1.
Epoca (magazine)
–
Epoca was an Italian illustrated weekly current events magazine published in Milan, Italy. Epoca was first published on 14 October 1950, the magazine was modelled on Life and Paris Match. The magazine was part of Mondadori and was based in Milan and its first editor was Alberto Mondadori who was succeeded in the post by Enzo Biagi in 1953. The magazine sold 500,000 copies in 1955, during the period until 1960 when Enzo Biagi edited Epoca the magazine covered current affairs news, social attitudes as well as TV news. The magazine also included frequent and detailed articles about Hollywood stars of the period, the weekly had offices in New York, Paris and Tokyo. From June 1952 to the late 1958 the Cuban-Italian writer Alba de Céspedes wrote a column, called Dalla parte di lei. Then Epoca became part of Rizzoli Editori and began to travel and nature news with photographs. The magazine had a section called I bei posti where the photographs of places such as Bahamas, Marrakesh and Acapulco by Mario de Biasi, Alfredo Panucci. Epocas circulation was 400,000 copies in 1963, in 1970 the circulation of the magazine was 350,000 copies. The weekly had a circulation of 120,046 copies in 1984, Epoca was closed down in 1997 due to low circulation
2.
Palace of Capodimonte
–
It today houses the National Museum of Capodimonte and art gallery of the city. Capodimonte means top of the hill, and the palace was originally just outside the city, which has now expanded to surround it and he commissioned Angelo Carasale, Giovanni Antonio Medrano and Antonio Canevari to build it. Work started in August 1738, but it was to more than a century to complete, partly because of the difficulty of transporting piperno. In 1758, the first part of the palace was opened, in 1759, Ferdinand I succeeded his father Charles and the following year he appointed the architect Ferdinando Fuga to oversee work on the palace and the grounds. In 1787, on the advice of Jacob Philipp Hackert, a laboratory for the restoration of paintings was created, when the Parthenopaean Republic was declared in 1799, Ferdinand fled to Palermo on board Nelsons Vanguard, taking the most valuable items from the palace with him. What remained was looted by the French troops of General Championnet who were billeted there, during the 10 years of French occupation, the palace was the residence of Joseph Bonaparte and then of Joachim Murat. The art collection was transferred to the Naples National Archaeological Museum, when Ferdinand returned from Sicily in 1815, he employed many painters and sculptors to work on the decoration of the palace. Francesco I succeeded his father Ferdinand in 1825 and appointed the architect Antonio Niccolini to oversee work on the palace, Niccolini added monumental staircases, and new suites of rooms for the royal family, continuing work when Ferdinand II succeeded Francesco I in 1830. The palace was completed in 1840, and a gallery housing contemporary art was added. They also added a collection of historic firearms and other weapons. In 1866, the boudoir of Maria Amalia of Saxony was transferred to Capodimonte from the Palace of Portici, in the early 20th century, the palace became the residence of the Dukes of Aosta. Then in 1920 it became the property of the Italian state, in 1950 it became a museum with many of the exhibits being returned from the National Museum. The first and second floors house the National Gallery, elsewhere in the palace the royal apartments are furnished with antique 18th century furniture and a collection of porcelain and majolica from the various royal residences. The famous Capodimonte Porcelain Factory was just adjacent to the palace, the palace is situated in the Bosco di Capodimonte, which serves as a royal hunting preserve. There is still a pleasant park around the palace, media related to Palace of Capodimonte at Wikimedia Commons Museo di Capodimonte official website
3.
Naples
–
Naples is the capital of the Italian region Campania and the third-largest municipality in Italy, after Rome and Milan. In 2015, around 975,260 people lived within the administrative limits. The Metropolitan City of Naples had a population of 3,115,320, Naples is the 9th-most populous urban area in the European Union with a population of between 3 million and 3.7 million. About 4.4 million people live in the Naples metropolitan area, Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Bronze Age Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, a larger colony – initially known as Parthenope, Παρθενόπη – developed on the Island of Megaride around the ninth century BC, at the end of the Greek Dark Ages. Naples remained influential after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, thereafter, in union with Sicily, it became the capital of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. Naples was the most-bombed Italian city during World War II, much of the citys 20th-century periphery was constructed under Benito Mussolinis fascist government, and during reconstruction efforts after World War II. The city has experienced significant economic growth in recent decades, and unemployment levels in the city, however, Naples still suffers from political and economic corruption, and unemployment levels remain high. Naples has the fourth-largest urban economy in Italy, after Milan, Rome and it is the worlds 103rd-richest city by purchasing power, with an estimated 2011 GDP of US$83.6 billion. The port of Naples is one of the most important in Europe, numerous major Italian companies, such as MSC Cruises Italy S. p. A, are headquartered in Naples. The city also hosts NATOs Allied Joint Force Command Naples, the SRM Institution for Economic Research, Naples is a full member of the Eurocities network of European cities. The city was selected to become the headquarters of the European institution ACP/UE and was named a City of Literature by UNESCOs Creative Cities Network, the Villa Rosebery, one of the three official residences of the President of Italy, is located in the citys Posillipo district. Naples historic city centre is the largest in Europe, covering 1,700 hectares and enclosing 27 centuries of history, Naples has long been a major cultural centre with a global sphere of influence, particularly during the Renaissance and Enlightenment eras. In the immediate vicinity of Naples are numerous culturally and historically significant sites, including the Palace of Caserta, culinarily, Naples is synonymous with pizza, which originated in the city. Neapolitan music has furthermore been highly influential, credited with the invention of the romantic guitar, according to CNN, the metro stop Toledo is the most beautiful in Europe and it won also the LEAF Award 2013 as Public building of the year. Naples is the Italian city with the highest number of accredited stars from the Michelin Guide, Naples sports scene is dominated by football and Serie A club S. S. C. Napoli, two-time Italian champions and winner of European trophies, who play at the San Paolo Stadium in the south-west of the city, the Phlegraean Fields around Naples has been inhabited since the Neolithic period. The earliest Greek settlements were established in the Naples area in the second millennium BC, sailors from the Greek island of Rhodes established a small commercial port called Parthenope on the island of Megaride in the ninth century BC
4.
Kingdom of Italy
–
The state was founded as a result of the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom of Sardinia, which can be considered its legal predecessor state. Italy declared war on Austria in alliance with Prussia in 1866, Italian troops entered Rome in 1870, ending more than one thousand years of Papal temporal power. Italy entered into a Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary in 1882, victory in the war gave Italy a permanent seat in the Council of the League of Nations. Fascist Italy is the era of National Fascist Party rule from 1922 to 1943 with Benito Mussolini as head of government, according to Payne, Fascist regime passed through several relatively distinct phases. The first phase was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, then came the second phase, the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper from 1925 to 1929. The third phase, with activism, was 1929–34. The war itself was the phase with its disasters and defeats. Italy was allied with Nazi Germany in World War II until 1943 and it switched sides to the Allies after ousting Mussolini and shutting down the Fascist party in areas controlled by the Allied invaders. Shortly after the war, civil discontent led to the referendum of 1946 on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the Italian Republic, the Kingdom of Italy claimed all of the territory which is modern-day Italy. The development of the Kingdoms territory progressed under Italian re-unification until 1870, the state for a long period of time did not include Trieste or Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, which are in Italy today, and only annexed them in 1919. After the Second World War, the borders of present-day Italy were founded, the Kingdom of Italy was theoretically a constitutional monarchy. Executive power belonged to the monarch, as executed through appointed ministers, two chambers of parliament restricted the monarchs power—an appointive Senate and an elective Chamber of Deputies. The kingdoms constitution was the Statuto Albertino, the governing document of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In theory, ministers were responsible to the king. However, in practice, it was impossible for an Italian government to stay in office without the support of Parliament, members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected by plurality voting system elections in uninominal districts. A candidate needed the support of 50% of those voting, and of 25% of all enrolled voters, if not all seats were filled on the first ballot, a runoff was held shortly afterwards for the remaining vacancies. After a brief multinominal experimentation in 1882, proportional representation into large, regional, Socialists became the major party, but they were unable to form a government in a parliament split into three different factions, with Christian Populists and classical liberals
5.
Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este
–
Prince Lorenz of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este is a member of the Belgian Royal Family and an Austrian-Belgian citizen. Since 1996 he is head of the House of Austria-Este. On 22 September 1984 in Brussels, Lorenz married Princess Astrid of Belgium, after finishing school, Archduke Lorenz made his military service in the regiment of Gebirgsjäger of the Federal Austrian Army and was promoted as Reserve Leutnant in 1980. Lorenz studied economics at the University of St. Gallen in Switzerland and he worked at various banks in London, Paris, and Rome. In 1983 he joined the Gutzwiller private bank in Basel where he became a Managing Partner. In 1993, he spent one year as a consultant to Swift, in 1995, he became Advisor to the Board of Directors of BNP Paribas Bank in Paris. He was formerly a director of UCB, Sita and of Ondeo Nalco, since 2004, Lorenz has been the honorary president of the Council of the Koninklijke Vereniging der Historische Woonsteden van België/Association Royale des Demeures Historiques de Belgique. Since 2005, he has been the Patron of Europae Thesauri, Lorenz has also served as deputy chairman of the Société des Amis of the Almanach de Gotha. He is named member of the Royal Crown Coucil of Romania in 2015.1 of the constitution of the Kingdom of Belgium, in addition he also bears the traditional Habsburg titles of Prince Royal of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia. The Este suffix descended by male primogeniture and is borne by Lorenz, the title Prince of Belgium was granted to him by Royal Decree of 10 November 1995 by his father-in-law, King Albert II of the Belgians
6.
Dynasty
–
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic
7.
Duke of Aosta
–
In the mid-13th century the Hohenstaufen Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II made the County of Aosta a duchy, its arms were carried in the Savoyard coat of arms until the unification of Italy in 1870. The region remained part of Savoy lands, with the exception of a French occupation, the title Duke of Aosta was given to various princes of the dynasty of Sardinia, second sons of the reigning monarch. It can be compared to the English Duke of York, French Duke of Orléans, Swedish Duke of Södermanland and the Scottish Duke of Albany. It remained in the branch of Prince Amedeo of Savoia, the son of king Victor Emanuel II of Italy. Ponderano was created in 1559, Voghera in 1618, Cisterna, the title has been used since July 2006 by Amedeos son Prince Aimone, Duke of Apulia, who is married to Princess Olga of Greece, younger daughter of Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark. Duchess of Aosta Media related to Dukes of Aosta at Wikimedia Commons
8.
Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta
–
Prince Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta was the third Duke of Aosta and a first cousin, once removed of the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III. During World War II, he was the Italian Viceroy of Italian East Africa, Amedeo was born in Turin, Piedmont, to Prince Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta and Princess Hélène. His great-grandfather was King Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, making him a member of the House of Savoy and he was known from birth by the courtesy title of Duke of Apulia. Amedeo was a tall man. According to Amedeo Guillet, he was referred to by a journalist as your highness. The Duke replied in jest,198 centimetres, Amedeo was educated at St Andrews School in England. He cultivated British mannerisms, spoke Oxford English, and even enjoyed the pastimes of fox hunting, Amedeo entered the Italian Royal Army and fought with distinction in the artillery during World War I. He left the army in 1921 and traveled widely in Africa, Amedeo subsequently rejoined the Italian armed forces and became a pilot. In 1932, he joined the Italian Royal Air Force, Amedeo served under Marshall Rodolfo Graziani and Libyan Governor Pietro Badoglio during later stages of the pacification of Libya. Amedeo and his fellow airmen harried the Senussi forces of Omar Mukhtar from the sky, on 4 July 1931, upon the death of his father, Amedeo became the Duke of Aosta. In 1937, after the Italian conquest of Ethiopia during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War and it was generally conceded that he was a vast improvement over Graziani. As Viceroy and Governor-General, the Duke of Aosta was also the Commander-in-Chief of all Italian military forces in Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland. When Italy declared war on the United Kingdom and France on 10 June 1940 and he oversaw the initial Italian advances into the Sudan and Kenya and, in August, he oversaw the Italian invasion of British Somaliland. In January 1941, the British launched a counter-invasion and the Italians went on the defensive in East Africa, but, after fierce resistance, the Battle of Keren ended in Italian defeat, the rest of Eritrea, including the port of Massawa, fell quickly. On 31 January, the Duke of Aosta reported that the Italian military forces in East Africa were down to 67 operational aircraft with limited fuel stocks. With supplies running low and with no chance of re-supply, the Duke of Aosta opted to concentrate the remaining Italian forces into several strongholds, Gondar, Amba Alagi, Dessie and he himself commanded the 7,000 Italians at the mountain fortress of Amba Alagi. Due to the gallant resistance of the Italian garrison, the British allowed them to surrender with honours of war, shortly after his surrender, the Duke of Aosta was interned in a prisoner-of-war camp in Nairobi, Kenya. He was placed in command of his prisoners, but never saw the end of World War II
9.
House of Savoy
–
The House of Savoy is one of the oldest royal families in the world, being founded in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, it grew from ruling a small county in that region to the attainment of the rank of king in 1713, the Savoyard kings of Italy were Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I, Victor Emmanuel III, and Umberto II. The last monarch ruled for a few weeks before being deposed following the Constitutional Referendum of 1946, the name derives from the historical region of Savoy in the Alpine region between what is now France and Italy. Over time, the House of Savoy expanded its territory and influence through judicious marriages, from rule of a small region on the French/Italian border, the dynastys realm included nearly all of the Italian Peninsula by the time of its deposition. The house descended from Humbert I, Count of Sabaudia, Humberts family are thought to have originated from near Magdeburg in Saxony, with the earliest recording of the family being two 10th century brothers, Amadeus and Humbert. Though Sabaudia was originally a county, later counts were diplomatically skilled. Two of Humberts sons were bishops at the Abbey of Saint Maurice on the River Rhone east of Lake Geneva and this diplomatic skill caused the great powers such as France, England, and Spain to take the counts opinions into account. Piedmont was later joined with Sabaudia, and the name evolved into Savoy, the people of Savoy were descended from the Celts and Romans. In 1494, Charles VIII of France passed through Savoy on his way to Italy and Naples, during the outbreak of the Italian war of 1521-1526, Emperor Charles V stationed imperial troops in Savoy. In 1536, Francis I of France invaded Savoy and Piedmont taking Turin by April of that year, Charles III, Duke of Savoy, fled to Vercelli. He served Philip II as Governor of the Netherlands from 1555 to 1559, in this capacity he led the Spanish invasion of northern France and won a victory at St. Quentin in 1557. He took advantage of various squabbles in Europe to slowly regain territory from both the French and the Spanish, including the city of Turin and he moved the capital of the duchy from Chambéry to Turin. The 17th century brought economic development to the Turin area. Charles Emmanuel II developed the port of Nice and built a road through the Alps towards France, and through skillful political manoeuvres territorial expansion continued. Savoy rule over Sicily lasted only seven years, the crown of Sicily, the prestige of being kings at last, and the wealth of Palermo helped strengthen the House of Savoy further. In 1720 they were forced to exchange Sicily for Sardinia as a result of the War of the Quadruple Alliance, on the mainland, the dynasty continued its expansionist policies as well. In 1798, Joubert occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel IV to abdicate, eventually, in 1814 the kingdom was restored and enlarged with the addition of the former Republic of Genoa by the Congress of Vienna. In the meantime, nationalist figures such as Giuseppe Mazzini were influencing popular opinion, the Kingdom of Italy was the first Italian state to include the Italian Peninsula since the fall of the Roman Empire
10.
Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta (b. 1943)
–
Prince Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta is a claimant to the headship of the House of Savoy, the family which ruled Italy from 1861 to 1946. Until 7 July 2006 Amedeo was styled Duke of Aosta, on that date he declared himself Duke of Savoy, in fact, Prince Amedeo is still referred to as Duke of Aosta. Amedeo was born at Villa della Cisterna in Florence, the child of Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, formerly designated king of Croatia as Tomislav II. Only three weeks before Amedeos birth, Italy had surrendered to the Allies and his father, then king-designate of Croatia, abdicated. Italys former ally, Germany, thereupon launched an operation to occupy Italy. The infant Amedeo was arrested by the Nazis along with his mother, aunt, and two cousins, and sent to an internment camp in Austria. When Amedeo was only four years old, his father died in exile in Buenos Aires, and he succeeded as Duke of Aosta, Prince della Cisterna e Belriguardo, Marchese di Voghera, Amedeo studied at the Collegio Navale Morosini in Venice and in England. He then attended the Naval Academy in Livorno from which he graduated as an officer in the Italian Navy and he is an Honorary Companion of the Pennsylvania Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. He was assigned insignia number 21015 and he is eligible for hereditary descent in MOLLUS by right of his descent from his great grandfather, Prince Philippe, Count of Paris. On 22 July 1964 Amedeo married Princess Claude of Orléans in Sintra and she was the ninth child and fifth daughter of Henri, comte de Paris, Orléanist claimant to the French throne, and of Princess Isabelle of Orléans-Braganza, Princess of Brazil. The religious marriage took place on 27 September 2008 at Patmos, anna Lombardo di San Chirico Nob. Carlo Lombardo di San Chirico Nob, elena Lombardo di San Chirico Amedeo and Claude officially separated from each other 20 July 1976. They received a civil divorce 26 April 1982, and an annulment from the Roman Rota 8 January 1987. On 30 March 1987 Amedeo married Silvia Paternò di Spedalotto in the chapel of Villa Spedalotto in Bagheria and she is the daughter of Vincenzo Paternò di Spedalotto, Marchese di Reggiovanni, and of Rosanna Bellardo Ferrari. Amedeo and Silvia have no children, Amedeo has two illegitimate children, a son by Nerina Corsini dei Principi di Sismano, Piero Incisa della Rochetta who was recognized as his own by his mothers husband, Enrico Incisa della Rochetta. A daughter by Kyara van Ellinkhuizen, Ginevra Maria Gabriella van Ellinkhuizen, on 4 August 2006, he legally recognized his daughter, but did not provide for her welfare until ordered to do so by a judge. The attendant scandal diminished the stature of the House of Savoy, Amedeo and his wife Silvia live in the village of San Rocco near the town of Castiglion Fibocchi in Tuscany. He is involved in agricultural activities including the production of wine marketed under the name Vini Savoia Aosta
11.
Prince Aimone, Duke of Apulia
–
Prince Aimone of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of Apulia is the second child and first son of Prince Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta, one of the two claimants to the former throne of Italy. In 2006, his father declared himself Duke of Savoy and head of the House of Savoy, however, because the headship of the royal house is disputed between his father and Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, he is still referred to as Duke of Apulia. Prince Aimone was born in Florence the second child and only son of Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta and his first wife, Aimone attended the Francesco Morosini Naval Military School and Bocconi University. After he completed his education, Aimone worked at JPMorgan Chase in the United Kingdom and he also served a period in the Italian Navys special forces. Since 2000, Aimone has worked in Russia as president of the Italian company Pirelli, Aimones engagement to Princess Olga of Greece, daughter of Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark, was announced in May 2005. Olga and Aimone are second cousins, both being great-grandchildren of the French pretender Jean dOrléans, duc de Guise and they are also second cousins-once-removed, as George I of Greece is Olgas patrilineal great-grandfather and Aimones great-great-grandfather. Several falsely reported wedding dates marked what was to become a three-year engagement, the couple finally wed on 16 September 2008 at the Italian embassy in Moscow, the city in which Aimone is employed. Their religious marriage took place on 27 September 2008 at Patmos, Prince Aimone and Princess Olga have three children, two sons and one daughter, Prince Umberto of Savoy-Aosta, born on 7 March 2009 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. On 9 March 2009, Prince Umberto was granted the title Prince of Piedmont by his paternal grandfather, Prince Amedeo Michele of Savoy-Aosta, born on 24 May 2011 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, France. A day after his birth Amedeo was granted the title Duke of the Abruzzi by his paternal grandfather, Princess Isabella Vita Marina of Savoy-Aosta, named in honor of Princess Isabelle of Orléans, born on 14 December 2012 in Paris, France. Since then Aimone has used the title Duke of Aosta
12.
Princess Olga, Duchess of Apulia
–
Princess Olga, Duchess of Apulia is the daughter of author Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark and his wife, Marina Karella, an artist and daughter of the Greek business magnate Theodore Karella. Princess Olga is the wife of Prince Aimone of Savoy-Aosta, Duke of Apulia, Princess Olga grew up in Paris and New York, spending summers at the familys island retreat at Patmos, Greece. She chose to attend boarding school in England, studied history in Rome and she also holds a degree from Columbia Universitys Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation. Although Olga worked for a while in interior decoration, she went to Panama to photograph and she is also a journalist and filmmaker. As daughters of a marriage, she and her elder sister, Princess Alexandra, are not accorded the traditional style of Royal Highness, nor do they bear the titular suffix. Her engagement to Prince Aimone of Savoy, Duke of Apulia, son of Amedeo, Aimone and Olga are second cousins, both being great-grandchildren of the French pretender Jean dOrléans, duc de Guise. They are also second cousins-once-removed, as George I of Greece is Aimones great-great-grandfather, Olgas father, Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark, Aimones late paternal grandmother, Princess Irene, Duchess of Aosta, and The Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, were all first cousins. The couple wed, after an engagement, on 16 September 2008 at the Italian embassy in Moscow. Since the Second Vatican Council marriages celebrated according to the rite of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, to which the exarchate belongs, a canonical dispensation was obtained from the Catholic Archbishop of Moscow, Mons. Paolo Pezzi, who was the local Ordinary of prince Aimone, with the exception of 78-year-old Margherita, Dowager Archduchess of Austria-Este, all members of the Aosta branch of the House of Savoy were in attendance, i. e. From the senior branch of the Italian royal family Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy was present, on 7 March 2009, Princess Olga gave birth to a son named Umberto in Paris, France. On 24 May 2011 in Paris, Olga gave birth to another son, a day after his birth Amedeo was granted the title Duke of the Abruzzi by his paternal grandfather. On 14 December 2012, Olga gave birth to a daughter, Isabella Vita Marina, in Paris. 17 November 1971 –16 September 2008, Princess Olga of Greece 16 September 2008 – present, Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Apulia
13.
Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples
–
Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Prince of Naples is the only son of Umberto II, the last King of Italy, and his wife, Marie-José of Belgium. Vittorio Emanuele also uses the title Duke of Savoy and claims the headship of the House of Savoy and these claims are disputed by supporters of his third cousin, Amedeo, 5th Duke of Aosta. He has lived for most of his life in exile – following the referendum of 1946 which affirmed the abolition of the monarchy. On several occasions he has been the centre of controversy in Italy and abroad due to a series of incidents and he was revealed to be a member of Propaganda Due, the state within a state responsible for high-level corruption and political manipulation. In France he was tried on a charge, of which he was cleared of unlawful killing. A trial on these began in Potenza, Italy on 21 December 2009. Vittorio Emanuele di Savoia was acquitted of all charges in 2007 and 2010, Vittorio Emanuele was born 12 February 1937 in Naples to Umberto, Prince of Piedmont, who would later become the last King of Italy as Umberto II, and Princess Marie-José of Belgium. Following the separation of the exiled ex-King and ex-Queen, Prince Vittorio Emanuele lived with his mother in an estate in Merlinge, Vittorio Emanuele and his family currently reside in Geneva. Vittorio Emanuele has worked as a banker and an aircraft salesman, Vittorio Emanuele has one son, Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice, born on 22 June 1972, who has two daughters. When King Umberto II, left Italy, he purported to take the hereditary Grand Masterships of the orders of his royal house with him. These orders were the Ordine supremo della Santissima Annunziata and the Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro, Umberto II claimed to hold these until his death in 1983. Amedeo has received the support of the President of the Council of the Senators of the Kingdom Aldo Alessandro Mol, Vittorio Emanuele and his son have applied for judicial intervention to forbid Amedeo from using the title Duke of Savoy. An initial hearing was scheduled in the court of Arezzo, with a ruling expected by 6 June 2006, in line with certain other countries that were formerly monarchies, Italian law restricted the male line of the House of Savoy from entering Italy. This was enacted via a special constitutional temporary disposition, in force from 1948, Vittorio Emanuele lobbied the Parliament of Italy over the years in which the law prohibiting his return was in force, to be allowed to return to his homeland after 56 years in exile. In 1999, he filed a case at the European Court of Human Rights, in September 2001, the court decided to hold a hearing on the case at a date later to be fixed. In order to achieve a return to his homeland, he renounced any claim to the defunct throne and he publicly assured the Italian government that the nation and the crown properties, confiscated by the State in 1946, are no longer ours, referring to the House of Savoy. For that matter we have no claim on the Crown jewels and we have nothing in Italy and we are not asking for anything. Vittorio Emanuele also dropped his case at the European Court of Human Rights, in February 2002, Vittorio Emanuele and his son Emanuele Filiberto wrote a signed letter, published through a law firm, in which they formally expressed their loyalty to the Constitution of Italy
14.
Marina, Princess of Naples
–
Marina Ricolfi Doria is the daughter of René Italo Ricolfi Doria and wife Iris Amalia Benvenuti, who owned a Swiss biscuit business. She has three sisters, Silvia, Nina and Alda, and one brother, Dominique, in 1955 Marina Doria went to Florida and became a star attraction at the Florida amusement park Cypress Gardens. She was a water ski champion, winning titles on three occasions to gain the titles of Women Tricks World Champion in 1955 and 1957. In addition, she won four consecutive titles in the European Championships from 1953 to 1956. In 1991 Doria was selected as member in the International Water Ski Federation Hall of Fame and they have one son, Emanuele Filiberto. When her husband, Vittorio Emanuele, was allowed to return to his homeland in 2002, they moved from Switzerland to Italy
15.
Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice
–
Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Prince of Venice, is an Italian television personality, a member of the House of Savoy and the son and heir of Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples. He is the only grandson of Umberto II, the last King of Italy. As one of the two heirs of the headship of the House of Savoy, Emanuele Filiberto styles himself as Prince of Piedmont. However, due to the dispute, he does not hold the title of Prince of Piedmont. Since returning to Italy he has many appearances on national television, including his participation as a contestant in Ballando con le stelle. He is married to French actress Clotilde Courau, Emanuele Filiberto was born in Geneva, Switzerland, the only child of Vittorio Emanuele, a disputed head of the House of Savoy, and his wife, Marina Ricolfi Doria, a Swiss former water ski champion. On the three-day trip, he accompanied his parents on a visit to the Vatican for a 20-minute audience with Pope John Paul II and he also appeared in a TV commercial for a brand of olives, in which he said they made you feel like a king. On 10 July 2003, the engagement of Emanuele Filiberto to Clotilde Courau, the couple married on 25 September of that year at the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri in Rome, the bride was pregnant by about six months. There were some 1200 guests at the wedding, among them were Pierre Cardin and Valentino Garavani and she had earlier publicly confronted him on camera with a copy of a book on the murder by Hamers sister, whose preface she had written. Emanuele Filiberto and his father applied for judicial intervention to forbid Amedeo from using the title Duke of Savoy. In February 2010, the court of Arezzo ruled that the Duke of Aosta and his son must pay damages totalling 50,000 euros to their cousins, the Duke of Aosta appealed the ruling and the dynastic dispute is still unresolved. Alexander Nevsky Abanyiginya Dynasty, Knight Grand Collar of the Royal Order of the Drum Official website of Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy
16.
Clotilde Courau
–
Clotilde of Savoy, Princess of Venice, is an award-winning French actress. She is the wife of Emanuele Filiberto, Prince of Venice, a member of the House of Savoy and the grandson of Umberto II, professionally, she is known by her maiden name. Clotilde Courau was born on 3 April 1969 in Levallois-Perret, Hauts-de-Seine, France and she has three sisters named Christine, Camille, and Capucine Courau. Clotilde was brought up in the Roman Catholic religion, in 1991, Courau was nominated for a César, for Most Promising Actress, and won a European Film Award for Best Actress, both for the film Le petit criminel. In 1995, she won the Prix Suzanne Bianchetti at the SACD Awards and she was nominated again for a César twice in 1996 for Best Supporting Actress and Most Promising Actress both for the film Élisa. In 1998 she was named as one of European cinemas Shooting Stars by European Film Promotion and she was also created a Dame of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of France on 7 February 2007. She had a role in Deterrence, an American film about nuclear war that marked the directing debut of Rod Lurie. Clotilde Courau announced her engagement on 10 July, and on 25 September 2003 at the Church of Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri in Rome, she married Emanuele Filiberto, at the ceremony she wore a wedding gown designed by Valentino. Six months pregnant at the time of the wedding, she was seen as a royal bride because of her left-wing views. The couple have two daughters, Princess Vittoria of Savoy, born on 29 December 2003, Princess Luisa of Savoy, born on 16 August 2006. After her marriage Clotilde became Clotilde of Savoy, Princess of Venice, in 2009, her name was given to a rose created by the rose grower Fabien Ducher to mark the 500000th visitor to the Jardins de lImaginaire, Terrasson
17.
Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma
–
Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Parma is the eldest daughter of Umberto II of Italy and Marie-José of Belgium. She is the sister of Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy, Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples. She is the cousin of former King Albert II of Belgium, Maria Pia Elena Elisabetta Margherita Milena Mafalda Ludovica Tecla Gennara di Savoia was the first-born child of the Prince and Princess of Piedmont, born in Naples, Italy in 1934. Her parents, married since 1930, were together, as her mother confessed in an interview many years later. Exiled, the family gathered briefly in Portugal, and she, being devout Catholics, her parents never divorced. Not long after their wedding, Maria Pia gave birth to the set of fraternal twin sons. He was remarried to Eleonora Rajneri on 18 September 2004, Princess Helene Olga Lydia Tamara Maria of Yugoslavia, married Thierry Alexandre GaubertMilena Gaubert Nastasia Gaubert Leopold Gaubert The couple were divorced in 1967. Through him she was a sister-in-law of Queen Anne of Romania, Maria Pias ex-husband, Prince Alexander was also remarried, to Princess Barbara of Liechtenstein, a cousin of that principalitys monarch, and they had one son, Prince Dušan Paul. La mia vita, i miei ricordi
18.
Princess Maria Gabriella of Savoy
–
Maria Gabriella di Savoia was the third child of the Prince and Princess of Piedmont, born in Naples, Italy in 1940. Her older siblings were Princess Maria Pia and Prince Vittorio Emanuele, while the younger was Princess Maria Beatrice. Her parents, married since 1930, were together, as her mother confessed in an interview many years later. Being Catholics, her parents never divorced, educated in Switzerland, Maria Gabriella also took courses in a school associated with the Louvre in Paris. After her fathers death, and with her brothers approval, she launched the King Umberto II Foundation in Lausanne, dedicated to preserving the history and she participated in numerous cultural presentations and organized an exhibit in Albertville during the 1992 Olympics. At the beginning of the 21st century she co-authored a number of books, in the 1950s, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, then divorced from his second wife, indicated his interest in marrying Princess Maria Gabriella. Pope John XXIII reportedly vetoed the suggestion, in an editorial about the rumors surrounding the marriage of a Muslim sovereign and a Catholic princess, the Vatican newspaper, LOsservatore Romano, wrote that the match constituted a grave danger. She married Robert Zellinger de Balkany on 12 February 1969 in Sainte-Mesme, the religious wedding was celebrated later on 21 June 1969 at Eze-sur-Mer. The couple separated in 1976 and divorced in November 1990 and they had one child, Marie Elizabeth Zellinger de Balkany, married Olivier Janssens on 31 October 2002 and has three children, Gabriella Luise Maria Janssens, Tommaso Janssens. Diario di una monarchia, co-written with Romano Brancalini, gioielli di Casa Savoia, co-written with Stefano Papi. Vita di corte in casa Savoia, co-written with Stefano Papi, ISBN 978-8837024130 Jewellery of the House of Savoy, co-written with Stefano Papi
19.
Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy
–
Princess Maria Beatrice of Savoy is the youngest daughter of Italys last King, Umberto II, and his wife, Queen Marie José. When she was three years old, her father ruled Italy as Umberto II for slightly over a month, the family was then exiled and briefly gathered in Portugal, where her parents decided to separate. She and her siblings went with their mother to Switzerland while their father remained in Portugal, princess Maria Beatrice attempted to marry Italian actor Maurizio Arena in 1967 but was prevented by her family, who filed a lawsuit claiming that she was mentally unfit to marry. The lawsuit was dropped in early 1968 when the relationship ended, titti married Luis Rafael Reyna-Corvalán y Dillon, son of Cesar Augusto Reyna-Corvalán and Amalia Maria Dillon Calvo, on 1 April 1970 in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico. They were also married in a ceremony on January 1971 in Córdoba. Azaea Beatrice Corvalán-Reyna y de Saboya, married Arturo Pando y Mundet in 1996 in Mexico, now divorced and has one daughter, Marie José Pando y Corvalán-Reyna. For some time, her mother lived with her and her children in Mexico and her eldest son died, aged 23, on 29 April 1994 in Boston, Massachusetts, falling from the terrace of the building where he lived. As for her husband, he was murdered on 17 February 1999 in Cuernavaca, Mexico
20.
Bourg-en-Bresse
–
Bourg-en-Bresse is a commune in eastern France, capital of the Ain department, and was capital of the ancient province of Bresse. It is located 70 km north-northeast of Lyon, the inhabitants of Bourg-en-Bresse are known as Burgiens. Bourg-en-Bresse is located at the base of the Jura mountains, on the left bank of the Reyssouze. It lies 70 kilometers northeast of Lyon and 50 kilometers south-southwest of Lons-le-Saunier, roman remains have been discovered at Bourg, but little is known of its early history. Raised to the rank of a town in 1250, it was at the beginning of the 15th century the capital of the dukes of Savoy in the province of Bresse. In February 1535 it was conquered by France during an invasion of Savoy, but was restored to Duke Philibert Emmanuel in 1559. The duke later built a citadel, which afterwards withstood a six-months siege by the soldiers of Henry IV during the Franco-Savoyard War of 1600–1601. The town was ceded to France in 1601. In 1814, the inhabitants, in spite of the condition of their town, offered resistance to the Austrians. The church of Notre-Dame has a built in the Renaissance. In the interior there are stalls of the 16th century, the other public buildings, including a handsome prefecture, are modern. The town hall contains a library and the Lorin Museum with a collection of pictures, while another museum has a collection of old costumes, among the statues in the town there is one of historian Edgar Quinet, a native of Bourg. The church of Brou, a suburb of Bourg-en-Bresse, is of artistic interest. Margaret of Bourbon, wife of Philip II of Savoy, had intended to found a monastery on the spot, the church was actually built early in the 16th century by her daughter-in-law Margaret of Austria, wife of Philibert le Beau of Savoy, in memory of her husband. The exterior, especially the façade, is ornamented, but the chief interest lies in the works of art in the interior. The most important are the three mausoleums with the effigies of Marguerite of Bourbon, Philibert le Beau, and Margaret of Austria. All three are remarkable for perfection of sculpture and richness of ornamentation, the rood loft, the oak stalls, and the reredos in the chapel of the Virgin are masterpieces in a similar style. The Gare de Bourg-en-Bresse railway station offers connections to Paris, Strasbourg, Lyon and Geneva by high-speed rail, the A39 motorway connects Bourg with Dole and Dijon, the A40 with Mâcon and Geneva
21.
Ain
–
Ain is a department named after the Ain River on the eastern edge of France. Being part of the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône and it has an excellent transport network and benefits from the proximity to the international airports of Lyon and Geneva. Ain is composed of four different areas which – each with its own characteristics – contribute to the diversity. In the Bresse agriculture and agro-industry are dominated by the cultivation of cereals, cattle breeding, milk, in the Dombes, pisciculture assumes greater importance as does wine making in the Bugey. The high diversification of the industry is accompanied by a strong presence of the plastics sector in. Due to its industrial character and the cooperation of small and medium enterprises. Its unemployment rate lies far beneath the national and regional average, besides the export-oriented SMEs, several large enterprises, with a prominent position on national and international markets, have settled in the department. The first inhabitants settled in the territory of todays Ain about 15000 BC, the menhir of Pierrefiche in Simandre-sur-Suran dates from the mid-Neolithic era, in the fourth or third millennium BC, it is the sole standing stone in Burgundy. The late-second century BC Calendar of Coligny bears the longest surviving Gaulish inscription, in the year 58 BC Julius Caesars military action against the Helvetians advancing through Gaul on the territory of todays Ain marked the beginning of the Gallic Wars. Under the Merovingians, the four regions of the modern département belonged to the Kingdom of Burgundy. In the beginning of the 6th century AD the diocese of Belley was created, abbeys of the order of Saint Benedict were established in the valleys. In 843 the Treaty of Verdun assigned the territories that comprise the Ain to the kingdom of Lothar I, the first big fiefdoms emerge between 895 and 900 in Bâgé-le-Châtel, which formed the nucleus of the pays of Bresse, and in Coligny. Numerous castles were erected in a low rolling terrain that was not otherwise easily defended, in the 12th century the Romanesque architecture prospered. In the 11th century the Counts of Savoy and Valromey settled in the region of Belley, in the beginning of the 15th century almost the whole region of Ain is united under the house of Savoy. New monasteries are founded in the cities, churches are constructed or reshaped according to the Gothic style of architecture. In the beginning of the 16th century – the Duchy of Savoy was at the peak of its power – Ain was inherited by Margaret of Habsburg, in Brou she erected a church and a monastery in late-Gothic style. The Treaty of Lyon of 17 January 1601 ends finally the conflict, in the 17th century sculpture, painting and literature prosper. During the 18th century streets and small industries emerge, on 28 March 1762 the Count of Eu, son of the Duke of Maine, cedes the region of Dombes to Louis XV
22.
Charles I of Austria
–
Charles I was the last ruler of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was the last Emperor of Austria, the last King of Hungary, and he spent the remaining years of his life attempting to restore the monarchy until his death in 1922. Following his beatification by the Catholic Church in 2004, he has become known as Blessed Charles of Austria. Charles was born 17 August 1887 in the Castle of Persenbeug in Lower Austria and his parents were Archduke Otto Franz of Austria and Princess Maria Josepha of Saxony. At the time, his granduncle Franz Joseph reigned as Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary, as a child, Archduke Charles was reared a devout Roman Catholic. He spent his early years wherever his fathers regiment happened to be stationed, later on he lived in Vienna and he was privately educated, but, contrary to the custom ruling in the imperial family, he attended a public gymnasium for the sake of demonstrations in scientific subjects. In 1907, he was declared of age and Prince Zdenko Lobkowitz was appointed his chamberlain, in the next few years he carried out his military duties in various Bohemian garrison towns. In 1911, Charles married Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma and they had met as children but did not see one another for almost ten years, as each pursued their education. In 1909, his Dragoon regiment was stationed at Brandýs nad Labem in Bohemia and it was during one of these visits that Charles and Zita became reacquainted. Due to Franz Ferdinands morganatic marriage in 1900, his children were excluded from the succession, as a result, the Emperor severely pressured Charles to marry. Zita not only shared Charles devout Catholicism, but also a royal lineage. Zita later recalled, Charles became heir presumptive after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo in 1914, only at this time did the old Emperor take steps to initiate the heir-presumptive to his crown in affairs of state. But the outbreak of World War I interfered with this political education, Charles spent his time during the first phase of the war at headquarters at Teschen, but exercised no military influence. Charles then became a Feldmarschall in the Austro-Hungarian Army, in the spring of 1916, in connection with the offensive against Italy, he was entrusted with the command of the XX. Corps, whose affections the heir-presumptive to the throne won by his affability, the offensive, after a successful start, soon came to a standstill. Shortly afterwards, Charles went to the front as commander of an army operating against the Russians and Romanians. Charles succeeded to the thrones in November 1916, after the death of his grand-uncle, on 2 December 1916, he assumed the title of Supreme Commander of the whole army from Archduke Friedrich. His coronation as King of Hungary occurred on 30 December, in 1917, Charles secretly entered into peace negotiations with France
23.
Zita of Bourbon-Parma
–
Zita of Bourbon-Parma was the wife of Emperor Charles of Austria. As such, she was the last Empress of Austria and Queen of Hungary, born as the seventeenth child of the dispossessed Robert I, Duke of Parma and his second wife Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zita married the then Archduke Charles of Austria in 1911. Charles and Zita left for exile in Switzerland and later Madeira, after her husbands death, Zita and her son Otto served as symbols of unity for the exiled dynasty. A devout Roman Catholic, she raised a family after being widowed at the age of 29. Asteroid 689 Zita is named in her honour, Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma was born at the Villa Pianore in the Italian Province of Lucca,9 May 1892. The unusual name Zita was given her after a popular Italian Saint who had lived in Tuscany in the 13th century, Zitas father had lost his throne as a result of the movement for Italian unification in 1859 when he was still a child. He fathered twelve children during his first marriage to Princess Maria Pia of the Two Sicilies, Duke Robert became a widower in 1882, and two years later he married Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, Zitas mother. The second marriage produced a further twelve children, Zita was the 17th child among Duke Roberts 24 children. Robert moved his family between Villa Pianore and his castle in Schwarzau in lower Austria. It was mainly in two residences that Zita spent her formative years. The family spent most of the year in Austria moving to Pianore in the Winter, to move between them, they took a special train with sixteen coaches to accommodate the family and their belongings. Zita and her siblings were raised to speak Italian, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese and English She recalled, We grew up internationally. My father thought of himself first and foremost as a Frenchman, I once asked him how we should describe ourselves. He replied, We are French princes who reigned in Italy, in fact, of the twenty-four children only three including me, were actually born in Italy. At the age of ten, Zita was sent to a school at Zanberg in Upper Bavaria. She was summoned home in the autumn of 1907 at the death of her father and her maternal grandmother sent Zita and her sister Franziska to a convent on the Isle of Wight to complete her education. Brought up as devout Catholics, the Parma children regularly undertook good works for the poor, in Schwarzau the family turned surplus cloth into clothes. Zita and Franziska personally distributed food, clothing, and medicines to the needy in Pianore, three of Zitas sisters became nuns and, for a time, she considered following the same path
24.
Umberto II of Italy
–
Umberto II or Humbert II, was the last King of Italy, reigning for slightly over a month, from 9 May 1946 to 12 June 1946. However, he was de facto head of state from 1944 to 1946 and he was nicknamed the May King. Umberto was the son of the five children of King Victor Emmanuel III. In an effort to repair the image after the fall of Benito Mussolinis regime. As a referendum was in preparation on the abolition of the monarchy in 1946, however, the referendum passed, Italy was declared a republic, and Umberto lived out the rest of his life in exile in Cascais, Portugal. Umberto was born at the Castle of Racconigi in Piedmont and he was the third child, and the only son, of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Queen Elena of Montenegro. As such, he became heir apparent upon his birth as the Italian throne was limited to male-line descendants only and he was the first cousin of King Alexander I of Yugoslavia. He was accorded with the title of Prince of Piedmont, which was formalised by Royal Decree on 29 September, Umberto was married in Rome on 8 January 1930 to Marie José of Belgium, daughter of King Albert I of Belgium. They had four children, Maria Pia Vittorio Emanuele Maria Gabriella Maria Beatrice As Prince of Piedmont, Umberto visited South America, with his preceptor, Bonaldi, he went to Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Chile. This trip was part of the plan of Fascism to link the Italian people living outside of Italy with their mother country. The Prince of Piedmont was educated for a career and in time became the commander in chief of the Northern Armies. However, his role was merely formal, the de facto belonging to Benito Mussolini. By mutual agreement, Umberto and Mussolini always kept a distance, an attempted assassination of the prince took place in Brussels on 24 October 1929, the day of the announcement of his betrothal to Princess Marie José. The Prince was about to lay a wreath on the Tomb of the Belgian Unknown Soldier at the foot of the Colonne du Congrès, with a cry of Down with Mussolini. The culprit, Fernando de Rosa, fired a shot that missed the Prince of Piedmont. De Rosa was arrested and under interrogation claimed to be a member of the Second International and his trial became a major political event, and although he was found guilty of attempted murder, he was given a light sentence of five years in prison. This sentence caused an uproar in Italy and a brief rift in Belgian-Italian relations. Following the Savoyards tradition, he kept apart from politics until he was finally named Lieutenant General of the Realm
25.
Otto von Habsburg
–
He became the pretender to the former thrones, Head of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, and Sovereign of the Order of the Golden Fleece in 1922, upon the death of his father. He resigned as Sovereign of the Golden Fleece in 2000 and as head of the Imperial House in 2007, with his fathers accession to the thrones in 1916, he was likely to become the Emperor. As his father never abdicated, Otto was considered by himself, his family and he has been described as one of the leaders of the Austrian Resistance. Otto von Habsburg played a role in the revolutions of 1989. Later he was a supporter of the EU membership of central. A noted intellectual, he published books on historical and political affairs. Otto has been described as one of the architects of the European idea and of European integration together with Robert Schuman, Konrad Adenauer, Otto was exiled in 1918 and grew up mostly in Spain. His devout Catholic mother raised him according to the old curriculum of Austria-Hungary, preparing him to become a Catholic monarch. During his life in exile, he lived in Switzerland, Madeira, Spain, Belgium, France, the United States, and from 1954 until his death, finally in Bavaria, in the residence Villa Austria. His funeral took place at St. Stephens Cathedral in Vienna on 16 July 2011, he was entombed in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna, Otto was born at Villa Wartholz in Reichenau an der Rax, Austria-Hungary. His godfather was the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, his godmother was his grandmother Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, in November 1916, Otto became Crown Prince of Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia when his father, Archduke Charles, acceded to the throne. However, in 1918, at the end of the First World War, the monarchies were abolished, the Republics of Austria and Hungary founded instead, Hungary did become a kingdom again, but Charles was never to regain the throne. Instead, Miklós Horthy ruled as regent until 1944, in a kingdom without a king, Otto spoke German, Hungarian, Croatian, English, Spanish, French and Latin fluently. In later life, he would write some 40 books in German, Hungarian, French and his mother made him learn many languages because she believed he one day might rule over many lands. Ottos family spent the subsequent years in Switzerland, and on the Portuguese island of Madeira, on his fathers deathbed, his mother, Empress Dowager Zita, told the 9-year-old, your father is now sleeping the eternal sleep—you are now Emperor and King. The family eventually relocated to the Basque town of Lekeitio, where 40 Spanish grandees bought them a villa, meanwhile, the Austrian parliament had officially expelled the Habsburg dynasty and confiscated all the official property. In 1935, he graduated with a PhD degree in Political and Social Sciences from the University of Louvain in Belgium and his thesis was on the right, born of usage and of the peasant law of inheritance, of the indivisibility of rural land ownership in Austria. From his fathers death throughout the remainder of his time in exile, Otto considered himself the emperor of Austria
26.
Ludwig III of Bavaria
–
Ludwig III, was the last King of Bavaria, reigning from 1913 to 1918. Ludwig was born in Munich, the eldest son of Prince Luitpold of Bavaria and of his wife and he was a descendant of both Louis XIV of France and William the Conqueror. Hailing from Florence, Augusta always spoke in Italian to her four children, Ludwig was named after his grandfather, King Ludwig I of Bavaria. Ludwig spent his first years living in the Electoral rooms of the Munich Residenz, from 1852 to 1863, he was tutored by Ferdinand von Malaisé. When he was ten years old, the moved to the Leuchtenberg Palace. In 1861 at the age of sixteen, Ludwig began his career when his uncle, King Maximilian II of Bavaria. A year later, he entered the Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, when he was eighteen, he automatically became a member of the Senate of the Bavarian Legislature as a prince of the royal house. In 1866, Bavaria was allied with the Austrian Empire in the Austro-Prussian War, Ludwig held the rank of Oberleutnant. He was wounded at the Battle of Helmstedt, taking a bullet in his thigh, the incident contributed to the fact that he was rather averse to the military. He received the Knights Cross 1st Class of the Bavarian Military Merit Order In June 1867, Ludwig visited Vienna to attend the funeral of his cousin, while there, Ludwig met Mathildes eighteen-year-old step-cousin Maria Theresia, Archduchess of Austria-Este. On 20 February 1868, at St. Augustines Church in Vienna and she was the only daughter of the late Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor of Austria-Este and of his wife Archduchess Elisabeth Franziska of Austria. Until 1862, Ludwigs uncle had reigned as King Otto I of Greece, although Otto had been deposed, Ludwig was still in line of succession to the Greek throne. Had he ever succeeded, this would have required that he renounce his Roman Catholic faith, Maria Theresas uncle, Duke Francis V of Modena, was a staunch Roman Catholic. He required that as part of the marriage agreement Ludwig renounce his rights to the throne of Greece, in addition, the 1843 Greek Constitution forbade the Greek sovereign to be simultaneously ruler of another country. Consequently, Ludwigs younger brother Leopold technically succeeded upon their fathers death to the rights of the deposed Otto I, by his marriage, Ludwig became a wealthy man. Maria Theresa had inherited large properties from her father and she owned the estate of Sárvár in Hungary and the estate of Eiwanowitz in Moravia. The income from these estates enabled Ludwig to purchase an estate at Leutstetten in Bavaria, over the years, Ludwig expanded the Leutstetten estate until it became one of the largest and most profitable in Bavaria. Ludwig was sometimes derided as Millibauer due to his interest in agriculture, although they maintained a residence in Munich at the Leuchtenberg Palace, Ludwig and Maria Theresa lived mostly at Leutstetten
27.
Greenwich, Connecticut
–
Greenwich /ˈɡrɛnᵻtʃ/ is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 61,171. The largest town on Connecticuts Gold Coast, it is home to many hedge funds, Greenwich is the southernmost and westernmost municipality in Connecticut as well as the six-state region of New England. It takes roughly 40-50 minutes by train from Grand Central Terminal in Manhattan, cNN/Money and Money magazine ranked Greenwich first on its list of the 100 Best Places to Live in the United States in 2005. The town is named after Greenwich, a borough of London in the United Kingdom, the town of Greenwich was settled in 1640. One of the founders was Elizabeth Fones Winthrop, daughter-in-law of John Winthrop, founder, Greenwich was declared a township by the General Assembly in Hartford on May 11,1665. During the American Revolution, General Israel Putnam made an escape from the British on February 26,1779. Although British forces pillaged the town, Putnam was able to warn Stamford, p1270020-300x225. jpg | Putnam Hill, where General Putnam escaped. In 1974, Gullivers Restaurant and Bar, on the border of Greenwich and Port Chester, in 1983, the Mianus River Bridge, which carries traffic on Interstate 95 over an estuary, collapsed, resulting in the death of three people. For many years, Greenwich Point, was only to town residents. However, a lawyer sued, saying his rights to freedom of assembly were threatened because he was not allowed to go there, the lower courts disagreed, but the Supreme Court of Connecticut agreed, and Greenwich was forced to amend its beach access policy to all four beaches. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 67.2 square miles, of which 47.8 square miles is land and 19.4 square miles. In terms of area, Greenwich is twice the size of Manhattan. The town is bordered to the west and north by Westchester County, New York, to the east by the city of Stamford, and faces the Village of Bayville to the south across the Long Island Sound. The Census Bureau recognizes seven CDPs within the town, Byram, Cos Cob, Glenville, Old Greenwich, Pemberwick, Riverside, the USPS lists separate zip codes for Greenwich, Cos Cob, Old Greenwich, and Riverside. Additionally, Greenwich is often divided into several smaller, unofficial neighborhoods. The Hispanic population is concentrated in the corner of the town. In 2011, numerous neighborhoods were voted by the Business Insider as being the richest neighborhoods in America, Byram, Cos Cob, Greenwich, Old Greenwich, and Riverside each have their own ZIP Codes and with the exception of Byram, each has a Metro North station
28.
Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este
–
Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este is a member of the Belgian Royal Family. He is the heir to the headship of the House of Austria-Este, a branch of the Habsburg-Lorraine. Amedeo was born at the University Clinic St. Luc, Woluwe-St-Lambert, Belgium and he bears the same given name as his paternal great-grandfather Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta. His godparents are his uncle, King Philippe of Belgium and maternal grandmother, Amedeo himself is godfather to his cousin, the Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant. Amedeo has one younger brother Joachim and three sisters, Maria Laura, Luisa Maria and Laetitia Maria. He was baptised and married by the Archbishop of Mechelen, Cardinal Danneels, Amedeo undertook primary school and the greater part of his secondary education at the Jesuit school Sint-Jan Berchmanscollege in Brussels, popular with Belgian aristocracy and royalty. He finished his education at Sevenoaks School in Kent, England between 2001 and 2004. He then spent a year in Belgiums Royal Military Academy, in September 2005 he began studies at the London School of Economics, where he graduated in 2008 with a Bachelor of Science, Management, and took a sabbatical before entering professional life. Amedeo completed military service and is an officer in the Belgian Army. He worked as a research analyst intern at Accumulus Capital Management, during 2013 and 2014 Amedeo resumed his studies, obtaining a Master of Business Administration at the Columbia Business School of Columbia University. Thereafter he started to work as a management consultant for Deloitte in New York, on 15 February 2014, the Belgian Royal Court announced the engagement of Prince Amedeo to Italian journalist Nobile Elisabetta Lili Maria Rosboch von Wolkenstein. The couple were planning to relocate in Belgium after the wedding, in 1991 Amedeo obtained, along with his mother and younger siblings, succession rights to the Belgian throne. In 1993 his maternal grandfather acceded to the throne as King Albert II and he became third in Belgiums line of succession, following his uncle Philippe, Duke of Brabant, and his mother. The abdication on 21 July 2013 of his grandfather King Albert II of the Belgians promoted him to sixth in line to the throne, in November 2015, a royal decree expressing King Philips retroactive permission for the marriage was gazetted in the Moniteur Belge. In April 2016, it was announced that the couple were expecting their first child and their daughter, Archduchess Anna Astrid of Austria-Este, was born on 17 May 2016 in Brussels. e. Archduke/Archduchess of Austria-Este, Prince Royal of Hungary, internationally his abbreviated style is HI&RH Prince Amedeo of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este
29.
Isenburg-Birstein
–
Isenburg-Birstein was the name of two German historical states centred on Birstein in southeastern Hesse, Germany. The first Isenburg-Birstein was a County and was created as a partition of Isenburg-Büdingen-Birstein in 1628 and it was merged into Isenburg-Offenbach in 1664. The second Isenburg-Birstein was a Principality, created as a partition of Isenburg-Offenbach in 1711 and it was renamed the Principality of Isenburg in 1806. Wolfgang Ernest I Wolfgang Ernst I of Isenburg-Birstein Wolfgang Ernst II of Isenburg-Birstein Charles Renamed to Isenburg
30.
Pavia
–
Pavia is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy,35 kilometres south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It has a population of c, the city was the capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards from 572 to 774. Pavia is the capital of the province of Pavia, known for agricultural products including wine, rice, cereals. Although there are a number of industries located in the suburbs, Pavia is the episcopal seat of the Roman Catholic Bishop of Pavia. The city possesses many artistic and cultural treasures, including several important churches and museums, dating back to pre-Roman times, the town of Pavia, then known as Ticinum, was a municipality and an important military site under the Roman Empire. It was said by Pliny the Elder to have founded by the Laevi and Marici. It was at Pavia in 476 AD that the reign of Romulus Augustulus, ten months after Romulus Augustulus’s reign began, Orestes’s soldiers under the command of one of his officers named Odoacer, rebelled and killed Orestes in the city of Pavia in 476. Without his father Romulus Augustulus was powerless, instead of killing Romulus Augustulus, Odoacer pensioned him off at 6,000 solidi a year before declaring the end of the Western Roman Empire and himself king of the new Kingdom of Italy. Odoacer’s reign as king of Italy did not last long, because in 488 the Ostrogothic peoples led by their king Theoderic invaded Italy and waged war against Odoacer. After fighting for 5 years Theoderic defeated Odoacer and on March 15,493 assassinated Odoacer at a banquet meant to negotiate a peace between the two rulers, with the establishment of the Ostrogoth kingdom based in northern Italy, Theoderic began his vast program of public building. Pavia was among several cities that Theodoric chose to restore and expand and he began the construction of the vast palace complex that would eventually become the residence of Lombard monarchs several decades later. Near the end of Theoderic’s reign the Christian philosopher Boethius was imprisoned in one of Pavia’s churches from 522 to 525 before his execution for treason and it was during Boethius’s captivity in Pavia that he wrote his seminal work the Consolation of Philosophy. Pavia played an important role in the war between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Ostrogoths that began in 535, after the capitulation of the Ostrogothic leadership in 540 more than a thousand men remained garrisoned in Pavia and Verona dedicated to opposing Eastern Roman rule. The resilience of Ostrogoth strongholds like Pavia against invading forces allowed pockets of Ostrogothic rule to limp along until finally being defeated in 561, Pavia and the peninsula of Italy didn’t remain long under the rule of the Eastern Roman Empire for in 568 a new people invaded Italy. This new invading people in 568 were the Lombards, in their invasion of Italy in 568, the Lombards were led by their king Alboin, who would become the first Lombard king of Italy. Alboin captured much of northern Italy in 568 but his progress was halted in 569 by the city of Pavia. Meanwhile Alboin, after driving out the soldiers, took possession of everything as far as Tuscany except Rome and Ravenna and some other fortified places which were situated on the shore of the sea. ”The Siege of Ticinum finally ended with the Lombards capturing the city of Pavia in 572. Pavia’s strategic location and the Ostrogoth palaces located within it would make Pavia by the 620s the main capital of the Lombards’ Kingdom of Pavia, under Lombard rule many monasteries, nunneries, and churches were built at Pavia by the devout Christian Lombard monarchs
31.
Brussels
–
Brussels, officially the Brussels-Capital Region, is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels which is the capital of Belgium. The Brussels-Capital Region is a part of both the French Community of Belgium and the Flemish Community, but is separate from the region of Flanders or Wallonia. The region has a population of 1.2 million and an area with a population of over 1.8 million. Brussels is the de facto capital of the European Union as it hosts a number of principal EU institutions, the secretariat of the Benelux and the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization are also located in Brussels. Today, it is considered an Alpha global city, historically a Dutch-speaking city, Brussels has seen a language shift to French from the late 19th century onwards. Today, the majority language is French, and the Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. All road signs, street names, and many advertisements and services are shown in both languages, Brussels is increasingly becoming multilingual with increasing numbers of migrants, expatriates and minority groups speaking their own languages. The most common theory of the origin of Brussels name is that it derives from the Old Dutch Broekzele or Broeksel, meaning marsh, Saint Vindicianus, the bishop of Cambrai made the first recorded reference to the place Brosella in 695 when it was still a hamlet. The origin of the settlement that was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around 580. The official founding of Brussels is usually situated around 979, when Duke Charles of Lower Lotharingia transferred the relics of Saint Gudula from Moorsel to the Saint Gaugericus chapel, Charles would construct the first permanent fortification in the city, doing so on that same island. Lambert I of Leuven, Count of Leuven gained the County of Brussels around 1000 by marrying Charles daughter, as it grew to a population of around 30,000, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion. The Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant at about this time, in the 13th century, the city got its first walls. After the construction of the city walls in the early 13th century, to let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between 1356 and 1383. Today, traces of it can still be seen, mostly because the small ring, Brabant had lost its independence, but Brussels became the Princely Capital of the prosperous Low Countries, and flourished. In 1516 Charles V, who had been heir of the Low Countries since 1506, was declared King of Spain in St. Michael and St. Gudula Cathedral in Brussels. Upon the death of his grandfather, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in 1519 and it was in the Palace complex at Coudenberg that Charles V abdicated in 1555. This impressive palace, famous all over Europe, had expanded since it had first become the seat of the Dukes of Brabant. In 1695, during the Nine Years War, King Louis XIV of France sent troops to bombard Brussels with artillery, together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels
32.
Victor Emmanuel II of Italy
–
The Italians gave him the epithet Father of the Fatherland. Victor Emmanuel was born the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano and his father succeeded a distant cousin as King of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1831. He lived for years of his youth in Florence and showed an early interest in politics, the military. In 1842, he married his cousin Adelaide of Austria and he was styled as the Duke of Savoy prior to becoming King of Sardinia-Piedmont. He took part in the First Italian War of Independence under his father King Charles Albert, fighting in the front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza. He became King of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1849 when his father abdicated the throne after a military defeat by the Austrians at the Battle of Novara. Victor Emmanuel was immediately able to obtain a rather favorable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian imperial army commander Radetzky, after new elections, the peace with Austria was accepted by the new Chamber of Deputies. In 1849 Victor Emmanuel also fiercely suppressed a revolt in Genoa, defining the rebels as a vile, in 1852, he appointed Count Camillo Benso of Cavour as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. This turned out to be a choice, since Cavour was a political mastermind. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement of the 1850s and he was especially popular in the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms. Following Victor Emmanuels advice, Cavour joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia, Cavour was reluctant to go to war due to the power of Russia at the time and the expense of doing so. Victor Emmanuel, however, was convinced of the rewards to be gained from the alliance created with Britain and, more importantly, the Italo-French campaign against Austria in 1859 started successfully. After several quarrels about the outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, later that same year, Victor Emmanuel II sent his forces to fight the papal army at Castelfidardo and drove the Pope into Vatican City. His success at these goals led him to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church, then, Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples, and Sardinia-Piedmont grew even larger. On 17 March 1861 the Kingdom of Italy was officially established, Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldis Expedition of the Thousand, which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. However, the king halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, in 1860, through local plebiscites, Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna decided to side with Sardinia-Piedmont. Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the battle of Castelfidardo over the Papal forces. The king subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy, another series of plebiscites in the occupied lands resulted in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel as the first King of Italy by the new Parliament of unified Italy, on 17 March 1861
33.
Amadeo I of Spain
–
Amadeo I was the only King of Spain from the House of Savoy. He was the son of King Vittorio Emanuele II of Italy and was known for most of his life as the Duke of Aosta. He was elected by the Cortes as Spains monarch in 1870, following the deposition of Isabella II, amadeos reign was fraught with growing republicanism, Carlist rebellions in the north, and the Cuban independence movement. He abdicated and returned to Italy in 1873, and the First Spanish Republic was declared as a result, Prince Amedeo of Savoy was born in Turin. He was the son of King Vittorio Emanuele II and of Archduchess Adelaide of Austria. He was styled the Duke of Aosta from birth, in 1867 his father yielded to the entreaties of parliamentary deputy Francisco Cassins, and on 30 May of that year, Amedeo was married to Donna Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo. The King initially opposed the match on the grounds that her family was of insufficient rank, despite her princely title, Donna Maria Vittoria was not of royal birth, belonging rather to the Piedmontese nobility. In March 1870, the Duchess appealed to the King to remonstrate with his son for marital infidelities that caused her hurt and embarrassment. But the King wrote in reply that, while understanding her feelings, he considered that she had no right to dictate her husbands behaviour and that her jealousy was unbecoming. The wedding day of Prince Amedeo and Donna Maria Vittoria was marred by the death of a stationmaster who was crushed under the wheels of the honeymoon train, after the Spanish revolution deposed Isabella II, the new Cortes decided to reinstate the monarchy under a new dynasty. The Duke of Aosta was elected King as Amadeus on 16 November 1870 and he swore to uphold the constitution in Madrid on 2 January 1871. The election of the new King coincided with the assassination of General Marqués de los Castillejos and he could count on the support of only the progressive party, whose leaders were trading off in the government thanks to parliamentary majority and electoral fraud. The progressives divided into monarchists and constitutionalists, which made the instability worse, there was a Carlist uprising in the Basque and Catalan regions, and after that, republican uprisings happened in cities across the country. The artillery corps of the went on strike, and the government instructed the King to discipline them. With the possibility of reigning without popular support, Amadeus issued an order against the artillery corps, at ten oclock that same night, Spain was proclaimed a republic, at which time Amadeo made an appearance before the Cortes, proclaiming the Spanish people ungovernable. Completely disgusted, the ex-monarch left Spain and returned to Italy and they had one child, Umberto, who died of the flu during the First World War. Amadeo remained in Turin, Italy until his death on 18 January 1890 and his friend Puccini composed the famous elegy for string quartet Crisantemi in his memory. Lake Amadeus in central Australia is named after him, as is the Philippine municipality of Amadeo, by Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo, Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta Marshal of Italy married to Princess Hélène of Orléans and had issue
34.
Adelaide of Austria
–
Adelaide of Austria was the Queen of Sardinia by marriage to Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia, future King of Italy, from 1849 until 1855 when she died as a result of childbirth. She was the mother of Umberto I of Italy and she was born at the Royal Palace of Milan to Rainer Joseph of Austria and his wife Elisabeth of Savoy. Named Adelaide, or known as Adele in the family, she held the title of Archduchess of Austria and her father was the Viceroy of Lombardy-Venetia and was a son of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Luisa of Spain. Her mother was a member of the House of Savoy and a daughter of the Prince of Carignano and her younger brother Archduke Rainer Ferdinand later acted as Minister President of Austria. Both of her brothers contracted morganatic marriages, on 12 April 1842, at the Palazzina di caccia di Stupinigi, she married Victor Emmanuel of Savoy. The marriage was used to cement relations between the House of Savoy and that of the House of Habsburg but was viewed by people of the time to increase Austrian power in Italy. Victor Emmanuel was her first cousin and heir apparent to the King of Sardinia and he was styled the Duke of Savoy prior to succession. Adelaide thus took on the style of Duchess of Savoy and she maintained her style of Imperial & Royal Highness till she became Queen. Her husbands mother Maria Theresa of Austria retained great influence over her son throughout his life and her mother-in-law was also her first cousin, both she and Adelaide being grandchildren of Emperor Leopold II. Adelaide and her husband of thirteen years had eight children, four of these went on to have further progeny. Her husband had various extramarital affairs throughout the marriage, Adelaide was a quiet and pious woman and had had a strict upbringing. She was a wife and frequently would give to charity. In March 1849 her father-in-law King Charles Albert abdicated after the events of the Revolutions of 1848 and her husband succeeded as Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia. During her tenure as queen consort she had three children all of which died in infancy. On 8 January 1855 she gave birth to a son who was styled the Count of Genevois, days later Queen Maria Theresa died on 12 January 1855. Adelaide went to the queens funeral on 16 January and returning to the palace caught a cold. She died four days later at the Royal Palace of Turin having had an attack of Gastroenteritis. Another story says that Adelaide died of her burns after stepping on a match set fire to her clothes
35.
Prince Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta
–
Prince Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta was an Italian general and member of the House of Savoy. He was Crown Prince of Spain from 1870 to 1873 and a cousin of Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, Filiberto was also commander of the undefeated Italian Third Army during World War I, which earned him the title of the Undefeated Duke. After the war he became a Marshal of Italy and he was born in Genoa the eldest son of Prince Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta and his first wife Donna Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo della Cisterna. In 1870 his father was elected king of Spain and Emanuele Filiberto became the Prince of Asturias and his time as heir apparent would be short lived as his father abdicated and returned to Italy in 1873 after three years on the throne. In 1890 he succeeded to the title of Duke of Aosta and he began his career in the Italian Army at Naples, in 1905, as commander. During the First World War the Duke of Aosta commanded the Italian Third Army, following the war he was promoted to the rank of Marshal of Italy by Benito Mussolini in 1926. Prince Emanuele Filiberto died in 1931 at Turin, accordingly to his will, he was buried in the cemetery of Redipuglia. He was married to Princess Hélène of Orléans and she was a daughter of Prince Philippe of Orléans and the Infanta Maria Isabel of Spain. They had two sons, Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta, married Princess Anne of Orléans, aimone, 4th Duke of Aosta who briefly reigned as King Tomislav II of Croatia. Married Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark, united Kingdom, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter -15 July 1902 Encyclopædia Britannica Genealogy of the Royal House of Italy Biography of the Duke of Aosta
36.
Carlo Emmanuele dal Pozzo, 5th Prince of Cisterna
–
Carlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, 5th Principe della Cisterna was a nobleman and politician in the Kingdom of Sardinia. His other titles were 5th Principe di Belriguardo, 6th Marchese di Voghera, 6th Count di Reano, 8th Count di Ponderano, 8th Count di Bonvicino, 6th Count di Neive, 6th Count di Perno, among others. The Prince was a liberal, and he conspired in his youth against King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia in favour of a constitutional monarchy and this attempt failed, and he was forced into exile in France, whence he continued promoting the Risorgimento. In 1848, he was allowed to return to Italy, in Brussels on 28 September 1846, Carlo Emmanuele married Countess Louise de Merode-Westerloo, daughter of Count Werner de Merode by his wife, Countess Victoire de Spangen dUyternesse. He was made a baron of the French Empire in 1810 and became chamberlain to Camillo Borghese, Maria Vittoria, born in 1846, married Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta, who reigned as King of Spain from 1870-1873 under the name of Amadeo I. After the death of Carlo Emanuele, Maria Vittoria inherited her fathers titles, beatrice Giuseppa Antonia Luisa dal Pozzo. Dal Pózzo della Cistèrna, Emanuele, principe on treccani. it Dal Pozzo Principi di Cisterna e Belriguardo
37.
Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo
–
Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo was an Italian noblewoman and was the Princess della Cisterna in her own right. Married to Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta, a son of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy and she is an ancestress of the present Duke of Apulia, a claimant to the throne of Italy. She was the surviving child of Carlo Emanuele dal Pozzo, Prince della Cisterna and his wife. At the death of her father in 1864, she became the Princess della Cisterna, Princess of Belriguardo, Marchioness of Voghera and Countess of Ponderano in her own right. On 30 May 1867, in Turin, she married Prince Amadeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta, an urban legend circulates claiming that numerous tragedies befell Donna Vittoria and Prince Amedeo during their wedding. She became Queen Consort of Spain when her husband was elected king on 16 November 1870 and she lived a discreet life as queen, only involving herself in charity. Amadeo abdicated from the Spanish throne on 11 February 1873, and her health was damaged by the trip and childbirth, and she died later the same year of tuberculosis. Prince Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy, Duke of Aosta, Marshal of Italy, Prince Vittorio Emanuele of Savoy, Count of Turin, died unmarried. Prince Luigi Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of the Abruzzi, Vice Admiral in the Italian Royal Navy, kingdom of Italy, Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus. Austria-Hungary, Dame of the Order of the Starry Cross
38.
Prince Philippe, Count of Paris
–
Prince Philippe of Orléans, Count of Paris, was the grandson of Louis Philippe I, King of the French. He was Count of Paris, and was a claimant to the French throne from 1848 until his death and he was styled as King Louis Philippe II, although some monarchists prefer the designation King Philippe VII. Prince Philippe became the Prince Royal, heir apparent to the throne and they fled and the French Second Republic was proclaimed in its stead. An historian, journalist and outspoken democrat, Philippe volunteered to serve as a Union Army officer in the American Civil War along with his brother, Prince Robert. He was appointed as an assistant adjutant general with the rank of captain on 24 September 1861 and served under the name of Philippe dOrléans and he served on the staff of the commander of the Army of the Potomac, Major General George McClellan, for nearly a year. He distinguished himself during the unsuccessful Peninsular Campaign and he resigned from the Union Army, along with his brother, on 15 July 1862. Philippes history of the Civil War is considered a reference work on the subject. During their stay in the United States, the princes were accompanied by their uncle, the Prince of Joinville and he was assigned insignia number 2107. His eldest son, Philippe dOrleans, was elected as a 2nd class member in 1890, in 1864 he married his paternal first cousin, Princess Marie Isabelle dOrléans, Infanta of Spain. She was daughter of Infanta Luisa Fernanda of Spain and Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier and they had eight children, Princess Amélie dOrléans, married Carlos I of Portugal in 1886. Princess Isabelle dOrléans, married Prince Jean DOrléans, Duke of Guise in 1899, Princess Louise dOrléans, married Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies in 1907. Through her daughter, Maria Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, she was the grandmother of King Juan Carlos I of Spain, Prince Ferdinand dOrléans, Duke of Montpensier, married Marie Isabelle Gonzales de Olañeta y Ibaretta, Marchioness of Valdeterrazo in 1921. Upon the Count of Chambords death, the Count of Paris was recognized by most monarchists as Philippe VII of France, the Count of Paris lived in Sheen House, Sheen in Surrey, England, where his grandfather had sought refuge after his abdication. He died at Stowe House in 1894 and he was succeeded as claimant to the French throne by his son Prince Philippe
.svg)