1.
Waiblingen
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Waiblingen is a town in the southwest of Germany, located in the center of the densely populated Stuttgart Region, directly neighboring Stuttgart. It is the capital of the Rems-Murr district, as of September 30,2004 Waiblingen accommodated 52,948 inhabitants. As of December 31,2004, the area of the town was 42.76 km2, Waiblingen was first mentioned in Carolingian documents in 885 at the time of Charles the Fat. It received its charter in 1250. Waiblingen was the property of the Salian kings, from whom the Hohenstaufen dukes and it is assumed that the Italian name of the Hohenstaufen party, Ghibelline, is derived from Waiblingen. The town was almost completely destroyed in 1634 during the Thirty Years War and it was rebuilt after the war, the existing old central part of the town dates back to the years between 1640 and 1700. Its fortifications are now well restored, has two factories there, for polymer and packaging technology. It is also the location for the processing center for the Stuttgart region of the Deutsche Post. Waiblingen is twinned with, Mayenne, France Devizes, United Kingdom Jesi, Italy Baja, Hungary 1883, Dr. med. Gustav Pfeilsticker 1907, Ferdinand Küderli 1930, Theodor Kaiser 1932, Friedrich Schofer 1934, Albert Roller 1953, Emil Münz 1967, Alfred Diebold 1968, Adolf Bauer 1997, Dr. Waiblingen
2.
West Germany
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West Germany is the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany or FRG in the period between its creation on 23 May 1949 to German reunification on 3 October 1990. During this Cold War era, NATO-aligned West Germany and Warsaw Pact-aligned East Germany were divided by the Inner German border, after 1961 West Berlin was physically separated from East Berlin as well as from East Germany by the Berlin Wall. This situation ended when East Germany was dissolved and its five states joined the ten states of the Federal Republic of Germany along with the reunified city-state of Berlin. With the reunification of West and East Germany, the Federal Republic of Germany, enlarged now to sixteen states and this period is referred to as the Bonn Republic by historians, alluding to the interwar Weimar Republic and the post-reunification Berlin Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany was established from eleven states formed in the three Allied Zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom and France, US and British forces remained in the country throughout the Cold War. Its population grew from roughly 51 million in 1950 to more than 63 million in 1990, the city of Bonn was its de facto capital city. The fourth Allied occupation zone was held by the Soviet Union, as a result, West Germany had a territory about half the size of the interbellum democratic Weimar Republic. At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided among the Western and Eastern blocs, Germany was de facto divided into two countries and two special territories, the Saarland and divided Berlin. The Federal Republic of Germany claimed a mandate for all of Germany. It took the line that the GDR was an illegally constituted puppet state, though the GDR did hold regular elections, these were not free and fair. For all practical purposes the GDR was a Soviet puppet state, from the West German perspective the GDR was therefore illegitimate. Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form Baden-Württemberg in 1952, in addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial de facto 11th state. It recognised the GDR as a de facto government within a single German nation that in turn was represented de jure by the West German state alone. From 1973 onward, East Germany recognised the existence of two German countries de jure, and the West as both de facto and de jure foreign country, the Federal Republic and the GDR agreed that neither of them could speak in the name of the other. The first chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who remained in office until 1963, had worked for an alignment with NATO rather than neutrality. He not only secured a membership in NATO but was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day European Union, when the G6 was established in 1975, there was no question whether the Federal Republic of Germany would be a member as well. With the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the Berlin Wall, East Germany voted to dissolve itself and accede to the Federal Republic in 1990. Its five post-war states were reconstituted along with the reunited Berlin and they formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany
3.
Bowmanville
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Bowmanville is a community of about 40,000 people located in the municipality of Clarington, Ontario, Canada. It is approximately 75 km east of Toronto, and 15 km east of Oshawa along Highway 2, Bowmanville was first incorporated as a town in 1858, but later incorporated with the neighbouring townships of Clarke and Darlington in 1974 forming Clarington. It is part of the Greater Toronto Area, the lands which would later become Bowmanville were first purchased by John Burk, who later sold it to Lewis Lewis. Lewis opened the first store in what was then called Darlington Mills, the store was purchased in about 1824 by Charles Bowman who then established the first post office. Its first postmaster was Robert Fairbairn, who ran the post office from 1828 to 1857, by 1866, Bowmanville was a town with a population of about 3,500 in the township of Darlington, County Durham. It was a station of the Grand Trunk Railway and it was established on the north shore of Lake Ontario. It possessed a harbour and there was extensive water power in the vicinity. The success of the Vanstone Mill, fueled by the machinery of the Crowns land grant program, under the generous yet discriminate eyes of wealthy local merchants such as John Simpson and Charles Bowman, small properties would often be sold to promote settlement and small business. The town soon developed an economy, all the while gradually establishing itself as a moderate player in shipping, rail transport, metal works. At present, St. Johns Anglican Church, St. Andrews Presbyterian Church, St. Pauls United Church and the impressively ornate Trinity United Church still serve the community. All of these edifices, appropriately, lie on or are in proximity to present-day Church Street. In the 19th century, in 1857, the Ontario Bank was founded in Bowmanville, the bank, while appearing to be a local enterprise, was primarily controlled by 16 Montreal businessmen. The Ontario bank eventually opened local branches including locations in Whitby, Oshawa, in 1874, it was moved to Toronto, and would later become insolvent as a result of investing in speculative stocks in 1906. Cream of Barley was shipped throughout the British Empire, Goodyear even went so far as to provide affordable housing for its employees, and present day Carlisle Ave. in the 1910s still stands as one of Ontarios best preserved examples of industrial housing. The land on which the Bowmanville Hospital was built was donated by J. W. Alexander, the 20th century saw a steady rise in the construction of area schools, with Vincent Massey P. S. St. Joseph Catholic Elementary, Waverly P. S, St. Elizabeth Catholic Elementary, John M. James P. S. Harold Longworth P. S. and Holy Family Catholic Elementary School, all accommodating gradual population increases, the local school board was amalgamated with neighboring jurisdictions to form the Kawartha Pine Ridge District School Board in 1997. The Catholic schools are part of the Peterborough Victoria Northumberland and Clarington Catholic District School Board which had already merged four municipalities in 1969, as the town grew and prospered, so arrived Bowmanvilles grand era of architectural building and refinement
4.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
5.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
6.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
7.
1980 Formula One season
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The 1980 Formula One season was the 34th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1980 World Championship of Drivers and the 1980 International Cup for F1 Constructors which were contested concurrently from 13 January to 5 October over a fourteen race series, the season also included one non-championship race, the 1980 Spanish Grand Prix. Jones became the first Australian to win the World Championship since Jack Brabham in 1966, in addition, Frenchman Patrick Depailler lost his life while testing at Hockenheim, just days before his 36th birthday. The following drivers and constructors contested the 1980 World Championship of Drivers, the 1980 Formula One season started in Argentina in January – where the teams escaped the cold misery of a European winter and into the intense heat of a South American summer. This event, held at the Buenos Aires Municipal Autodrome located in the sprawling Argentine capital, after going off twice and dropping back to 4th after making a pit-stop to clean grass out of his cars radiators, Australian and title favorite Alan Jones took victory in his Williams-Ford/Cosworth. Brazilian Nelson Piquet, who went off a few times finished 2nd. French rookie Alain Prost, in his first ever F1 race, finished 6th, the other half of the South American January tour took place in Brazil. This meeting was also met with pre-race difficulties, the drivers protested that the Interlagos tracks surface was so bad that it was actually dangerous to race on. But the race went ahead anyway, and the Renault of Frenchman Jean-Pierre Jabouille took pole, the Renaults proved to be dominant at Interlagos, which was 2,840 ft above sea level, giving the turbocharged Renault engines a considerable horsepower advantage. But he retired with turbo failure and his teammate Rene Arnoux took the lead and won, followed by Italian new-boy Elio de Angelis in a Lotus and Jones in his Williams. The GP circus arrived in South Africa in March, at the fast Kyalami circuit between Johannesburg and Pretoria in the midst of an African summer. And as in São Paulo, Jabouille led for a while and retired, however, this race effectively brought the FISA-FOCA war into the spotlight. A stop-over in Long Beach, California right next to the Hollywood-dominated landscape of Los Angeles happened 4 weeks after the South African race. Nelson Piquet effectively dominated this long, gruelling race in his Brabham-Ford/Cosworth – he took pole, set fastest lap and led from start to finish, the Swiss was critically injured, but survived, he would be paralyzed from the waist down for the rest of his life. The classic street race in Monaco provided some excitement, there was a big pile-up at the start and he took out Prost in a McLaren, his teammate Jean-Pierre Jarier and Bruno Giacomelli in an Alfa. Didier Pironi led and crashed, and Carlos Reutemann took the lead and won from Frenchman Jacques Laffite in a Ligier-Ford/Cosworth, balestre also stripped the drivers of their racing licenses. The FISA-supported manufacturer teams – Renault, Ferrari, and Alfa – all pulled out, the race was won by Alan Jones, who had also taken pole. The French Grand Prix took place while the Spanish Grand Prix debacle still raging on 4 weeks afterwards, the British Grand Prix in 1980 was at Brands Hatch, just outside London
8.
Arrows Grand Prix International
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Arrows Grand Prix International was a British Formula One team active from 1978 to 2002. For a period of time, it was known as Footwork. Team sponsor Franco Ambrosios initials were used in the name of Arrows first car, Shadow sued for copyright infringement, claiming that the FA1 was a copy of the Shadow DN9. Arrows designed a revised car, the Arrows A1, in 52 days. It was shown the day after the High Court of Justice in London upheld Shadows claim, ambrosio left the team in early 1977 when jailed in Italy for financial irregularities. Arrows driver Riccardo Patrese who scored points in the third race. For the teams first season in Formula One, the team had signed Swede Gunnar Nilsson to be their first driver, however, he would never get to drive the car, since he contracted a fatal case of testicular cancer and died later that year. In September 1978, in the Italian Grand Prix at Monza, Patrese was wrongly accused of causing the accident and then subsequently banned from racing at the following event by his fellow drivers. In 1981, Patrese scored the teams only Formula One pole position in Long Beach, Arrows finished joint eighth in the Constructors Championship that year. In 1984 with BMW M12 turbo engines and sponsorship from cigarette company Barclay things got much better and that year they were ninth in the Constructors Championship and eighth in 1985. At the 1985 San Marino Grand Prix, Thierry Boutsen finished third behind Alain Prost, however, after the race, Prost was disqualified because his car was 2 kg underweight, giving Boutsen the second place. While 1987 and 1988 were Arrows best years in F1, they were also the cause of frustration for the team and its drivers Warwick and Cheever. At the start of 1987 the sports ruling body mandated that all turbo powered cars were to use a valve in order to restrict turbo boost. This was done not only to slow the cars down for safety reasons, the problem for Arrows was that the valve would regularly cut in lower than the set limit. This meant that the Megatron engines were not producing their full power, although Cheever and Warwick finished the race in 3rd and 4th respectively, it was too little too late as the turbo era ended after the 1988 season. Warwick and Cheever stayed with the team for 1989 and drove the Ross Brawn designed Arrows A11 which was powered by the Ford DFR V8 engine, the teams best finish came at the United States Grand Prix in Cheevers home town of Phoenix. There the American scored his final finish by finishing 3rd. Ultimately though Cheever struggled in the A11 and he failed to qualify at the British
9.
ATS (wheels)
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ATS was a German Formula One team, named after German alloy wheel brand Auto Technisches Spezialzubehör. The company is based in Bad Dürkheim near the Hockenheimring, its team was active in Formula One from 1977 to 1984, the ATS company created some revolutionary new lightweight wheels for Porsche and VW automobiles. ATS manufactured a light aluminum alloy 5 spoked wheel for AMG and this 5 spoked wheel is popularly known as the AMG Penta wheel. The AMG Penta spoked wheel by ATS, designed by Hans-Werner Aufrecht in 1979, was the first aluminum alloy rim marketed by AMG when it was still an independent tuning company. ATS owner Günter Schmid had sponsored various national motorsport events, before realising Grand Prix racing was a way of promoting his brand. Due to his temper, Schmid was notoriously difficult to work with, in 1977, ATS purchased the remaining PC4 chassis from Penske Racing. Jean-Pierre Jarier was signed to drive the car, placing 6th on the debut at the United States Grand Prix West. A second car was entered in the 1977 German Grand Prix for German touring car racer Hans Heyer, Heyer failed to qualify, but famously took the start anyway in front of his home crowd at the Hockenheimring. The race organisers only noticed when he retired with a gear linkage. Hans Binder would then take the car for the rest of the season. Robin Herd from March Engineering was enlisted to build the first genuine ATS Formula One car, Jarier came 8th at the South African Grand Prix, but was fired after an argument with Schmidt, and replaced by Alberto Colombo for the Belgian Grand Prix. After two failures to qualify, Colombo was also fired, and replaced by Keke Rosberg until the German Grand Prix, there, Jarier returned, having patched up his differences with Schmid, only for them to re-emerge follow Jariers failure to qualify. Binder returned for one race, before Michael Bleekemolen took over, by now Mass had also left following a broken leg in testing. As Harald Ertl had failed to pre-qualify his Ensign for the 1978 Italian Grand Prix, Ertl didnt qualify for the race, and Rosberg returned for the final two races. The lack of continuity both in the cars and in the garage had been no help to the fledgling team, the D1 was designed by John Gentry, and featured skirts, wider track and side pods. The D1 was used in the last two races of the 1978 season,1979 saw Hans-Joachim Stuck arrive, to drive a single car. The team stepped up to an operation again in 1980, with Marc Surer. From the US GP West, they were back down to a car, with Surer injured, though he returned in the French Grand Prix
10.
Brabham
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Motor Racing Developments Ltd. commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers, Jack Brabhams 1966 Drivers Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the drivers own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the worlds largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, during this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing, the team won two more Formula One Drivers Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in 1981 in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, in 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the teams 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm, midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office, in 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers Championship in Coopers revolutionary mid-engined cars, despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Coopers highly successful 1960 T53 lowline car, Brabham describes Tauranac as absolutely the only bloke Id have gone into partnership with. Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with 83 hp, to meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. deliberately avoiding the use of either mans name. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the MRD was soon renamed, motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that way a Frenchman pronounces those initials—written phonetically, em air day—sounded perilously like the French word. Gavin Youl achieved a finish at Goodwood and another at Mallory Park in the MRD-Ford. The cars were known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for Brabham Tauranac. By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the approach further than Cooper. The Brabham Racing Organisation started the year fielding a customer Lotus chassis, Brabham took two points finishes in Lotuses, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a problem after 9 of the 15 laps
11.
RAM Racing
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RAM Racing was a Formula One racing team which competed during the racing seasons of 1976 to 1985. The team entered other manufacturers chassis from 1976 to 1980, then ran Marchs team from 1981 to 1983, the team was formed in 1975 by Mike Ralph and John Macdonald, with RAM derived from their names. After running Macdonald in a GRD in British Formula Three, they entered Alan Jones in a Formula 5000 March for 1976. They also bought a pair of Brabham BT44B Formula One cars, and entered the 1976 World Championship, running Loris Kessel and Emilio de Villota for the Spanish Grand Prix, where neither qualified. However, both Kessel and another pay-driver, Patrick Nève, qualified for the Belgian Grand Prix, with Jac Nellemann, Damien Magee, Lella Lombardi, there were few finishes, and the pay-drivers meant the team were frequent non-qualifiers. For 1977, Boy Hayje drove a RAM-entered March with little success, however, they had some success running Guy Edwards in the Shellsport Group 8 Championship in Britain, finishing 2nd overall. For 1978 the team switched to the British Aurora Formula One series, with Edwards placing 4th overall that year in a March, for 1980, RAM made an investment in a pair of 1979-spec Williams FW07s, with Emilio de Villota winning the title. Sponsorship included American mens magazine Penthouse and they then entered one of these cars for Rupert Keegan in the British Grand Prix. Kevin Cogan and Geoff Lees would guest in another car in the last two rounds, but their best finish was Keegans 9th place at the United States Grand Prix,1981 saw RAM manage and run the returning March Grand Prix team, with Derek Daly and Eliseo Salazar driving. However, non-qualifications were frequent, and the failed to score any points. The combination stayed together for 1982, landing backing from Rothmans, with veteran Jochen Mass to lead the team, backed up by Raul Boesel, hopes were high, but it was another disappointing year. Mass took 7th place at the Detroit Grand Prix, but as the car proved to be slow he lost motivation, from the German Grand Prix, Keegan took over the car, but RAM March once again failed to score points. 1983 saw the RAM name make itself onto the chassis for the first time, Salazar returned to drive the main entry, while a second car for Jean-Louis Schlesser was fielded at the French Grand Prix as a one-off. Salazar scored a 15th place in the opener, but the bulky car struggled to qualify. Financial reasons saw the team skip the Detroit Grand Prix, while they made the Canadian Grand Prix due to fielding local driver Jacques Villeneuve, Sr. Kenny Acheson then took over for the rest of the season, only qualifying once, at the season-closing South African Grand Prix, astonishingly, the team pressed on into 1984. The partnership with March was dissolved, and RAM attracted sponsorship from Skoal Bandit, Two RAM02 cars, with Hart turbo engines, were entered for Formula Two champion Jonathan Palmer and Philippe Alliot. Kellys new design was disappointing, and the cars were frequent back-markers, indeed, the team drew more notices for the crashes their drivers were involved in
12.
1980 Italian Grand Prix
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The 1980 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 14 September 1980 at the Imola Circuit in Italy. It was the race of the 1980 Formula One season. The race was the 50th Italian Grand Prix and the first Grand Prix to be held at Imola and it was the first time since the 1948 Italian Grand Prix was held at Parco del Valentino that the Autodromo Nazionale Monza did not host the Italian Grand Prix. Monza was under refurbishment at the time, the race was such a success that a new race, the San Marino Grand Prix was established for Imola. The race was held over 60 laps of the 5. 000-kilometre circuit for a race distance of 300 kilometres. The race was won by Brazilian driver, Nelson Piquet driving a Brabham BT49, the win was Piquets third Formula One Grand Prix victory and his second in succession. Piquet won by 28 seconds over championship points leader, Australian driver Alan Jones driving a Williams FW07B, Jones Argentinian team mate Carlos Reutemann finished third. Manfred Winkelhock made his debut, substituting for the still injured Jochen Mass at Arrows and he did not make it to the race after his Arrows A3 collided with the Lotus 81B of Nigel Mansell in practice, putting out both. Scuderia Ferrari debuted their first turbocar, the Ferrari 126C but Gilles Villeneuve started the race in his regular Ferrari 312T5, regardless, after a very heavy crash in practice at the flat-out right hander before Tosa, reigning world champion Jody Scheckter announced his retirement from the sport. The front row of the grid was occupied by the Renault RE20s of René Arnoux, on the sixth lap Villeneuve crashed his 312T5 heavily at the corner which now bears his name. Villeneuve was unhurt and Bruno Giacomelli retired his Alfa Romeo 179 after running over debris, Jones climbed into second after running as low as seventh. Keke Rosberg finished fifth in his Fittipaldi F8, also his second best result of the year, didier Pironi finished sixth in his Ligier JS11/15. Twelve cars finished, thirteen were classified including the Tyrrell 010 of Jean-Pierre Jarier who had brake failure with five laps to go, the performances of Jones and Reutemann put Williams 34 points ahead of Ligier and secured the British team their first constructors championship. Despite finishing second to Piquet, Jones lost the championship points lead. With two races to go Piquet led by a point as the European leg of the championship concluded, Reutemann was now five points ahead of Jacques Laffite and eight ahead of Arnoux. There would be a break while the championship relocated to North America for the conclusion of the season. René Arnoux 2 laps Jean-Pierre Jabouille 1 lap Nelson Piquet 57 laps Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
13.
1985 German Grand Prix
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The 1985 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring on August 4,1985. It was the round of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship. This was the first German Grand Prix that was held on the new GP-Strecke section of the track replaced the old Südschleife section that had not been used since 1970. The GP-Strecke would not host another Grand Prix until it hosted the 1995 European Grand Prix, Michele Alboreto won the race, his fifth and last F1 victory. This event was the first occasion on which a camera was used in a race. That car was not eligible for points, and this race marked the last time, as of the 2016 season. It would be Manfred Winkelhocks last ever Formula One Grand Prix, the German was killed after he crashed his Porsche 962C sportscar at the 1000 km of Mosport in Canada just a week after the German Grand Prix. A surprise pole position went to Teo Fabi, the first of his career, and this was a time he set during Fridays qualifying session, during Saturday it rained and none of the drivers could improve on their times. Keke Rosberg 33, Ayrton Senna 11, Michele Alboreto 23 Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
14.
Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2
15.
1982 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 1982 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Jacarepaguá on March 21,1982. It was the round of the 1982 Formula One season. Nelson Piquet finished first and Keke Rosberg finished second, but both were disqualified after the cars were found to be underweight, as a result, the FOCA teams boycotted San Marino GP two races later. The problem was with a 7 US gallons ballast water tank and this would gradually empty during the race and then be replenished at the end so as to pass post-race scrutineering. The FIA Appeals Tribunal upheld the disqualification seven weeks later and these tanks were permanently banned, the first win in the Brazilian GP for Alain Prost, who recorded six wins in total in the Brazilian GP. First and only points, Manfred Winkelhock, many drivers suffered exhaustion because of the intensely hot weather, particularly Brabham drivers Nelson Piquet and Riccardo Patrese. Patrese was forced to retire from the due to total exhaustion. Piquet, after having finished first in the race and then making it to the podium ceremony. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
16.
Joachim Winkelhock
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Joachim Winkelhock is a German motor racing driver. The younger brother of the late Manfred Winkelhock, Winkelhock was born in Waiblingen, the youngest brother, Thomas Winkelhock, and Manfreds son Markus Winkelhock are also racing drivers. The next year was successful, as he tried Formula One with the small AGS team. Failing to pre-qualify on 7 occasions, Winkelhock then linked up with BMW Motorsport in touring car racing and he won the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 1990 and 1991 with a BMW M3 entered by Schnitzer Motorsport. His first title was the 1993 British Touring Car Championship, there, he was also commonly known as Smokin Jo, for his cigarette smoking habit. Winkelhocks next win was the 1994 Asia Pacific Touring Car Championship and he also triumphed in the 1995 Spa 24 Hours, and the 1994 and 1998 Macau Grand Prixs Guia touring car races. His last success for BMW came at the 199924 Hours of Le Mans, in 2000, he joined Opel in the new Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, and in 2003 he announced his retirement from motor racing at the age of 43. He runs his familys Waiblingen-based truck-crane and towing business, occasionally getting personally involved in recovering crashed trucks, a special edition of the BMW M5 has been made in honor of Joachim Winkelhock. A2005 poll run by Motor Sport magazine voted Winkelhock the 17th greatest touring car driver ever
17.
Jochen Mass
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Jochen Richard Mass is a German former racing driver. Mass was born in Dorfen, Bavaria and he participated in 114 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 14 July 1973 at the British Grand Prix. He won one GP race, secured no pole positions, achieved 8 podiums, Mass is perhaps best known for his blameless part in the death of Gilles Villeneuve. On 8 May 1982, with only 10 minutes left until the end of the session for the 1982 Belgian Grand Prix at Zolder. As Villeneuve came up behind Mass exiting a super-fast left turn, Villeneuve had already committed to the right hand side and the two cars touched wheels, launching the helpless Canadian skyward. Villeneuves car hit the ground nose-first and was torn apart in a series of violent cartwheels. His seat was dislodged and he was flung from his car, Mass stopped his car, jumped out and ran back to Villeneuve’s wrecked car, but there was nothing he could have done. Villeneuve was flown to hospital and taken off later that evening. In 1972, he teamed up with Hans-Joachim Stuck to drive a Ford Capri RS2600 to victory at the Spa 24 Hours endurance race in Belgium and he went on to win that years World Sportscar Championship. He finished second to Clay Regazzoni and Arturo Merzario in a November 1972 9-hour race at the Kyalami Circuit, in Johannesburg, Mass co-driver in a Chevron B-21 was Gerry Birrell.8 seconds, for an average of 124.3 miles per hour. Mass placed second to Jean-Pierre Jarier in a Formula Two race at Nivelles and he had finished second in the first heat and third in the second. He completed his first Formula One race at the 1973 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring, Mass came in seventh in a Surtees. He drove a McLaren-Ford to third place in the 1975 Brazilian Grand Prix at Interlagos, Mass won the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix after leader, Rolf Stommelens car hit a protective barrier, exploded into flames and catapulted into the crowd at the Montjuich circuit. Four spectators were killed and twelve were injured, stommelen suffered multiple fractures and was in a critical condition after the accident. Mass was declared the winner in his Texaco McLaren-Ford, when the race was stopped immediately after the accident, Merzario and Mass led an Alfa Romeo sweep of the first two positions in the 1975 Coppa Florio manufacturers championship automobile race at Pergusa. Mass was third in the 1975 French Grand Prix at Le Castellet, on lap 44 he broke the record set by Denny Hulme, clocking a time of 1,50.60 over the 3. 61-mile circuit. Mass and Jacky Ickx teamed in a Porsche to claim victory in the Dijon Six-Hour Race, Mass won the eighth and final race of the 1976 World Sports Car Championship series. He completed the 4.2 kilometre, Salzburg course in 1 hour,28 minutes,25.24 seconds, Mass and Ickx drove a Porsche 935 in the 197724 Hours of Daytona endurance race
18.
Markus Winkelhock
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Markus Winkelhock is a German professional racing driver, who has taken part in one Formula One Grand Prix, which he briefly led. He is the son of Manfred Winkelhock and nephew of Joachim Winkelhock, having switched to sports and touring car racing, he has also won the FIA GT1 World Championship in 2012 with team-mate Marc Basseng. Born in Stuttgart, Winkelhock won races in a string of junior formulae including Formula König, German Formula Renault, in 2001, Winkelhock joined the German Formula 3 Championship, where he remained until the championship became the F3 Euroseries in 2003. His record was fifth overall in 2001, seventh in 2002 and he switched to touring car racing in 2004, with a season in the DTM in an AMG-Mercedes CLK. But he failed to score a point all year with the Persson team, Winkelhock switched back to single-seater racing in 2005, joining the World Series by Renault with Draco. He won three times but there were some less than shining moments – notably when he crashed at Monaco in qualifying. On 24 January 2006, Marcus Winkelhock was confirmed a test and reserve driver in the Midland F1 team and he participated in Friday test sessions for the team at the Bahrain, Australian, German and Hungarian Grands Prix. He was re-signed for 2007 by the team, now in its Spyker F1 guise and he also made a brief return to the DTM in 2007, starting three races. Following Christijan Albers departure from Spyker after the 2007 British Grand Prix, the deal was only for one race with Sakon Yamamoto set to race for Spyker for the rest of the season. Due to Christijan Albers departure from the Spyker F1 Team, Winkelhock was called in for the 10th race of the season, Winkelhock started last on the 22-car grid alongside team mate Adrian Sutil. But on the lap with the rest of the field already on dry-weather tyres. By lap 4 he had a lead of 33 seconds over Ferraris Felipe Massa in 2nd place, as the rain got heavier the race stewards first sent out the safety car, and then suspended the race following a series of spin-offs in the first corner behind the safety car. The race restarted after the rain had eased, Winkelhock and his team chose to start on full wet tyres on a drying track in the hope of further showers, as the team expected he would be overtaken by faster cars anyway. The gamble failed and, having restarted the race from pole position and he retired on lap 15 with hydraulic problems that caused a small fire. He had led for a total of six laps, Winkelhock returned to the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters after he lost his Spyker seat, and has remained in the series, driving for Team Rosberg, for 2008,2009 and 2010. In 2011, he competed in the FIA GT1 World Championship for the All-Inkl. com Münnich Motorsport team alongside team boss Marc Basseng driving a Lamborghini and they won the championship the following year, the team having switched to the Mercedes SLS due to a change in the regulations. ‡ As Winkelhock was a guest driver, he was ineligible for points,1 – Shanghai was a non-championship round. ‡ — Guest driver – Not eligible for points, † Winkelhock was ineligible to score points during the Moscow weekend due to Nikolaus Mayr-Melnhofs absence
19.
Sports car racing
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Sports car racing is a form of circuit auto racing with sports cars that have two seats and enclosed wheels. They may be purpose-built or related to road-going models, a type of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car racing, this style is often associated with the annual Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race. First run in 1923, Le Mans is one of the oldest motor races still in existence, other classic but now defunct sports car races include the Italian classics, the Targa Florio and Mille Miglia, and the Mexican Carrera Panamericana. Most top class sports car races emphasize endurance, reliability, and strategy, longer races usually involve complex pit strategy and regular driver changes. These makers top road cars have often very similar both in engineering and styling to those raced. This close association with the nature of the cars serves as a useful distinction between sports car racing and touring cars. The 12 Hours of Sebring,24 Hours of Daytona, and 24 Hours of Le Mans were once considered the trifecta of sports car racing. In the 1920s, the used in endurance racing and Grand Prix were still basically identical, with fenders. Cars such as the Bugatti Type 35 were almost equally at home in Grands Prix and endurance events, but specialisation gradually started to differentiate the sports-racer from the Grand Prix car. As mainly Italian cars and races defined the genre, the category was called Gran Turismo, as long distances had to be travelled, reliability and some basic comfort were necessary in order to endure the task. After the Second World War, sports car racing emerged as a form of racing with its own classic races. Top Grand Prix drivers also competed regularly in sports car racing, from 1962 sports cars temporarily took a back seat to GT cars with the FIA replacing the World Championship for Sports Cars with the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. The US scene tended to feature small MG and Porsche cars in the smaller classes, the combination of mostly British chassis and American V8 engines gave rise to the popular and spectacular Can-Am series in the 1960s and 1970s. Clubmans provided much entertainment at club-racing level from the 1960s into the 1990s, after a relative period of decline in the 1980s a British GT Championship emerged in the mid-90s. Road races such as the Mille Miglia included everything from stock touring cars to World Championship contenders, the Mille Miglia was the largest sporting event in Italy until a fatal accident caused its demise in 1957. The Targa Florio, another road race, remained part of the world championship until the 1970s. Between the late 1960s and late 1970s, Matra and Renault made significant, the competition at Le Mans even made it to the movie screens, with Steve McQueens film Le Mans. This era was seen by many as the highpoint of sports car racing, with the technology, a peculiarly American form of sports car racing was the Can-Am series, in which virtually unlimited sports prototypes competed in relatively short races
20.
Touring car racing
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Touring car racing is an auto racing competition with heavily modified road-going cars. It is popular in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Britain, Germany, Sweden, while not as fast as Formula One, the similarity of the cars both to each other and to fans own vehicles makes for entertaining, well-supported racing. Aerodynamic aids are added to the front and rear of the cars. Regulations are usually designed to limit costs by banning some of the exotic technologies available. Touring cars share some similarity with American stock car racing governed by NASCAR, however, touring cars are, at least notionally, derived from production cars while todays NASCAR vehicles are based on a common design. For the casual observer, there can be a deal of confusion when it comes to classifying closed-wheel racing cars as touring cars or sports cars. In truth, there is very little technical difference between the two classifications, and nomenclature is often a matter of tradition. Touring cars are based upon family cars, while GT racing cars are based upon more powerful and expensive sports cars. More recently, there has been a push to make GT cars closer to the road cars with the GT3 set of regulations. Most sports car championships only allow rear-wheel drive cars, while touring cars generally have a lower technical level than sports cars, there are some exceptions. Over time Touring Cars has drifted from its role as racing cars based on road cars with categories like NASCAR. This in turn has led to the rise of Production car racing to fulfil the role performed by Touring Cars. Worldwide Modern World Touring Car Championship started in 2005, evolving from the reborn European Touring Car Championship, running at major international racing facilities, this series is supported by BMW, SEAT and Chevrolet. The latter fields a team, whereas the other two only sell racing kits to be installed on their cars, providing technical support to their customers. In 2011 Volvo also entered the championship, fielding a team as an evaluation for a possible heavier commitment to the series. The World Touring Car Championship features 1. 6-litre cars built to Super 2000 regulations based on FIA Group N, following the trend of recent FIA rules, cost control is a major theme in the technical regulation. In 2011 the rules concerning the engine capacity have changed, switching from 2000 cc to 1600 cc turbo engines, Cars equipped with the old 2000 cc engines are still eligible in the championship. Many technologies that have featured in production cars are not allowed, for example, variable valve timing, variable geometry, ABS brakes
21.
1000 km Monza
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The 1000 kilometres of Monza (also called from 1966 Trofeo Luigi Caracciolo was an endurance race mainly for sports cars held at Autodromo Nazionale Monza in Italy. The Coppa Inter-Europa was first held in 1949, on the 6. 3-kilometre circuit, the race expanded to 1000 kilometres in 1954, and moved to the 10-kilometre circuit in 1956. The event was shortened and returned to the 6. 3-km track the next year, in 1960 and 1961, the race was a part of the FIA GT Cup. In 1963, the race was held as an event for production-based cars in the World Sportscar Championship before being expanded to a 1000-kilometer distance in 1965. A lap was 10.1 kilometers long, yielding a distance of 1010 km after 100 laps. From 1970 to 2008, the shorter Grand Prix circuit has used for 173 laps. The Monzas race was valid for the second, both in 1976 and 1977, in 1978 the WorldSport car Championship was cancelled and the Race was arranged on 320 km and valid for European Sportscar Championship. In 1979, cancelled the European Championship the race was only for Italian Championship. In 1989 the race was cancelled due financial problem of Automobil Club of Milan and for the rebuilding of boxes and paddock facilities. Since 1992, the race has used on and off by various series, most notably, the BPR Global GT Series. The FIA Sportscar Championship also held a running of the 1000 km in 2001. In 1995 and 1996 the race was valid for the BPR Global GT Series, reserved to GT cars, after a 1997 without the race, the 1998 edition was not valid for any international championship, returning to the 1000 km format and open also to sportscars. In 1999 the race return to be valid for an internatiomal championship, the SportsRacing World Cup. with distance reduced to 500 km. In 2000 the race was held on the 500 km distance but was called 1000km due the fact in the day on the morning. In 2001 the race valid for the FIA Sportscar Championship return to a reral 1000 km format, after a year without race, in 2003 the race return to the 500 km format. In 2004, the race, again on 1000 km, were resumed as a part of the Le Mans Series, a race for 2006 was planned by the Le Mans Series, but had to be cancelled due to protests over the noise pollution caused by the event. Agreements were later reached to allow the event to return in 2007, after 2008, the race was not held again until 2017 when a 4 hours is scheduled as part of 2017 European Le Mans Series. The record of most wins belongs to Jacky Ickx, who has won the race in 1972,1973 and 1976
22.
Marc Surer
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Marc Surer is a former racing driver from Switzerland currently working as TV commentator and racing school instructor. He participated in 88 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 9 September 1979 and he scored a total of 17 championship points. Surer started his career in karting in 1972, due to the racing ban established in Switzerland after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, he moved to Germany in 1974 where he finished second in the local Formula Vee Championship. In 1976 he switched to European Formula 3, where he was noticed by Jochen Neerpasch who hired him as a member of the BMW Junior Team alongside Eddie Cheever and Manfred Winkelhock. In 1978 he finished second in the Formula 2 Championship, eventually winning the series the year in a works March-BMW. Surers debut in Formula 1 took place at the end of 1979 and was somewhat troubled and he broke his legs in qualifying at the South African Grand Prix in an ATS at Kyalami in 1980, and again racing there in 1981 for Ensign. He recovered to give Ensign their best result with a 4th place at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix and he later drove for Theodore before establish himself at Arrows for a couple of seasons, until BMWs support earned him a seat at Brabham for 1985. Surer returned to Arrows in 1986 but eventually retired from Formula One halfway through the season, Surer moved on to rallying, but a serious accident at the 1986 ADAC Hessen-Rallye in his Ford RS200 severely injured him and killed his co-driver and friend Michel Wyder. BMW retained him as a driver, coach and later director of motorsport activities, in 1994 and 1995 Surer, alongside Johnny Cecotto and Jo Winkelhock won the German Super Touring Car Championship. In 1996 he began working as a commentator at all Formula 1 events for Sky Sport next to the lead commentator. Surer has been married twice to former Playboy models, first to Playmate Jolanda Egger, on 3 December 2011 he married his longtime partner Silvia Renée Arias Profile at www. grandprix. com
23.
Canadian Tire Motorsport Park
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Canadian Tire Motorsport Park is a multi-track motorsport venue located north of Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada. The facility features a 2. 459-mile, 10-turn road course, a 2.9 km advance driver and race driver training facility with a quarter-mile skid pad and a 1.5 km kart track. The name Mosport is a contraction of Motor Sport, came from the enterprise formed to build the track, the track was designed and built in the late 1950s. The first race to be held on the track was a event organized by the Oakville Light Car Club in June 1961. Shortly thereafter, on June 35, the venue held its first major race, the Players 200, stirling Moss won the two-heat event in a Lotus 19. Second was Joakim Bonnier with Olivier Gendebien third and this is a source of lingering confusion as many people call the track Mossport. Mosport has had a succession of owners since the public company created to build the track. Two of those owners, Norm Namerow and Harvey Hudes, have both been inducted into the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame for their contribution to the sport in Canada. In 1998, Panoz Motorsports purchased the facility, and in 1999, for 2001, the entire circuit was repaved to meet FIA specifications, and is now 42 feet wide. Drivers were consulted to ensure the character of the old track was kept, Mosport achieved acclaim though a series of international sports car races under the title Canadian Grand Prix normally reserved for Formula 1 races. Many events were popular, breaking Canadian sports attendance records with each successive race. The success of these races led Mosport to be seen as a key component in the founding of the Can Am Series. The CanAm first visited the track in its season in 1966. In 1967, Canadas centennial year, Mosport hosted Formula One, USAC, f1s Grand Prix of Canada remained at the track until 1977, until it was moved to Montreal. Mosport has hosted a variety of series throughout its history. The circuit has held Formula One, USAC, World Sportscar Championship, Can-Am, Formula 5000, and many sports car, open-wheel. The most recent fatality at the track was in 2008 during the 29th annual Vintage Automobile Racing Association of Canada Racing Festival. Driver Dino Crescentini of Rochester Hills, MI – a ten-year veteran of vintage racing – lost control of his 1977 Wolf Dallara Can-Am car, unlike many historic motorsport venues, Mosports track layout has remained mostly unchanged from its original form
24.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, it is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere. The name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto and this refers to the northern end of what is now Lake Simcoe, where the Huron had planted tree saplings to corral fish. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war
25.
1985 1000 km of Mosport
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The 1985 Budweiser GT was the sixth round of the 1985 World Endurance Championship. Several teams from the Camel GT Championship also participated, under the GTP, GTO and it took place at Mosport Park, Canada on August 11,1985. In the early portions of the race, Manfred Winkelhock was driving the Kremer Racing Porsche 962C after taking over from teammate Marc Surer, at the beginning of the cars 69th lap, Winkelhocks Porsche went off course during the long downhill Turn 2. The car hit the barrier at the bottom of the hill head-on. Caution came out immediately and lasted for 56 minutes as safety crews attempted to extract Winkelhock from the wreckage, Winkelhock was flown by medical helicopter to Sunnybrook Medical Centre near Toronto suffering from severe head trauma while the race resumed. Winkelhock died the day after failing to recover from surgery. Cars failing to complete 75% of the winners distance marked as Not Classified, † - #80 Carma F. F. was disqualified after completing the final lap of the race too slowly. Pole Position - #2 Rothmans Porsche -1,09.775 Fastest Lap - #2 Rothmans Porsche -1,12.915 Average Speed -168.886 km/h 1985 Mosport 1000 Race Highlights
26.
World Sportscar Championship
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The World Sportscar Championship was the world series run for sports car racing by the FIA from 1953 to 1992. The official name of the series changed throughout the years, however it has generally been known as the World Sportscar Championship from its inception in 1953. The World Sportscar Championship was, with the Formula One World Championship, in 2012 the World Sportscar Championship was revived and renamed as the World Endurance Championship. Cars were split into Sports Car and GT categories and were divided into engine displacement classes. The Ferrari and Maserati works teams were fierce competitors throughout much of the decade, notably absent from the overall results were the Jaguar works team, who did not enter any events other than Le Mans, despite the potential of the C- and D-Types. In 1962, the calendar was expanded to include smaller races, the World Sportscar Championship title was discontinued, being replaced by the International Championship for GT Manufacturers. They group cars into three categories with specific sizes, less than one litre, less than two litres, and over two litres. Hillclimbs, sprint races and smaller races expanded the championship, which now had about 15 races per season, for 1963 the three engine capacity classes remained but a prototype category was added. For 1965 the engine classes became for cars under 1300 cc, under 2000 cc, in 1972 the Group 6 Prototype and Group 5 Sports Car classes were both replaced by a new Group 5 Sports Car class. These cars were limited to 3.0 L engines by the FIA, the new Group 5 Sports Cars, together with Group 4 Grand Touring Cars, would contest the FIAs newly renamed World Championship for Makes from 1972 to 1975. Prototypes returned in 1976 as Group 6 cars with their own series, the World Championship for Sports Cars, in 1981, the FIA instituted a drivers championship. While this change was unwelcome amongst some of the private teams, several of the old guard manufacturers returned to the WSC within the next two years, with each marque adding to the diversity of the series. Under the new rules, it was possible for normally aspirated engines to compete with the forced induction engines that had dominated the series in the 70s. In addition, most races ran for either 500 or 1000 km, Group B cars, which was a GT class, were also allowed to race, but entries in this class were sparse, and Group B cars disappeared from the series, with sports-prototypes dominating the championship. Porsche was the first constructor to join the series, with the 956, as costs increased, a C2 class was created for privateer teams and small manufacturers, with greater limits to fuel consumption. In this lower class, most cars used either the BMW M1 engine or the new Cosworth DFL, but, like in the main class, alba, Tiga, Spice and Ecurie Ecosse were among the most competitive in this class. While the Group C formula had brought back to the sport. For 1986, the World Endurance Championship became the World Sports-Prototype Championship, the new classification, known as Group C Category 1, was designed to mandate Formula One engines
27.
Porsche 962
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The vehicle was later replaced by the Porsche WSC-95. When the Porsche 956 was developed in late 1981, the intention of Porsche was to run the car in both the World Sportscar Championship and the North American IMSA GTP Championship. However IMSA GTP regulations differed from Group C and subsequently the 956 was banned in the US series on safety grounds as the feet were ahead of the front axle center line. To make the 956 eligible under the new IMSA regulations, Porsche extended the 956s wheelbase to move the front wheels ahead of the pedal box, a steel roll cage was also integrated into the new aluminium chassis. For an engine, the Porsche 934-derived Type-9352, the newer Andial built 3. 2L fuel injected flat-6 would be placed in the 962 by the middle of 1985 for IMSA GT, which made the car more competitive against Jaguar. However it would not be until 1986 that the 2. 6L unit from the 956 was replaced in the World Sportscar Championship, using 2. 8L,3. 0L, and 3. 2L variants with dual turbochargers. The cars run under World Sportscar Championship regulations were designated as 962C to separate them from their IMSA GTP counterparts, the 3. 2L unit, which had been eligible under IMSAs Group 3 engine rules, was banned by IMSA in 1987. In 1988, to counteract against the factory Nissans and the threat of withdrawal from Porsche teams, water-cooled twin-turbo Porsche engines would be allowed back, in total, Porsche would produce 91 962s between 1984 and 1991. 16 were officially used by the team, while 75 were sold to customers. Some 956s were rebuilt as 962s, with two being written off and four others simply rebuilt. Three 962s that were damaged were also rebuilt had been given a new chassis number due to the extensive reconstruction. Due to the demand for 962 parts, some aluminium chassis were built by Fabcar in the United States before being shipped to Germany for completion. Due to the numbers of 962s, some teams took it upon themselves to adapt the car to better suit their needs or to remain competitive. These modifications included new bodywork for better efficiency, while others changed mechanical elements. Beyond minor modification, some private teams reengineered the entire car, some teams would then offer their 962s to other customer teams. Eleven were built, campaigned by Kremer and other teams, john Thompson designed a chassis for Brun Motorsport, eight of which were built and helped the team take second in the World Sportscar Championship in 1987. Thompson would later build two chassis for Obermaier Racing, Richard Lloyd Racings GTI Engineering would turn to Peter Stevens and Nigel Stroud to develop four 962C GTis, which featured entirely revised aero and aluminium honeycomb rather than sheet tubs. Former factory Porsche driver Vern Schuppan would also build five new chassis, in the United States, the ball got rolling when Holbert Racing began making modifications to their own chassis and rebadging them with 962 HR- serial numbers
28.
Kremer Racing
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Kremer Racing is a motorsports team based in Cologne, Germany, founded by racing driver Erwin Kremer and his brother Manfred. They have competed internationally with Porsches for nearly all of their existence, besides running Porsches, the team was also known for their tuned Porsche race cars that they both raced and sold to other teams who could not gain the best equipment from the factory. Among Kremers greatest achievements were, Winning the 197924 Hours of Le Mans with their own 935 K3 with Klaus Ludwig and American brothers Don and Bill Whittington. Kremer Racing later won the 24 Hours of Daytona in a K8 Spyder in 1995 with drivers Jürgen Lässig, Christophe Bouchut, Giovanni Lavaggi, in the 1970s, Kremer initially tuned 911s, 914-6 GTs, and 934s. However, with the Porsche 935, Kremer began designating their models with the letter K. Eight cars were designated as such,935 K1 - Their first privately built 935 in 1976935 K2 - An improvement on K1 in 1977. 935 K3 - An attempt to mimic the Evolution bodywork on the factory 935/78s, the most successful 935 variant, due to its technical advantage running an air/air intercooler instead of the air/water units used by the Porsche factory. Winner of Le Mans 24 Hours in 1979, Kremer also built a 917 for use in the 198124 Hours of Le Mans, and would also make improvements on the 911 GT1 and GT2 in the 1990s. Kremer Racing Kremer Racing, Eberhard Baunach übernimmt das Steuer bei prestigecars. de
29.
Skoal (tobacco)
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Skoal is a brand of dipping tobacco, also known as moist snuff. Skoal is produced by the U. S. Smokeless Tobacco Company and it is considered a higher-priced product within the dipping tobacco market. Skoal was first produced by USSTC in 1934, Skoal is an Anglicisation of skål, a term used sometimes in Scandinavian regions to announce a toast of friendship, with connotations of well-wishing. A study conducted by scientists at R. J.1 mg, is the highest, Copenhagen Long Cut, at 13.9 mg, is the second highest, and Longhorns Long Cut Winter Green, at 13.8 mg, is third highest. Skoal ranking Skoal, with a long cut range of 12.7 mg, from these results, it can be seen that Skoal ranks among the upper average in most varieties of its dipping tobacco. Skoal is packaged in a 1.2 oz plastic can with a lid and is available in three textures, fine cut, long cut and two different pouch sizes. Fine cut is more grain-like, while long cut is more string-like, two pouch varieties of Skoal are also available, Bandits, which are small pouches, and standard size pouches. The tobacco is sealed in a pouch, eliminating the problem of tobacco spreading through the mouth. They are also easier to remove, since the tobacco stays in the pouch throughout use, Skoal Bandits are smaller,1 gram pouches. To compensate for the portion of Bandits, tins of them contain 20 pouches. Skoal Original Fine Cut Wintergreen was originally sold in a fiberboard can with tin lid, just like Copenhagen, Skoal Long Cut has always been sold in a plastic can, and originally had a plastic lid as well. Skoal X-tra Crisp Blend and Rich Blend are two regular Skoal flavors fused together, Crisp Blend is a combination of Apple and Citrus, while Rich Blend is a combination of Cherry and Berry. Skoal ReadyCut was introduced in late 2012 and it is 15 pre-formed cubes of long cut tobacco which eliminate the need for packing the tin and are more convenient than traditional long cut. As of 2015, it had largely removed from most markets, with showings only in a few states. 1934, Skoal was introduced as a smokeless tobacco. 1984, Skoal Long Cut was released nationwide and it was introduced in four flavors, Wintergreen, Mint, Straight and Classic. 1989, Skoal Bandits were introduced to the UK, but banned by the government shortly afterwards amid widespread health concerns 2010,2011, Skoal Xtra was released in pouches and longcut. Early 2012, Skoal ReadyCut was released in a limited area, late 2012, Skoal ReadyCut was available across the United States
30.
1985 French Grand Prix
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The 1985 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Paul Ricard on July 7,1985. It was the round of the 1985 FIA Formula One World Championship. It was the 63rd French Grand Prix and the ninth to be held at Paul Ricard, the race was held over 53 laps of the 5.81 km circuit for a total race distance of 307.93 kilometres. This was the last time the entire Paul Ricard circuit was used for the French Grand Prix, in 1986 a shorter,3.813 km club version was used after Elio de Angelis fatal accident at the circuit during a test session. This was seen as a knee jerk reaction to the crash by the FIA as it was known that the circuit itself wasnt to blame for the crash, Nelson Piquet won the race driving a Brabham BT54-BMW. It turned out to be the Brabham teams last victory in Formula One and it was also the first Grand Prix victory since their return to Formula One for Italian tyre manufacturer Pirelli. Piquet won the race by six seconds over pole winner Keke Rosberg driving a Williams FW10-Honda, third was French driver Alain Prost driving a McLaren MP4/2B-TAG Porsche. Prosts podium finish allowed him to close to five points of championship leader Michele Alboreto. Williams driver, and 1982 World Champion Keke Rosberg, broke the Lotus-Renault stranglehold on 1985 pole positions by putting his car on pole position at Paul Ricard, ayrton Senna was second in his Lotus-Renault, followed by the Ferrari 156/85 of Michele Alboreto and the McLaren-TAG of Prost. The third row of the grid was taken by the first of the Pirelli runners in Nelson Piquet, the factory Renaults of Patrick Tambay and Derek Warwick qualified 9th and 10th. Tambay was driving an updated version of the Renault RE60, dubbed the RE60B, while Warwick was in the older RE60. Nigel Mansell had an accident at the high speed Signes corner, located at the end of the 1.8 km long Mistral Straight, during practice, Mansell had broken the record for the fastest accident in Formula One history when he went off at over 200 mph. This compared to the slowest car, the 550 bhp Tyrrell-Ford of Stefan Bellof which could only manage 277 km/h on the Mistral and it allowed Brundle to qualify some four seconds faster than his team mate. The top speed of the new turbo powered car was around 310 km/h, Tyrrell were the last F1 team to change from a naturally aspirated engine to a turbocharged engine having done a deal with Renault in late 1984 but the new 014 was not ready until this race. As the lowest team in the Renault pecking order behind the team, Lotus and Ligier, Tyrrell were only supplied with Renaults 1984 engine. As the laps went on, the hot weather began to some of the cars. But Nelson Piquet, who so far had little success in 1985, Piquet then started to pull away from Rosberg, who had wrecked his tires pushing hard early on. Berger later retired on lap 20 after a collision with Pierluigi Martini, Senna went into the pits with problems with his Lotus and was slipping out of contention
31.
Circuit Paul Ricard
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The Circuit Paul Ricard is a motorsport race track built in 1969 at Le Castellet, near Marseille, in France, with finance from the eccentric pastis magnate Paul Ricard. Ricard wanted to experience the challenge of building a highway, opened on 19 April 1970, its innovative facilities made it one of the safest motor racing circuits in the world at the time of its opening. The circuit had three track layout permutations, an industrial park and an airstrip. The combination of facilities, mild winter weather and an airstrip made it popular amongst racing teams for car testing during the annual winter off-season. The original track was dominated by the 1.8 km long Mistral Straight that is followed by the right hand Signes corner. The long main straight and other fast sections made the very hard on engines as they ran at full revs for extended spells. Nigel Mansell crashed at the place in the same weekend during practice. Mansells crash was the result of a puncture in his left rear tyre causing it to explode at over 200 mph. The Honda powered FW10 holds the race lap record for the circuit when Mansells team mate Keke Rosberg recorded a time of 1,39.914 during the 1985 French Grand Prix. This compared to the slowest car in the race, the 550 bhp naturally aspirated Tyrrell-Ford V8 of Stefan Bellof which could only manage 277 km/h, not surprisingly, Bellof qualified 9 seconds slower than Surer and 12 seconds slower than pole winner Rosberg. It opened in 1970 with a 2-litre sports car race, the circuit hosted the Formula One French Grand Prix on many occasions, the first of which was the 1971 French Grand Prix. In 1986, Brabham Formula One driver Elio de Angelis was killed in an accident at the fast first turn. The length of the Mistral Straight was reduced from 1.8 km in length to just over 1 km, and the fast sweeping Verierre curves where de Angelis had crashed were bypassed. Effectively, after the start, instead of heading into the left hand Verierre sweeper, cars now braked hard and this changed the circuit length for a Grand Prix from 5.81 km to just 3.812 km. This also had the effect of cutting lap times from Keke Rosbergs 1985 pole time of 1,32.462 in his Williams-Honda turbo, the last French Grand Prix held at the circuit was in 1990, the event then moved to Magny-Cours where it ran until 2008. Since then there have been discussions towards reviving the French Grand Prix with Paul Ricard one of the believed to be considered as the venue. During its life of hosting a round of the Formula One World Championship, the Long Circuit was used from 1971-1985, with the Club Circuit used from 1986-1990. On six occasions the winner at Paul Ricard went on to win the World Championship in the same year, ronnie Peterson and René Arnoux are the only Ricard winners who never won the championship
32.
March Engineering
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March Engineering was a Formula One constructor and manufacturer of customer racing cars from the United Kingdom. March Engineering began operations in 1969 and its four founders were Max Mosley, Alan Rees, Graham Coaker and Robin Herd. Herds original F1 plan was to build a team around Jochen Rindt. Marchs launch was unprecedented in its breadth and impact, the Formula One effort initially looked most promising, with March supplying its 701 chassis to Tyrrell for Jackie Stewart. In addition, the factory ran two cars for Jo Siffert and Chris Amon sponsored by STP. A third STP car, entered by Andy Granatelli for Mario Andretti, Ronnie Peterson appeared in a semi-works car for Colin Crabbe when his works Formula Two commitments allowed, various other 701s went to privateers. The team constructed ten Formula One chassis that year, in addition to Formula Two, Formula Three, Formula Ford and Can-Am chassis. Stewart gave the March its first Formula One victory at the 1970 Spanish Grand Prix, the 701s tanks though lacked endplates and skirts to help generate any meaningful ground effect. For the 1971 Formula One season March Engineering came up with the remarkable 711 chassis, which had aerodynamics by Frank Costin, the car took no wins, but Ronnie Peterson finished second on four occasions, ending as runner-up in the World Championship. Alfa Romeo V8 powered cars were entered, to little avail. The 1972 Formula One season completely failed to capitalise on the promise shown in 1970-71, Three distinct models of car were used, beginning with the 721, which was a development of the 711. Peterson and Niki Lauda then drove the disappointing experimental 721X factory cars, Frank Williams ran regular 711 and 721 customer cars for Henri Pescarolo and Carlos Pace. The 721G was light and quick, and the team soon built their own chassis. Had they started the year with these, wins may well have been possible, the 721G set the trend for future March F1 cars, which for the rest of the 1970s were essentially scaled-up F2 chassis. Meanwhile, March was going from strength to strength in Formula Two, also, the German team Eifelland entered under its own name a 721 much-modified with distinctive and eccentric bodywork by designer Luigi Colani for its driver Rolf Stommelen. This car was unsuccessful, and later reverted mostly to conventional 721 form and was used by John Watson to make his F1 debut for John Goldies Goldie Hexagon Racing team. Marchs only notable result was Petersons third place in Germany,1973 was the low-point for March in Formula One. Without significant STP money, the March factory team was struggling, running an almost unsponsored car for Jean-Pierre Jarier, Jarier was replaced by Tom Wheatcrofts driver Roger Williamson, who suffered a fatal accident in Zandvoort
33.
BMW in motorsport
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Throughout its history, BMW cars and motorcycles have been successful in a range of motorsport activities. Apart from the efforts, many privateer teams enter BMW road cars in Touring car racing. BMW also entered cars or provided engines in Formula One, Formula Two, BMW is currently active in ALMS, the World Touring Car Championship, the Isle of Man TT, the North West 200, the Superbike World Championship and the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters. An outstanding role has played by the 1,500 cc BMW M10 engine block. This engine became wideley regarded as one of the most powerful, if not the most, as the base of the BMW S14 engine of the original BMW M3, it collected many more wins. Other impressive displays of engineering involve the production of the BMW S70/2 engine, implemented in the McLaren F1, bMW-powered sidecars have won numerous World Championships, notable competitors being Rolf Steinhausen, Klaus Enders and Max Deubel. BMW officially resumed road racing in 2009, entering the World Superbike Championship with its BMW S1000RR and this resumption also saw its official re-introduction at the Isle of Man the 2014 Isle of Man TT seeing Michael Dunlop campaigning BMW machinery in the Superbike, Superstock and Senior TTs. Dunlop took victory in the three solo races, securing BMWs first win in the Senior TT since that of Georg Meier in 1939. BMW have won 25 Isle of Man TT Sidecar Races and an additional 8 victories in the solo classes, in total BMW have recorded 72 rostrum places at the Isle of Man TT, having notched up a total of 382 finishes. It also won the RAC Rally in 1939 with a Frazer Nash BMW328 driven by A. F. P, fane and came in fifth overall in the 193924 Hours of Le Mans. In fact, the BMW328 proved unbeatable in international car races in the two-liter class. Since the pre-war BMW328 model, BMW had a reputation for sporty production cars, since the 1962 introduction of the BMW New Class in 1961, BMW has become one of the most successful marques in touring car racing. The original 1500 cc 4-cylinder BMW M10 engine block was modified to a design which won championships in Formula 2. Equipped with a turbocharger, the version BMW M12/13 even won the 1983 Formula One championship, in the 1970s, BMW M GmbH was formed to support the racing efforts. This led to the development of the BMW M1 and in the 1980s to the BMW M3, having won more road races than any other model in history, the E30 M3 is the worlds most successful road race car. In 1987 Roberto Ravaglia drove a Schnitzer E30 M3 to victory in the World Touring Car Championship,2005 saw Andy Priaulx take the drivers title, and BMW take the manufacturers title, this time not with an M3, but the E46 320i. Priaulxs car raced under the banner of BMW Team UK and was run by RBM, Schnitzer Motorsport ran the BMW Team Germany entries, also E46 320is, driven by Dirk Müller and Jörg Müller. Previous WTCC winner Roberto Ravaglia also ran two cars for the BMW Team Italy/Spain, with Alessandro Zanardi and Antonio García as the drivers, BMW also took the top four places in the independent category
34.
Thruxton Circuit
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Thruxton Circuit is a motor racing circuit located near the village of Thruxton in Hampshire, England which hosts motorsport events including British Touring Cars and Formula 3 racing. The circuit houses the headquarters of the British Automobile Racing Club, also, the paratroopers who took part in the successful Bruneval Raid, in which German radar equipment was seized on the coast of France, took off from here. The circuit, which follows the line of the perimeter road, was established in 1968. From 1950–1965, motorbike races had taken place on the runways, owing to planning restrictions, the circuit can only run 12 days of motorsport each year. The remaining day is allocated to other organising clubs, such as the 750 Motor Club, owing to the relative infrequency of race meetings, Thruxton continues to be a popular part of the motorsport calendar. Thruxton has a fully equipped centre in line with Motor Sports Association standards. The MSA circuit licence requires a minimum of two doctors and two units for a race meeting. Most meetings are operated with three rescue units plus a car, along with ambulances and first aiders. During race weekends, a radio commentary service entitled Radio Thruxton operates on the Medium Wave band on 1602 kHz. This has commentators at the key points of the track, namely, the aforementioned Chicane and Complex as well as a pit reporter, who conducts interviews with the race winners. Outside of motor racing, the circuit offers a school for aspiring racing drivers. Thruxton handlebars are also known as Ace bars or Clubman bars, Motor Racing at Thruxton in the 1980s – Those Were The Days, published by Veloce Publishing Ltd. Next to the main Thruxton circuit is Thruxton Karting Circuit for aspiring drivers
35.
Hockenheimring
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The Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg is a motor racing circuit situated in the Rhine valley near the town of Hockenheim in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located on Bertha Benz Memorial Route. Amongst other motor racing events, it hosts the German Grand Prix. The circuit has very little change in elevation, the circuit has FIA Grade 1 license. The Hockenheimring was originally built in 1932 using roads in the forest as an alternative to the Wildpark-Circuit in Karlsruhe, the Hockenheimring was used for motorcycle racing and was expanded to be used as test track for Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union in 1936. In 1938 it was renamed the Kurpfalzring and that name was used until 1947, after World War II, former DKW and NSU factory rider and world record setter Wilhelm Herz promoted the track successfully. Grand Prix motorcycle racing events were held, with the German motorcycle Grand Prix alternating between Hockenheim and other tracks, the original circuit was almost eight kilometres long and consisted of two long straights with a long Eastern corner in the forest and a U-turn inside Hockenheim joining them together. In 1965, when the new Autobahn A6 separated the village from the part of the track. After Jim Clark was killed on 7 April 1968 in a Formula 2 racing accident, a small memorial was placed near the first chicane, at the site of his accident. In 1982, another chicane was added at the Ostkurve, after Patrick Depailler was killed there in 1980, and the first chicane was made slower as well. The long track length also meant that a typical Formula One race had only 45 laps, prost ran out at the end of the 1986 race, pushing his McLaren towards the line before giving up. He was placed 3rd when he ran dry and was eventually classified 6th, many problems came to light during the 2000 German Grand Prix, where Brazilian driver Rubens Barrichello won from having started 18th on the grid, in changeable weather conditions. All the overtaking moves that took place during the race were in the chicanes of the forest sector, a former Mercedes employee, who had been dismissed, breached the tracks security barriers on the first main straight, showing vulnerable security facilities in the forest. The state government of Baden-Württemberg secured the financing for the redesign by Hermann Tilke for the 2002 German Grand Prix, the stadium section remained mostly intact, despite a new surface and a tighter Turn 1. However, the circuit was shortened, with the long. In an extremely controversial move, the old forest section was torn up and replanted with trees, several drivers and team principals, including Ron Dennis, Jarno Trulli and Juan Pablo Montoya, criticised the changes and stated their preference for the old circuit. The new track has a capacity of 120,000. The complex also features a track for drag racing. The Hockenheim Circuit hosted the German Grand Prix for the first time in 1970 when the F1 drivers decided at the French Grand Prix to boycott the Nürburgring unless major changes were made
36.
Pau Grand Prix
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The Pau Grand Prix is a motor race held in Pau, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department of southwestern France. The French Grand Prix was held at Pau in 1930, leading to the annual Pau Grand Prix being inaugurated in 1933 and it was not run during World War II. The race is run around the street circuit Circuit de Pau-Ville laid out round the French town, about 20 km to the west of the city, there is a 3 km long club track named Circuit Pau-Arnos. In 1900, the newly created Automobile-club du Béarn held a race on a 300 km road circuit, called the Circuit du sud-ouest and it was won by René de Knyff. Some anglophone sources wrongly list a race called the Pau Grand Prix in 1901 and this may stem from a mistranslation of the contemporary French sources such as the magazine La France Auto of March 1901. The Grand Prix du Sud-Ouest comprised four prizes for the different classes of entrants, the Grand Prix du Palais dHiver was awarded to Henri Farman. The second Grand Prix du Palais dHiver for the under 400 kg Voiturettes class was awarded to Louis Renault, the Prix du Béarn was awarded to Osmont in a De Dion tricycle. La France Automobile, March 1901 reports the results for the Semaine de Pau. There were two events, the 140 km Course des touristes, and the second edition of the Grand Prix du Sud-Ouest on 17 February 1901 around the same 300 km road course as in 1900. The Course des touristes, one of this meetings support races, in LHistoire de lAutomobile/Paris 1907 Pierre Souvestre described the 1901 event as. Dans le Circuit du Sud-Ouest, à loccasion du meeting de Pau, the French Grand Prix was held at Pau in 1930, leading to the Pau Grand Prix being inaugurated in 1933. In 1933, the Grand Prix de Pau was held in the snow on a circuit in the streets of the city, the race was won by Marcel Lehoux driving a Bugatti. There was no Grand Prix in 1934, and in 1935 the event returned with a route that bypassed Beaumont Park – the route that is still in use today –. In 1937, the regulations were changed and Grand Prix cars were restricted to 4500 cc, in 1938, the Pau Grand Prix was the scene of a symbolic duel between French René Dreyfus and the German Rudolf Caracciola. In 1939, another took place between two Mercedes teammates, Hermann Lang and Manfred von Brauchitsch, Lang won the race. The race took place regularly with a race almost every year, except during World War II, the 1947 and 1948 editions were successful because they kept the public in suspense from start to finish. In 1948, the young Nello Pagani won, defeating many of the drivers of the time, such as Raymond Sommer, Philippe Etancelin. In 1949, Juan Manuel Fangio won by dominating the Grand Prix de Pau, in 1950, in addition to the Formula One championship races, there were also Formula Two and non-championship Formula One events
37.
Mugello Circuit
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Mugello Circuit is a race track in Mugello, Tuscany, Italy. It has 15 turns and a long straight, the circuit stadium stands have a capacity of 50,000. Grand Prix motorcycle racing host an annual event here, also, the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters hold an annual event. The track is property of Scuderia Ferrari which uses it for Formula One testing, the first race of the A1GP 2008/09 season was originally planned to be held at the Mugello circuit on 21 September 2008. However, the race had to be cancelled due to the delay in building the new chassis for the new race cars, road races were held on public streets around Mugello since the 1920s. Giuseppe Campari won there in 1920 and 1921, Emilio Materassi in 1925,1926 &1928. The Mugello GP was revived in 1955 and from the 1964 to 1969 as a Targa Florio-like road race consisting of eight laps of 66.2 km each, including the Passo della Futa of Mille Miglia fame. The anticlockwise track passed the towns of San Piero a Sieve, Scarperia, Violla, Firenzuola, Selva and it counted towards the 1965,1966 and 1967 World Sportscar Championship season. The last WC race was won by Udo Schütz and Gerhard Mitter on a Porsche 910, four other people, including 2 young children were seriously injured. After this incident, Dini spent 2 months in jail, and after his time served he moved out of Italy, the present-day closed Mugello circuit was constructed in 1973 and opened in 1974, about five km east from the easternmost part of the original road circuit. The circuit was used over 1–3 May, for the in-season test during the 2012 Formula One season, by all teams except HRT. The track was praised by Mark Webber, who stated that he did 10 dry laps today around Mugello, four-time Formula One world champion Sebastian Vettel was impressed too, saying that “unfortunately we don’t have this track on the calendar. It’s an incredible circuit with a lot of high-speed corners”, on the other hand, Vitaly Petrov from Caterham F1 complained that It is not safe and wide enough. If you lose it, the walls are so close and you will smash into the tyres and it is not for Formula 1 and, if you lost the steering or the tyre pressure dropped or whatever, then it will be a big crash. Nevertheless, it holds a grade 1 FIA license, meaning it meets the standards to host a Formula 1 race, an unofficial track record of 1,21.035 was set by Romain Grosjean during the test
38.
ACI Vallelunga Circuit
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The Autodromo Vallelunga Piero Taruffi is a racing circuit situated 20 miles north of Rome, Italy, near Vallelunga of Campagnano. Vallelunga was built as a sand 1.102 miles oval in 1959, from 1963 the circuit held the Rome Grand Prix, and in 1967 a new loop was added when the track became the property of the Automobile Club dItalia. Further refurbishment was undertaken in 1971, the track is named for the famous Italian racing driver Piero Taruffi. In August 2004 work started on a 1 kilometre extension to the track, the new configuration has received homologation from the FIA as a test circuit, being used by various Formula One teams. The circuit has hosted the 6 Hours of Vallelunga endurance event. The track is used by ACI for public driving safety training courses. The circuit is home to simulation software developers, Kunos Simulazioni, ACI Vallelunga Circuit In Italian only Satellite picture by Google Maps
39.
Rouen-Les-Essarts
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Rouen-Les-Essarts was a 6.542 km motor racing circuit in Grand-Couronne and Orival, near Rouen, France. From its opening in 1950, Rouen-Les-Essarts was recognized as one of Europes finest circuits, with pits, a wide track. Rouen hosted five Formula One French Grand Prix races, the last one in 1968 resulting in the burning death of Jo Schlesser. The circuit continued to host major Formula 2 events until 1978, the circuit had a number of different configurations. From its construction in 1950 until 1954 it was 5.1 km in length, in 1955 major works increased the circuits length to 6.542 km, its most famous configuration. Construction of a new Autoroute across the circuit saw a new section of track built, finally, in 1974 a permanent chicane was built at Six Frères and this part of the circuit was renamed Des Roches. The circuit was closed down in 1994 due to economic and safety reasons, in 1999, following the circuits closure all evidence of areas racing past was demolished, including grandstands, pits, Armco and track signs. The cobbled Nouveau Monde hairpin was also asphalted but it is possible to drive around on the original circuit configuration. The name Les Essarts comes from a village, which was included into the commune of Grand-Couronne in 1874, Rouen-Les-Essarts - Frances Forgotten Treasure Remembered Satellite picture by Google Maps Rouen Seine valley Tourist Boards Website
40.
Donington Park
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Donington Park is a motorsport circuit located near Castle Donington in Leicestershire, England. The circuit business is now owned by MotorSport Vision, and the surrounding Donington Park Estate is currently under lease by MotorSport Vision until 2038. Originally part of the Donington Hall estate, it was created as a racing circuit during the period when the German Silver Arrows were battling for the European Championship. Used as a vehicle storage depot during World War II. Revived under his ownership in the 1970s, it hosted a single Formula One race, DVLL consequently lost the rights to the British rounds of both Formula1 and MotoGP, and in its bankruptcy returned the track to the Wheatcroft family in December 2009. Under Wheatcrofts ownership, the venue has undergone significant work, with the track restored to use in 2010, before major upgrades in the following five years. At the end of 2010, it was announced that Donington would become home to an annual motorsport event. Donington Park motor racing circuit was the first permanent park circuit in England, fred Craner was a former motorcycle rider who had taken part in seven Isle of Man TT races, and was by 1931 a Derby garage owner and secretary of the Derby & District Motor Club. Craner approached the owner of the Donington Hall estate, Alderman John Gillies Shields JP. The original track was 2 mile 327 yd in length, the first motor cycle race took place on Whit Monday,1931. For 1933 Craner obtained permission to build a permanent track, with the original layout widened and sealed at a cost of £12,000, the first car race was held on 25 March, followed by three car meetings further that year. The first Donington Park Trophy race was held on 7 October 1933, in 1935 the first 300-mile Donington Grand Prix was won by Richard Mad Jack Shuttleworth in an Alfa Romeo P3. In the 1937 Donington Grand Prix and 1938 Donington Grand Prix, the circuit at Donington Park was closed in 1939 due to World War II, when it was requisitioned by the Ministry of Defence and was converted into a military vehicle depot. In 1971 the circuit was bought by business man and car collector Tom Wheatcroft, Wheatcroft moved his collection to the circuit, in a museum now known as the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition which opened in 1973, and has the largest collection of Grand Prix cars in the world. The motor racing circuit re-opened for cars on 28 May 1977, as per the original pre-war opening, the first postwar car race meeting was organised by the Nottingham Sports Car Club, sponsored by local Lotus dealers, J A Else of Codnor. That first car meeting nearly didnt happen, as the local ramblers tried to assert their rights to access to footpaths at the eleventh hour. The meeting went ahead as a Motor Trial, a loophole that curtailed the use of single seater racing cars for that opening meeting. The NSCC continued to run meetings at Donington until the Donington Racing Club was formed
41.
Circuit Paul Armagnac
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Circuit Paul Armagnac also known as Circuit de Nogaro is a motorsport race track near Nogaro in southwestern France. It opened on 3 October 1960 as the first purpose-built race circuit in France, initially 1.752 kilometres long it was expanded in 1973 and 1989 to its current 3.636 kilometres length. In 2007 the circuit was modernized including a new control tower, the circuit is named after Paul Armagnac, a Nogaro-born racing driver of the 1950s and 1960s. He raced D. B. sportscars and was killed on 21 October 1962 in an accident during practice for the 1000 km de Paris at Montlhéry, the track is relatively flat, with 6 metres difference in elevation between its highest and lowest points. Events hosted by the circuit have included, The French motorcycle Grand Prix from 1978 to 1982, the European Eco-marathon competition from 2000-2009 Official website
German
