a machine which Flash had added to his turntable set-up some time earlier, was absent on the record. Kool Moe Dees verbal personal attacks on Busy Bee Starski live at Harlem World in 1982 caused a sensation in hip hop circles. In the same way, groups like the Cold Crush Brothers and The Force MCs were known for their routines, competitive attitude, tapes of battles like these circulated widely, even without them becoming viable recordings
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Electro (music)
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Electro is a genre of electronic music and early hip hop directly influenced by the use of the Roland TR-808 drum machines, and funk. This is the distinction between electro and previously prominent genres such as disco, in which the electronic sound was only part of the instrumentation. It also palpably deviates from its predecessor boogie for being less vocal-oriented, following the decline of disco music in the United States, electro emerged as a fusion of funk and New York boogie. Early hip hop and rap combined with German and Japanese electropop influences such as Kraftwerk, Planet Rock was followed later that year by another breakthrough electro record, Nunk by Warp 9. In 1983, Hashim created an electro funk sound which influenced Herbie Hancock, the early 1980s were electros mainstream peak. By the mid 1980s, the genre moved away from its electronic and funk influences, using harder edged beats and rock samples, Electro became popular again in the late 1990s with artists such as Anthony Rother and DJs such as Dave Clarke. A third wave of popularity occurred in 2007, Electro has branched out into subgenres, including Electrocore and Skweee, which developed in Sweden and Finland. From its inception, one of the characteristics of the electro sound was the use of drum machines, particularly the Roland TR-808. As the genre evolved, computers and sampling replaced drum machines in electronic music and it is important to note, that although the electro of the 1980s and contemporary electro both grew out of the dissolution of disco, they are now different genres. Classic electro drum patterns tend to be electronic emulations of breakbeats, with a kick drum. The difference between electro drumbeats and breakbeats is that electro tends to be mechanical, while breakbeats tend to have more of a human-like feel. The definition however is somewhat ambiguous in nature due to the uses of the term. The Roland TR-808 drum machine hit the market in 1980, defining early electro with its immediately recognizable sound, staccato, percussive drumbeats tended to dominate electro, almost exclusively provided by the TR-808. As an inexpensive way of producing a sound, the TR-808 caught on quickly with the producers of early electro because of the ability of its bass drum to generate extreme low-frequencies. This aspect of the Roland TR-808 was especially appealing to producers who would test drive their tracks in nightclubs and its unique percussion sounds like handclaps, open and closed high-hat, clave and cowbell became integral to the electro sound. A number of songs in the early 1980s employed the TR-808, including Marvin Gaye’s “Sexual Healing, ” Cybotron’s “Clear, ” and Afrika Bambaataa’s “Planet Rock. ”The Roland TR-808 has attained iconic status. Through the use of samples, the Roland TR-808 remains popular in electro, most electro is instrumental, but a common element is vocals processed through a vocoder. Additionally, speech synthesis may be used to create robotic or mechanical lyrical content, as in the iconic Planet Rock, although primarily instrumental, early electro utilized rap
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Christian hip hop
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Christian hip hop is hip hop music characterized by a Christian worldview, with the general purposes of evangelization, edifying some members of the church and/or simply entertaining. It emphasizes the use of positive and uplifting messages to promote faith, Christian hip hop, blending rhythmic music and faith-based lyrics, first emerged on record in 1982 with a track entitled Jesus Christ by Queens, New York artist McSweet. The first full-length, Christian hip hop album, Bible Break, other early Christian hip recording artists from the mid-1980s included P. I. D. who recorded to funky rock rhythms, as well as JC & the Boys and Michael Peace. The first notable full album released was Stephen Wileys Bible Break, written by Wiley, in the same year by David Guzman founded JC & The Boyz. Some of Americas premiere Christian rappers, such as, Michael Peace, SFC, Dynamic Twins, MC Peace, a more commercially successful crew known as P. I. D. Michael Peace is an American rapper and one of Christian raps first solo artists, in the late 1980s, other crews emerged, including dc Talk, E. T. W. and S. F. C. ETW was led by producer/artist Mike Hill who went on to one of the largest inner city youth groups in the country out of Tulsa Oklahoma. S. F. C. was led by Chris Cooper who originally rapped as Super C and later became Sup the Chemist, Christian emcee Danny D-Boy Rodriguez was another well-known early Gospel rap artist, but was murdered in 1990 in Texas. She would go on to release an album in 1991. The 1990s saw the trend of funky rap artists blending faith and rap, such as D. O. C. who emerged from Oklahoma as well as the Gospel Gangstaz from Compton. In 1991, JC Crew emerged featuring Maximillian and T-Bone, other Christian rap artists include Dynamic Twins, Freedom of Soul, IDOL King, Apocalypse, 12th Tribe, and Holy Alliance. 12th Tribe and Holy Alliance were produced by Scott Blackwell of MYX Records, S. F. C. s 1992 album Phase III was DJed and produced by DJ Dove, whose credits also include the Gang Affiliated, Gospel Gangstas 1993 debut album. Around the same time as Phase III, Dynamic Twins came out with their 1993 album No Room To Breathe, Freedom of Soul followed with their second album, The Second Coming, also their last album as a group. The label was among the first to market the Contemporary Christian music market through distribution at Christian bookstores and playing on Christian radio. This trend continued with other such as Tooth & Nails Uprok Records and others that gave an outlet to hip hop artists who identified themselves as Christian. Recently, a number of artists and labels such as Reach Records, Grace and Peace Records, Kirk Franklin joined with the 1 Nation Crew in the album Kirk Franklin Presents 1NC. In September 2009, the Higherground Record Pool and One Accord DJ Alliance held their first Gospel DJ Conference at the Crowne Plaza, Queens, the first known Gospel DJs were honored at the event. Kingdom Affiliates Record Pool also was represented at the conference, most recently Christian rap artists like Lecrae and his label-mates from Reach Records have been setting records with sales and award-winning albums
