1.
Documentary film
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A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record. Documentary has been described as a practice, a cinematic tradition. Polish writer and filmmaker Bolesław Matuszewski was among those who identified the mode of documentary film and he wrote two of the earliest texts on cinema Une nouvelle source de lhistoire and La photographie animée. Both were published in 1898 in French and among the written works to consider the historical. Matuszewski is also among the first filmmakers to propose the creation of a Film Archive to collect, the American film critic Pare Lorentz defines a documentary film as a factual film which is dramatic. Others further state that a documentary stands out from the types of non-fiction films for providing an opinion. Documentary practice is the process of creating documentary projects. Documentary filmmaking can be used as a form of journalism, advocacy, early film was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film, a train entering a station and these short films were called actuality films, the term documentary was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as made by Auguste and Louis Lumière, were a minute or less in length. Films showing many people were made for commercial reasons, the people being filmed were eager to see, for payment. One notable film clocked in at over an hour and a half, using pioneering film-looping technology, Enoch J. Rector presented the entirety of a famous 1897 prize-fight on cinema screens across the United States, in May 1896, Bolesław Matuszewski recorded on film few surigical operations in Warsaw and Saint Petersburg hospitals. In 1898, French surgeon Eugène-Louis Doyen invited Bolesław Matuszewski and Clément Maurice and they started in Paris a series of surgical films sometime before July 1898. Until 1906, the year of his last film, Doyen recorded more than 60 operations, Doyen said that his first films taught him how to correct professional errors he had been unaware of. These and five other of Doyens films survive, all these short films have been preserved. I must say I forgot those works and I am thankful to you that you reminded them to me, unfortunately, not many scientists have followed your way. Travelogue films were popular in the early part of the 20th century
2.
Charles Manson
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Charles Milles Manson, 136–7 is an American criminal and former cult leader who led what became known as the Manson Family, a quasi-commune that arose in California in the late 1960s. Mansons followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations over a period of five weeks in the middle of 1969. In 1971 he was guilty of conspiracy to commit the murders of seven people – most notably of the actress Sharon Tate – all of which were carried out by members of the group at his instruction. He is currently serving nine concurrent life sentences at Corcoran State Prison in Corcoran, Manson believed in what he called Helter Skelter, a term he took from the Beatles song of the same name. Manson believed Helter Skelter to be an impending race war. He believed the murders would help precipitate that war, from the beginning of his notoriety, a pop culture arose around him in which he ultimately became an emblem of insanity, violence and the macabre. At the time the Family began to form, Manson was a former convict. Before the murders, he was a singer-songwriter on the fringe of the Los Angeles music industry, chiefly through an association with Dennis Wilson, drummer. After Manson was charged with the crimes of which he was convicted, recordings of songs written. Various musicians have covered some of his songs, born to an unmarried 16-year-old named Kathleen Maddox, in the General Hospital, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Manson was first named no name Maddox. Within weeks, he was called Charles Milles Maddox. 136–7 For a period after his birth and his biological father appears to have been Colonel Walker Scott against whom Kathleen Maddox filed a paternity suit that resulted in an agreed judgment in 1937. In the biography Manson in His Own Words, Colonel Scott is said to have been a young drugstore cowboy, a transient laborer working on a nearby dam project. It is not clear what nearby means, the description is in a paragraph that indicates Kathleen Maddox gave birth to Manson while living in Cincinnati, after she had run away from her own home, in Ashland, Kentucky. There is much about Mansons early life that is in dispute because of the stories he has offered to interviewers. Mansons mother was allegedly a heavy drinker. 136–7 According to Manson, she sold her son for a pitcher of beer to a childless waitress. In 1947, Kathleen Maddox tried to have her son placed in a foster home, the court placed Manson in the Gibault School for Boys in Terre Haute, Indiana. He escaped after one day, but was recaptured and placed in Boys Town, four days after his arrival there, he escaped with another boy. The pair committed two armed robberies on their way to the home of the boys uncle
3.
Lynette Fromme
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Lynette Alice Squeaky Fromme is an American would-be assassin best known for attempting to assassinate U. S. President Gerald Ford in 1975. A member of the infamous Manson family, she was sentenced to imprisonment for the assassination attempt and released on parole on August 14,2009. Fromme was born in Santa Monica, California, the daughter of Helen, a homemaker, and William Millar Fromme, Fromme was in the 1959 tour. In 1963, the moved to Redondo Beach, California. Her grades at Redondo Union High School dropped, but she managed to graduate in 1966 and she moved out of her parents house for a few months before her father convinced her to consider El Camino Junior College. Her attendance there lasted only two months before an argument with her father rendered her homeless. In 1967, Fromme went to Venice Beach, suffering from depression, charles Manson, who had been recently released from federal prison at Terminal Island, between San Pedro and Long Beach, saw her and struck up a conversation. Fromme found Mansons philosophies and attitudes appealing, and the two friends, traveling together and with other young people including Mary Brunner and Susan Atkins. She lived in Southern California at Spahn Ranch, and in the desert near Death Valley, george Spahn gave her the nickname Squeaky, because of the sound she made when he touched her. After Manson and some of his followers were arrested for the Tate/La Bianca murders in 1969, Fromme, when Manson and his fellow defendants, Patricia Krenwinkel, Leslie Van Houten, and Atkins carved Xs into their foreheads, so did Fromme and her compatriots. They proclaimed Mansons innocence and preached his apocalyptic philosophy to the news media and she was given short jail sentences for both offenses. Fromme, with Sandra Good, moved into an attic apartment in downtown Sacramento, California, they wanted to be near Manson. Around 1973, Fromme started work on an extensive 600-page book about The Family, including drawings and photos. Fromme sent it to every publisher she knew, but after discussing the matter with Clem Grogan, she decided the project was too incriminating and it is not known what ultimately happened to the book. This group happened to meet up with a couple, James and Lauren Willett, after the body of James Willett was found, with his hand still sticking out of the ground, the housemates were taken into custody on suspicion of murder. After their arrest, the body of Lauren Willett was discovered too, an infant girl believed to be the Willetts daughter was also found in the house in Stockton, and placed in Mary Graham Hall, a shelter for children in French Camp, California. Fromme was released for lack of evidence, the Sonoma County coroners office concluded that James Willett was killed sometime in September 1972 although his body was not found until the beginning of November 1972. He had been buried near Guerneville, Sonoma County, on the night of Saturday November 11,1972, the Stockton Police responded to information that a station wagon owned by the Willetts was in the area
4.
Sandra Good
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Sandra Collins Good is a long-time member of the Manson Family and a close friend of Lynette Squeaky Fromme. Goods Manson Family nickname is Blue, which was given to her by Charles Manson to represent clean air and she was born in San Diego, California, the daughter of a stockbroker. Her parents divorced when she was four years old, Good attended Point Loma High School and was a member of the Student Opinion Club. Good attended California State University Sacramento, the University of Oregon and San Francisco State College off and on for seven years, but never received a degree. Good joined the Manson Family in April 1968 and a few months later went with them when they moved to a new home at Spahn Ranch, in the mountains west of Chatsworth. She was in jail with Mary Brunner for attempting to use credit cards when the Tate/La Bianca murders took place. She has a son named Ivan S. Pugh, various men have been named as the father, most notably Joel Pugh, who was found dead in a London hotel room under suspicious circumstances. Good accused the executives of polluting the environment, on September 10,1975, in a subsequent interview with Barbara Frum of the CBC radio program As It Happens Good made similar threats against persons to avenge the killing of trees. Found guilty on March 16,1976, Good was sentenced on April 13, Good was paroled in early December 1985, after having served 10 years. Unlike many of the Family members, Good still professed total allegiance to Manson, a stipulation of her parole was that she could not return to California. She moved to Vermont, where she lived quietly under the name Sandra Collins until 1989, after her time on parole ended, Good moved to Hanford, California, near Corcoran State Prison, to be closer to Manson, although she was not allowed to visit him. On January 26,1996, she and George Stimson began a website on which they claimed to have a real source of Manson thought. She also supported Mansons environmental movement, ATWA, the website went offline in 2001, but is archived here. Good has since left Hanford, and she and Stimson have ceased to make statements in support of Manson. However, in 2014, Stimson published a book, Goodbye Helter Skelter, CBC Archives, A1975 interview with Sandra Good
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Spahn Ranch
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Spahn Ranch, also known as the Spahn Movie Ranch, was a 500-acre movie ranch in Los Angeles County, California, used for filming generally Western-themed movies and television programs. With mountainous terrain, boulder-strewn scenery, and an old Western town set, no longer in use, the entrance to the historic ranch was at 12000 Santa Susana Pass Road of the Simi Hills and Santa Susana Mountains above Chatsworth, California. The ranch took its name from dairy farmer George Spahn, who purchased the property in 1948, silent film actor William S. Hart owned the ranch prior to Spahn. Many western-themed movies and television shows were filmed on the ranch, including Duel in the Sun and television episodes of Bonanza, The Lone Ranger and it was also the filming location for the B-movie The Creeping Terror. Spahn was 80 years old and living at the ranch when he allowed The Manson Family to move in, rent-free, the family did daily chores and helped run the horse rental business, which had become Spahns main source of income. In late 1969, Robert Hendrickson began filming the Manson Family at the ranch for his documentary film Manson, there he filmed Spahn, Lynette Squeaky Fromme, Bruce Davis, Nancy Pitman, Catherine Gypsy Share, Sandra Good, Paul Watkins and others. It is the place where the family lived while committing the 1969 Tate-LaBianca murders in Los Angeles, the family also stayed at Barker Ranch, which is located in the Panamint Range between Death Valley and the Panamint Valley in the northern Mojave Desert. A wildfire destroyed all of the Spahn Movie Ranchs film sets, George Spahn died on September 22,1974, and is buried in Eternal Valley Memorial Park in nearby Newhall, California. The Spahn Movie Ranch site is now part of Californias Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park, many hiking trails give access to the natural beauty and the panoramic views of the San Fernando Valley. com, Santa Susana Pass Park website Spahn Ranch History
6.
Death Valley
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Death Valley is a desert valley located in Eastern California. It is one of the hottest places in the world at the height of summertime along with deserts in Africa, Death Valleys Badwater Basin is the point of the lowest elevation in North America, at 282 feet below sea level. This point is 84.6 miles east-southeast of Mount Whitney, Death Valleys Furnace Creek holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature in the world,134 °F on July 10,1913. This has been contested by other weather experts and it is located mostly in Inyo County, California. It has an area of about 3,000 sq mi, the highest point in Death Valley itself is Telescope Peak in the Panamint Range, which has an elevation of 11,043 feet. Death Valley is one of the best geological examples of a basin and it lies at the southern end of a geological trough known as Walker Lane, which runs north into Oregon. The valley is bisected by a right lateral slip fault system, represented by the Death Valley Fault. The eastern end of the left lateral Garlock Fault intersects the Death Valley Fault, Furnace Creek and the Amargosa River flow through the valley but eventually disappear into the sands of the valley floor. Death Valley also contains salt pans, according to current geological consensus, at various times during the middle of the Pleistocene era, inland lakes formed in Death Valley. Lake Manly received water overflowing from a chain of other Pleistocene lakes, Death Valley has a subtropical, hot desert climate, with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm or mild winters, as well as little rainfall. As a general rule, lower altitudes tend to have higher temperatures, when the sun heats the ground, that heat is then radiated upward, but the dense below-sea-level air absorbs some of this radiation and radiates some of it back towards the ground. In addition, the valley walls trap rising hot air and recycle it back down to the valley floor. This process is important in Death Valley, as it provides its specific climate. The valley is surrounded by mountains, while its surface is flat and devoid of plants, so much of the suns heat can reach the ground, absorbed by soil. When air at ground level is heated, it begins to rise, moving up past steep, high mountain ranges, which then cools slightly, sinking back down towards the valley more compressed. This air is reheated by the sun to a higher temperature, moving up the mountain again, whereby the air moves up and down in a circular motion in cycles. This heated air increases ground temperature markedly, forming the hot wind currents that are trapped by atmospheric pressure and mountains, Death Valley holds temperature records because it has an unusually high number of factors that lead to high atmospheric temperatures. The depth and shape of Death Valley influence its summer temperatures, the valley is a long, narrow basin 282 feet below sea level, yet is walled by high, steep mountain ranges
7.
Gerald Ford
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Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon. Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States, before his appointment to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as U. S. Representative from Michigans 5th congressional district, the nine of them as the House Minority Leader. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War, with the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U. S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation, one of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Fords presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, in the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. Arthur not to be elected in his own right, following his years as President, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, he died at home on December 26,2006, Ford lived longer than any other U. S. president –93 years and 165 days – while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14,1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. a wool trader, Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her sons birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, from there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913, she gained custody of her son. Fords paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930, Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. James M. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man. After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1,1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford and they then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never adopted, and did not legally change his name until December 3,1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mothers marriage, Thomas Gardner Tom Ford, Richard Addison Dick Ford. Ford also had three half-siblings from the marriage of Leslie King, Sr. his biological father, Marjorie King, Leslie Henry King
8.
United States district court
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The United States district courts are the general trial courts of the United States federal court system. Both civil and criminal cases are filed in the court, which is a court of law, equity. There is a United States bankruptcy court associated with each United States district court, each federal judicial district has at least one courthouse, and many districts have more than one. The formal name of a court is the United States District Court for the name of the district—for example. In contrast to the Supreme Court, which was established by Article III of the Constitution, there is no constitutional requirement that district courts exist at all. This view did not prevail, however, and the first Congress created the court system that is still in place today. There is at least one district for each state, the District of Columbia. District courts in three insular areas—the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands—exercise the same jurisdiction as Article III U. S. district courts, despite their name, these courts are technically not District Courts of the United States. Judges on these Article IV territorial courts do not enjoy the protections of Article Three of the Constitution, there are 89 districts in the 50 states, with a total of 94 districts including territories. The United States Court of International Trade addresses cases involving international trade, the United States Tax Court has jurisdiction over contested pre-assessment determinations of taxes. A judge of a United States district court is titled a United States District Judge. The number of judges in district court is set by Congress in the United States Code. The President appoints the judges for terms of good behavior. With the exception of the courts, federal district judges are Article III judges appointed for life. Otherwise, a judge, even if convicted of a criminal offense by a jury, is entitled to hold office until retirement or death. In the history of the United States, only twelve judges have been impeached by the House, a judge who has reached the age of 65 may retire or elect to go on senior status and keep working. A federal judge is addressed in writing as The Honorable John/Jane Doe or Hon. John/Jane Doe and in speech as Judge or Judge Doe or, when presiding in court, Your Honor. District judges usually concentrate on managing their courts overall caseload, supervising trials, since the 1960s, routine tasks like resolving discovery disputes can, in the district judges discretion, be referred to magistrate judges
9.
Freedom of speech
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Freedom of speech is the right to articulate ones opinions and ideas without fear of government retaliation or censorship, or societal sanction. The term freedom of expression is used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas. The right to freedom of expression includes the right to take, concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents. Englands Bill of Rights 1689 legally established the right of freedom of speech in Parliament which is still in effect. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted during the French Revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right. The Declaration provides for freedom of expression in Article 11, which states that, The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, Today, freedom of speech, or the freedom of expression, is recognized in international and regional human rights law. This means that the protection of freedom of speech as a right not only the content. The right to freedom of speech and expression is related to other rights. As a general freedom of expression may not limit the right to privacy, as well as the honor. However greater latitude is given when criticism of public figures is involved, the right to freedom of expression is particularly important for media, which plays a special role as the bearer of the general right to freedom of expression for all. However, freedom of the press is not necessarily enabling freedom of speech, lichtenberg argues that freedom of the press is simply a form of property right summed up by the principle no money, no voice. Freedom of speech is understood to be fundamental in a democracy, the norms on limiting freedom of expression mean that public debate may not be completely suppressed even in times of emergency. One of the most notable proponents of the link between freedom of speech and democracy is Alexander Meiklejohn and he argues that the concept of democracy is that of self-government by the people. For such a system to work an informed electorate is necessary, in order to be appropriately knowledgeable, there must be no constraints on the free flow of information and ideas. According to Meiklejohn, democracy will not be true to its essential ideal if those in power are able to manipulate the electorate by withholding information, Meiklejohn acknowledges that the desire to manipulate opinion can stem from the motive of seeking to benefit society. However, he argues, choosing manipulation negates, in its means, eric Barendt has called this defense of free speech on the grounds of democracy probably the most attractive and certainly the most fashionable free speech theory in modern Western democracies. Emerson expanded on this defense when he argued that freedom of speech helps to provide a balance between stability and change, Freedom of speech acts as a safety valve to let off steam when people might otherwise be bent on revolution
10.
American Civil Liberties Union
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It works through litigation and lobbying. The ACLU has 1,000,000 members and a budget of over $100 million. Local affiliates of the ACLU are active in almost all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the ACLU provides legal assistance in cases when it considers civil liberties to be at risk. In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policy positions that have established by its board of directors. The two organizations share office space and employees, during the 1930s, the ACLU started to engage in work combating police misconduct and supporting Native American rights. Many of the ACLUs cases involved the defense of Communist party members, in 1940, the ACLU leadership voted to exclude Communists from its leadership positions, a decision rescinded in 1968. During World War II, the ACLU defended Japanese-American citizens, unsuccessfully trying to prevent their forcible relocation to internment camps, during the Cold War, the ACLU headquarters was dominated by anti-Communists, but many local affiliates defended members of the Communist Party. By 1964, membership had risen to 80,000, in the 1960s, the ACLU continued its decades-long effort to enforce separation of church and state. It defended several anti-war activists during the Vietnam War, in the 1970s and 1980s, the ACLU ventured into new legal areas, involving the rights of homosexuals, students, prisoners, and the poor. Fundraising and membership spiked after the 2016 election, the ACLUs current membership is more than 1.2 million, the ACLU is led by a president and an executive director, Susan N. Herman and Anthony Romero, respectively, in 2015. The president acts as chairman of the ACLUs board of directors, leads fundraising, the executive director manages the day-to-day operations of the organization. The board of directors consists of 80 persons, including representatives from each state affiliate, the organization has its headquarters in 125 Broad Street, a 40-story skyscraper located in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The leadership of the ACLU does not always agree on policy decisions, in 1937, an internal debate erupted over whether to defend Henry Fords right to distribute anti-union literature. In 1939, a debate took place over whether to prohibit communists from serving in ACLU leadership roles. During the early 1950s and Cold War McCarthyism, the board was divided on whether to defend communists, in 1968, a schism formed over whether to represent Dr. Spocks anti-war activism. In 1973, there was conflict over whether to call for the impeachment of Richard Nixon. In 2005, there was conflict about whether or not a gag rule should be imposed on ACLU employees to prevent publication of internal disputes. Membership dues are treated as donations, members choose the amount they pay annually, in the year ending March 31,2014, the combined expenses of the ACLU and ACLU Foundation were $133.4 million, spent on programs, management, and fundraising
11.
Supreme Court of the United States
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The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest federal court of the United States. In the legal system of the United States, the Supreme Court is the interpreter of federal constitutional law. The Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight justices who are nominated by the President. Once appointed, justices have life tenure unless they resign, retire, in modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative, moderate, or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation. Each justice has one vote, and while many cases are decided unanimously, the Court meets in the United States Supreme Court Building in Washington, D. C. The Supreme Court is sometimes referred to as SCOTUS, in analogy to other acronyms such as POTUS. The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 and its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the court specifically established by the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2,1790, by which five of its six initial positions had been filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session, he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street and they had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, the sixth member was not confirmed until May 12,1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was made by two-thirds. However, Congress has always allowed less than the Courts full membership to make decisions, under Chief Justices Jay, Rutledge, and Ellsworth, the Court heard few cases, its first decision was West v. Barnes, a case involving a procedural issue. The Courts power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court, the Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim, a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshalls tenure, although beyond the Courts control, the impeachment, the Taney Court made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford, which helped precipitate the Civil War. In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution, during World War II, the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens and the mandatory pledge of allegiance. Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated, and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend, the Warren Court dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties. It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote
12.
Academy Awards
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze
13.
Slipknot (band)
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Slipknot is an American heavy metal band from Des Moines, Iowa. The band was founded in September 1995 by percussionist Shawn Crahan, Gray died on May 24,2010, and was replaced from 2011–2014 by former guitarist Donnie Steele. Jordison left the band on December 12,2013, Steele left during the recording sessions for.5, The Gray Chapter. The band is now touring with replacement musicians Alessandro Venturella on bass, Slipknot is well known for its attention-grabbing image, aggressive style of music, and energetic and chaotic live shows. The band rapidly rose to success following the release of their eponymous album in 1999. The 2001 follow-up album, Iowa, although darker in tone, after another long hiatus, Slipknot released its fifth studio album.5, The Gray Chapter, in 2014. The band has released an album titled 9.0, Live, a compilation album titled Antennas to Hell. In 2015, Slipknot headlined the Download Festival in the UK for the third time, in the years before Slipknot formed, a state of shifting band membership existed throughout the metal scene in Des Moines, Iowa. In 1991, the biggest metal band in Des Moines was Atomic Opera, drummer Joey Jordison founded a thrash metal band called Modifidious, playing at a club called Runway. Modifidious opened for Atomic Opera on December 1,1991, at the Runway, Jordison replaced him with local guitarist Craig Jones. Drummer Shawn Crahan formed another Des Moines band called Heads on the Wall, playing funk metal cover songs at clubs, a fourth Des Moines band called Vexx played death metal with Anders Colsefni on drums, Paul Gray on bass, and Josh Brainard on guitar and vocals. Colsefni later took over vocal duties, but Vexx never recorded, during this time, Crahan often went to the Runway on Sundays when the club opened to all ages, where he met other young musicians with whom he could jam. One of the songs recorded was titled Slipknot, another was titled Painface. In 1993, a new band called Inveigh Catharsis formed in Des Moines, with Gray on bass, Brainard on guitar, Jordison jammed occasionally with this group. Brainard eventually left to join Jordison and Jones in Modifidious, participating in demo recordings at the end of 93, during 1994 Modifidious sometimes played the same shows as Crahans Heads on the Wall band. Gray formed a metal band called Body Pit, soon becoming popular in the local scene. Modifidious stopped playing in the wake of death metals increasing pull, Gray failed to get Jordison to join Body Pit, but soon after he recruited local guitar teacher Mick Thomson, the band broke up. In September 1995, Crahan and Gray started a band named the Pale Ones, the lineup was made up of friends who met through the local music scene, including vocalist Colsefni and guitarist Donnie Steele
14.
Slipknot (album)
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Slipknot is the self-titled debut studio album by the American heavy metal band Slipknot. It was the first release by the band to be produced by Ross Robinson, the album spans several genres, but is generally noted for its extensive percussion and overall heavy sound. It was well received by fans and critics alike and was responsible for bringing Slipknot a large increase in popularity. The album peaked at number 51 on the Billboard 200, and has gone on to become certified platinum in the United States. It was voted the best debut album of the last 25 years by readers of Metal Hammer magazine, in 1997, following the bands demo release Mate. The members of Slipknot continued to new material and work in SR Audio. The band had started work on a follow-up but never got further than pre-production. Songs written and recorded in this period include Slipknot, Gently, Do Nothing, Tattered and Torn, Heartache, in 1998, Slipknot was receiving growing attention from record labels including Epic and Hollywood Records. On September 29,1998, Slipknot left Des Moines, Iowa for Indigo Ranch Studios in Malibu, California, anxious to record an album after a long wait to be signed. The band wanted him to work with them on their album and after meeting with the band Robinson signed them to his own label, I Am. The albums recording process was very aggressive and chaotic, as producer Robinson strove to capture the intensity that the band created when performing live. Within three days all the drums were recorded, which contributed to the raw, live sound on the album that the band integral to its musical direction. By November 11,1998, the recording of the album seemed complete, during the Christmas period, guitarist Josh Brainard, who recorded on all the tracks to that point, decided to leave the band. His replacement was Jim Root, with whom the band returned to the studio in February 1999, Slipknot finished recording during this period, with two extra songs, a re-recording of Me Inside, and a new track called Purity. Snap was featured on the soundtrack for the film Freddy vs. Jason and Eyeless appeared on an episode of The Sopranos. The influence of metal on the album is clear, and on the subject Jordison stated, the roots are death metal, thrash, speed metal. The album also shows influences from metal and even rap metal. Critics have also noted an industrial influence, due to the bands large line-up consisting of additional percussionists and electronics, the album has a very dense, layered sound
15.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
16.
Rotten Tomatoes
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Rotten Tomatoes is an American review aggregator website for film and television. The company was launched in August 1998 by Senh Duong and since January 2010 has been owned by Flixster, in February 2016, Rotten Tomatoes and its parent site Flixster were sold to Comcasts Fandango. Warner Bros. retained a minority stake in the merged entities, since 2007, the websites editor-in-chief has been Matt Atchity. The name, Rotten Tomatoes, derives from the practice of audiences throwing rotten tomatoes when disapproving of a stage performance. From early 2008 to September 2010, Current Television aired the weekly The Rotten Tomatoes Show, featuring hosts, a shorter segment was incorporated into the weekly show, InfoMania, which ended in 2011. In September 2013, the website introduced TV Zone, a section for reviewing scripted TV shows, Rotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12,1998, as a spare-time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the U. S. As a fan of Jackie Chans, Duong was inspired to create the website after collecting all the reviews of Chans movies as they were being published in the United States, the first movie whose reviews were featured on Rotten Tomatoes was Your Friends & Neighbors. The website was an success, receiving mentions by Netscape, Yahoo. and USA Today within the first week of its launch. They officially launched it on April 1,2000, in June 2004, IGN Entertainment acquired rottentomatoes. com for an undisclosed sum. In September 2005, IGN was bought by News Corps Fox Interactive Media, in January 2010, IGN sold the website to Flixster. The combined reach of both companies is 30 million unique visitors a month across all different platforms, according to the companies, in May 2011, Flixster was acquired by Warner Bros. In early 2009, Current Television launched the version of the web review site. It was hosted by Brett Erlich and Ellen Fox and written by Mark Ganek, the show aired every Thursday at 10,30 EST on the Current TV network. The last episode aired on September 16,2010 and it returned as a much shorter segment of InfoMania, a satirical news show that ended in 2011. By late 2009, the website was designed to enable Rotten Tomatoes users to create, one group, The Golden Oyster Awards, accepted votes of members for different awards, as if in parallel to the better-known Oscars or Golden Globes. When Flixster bought the company, they disbanded the groups, announcing, in the meantime, please use the Forums to continue your conversations about your favorite movie topics. As of February 2011, new community features have been added, for example, users can no longer sort films by fresh ratings from rotten ratings, and vice versa
17.
Manson Family
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The Manson Family was a quasi-commune led by murder-conspirator Charles Manson that arose in California in the late 1960s. They gained national recognition after the murder of actress Sharon Tate. On his release day, March 21,1967, Manson received permission to move to San Francisco, in prison, bank robber Alvin Karpis had taught him to play the steel guitar. Now, living mostly by panhandling, he soon got to know Mary Brunner, Brunner was working as a library assistant at University of California, Berkeley, and Manson moved in with her. According to an account, he overcame her resistance to his bringing other women in to live with them. Before long, they were sharing Brunners residence with 18 other women, Manson established himself as a guru in San Franciscos Haight-Ashbury, which during 1967s Summer of Love, was emerging as the signature hippie locale. Upon a staff evaluation of Manson when he entered prison in July 1961 at the U. S. penitentiary in McNeil Island, Manson taught his followers that they were the reincarnation of the original Christians, and the Romans were the establishment. He himself strongly implied that he was Christ, he told a story envisioning himself on the cross with the nails in his feet. Sometime around 1967, he began using the alias Charles Willis Manson and he often said it very slowly --implying that his will was the same as that of the Son of Man. They roamed as far north as Washington state, then southward through Los Angeles, Mexico, returning to the Los Angeles area, they lived in Topanga Canyon, Malibu, and Venice—western parts of the city and county. It was November when the bus set out from San Francisco with the enlarged group. Brunner acquired a number of aliases and nicknames, including, Marioche, Och, Mother Mary, Mary Manson, Linda Dee Manson, actor Al Lewis, who had Manson babysit his children on a couple of occasions, described him as A nice guy when I knew him. At the beach one day, Stromberg watched while Manson preached against a materialistic outlook only to be questioned about his well-furnished bus, nonchalant, he tossed the bus keys to the doubter who promptly drove it away while Manson watched apparently unconcerned. According to Stromberg, Manson had a personality with an ability to read a persons weakness. On one occasion, the father of a runaway girl who had joined the Family pointed a shotgun at Manson. Returning home in the hours of the following morning from a night recording session, Wilson was greeted in the driveway of his own residence by Manson. Uncomfortable, Wilson asked the stranger whether he intended to hurt him, assuring him he had no such intent, Manson began kissing Wilsons feet. Inside the house, Wilson discovered 12 strangers, mostly women, over the next few months, as their number doubled, the Family members who made themselves part of Wilsons Sunset Boulevard household cost him approximately $100,000
18.
Susan Atkins
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Susan Denise Atkins was a convicted American murderer who was a member of Charles Mansons Family. Manson and his followers committed a series of nine murders at four locations in California, known within the Manson family as Sadie Mae Glutz or Sexy Sadie, Atkins was convicted for her participation in eight of these killings, including the most notorious, the Tate/LaBianca murders. She was sentenced to death, which was commuted to life in prison. Atkins was incarcerated from October 1,1969, until her death – a period exactly one week short of 40 years, at the time of her death, Atkins was Californias longest-serving female inmate. Born in San Gabriel, California, the second of three children, Susan Atkins grew up in northern California, according to her, both her parents, Edward John and Jeanette, were alcoholics. Her mother died of cancer in 1963, over the next three years, Susans life was disrupted by the gradual breakup of her family, frequent relocations, and her leaving home to live independently. Until she was 13 years old Atkins and her family lived in a home in the Cambrian Park area of San Jose. She was described by those who knew her as a quiet, self-conscious girl who belonged to her schools glee club, two weeks before her mother was hospitalized for the final time, Susan arranged for members of the church choir to sing Christmas carols under her bedroom window. After Jeanette Atkins death, relatives were asked to look after Susan. Edward Atkins eventually moved to Los Banos, California, with Susan, when he found work on the San Luis Dam construction project, Edward left the two children behind to fend for themselves. Susan took a job during her year in school to support herself. Atkins had been a student in Leigh High School in San Jose. During this time, she lived with various relatives, in 1967, Atkins met Manson when he played guitar at the house where she was living with several friends. She was nicknamed Sadie Mae Glutz by Manson and a man who was creating a fake ID for her at the time, Atkins later claimed to have believed Manson was Jesus. Atkins parental rights were terminated once she was convicted of the murders and her son was adopted and renamed from the time of her incarceration in 1969. She had no contact with him. In an attempt to raise money to move away to the desert, purportedly, a botched drug scam by Family member Charles Tex Watson led Manson to confront and shoot a man by the name of Bernard Lotsapapa Crowe. Manson believed he had killed Crowe, and he further believed Crowe was a Black Panther, nonetheless, Manson feared retaliation from the Black Panthers and pressured his followers for more money
19.
Bobby Beausoleil
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Robert Kenneth Bobby Beausoleil is a former associate of the Charles Manson Family who is serving a life sentence in prison for the murder of music teacher and associate Gary Hinman on July 27,1969. Beausoleil was born on November 6,1947, to a family in Santa Barbara. Beausoleil was a good looking but rebellious youth, by 15, he was sent to reform school. After reform school, Beausoleil drifted between San Francisco and Los Angeles, Beausoleil was involved in music and acting. In 1966, Beausoleil joined several bands, such as The Milky Way. In 1967, Beausoleil met Kenneth Anger and had a part in Angers film Lucifer Rising, in 1969, Beausoleil was living with Gary Hinman when Beausoleil began associating with Charles Manson and his cult. As described in the book Helter Skelter by Manson prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi, Gary Hinman was killed over money, accompanying Beausoleil that night were Susan Atkins and Mary Brunner, both of whom were later involved in other murders and crimes as well. Hinman is said to have refused to pay, saying I dont have any money to give you, Beausoleil called Manson back at Spahn Ranch to tell him that no money was forthcoming. Beausoleil, Atkins, and Brunner then held him captive in his own home in an attempt to convince him to refund the money, Manson arrived and proceeded to slice off a part of Hinmans ear with a sword, Atkins and Brunner stitched it up with dental floss afterwards. Beausoleil stabbed Hinman to death as Hinman chanted a Buddhist chant, afterwards, he wrote the words Political piggy on a wall in Hinmans blood in an attempt to lead police to believe the murder was done by a group of radicals. After he wrote the words, Beausoleil dipped his hand in Hinmans blood and left a paw print, symbolizing The Black Panthers, at Beausoleils two trials for the murder, the defense mentioned nothing about the murder being the result of a drug transaction gone wrong. His first revelation of this came in 1981,12 years after the murders, in that interview, he also denied that Manson had come to the Hinman residence during the event that led to the murder, although he later reversed himself about that aspect. This is the version that Beausoleil currently maintains as truth, see Helter Skelter for more details on the murders perpetrated by Charles Manson and members of his Family. On April 18,1970, a Superior Court jury in Los Angeles found Beausoleil, aged 22, guilty of first-degree murder and his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment when the California Supreme Court ruled the then-prevailing death penalty statutes unconstitutional in 1972. He is currently serving his sentence in the California Medical Facility in Vacaville, on October 14,2016, California parole authorities announced that Beausoleils 2016 bid was also denied. Beausoleil was to star in Kenneth Angers film Lucifer Rising, but little was shot before Beausoleil and Anger had a falling out, some of the footage later appeared in Invocation of My Demon Brother. He appeared in a porn film titled The Ramrodder, which also featured his friend Catherine Share – who went on to become a full-fledged member of the Manson Family. This film was shot, in part, at the infamous Spahn Ranch, around 1965, Beausoleil was a member of Arthur Lees band the Grass Roots, not to be confused with the successful recording artists of the same name
20.
Mary Brunner
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Mary Theresa Brunner is a former member of the Manson Family who was present during the 1969 murder of Gary Allen Hinman, a California musician and UCLA Ph. D. candidate in sociology. Brunner was subsequently arrested for offenses, including credit card theft and armed robbery. She met 33-year-old career criminal Charles Manson, who had released from Terminal Island prison several weeks prior to their meeting. She let Manson stay at her apartment and, after a period of weeks, during the summer of 1967, Manson impregnated Brunner. On April 15,1968 she gave birth to a son she named Valentine Michael in a house in Topanga Canyon and was assisted during the birth by several of the young women from the Family. Brunner acquired a number of aliases and nicknames, including, Marioche, Och, Mother Mary, Mary Manson, Linda Dee Manson and Christine Marie Euchts. After arriving in Venice, California, Brunner and Manson met 18-year-old Lynette Fromme, Manson ostensibly based his commune on principles of freedom and love, but he exerted dictatorial control. In addition to having sex with Spahn and others, the followers were sent to the city on criminal activities such as fraud. Manson also had firearms and played host to a motorcycle gang. They were found sprawled nude around a campfire beside a 1952 bus stuck in a deep ditch, Manson was remanded into custody under the suspicion of grand theft auto and possession of two driver licenses. Scott, Atkins, Lake and Hall were charged with possessing fictitious, pitman, Arneson and Bailey were jailed on charges of disorderly conduct and not possessing proper identification. Five other Family members were released without being charged, Brunner was booked on suspicion of endangering the life and health of a child, after her one-week-old son, Valentine was found by deputies improperly dressed and shivering. The baby was placed in the care of the Ventura County General Hospital, charges against Brunner were later reduced to contributing to the delinquency of a minor and she was given two years probation and a 15-day suspended jail sentence. She subsequently told authorities she planned to return to her parents home in Wisconsin, Hinman had been friendly with the Family and had often allowed members to stay at his home. Both Beausoleil and Brunner had previously lived with Hinman for short periods of time and, according to a 1981 interview with Beausoleil, Beausoleil was in possession of a knife and a 9 mm Radom pistol that he had borrowed from Family member Bruce Davis. On July 31,1969, Hinman was found murdered in his home and his face had been deeply slashed on the left side and he had two stab wounds to the chest. Hinmans house had been ransacked and the words Political Piggy written, both of Hinmans vehicles were missing, a Volkswagen van and a Fiat station wagon. On August 5,1969, Beausoleil was found by the California Highway Patrol asleep in the back of Hinmans Fiat near San Luis Obispo, Beausoleil had a sheath knife attached to his belt
21.
Steve "Clem" Grogan
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Steve Dennis Clem Grogan is an American convicted murderer and former member of The Manson Family. Grogan, a musician and artist, dropped out of school and was involved in minor crimes. When his frustrated parents lost hope, they decided to drop him off at Spahn Ranch and he was immediately taken in by the ranch hands and began to do odd jobs around the ranch. Ranch hand Donald Shea took a liking to Grogan, often buying him clothes, Grogan was a resident long before Charles Manson and the Family became associated with Spahn Ranch. Like Charles Manson, he was friends with Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys and he was often considered dumb, or even retarded, by other Family members, earning him the nickname Scramblehead, but some felt he was only playing dumb. Allegedly, it was Grogan who wrecked Wilsons uninsured Ferrari, in 1969, he was sentenced to 90 days observation at Camarillo State Mental Hospital for exposing his penis to a group of school children, but he returned to the ranch after two days. The night of August 10,1969 he rode with members of the Manson family, Grogan later helped Manson, Watson and Bruce Davis kill Spahn ranch hand Donald Shorty Shea. The jury returned verdicts of life imprisonment for Manson and Davis, Grogan later assisted the authorities and drew a map to where Sheas body was buried. In prison he was head of the program to deter juveniles from a life of crime. Grogan was released on parole from prison in 1985, beausoleil later revealed that he convinced Grogan to begin playing again and even made him a guitar. Grogan was one of the featured in the Oscar-nominated 1973 documentary film MANSON
22.
Patricia Krenwinkel
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Patricia Dianne Krenwinkel is an American murderer and a former member of Charles Mansons Family. During her time with Mansons group, she was known by various aliases such as Big Patty, Yellow, Marnie Reeves and Mary Ann Scott, but to The Family she was most commonly known as Katie. Following the death of fellow Manson gang member, Susan Atkins, Krenwinkel is now the female inmate in the California penal system. Patricia Krenwinkel was born in Los Angeles, California to an insurance-salesman father and she attended University High School and then Westchester High School, both in the Los Angeles area. After her parents divorced, seventeen-year-old Krenwinkel remained in Los Angeles with her father until she graduated from Westchester High School, for a time she taught Catechism and considered becoming a nun. She decided to attend the Jesuit college, Spring Hill College, in Mobile, within one semester, however, Patricia dropped out and moved back to California. Moving into her sisters apartment in Manhattan Beach, she found an office job as a processing clerk. She met Charles Manson in Manhattan Beach in 1967, along with Lynette Fromme and Mary Brunner, in later interviews, Krenwinkel stated that she had slept with Manson the first night they met, and that he was the first person who told her she was beautiful. Mesmerized by Mansons charisma and starved for attention, she decided to go to San Francisco with him, as the Manson Family grew, Katie and the others went on a drug- and sex-filled 18-month tour of the American west in an old school bus. She would later recount an idealized version of The Familys early days, We were just like wood nymphs and we would run through the woods with flowers in our hair, and Charles would have a small flute. In the summer of 1968, Krenwinkel and fellow Family member, Ella Bailey, were hitchhiking around Los Angeles when Beach Boys founding member and drummer, Dennis Wilson, picked them up. After being invited to his home while he continued on to a session, Krenwinkel and Bailey were able to contact the Family. When Wilson returned later that evening, he found Manson and the rest of the Family eating his food, sleeping in his bedrooms, after causing Wilson financial problems, Manson and the rest of the Family left his mansion. After the hippie movement wound down in 1969, Krenwinkel and the Family decided to live in isolation from the rest of society. They persuaded the blind and elderly George Spahn to allow them to live on his property, Krenwinkel acted as a mother figure to the Familys several illegitimate children and was seen as an intense and devoted follower of Charles Manson. Krenwinkel was a participant in the murders on August 9,1969 at 10050 Cielo Drive, home of actress Sharon Tate. After fellow Family member Charles Tex Watson shot and killed teenager Steven Parent in his car in the driveway, Watson, Susan Atkins. When mayhem ensued, Krenwinkel dragged coffee heiress Abigail Folger from her bedroom to the room, fought with her
23.
Leslie Van Houten
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Leslie Louise Van Houten is an American convict serving a life sentence for murder in relation to the 1969 killings of Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, when Van Houten was 19 years old. She was arrested later, and convicted at the main Charles Manson trial in 1971, at which she repeatedly sabotaged her own defense. She was convicted and became the youngest woman ever sentenced to death in California and she was granted a new trial at which her defense to the charge of first degree murder was diminished responsibility, but the jury could not agree on a verdict. At a third trial, she was convicted and sentenced to life in prison, Van Houten was born on August 23,1949, in the Los Angeles suburb of Altadena. She grew up in a middle-class churchgoing family along with a brother, and adopted brother and sister. Her mother and father divorced when she was 14 and she began taking LSD, Benzedrine and hashish around age 15, running away for a time but returning to complete high school. At 17, she became pregnant and was forced by her mother to undergo an induced miscarriage, Van Houtens mother informed her sometime later that the procedure could not be referred to as an abortion as the fetus was too far along. Van Houten stated that after this event, she felt very removed and harbored intense anger toward her mother and she had a period of interest in yoga and took a year-long secretarial course, but became a hippie, living at a commune. Charles Manson had been a delinquent from an early age, in his late teens, Manson was released from an institution to live with relatives in a West Virginia town. There, he was regarded as a criminal braggart, though some law-abiding people found him very likeable. Manson had a marriage to a cute popular girl before a stint as a pimp ended with a ten-year sentence. His IQ was slightly above average, in 1967, Manson completed the sentence and, protesting that prison was his home, was released at age 32. He aspired to success as a singer-songwriter, in Berkeley, Manson met and moved in with 23-year-old library assistant Mary Brunner. Brunner introduced Manson to environmentalist thought, which he incorporated material drawn from his prison studies to present himself as a guru. Manson preached the values of nature, sex, children. He was successful in gathering a group of young, largely female devotees. After a few months in a commune in Northern California, Van Houten met Catherine Share and Bobby Beausoleil and moved in with them, the four broke up after jealous arguments, and Share left to join Charles Mansons commune. Van Houten, then aged 19, followed Share, at this time, she phoned her mother to say she was dropping out and would not be making contact again
24.
Tex Watson
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Charles Denton Tex Watson is an American murderer who was a central member of the Manson family led by Charles Manson. On August 9,1969, Watson and other Manson followers murdered pregnant actress Sharon Tate and four people at a house in Benedict Canyon. The next night, Watson traveled to Los Feliz, Los Angeles, Watson was found guilty of murder and imprisoned in 1971. Watson was born in Farmersville, Texas, on December 2,1945 and he was the youngest of three children. Tex grew up attending the Copeville Methodist Church. In high school he was a student and athlete. In September 1964, Watson moved to Denton, Texas, to attend North Texas State University, in January 1967 he began working at Braniff Airlines as a baggage handler. He used free airline tickets to travel and visited a brother in Los Angeles. On August 8,1969 Watson went with Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel, to an occupied by movie actress Sharon Tate, Jay Sebring, Wojciech Frykowski. Watson, who had been to the house on at least one occasion, climbed a telephone pole near the gate. When an unknown car approached driven by an unwitting 18‑year‑old named Steven Parent, Watson ignored his pleas for mercy and shot him four times in the chest and abdomen. After pushing the car further up the driveway and traversing the front lawn, Watson cut the screen of a window, upon Watsons direction, Atkins found the houses three other occupants and with Krenwinkel brought them to the living room. Watson tied Tate and Sebring together at the neck with rope, after shooting Sebring and taking $70 from Folgers purse, Watson stabbed Folger seven times. The next night, six Manson Family members, Leslie Van Houten, Steve Clem Grogan, in March 1968, Manson and other Family members had attended a party at the rented home of Harold True in Los Feliz, located at 3267 Waverly Drive. Manson did not want to kill True because he thought it could be traced back to him, so he settled for the next door where Leno. After driving their car up and down the street, and waiting, Manson and Watson got out of the car, disappeared walking up the driveway, according to Watsons book Will You Die For Me. Manson held the occupants at gunpoint while Watson tied them up, Manson returned to the car to say he had tied up the houses occupants and sent Krenwinkel and Van Houten into the house. Rosemary LaBianca was taken to her bedroom by Krenwinkel and Van Houten as Watson murdered Leno LaBianca in the den, Rosemary LaBianca was then murdered in her room, primarily by Krenwinkel and Watson, with additional wounds inflicted in her back by Van Houten
25.
Tate murders
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The Tate murders were the notorious and brutal killings of five people by members of the Manson Family on August 8,1969. Four members of the invaded the home of married celebrity couple, actress Sharon Tate. They murdered Tate, along with three friends who were visiting at the time, and an 18-year-old visitor, who was slain as he was departing the home, Polanski was not present on the night of the murders as he was working on a film in Europe. The murders were carried out by Tex Watson under the direction of Charles Manson, Watson drove, with Susan Atkins, Linda Kasabian, and Patricia Krenwinkel, from Spahn Ranch to the residence on Cielo Drive. Melcher had snubbed Manson, leaving him disgruntled, many law enforcement officers have theorized that Manson ordered the attack in retaliation, thinking that Melcher still owned the house, but which had by then been rented to Polanski. Manson had told the women to do as Watson would instruct them, Krenwinkel was one of the early Family members and one of the hitchhikers who had allegedly been picked up by Dennis Wilson of the Beach Boys. Polanski was in London working on a project, Tate had accompanied him. It was now after midnight, August 9,1969, backing their car to the bottom of the hill that led up to the estate, the group parked there and walked back up to the house. Thinking the gate might be electrified or rigged with an alarm, they climbed an embankment at its right. Just then, headlights approached their way from farther within the angled property, Watson ordered the women to lie in the bushes. He then stepped out and ordered the driver, 18-year-old student and hi-fi enthusiast Steven Parent. As Watson leveled a 22-caliber revolver at Parent, the frightened youth begged Watson not to hurt him, claiming that he wouldnt say anything. Watson first lunged at Parent with a knife, giving him a defensive wound on the palm of his hand, then shot him four times in the chest and abdomen. Watson then ordered the women to push the car further up the driveway. After traversing the front lawn and having Kasabian search for a window of the main house. Watson told Kasabian to keep watch down by the gate, she walked over to Steven Parents AMC Ambassador and he then removed the screen, entered through the window, and let Atkins and Krenwinkel in through the front door. As Watson whispered to Atkins, a sleeping Frykowski awoke on the living room couch, when Frykowski asked him who he was and what he was doing there, Watson replied, Im the devil, and Im here to do the devils business. On Watsons direction, Atkins found the three other occupants and, with Krenwinkels help, forced them to the living room
26.
Jay Sebring
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Jay Sebring was an American hair stylist for celebrities, and the founder of the hairstyling corporation Sebring International. He is also one of the victims of the Manson Family. Born Thomas John Kummer in Birmingham, Alabama, Sebring was the son of an accountant, Bernard Kummer and he grew up with one brother and two sisters in a middle class home in Southfield, Michigan. After graduating from Southfield High School in 1951, Sebring joined the Navy for four years, and during this time served in the Korean War. He then moved to Los Angeles, where he changed his name to Jay Sebring, Jay, after the first initial of his middle name, in October 1960, Sebring married a model named Cami – a union which ended unofficially in August 1963. In Los Angeles he graduated from beauty school and promptly invented a new way of cutting mens hair. He used hair spray in an era when Brylcreem was the hair product for men. In Los Angeles, his salon and his style of cutting hair proved popular. He taught his methods to others who then opened Jay Sebring Salon franchises, in 1967 he opened the company Sebring International to franchise his salons and sell hair care products. At a time when barbers charged a dollar or two to cut hair, Sebring charged $50 and up. His hair styling clients included Warren Beatty and Steve McQueen and he flew to Las Vegas every three weeks to cut the hair of Frank Sinatra and Sammy Davis Jr. At Kirk Douglas request, Sebring did the styling for the movie Spartacus. He later designed The Doors Jim Morrisons free-flowing style and his business, Sebring International, was flourishing by the late 1960s, with profitable salons in West Hollywood, New York City and London. Sebring maintained a lifestyle, with high-profile Hollywood personalities like Beatty among his closest associates. Adjacent to his salon on Fairfax Avenue, West Hollywood, Pat Woolley ran her iconic fashion shop, catering to musicians, Sebring had a hand in launching the film career of Bruce Lee, after meeting him at the International Karate Championships in Long Beach in 1964. He introduced Lee to his producer friend Bill Dozier, who started Lees career with The Green Hornet. Although not seeking an acting career himself, Sebring made a appearance in the December 1966 episode of the TV show Batman. Sebring was introduced to Sharon Tate by journalist Joe Hyams in October 1964, Sebring bought the former home of Paul Bern, husband of Jean Harlow, on Easton Drive in Benedict Canyon, then owned by Sally Forrest
27.
Sharon Tate
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Sharon Marie Tate Polanski was an American actress and model. During the 1960s, she played small roles before appearing in films and was regularly featured in fashion magazines as a model. After receiving positive reviews for her comedic and dramatic acting performances and she made her film debut in 1966 with the occult-themed Eye of the Devil. Her most remembered performance was as Jennifer North in the 1967 cult classic film, Valley of the Dolls, Tates last completed film, 12+1 was released posthumously in 1969, with the actress receiving top billing. In January 20,1968, Tate married Roman Polanski, her director, on August 9,1969, Tate, along with four others, was murdered by members of the Manson Family in the home she shared with Polanski. At the time of her death, she was eight-and-a-half months pregnant with the couples son, Tates mother went on to say that the law would help transform Sharons legacy from murder victim to a symbol of victims rights. A book by Tates sister, Debra Tate, titled Sharon Tate, Sharon Tate was born in Dallas, Texas, the eldest of three daughters, to Colonel Paul James Tate, a United States Army officer, and his wife, Doris Gwendolyn. At six months of age, Tate won the Miss Tiny Tot of Dallas Pageant, Paul Tate was promoted and transferred several times. By the age of 16, as a brat, Tate had lived in six different cities. Her family described her as shy and lacking in self-confidence, as an adult, Tate commented that people would misinterpret her shyness as aloofness until they knew her better. Tate attended Chief Joseph Junior High School from September of 1955 to June of 1958 and she attended Irvin High School in El Paso, Texas, from late fall 1959 to April 1960, and Vicenza American High School in Vicenza, Italy, from April to June 1960. She graduated from Vicenza American High School in 1961, as she matured, people commented on Tates beauty, she began entering beauty pageants, winning the title of Miss Richland in Washington in 1959. Beymer noticed Tate in the crowd and introduced himself, and the two dated during the production of the film, with Beymer encouraging Tate to pursue a film career. In 1961, Tate was employed by the singer Pat Boone, later that year, when Barabbas was being filmed near Verona, Tate was once again hired as an extra. Actor Jack Palance was impressed by her appearance and her attitude and he arranged a screen test for her in Rome, but this did not lead to further work. Tate returned to the United States alone, saying she wanted to further her studies, after a few months, Doris Tate, who feared for her daughters safety, suffered a nervous breakdown and her daughter was persuaded to return to Italy. The family returned to the United States in 1962, and Tate moved to Los Angeles, after their first meeting, Gefsky agreed to represent her, and secured work for her in television and magazine advertisements. In 1963, he introduced her to Martin Ransohoff, director of Filmways and she was considered for the role of Billie Jo Bradley, on CBSs sitcom, Petticoat Junction, but Ransohoff believed that she lacked confidence and the role was given to Jeannine Riley
28.
Gerald Ford assassination attempt in Sacramento
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She wanted to make a statement to people who refused to halt environmental pollution and its effects on Air, Trees, Water, and Animals. After the assassination attempt, Ford continued to walk to the California state house, for her crime, Fromme spent 34 years in prison and was released on August 14,2009 –2 years and 7 months after Fords death. The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan, later received the M1911 pistol used in the attempt as a gift. Fromme was one of the earliest, and had a reputation as being one of the most devoted, through the years, Fromme served as the cornerstone in keeping Manson cult members in communication with each other. Fromme moved to San Francisco to be closer to Manson in nearby San Quentin Prison, later in 1972, she moved to Sacramento to maintain her proximity to Manson when he was transferred from San Quentin to Folsom Prison. In Sacramento, Fromme lived at 1725 P Street in an apartment with Sandra Good. Three years later in 1975, Fromme decided to kill Ford to set an example for those refusing to halt environmental pollution, Ford saw Californias electoral votes being critical to his success in the 1976 United States presidential election and accepted the invitation to speak at the Host Breakfast. Feeling personally responsible for the fate of the redwoods, Fromme traveled to San Francisco to meet with a San Francisco government official to save the trees from pollution. After returning from San Francisco, Fromme watched a report from her P Street apartment. The hotel Ford would be staying at, the Senator Hotel, was located a little more than a one-half mile —about fifteen minutes walking distance—from Frommes Sacramento apartment. At this point, Fromme decided to bring attention to the trees by putting fear into the government through killing its symbol, on the day Fromme decided to see Ford during his September trip to Sacramento, Fromme already had a Colt.45 caliber semi-automatic pistol in her apartment. The M1911 pistol, produced 64 years earlier in 1911 by Colt Firearms, was manufactured the same year that Colts M1911 pistol became the side arm for the United States armed forces. After its manufacture in 1911, Frommes pistol was sent to Rock Island Arsenal in Illinois, the pistol was used in the U. S. Army and later sold as Government surplus in 1913. At the time of the attempt, the Colt.45 was not considered a common crime gun because its rather large. Harold E. Zeke/Manny Boro, born 1909, was a federal government engineering draftsman who, at ages 65 to 66, hung around the Manson family. Boro met Fromme in the spring of 1974 while in a Sacramento park, Fromme would visit Boro at his apartment in Sacramento. In return for her friendship, Boro loaned his Cadillac to Fromme, on July 12,1975, Boro moved from Sacramento to Jackson, California, at the end of Laughton Lane. While at his apartment in Jackson, Fromme asked Boro for a gun, Fromme told Boro that she needed one for her protection in the apartment house where she lived, with two roommates, due to enemies of Charles Manson
29.
Charles Older
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Charles Herman Chuck Older was the third highest scoring ace of the American Volunteer Group and later the judge in the Charles Manson murder trial. Older was born Charles Herman Older in Hanford, California on September 29,1917 and he earned a degree in political science from the University of California Los Angeles in 1939 and later graduated from University of Southern California law school. After a distinguished career, he was appointed to the bench of the Los Angeles Superior Court by Governor Ronald Reagan in 1967. Older served for 20 years before retiring and his most famous case was the Charles Manson trial. The trial lasted 10 months, the longest in American history at the time, prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi praised Older for his firm but fair handling of the difficult case. At one point, Manson tried to attack the judge and had to be restrained by bailiffs, in his military career, Older served in both World War II and the Korean War. In all, he shot down 18 enemy aircraft and was the third highest-scoring Flying Tiger ace, later, Older served as a major in the Army Air Forces, fighting in the China-Burma Theater. On June 17,2006, he died at the age of 88 of complications from a fall in his home in West Los Angeles and he was survived by his wife, Catherine Day Older, and three daughters
30.
Topanga, California
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Topanga is a census-designated place in western Los Angeles County, California, United States. Located in the Santa Monica Mountains, the community lies in Topanga Canyon, the narrow southern portion of Topanga at the coast is in between the city of Malibu and the city of Los Angeles neighborhood of Pacific Palisades. Topanga had a population of 8,289 as of 2010, the ZIP code is 90290 and the area code is primarily 310, with 818 only at the north end of the canyon. It is in the 3rd County Supervisorial district, Topanga Creek drains Topanga Canyon and is the third largest watershed entering the Santa Monica Bay. The creek is one of the few remaining undammed waterways in the area, the area typically receives about 22 of rain annually. Topanga Beach lies on the coast at the outlet of Topanga Creek, Topanga Canyon Boulevard, State Route 27, is the principal thoroughfare, connecting the Ventura Freeway with Pacific Coast Highway. The southern portion of the boulevard largely follows Topanga Creek, north of the Old Topanga Canyon Road intersection, the boulevard traverses the Santa Monica Mountains. It is part of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area and it primarily represents a California coastal sage and chaparral ecoregion, with large areas of the California oak woodland plant community, and a wide variety of native plants. Topanga is the given to the area by the Native American indigenous Tongva tribe. It was the border of their territory, abutting the Chumash tribe that occupied the coast from Malibu northwards. Bedrock mortars can be carved into rock outcroppings in many locations. Topanga was first settled by Europeans in 1839, in the 1920s, Topanga Canyon became a weekend getaway for Hollywood stars with several cottages built for that purpose. The rolling hills and ample vegetation served to provide privacy and attractive surroundings for the rich and famous. During the 1960s, Topanga Canyon became a magnet to many new artists, in 1965 Wallace Berman settled in the area. For a time, Neil Young lived in Topanga, first living with producer David Briggs then later buying his own house and he would record most of his After the Gold Rush album in his basement studio in 1970. Charles Manson had previously been living in Topanga, where he had briefly befriended both Neil Young and Dennis Wilson of The Beach Boys. Members of Mansons family began their campaign of murder on July 31,1969 with the murder of Topanga resident Gary Hinman, etta James, Windance, Neil Young, and Crazy Horse, Geronimo Black, and many others. It is rumored that Jim Morrison was inspired to write Roadhouse Blues about the drive up Topanga Canyon Boulevard to The Corral
31.
The Beach Boys bootleg recordings
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The Beach Boys bootleg recordings are recordings of performances by the Beach Boys that attained some level of public circulation without being available as a legal release. Many albums by the band were fully assembled or near completion before being shelved, rejected, in recent years, new rarities compilations and reissues of studio albums have been released with studio outtakes included as bonus tracks. Some recordings have never seen wide public circulation, others are only rumored to exist, were misapprehended to tangentially related projects, or have yet to surface in the hands of archivists or record collectors. In 2013, the won the Grammy Award for Best Historical Album. In 2011, Uncut voted Smile the number one greatest bootleg recording of all time, in 2003, Stylus Magazine named the Beach Boys Smile, Landlocked, Adult Child, and Dennis Wilsons Bambu A Lost Album Category Unto Themselves. This article includes commonly bootlegged material and unreleased recordings which are reported to exist, the current existence of most of the Beach Boys tape masters was made possible by the fact that the band were in control of their own material. Typically, record labels at the time would possess the multi-tracks, however, a myriad of original multi-track masters have been lost due to various circumstances. Some reported currently missing are, Good Vibrations, The final multi-track and it is speculated to have been left behind at CBS Columbia Square shortly after the record was made. Smile, A half-inch reel that may have also left behind or destroyed at Capitol Records headquarters in 1968. This includes the multi-tracks to songs Wonderful and Cabinessence, various tracks recorded since the 1960s with little information known beyond their song titles. In the last few decades, reels of tape that were thought to be lost have been intermittently rediscovered,1990 – CBS Columbia Square delivered a reel of 1965-era tapes sourced from the album Summer Days which were thought to be lost. When the studio closed, an amount of tapes were left behind. Ten years later, they were all destroyed without checking for inventory, 2010s – A piano demo of Surfs Up was found hidden within a reel of the Wild Honey track Country Air. It was soon included on The Smile Sessions,2013 – Acetates were unearthed that showed Im in Great Shape as part of the projected Heroes and Villains single. Before the release of Made in California, a reel of tapes sourced from November 1964 live performances broadcast on BBC were retrieved,2014 – Writer Brian Chidester reported that additional Brian Wilson recordings dated from the late 1960s and early 1970s were recently found. In 1993, the bootleg label Vigotone released a 2 CD edition of Smile,1998, the label Vigotone followed up with Heroes and Vibrations, a forty-minute disc culling working tapes from Good Vibrations and Heroes and Villains. Those involved with releasing these bootlegs were later apprehended by authorities, discography Provided by the Allmusic database and Bret Wheadon. The following compilations contain previously unreleased material by the Beach Boys
32.
Never Learn Not to Love
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In 1969, Never Learn Not to Love was included on the Beach Boys 15th studio album 20/20. The song was actually a version of Cease to Exist. Musically, Wilson deviated from Mansons blues influence, reworking it to fit the bands pop-oriented approach, a level of intrigue surrounds the song chiefly because of Mansons hand in its creation and his brief relationship with Wilson. Soon after the release of Never Learn Not to Love, Manson, Manson himself recorded the original arrangement of the song for his debut album Lie, The Love and Terror Cult, released in March 1970. Reception toward Never Learn to Love is often mixed, considering its sinister background, since its original distribution, the song appears on several compilation albums by the Beach Boys. At first, Wilson was frightened by Manson, but Manson assured him he came with no intent to harm Wilson, an aspiring folk singer-songwriter, Manson discussed and presented Wilson some of his self-penned material. Manson began utilizing Brian Wilsons home studio with co-productions by Brian, according to writer Peter Ames Carlin, Manson penned Cease to Exist specifically for the Beach Boys to record. In exchange for his rights to Cease to Exist, Manson received a sum of cash, when Wilson acquired the song from him, for the most part, he abided Mansons original specifications. However, in an attempt to better accomandate the groups vocal harmonies, Wilson reworked the songs bluesy structure. In addition, Cease to Exists lyrics were partially altered. The Beach Boys recorded the track at Brian Wilsons home studio on September 11, Never Learn Not to Love was released as the B-side to Bluebirds over the Mountain on December 2,1968. The A-side reached number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 33 on the UK Singles Chart, the song was later featured on the Beach Boys album 20/20 on February 10,1969. When Manson discovered he was uncredited on the single, he was furious, Beach Boys collaborator Van Dyke Parks recalled One day, Charles Manson brought a bullet out and showed it to Dennis, who asked, Whats this. And Manson replied, Its a bullet, every time you look at it, I want you to think how nice it is your kids are still safe. Wilson confronted Manson about the incident, realizing Mansons growing erratic behavior, during Mansons trial for the conspiracy-murders of seven people, he released his debut studio album, Lie, The Love and Terror Cult, on March 6,1970. Consisting of 13 tracks recorded between 1967 and 1968, it included Mansons original arrangement of Cease to Exist, approximately 2,000 copies of Lie were distributed, but only 300 albums were reportedly sold. Music critic Bruce Eder, in a review for the AllMusic website, wrote the Beach Boys brush up against the side of the 60s. In his assessment of the song, Richie Unterberger commented Never Learn Not to Love is far more notorious for its relation to Manson, not the music itself which he describes as average
33.
Lie: The Love and Terror Cult
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Lie, The Love and Terror Cult is the debut studio album by American murder-conspirator Charles Manson. It was released on vinyl on March 6,1970 by Phil Kaufman, although not a commercial success, it retains a following among those interested in the Manson case, inspiring many cover versions and samples. The cover is a parody of the December 19,1969 Life magazine cover, the two covers are identical, however the F in LIFE has been deleted and the line The dark edge of hippie life has been removed. The date and price are replaced with the Awareness Records logo, in 1968, Phil Kaufman, who had met Manson in prison, moved in briefly with Manson and his Family. Kaufman continually urged Manson to record some of his songs, sometime in mid 1968, Manson attempted to construct an album with members of the Beach Boys. Carl and Brian Wilson co-produced about ten songs by Manson that he recorded at Brians home studio and these tapes remain unreleased, though the songs themselves may overlap with the material present on Lie, The Love and Terror Cult. While Manson was being held on the Tate-LaBianca charges, he told Kaufman please put out my music, according to Kaufman, Manson phoned him five days a week, even though he was allowed only three phone calls per day. Manson was very anxious for his music to be heard, overdubs were recorded on August 9,1968 somewhere in Van Nuys, Los Angeles. When Phil Kaufman was mastering the Lie LP, he had to take these 2 tracks from a copy of the 45, as the master tapes were already lost. It was distributed on the West Coast, by Trademark of Quality, the group who released the first notable bootleg album, Great White Wonder. Consisting of the recordings made from 1967 to 1968, the album contained thirteen songs and these included Cease to Exist, a song The Beach Boys had recorded in modified form as Never Learn Not to Love. Its album cover is a copy of the December 19,1969 Life front cover on which Manson had appeared, only with Life replaced with the word Lie. Each of the original 2,000 copies came with a poster that was put out by A Joint Venture and that bore signatures of many prisoners and inmates, all supporting Manson and the Family. Having supposedly failed to recover his investment, Kaufman signed an agreement with New-York-based ESP-Disk to distribute the album nationally, during the 1991 Ron Reagan Jr. Manson was not given co-writing credit, portions of the album have been sampled or covered by many other artists, such as Front Line Assembly. Many of the songs have also been re-recorded, a version of Look at Your Game, while GG Allin covered Garbage Dump for his 1987 album You Give Love a Bad Name and Rob Zombie, Redd Kross and The Lemonheads have all covered Cease To Exist. The Brian Jonestown Massacre does a version of Arkansas on their 1999 EP Bringing It All Back Home – Again. Frontman Anton Newcombe frequenctly cites Manson as an influence, even claiming to have recorded with Manson, an acoustic version of the song Sick City was recorded by Marilyn Manson, but this has never been officially released
