1.
April
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April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar, the fifth in the early Julian and the first month to have the length of 30 days. The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain, jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus. April was the month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the month of the calendar year during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC. The 30th day was added during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, the Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month and it is also attested by Einhard in his work, Vita Karoli Magni. In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, in Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled. In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven and it was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript. In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying. Other ancient Roman observances include Veneralia, Megalesia, Fordicidia, Parilia, Vinalia Urbana, Robigalia, floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. However, these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar, the Lyrids meteor shower appears on April 16-April 26 each year, with the peak generally occurring on April 22. Eta Aquariids meteor shower appears in April. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with activity on or around May 6. The Pi Puppids appear on April 23, but only in years around the parent comets perihelion date, the Virginids also shower at various dates in April. The birth flower is typically listed as either the Daisy or the Sweet Pea, the zodiac signs for the month of April are Aries and Taurus. This list does not necessarily imply either official status nor general observance, in Catholic tradition, April is the Month of the Resurrection of the Lord. Seharane is celebrated by Kurdish Jews outside of Israel on this date. A. R. E, Day Fast and Prayer Day Air Force Day Kamakura Matsuri at Tsurugaoka Hachiman, lasts until third Sunday
2.
May
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May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars and the third month to have the length of 31 days. May is also the month with the shortest name, may is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May in the Southern Hemisphere is the equivalent of November in the Northern Hemisphere. Late May typically marks the start of the vacation season in the United States and Canada and ends on Labor Day. The month May was named for the Greek goddess Maia, who was identified with the Roman era goddess of fertility, Bona Dea, whose festival was held in May. Mayovka, in the context of the late Russian Empire, was a picnic in the countryside or in a park in the days of May. Eventually, mayovka came to mean an illegal celebration of May 1 by revolutionary public, special devotions to the Virgin Mary take place in May. See May devotions to the Blessed Virgin Mary, eta Aquariids meteor shower appears in May. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with activity on or around May 6. The Arietids shower from May 22-July 2, and peaks on June 7, the Virginids also shower at various dates in May. Under the calendar of ancient Rome, the festival of Bona Dea fell on May 1, Argei fell on May 14 or May 15, Agonalia fell on May 21, and Ambarvalia on May 29. Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, lemuria fell on 9,11, and 13 May under the Julian calendar. The College of Aesculapius and Hygia celebrated two festivals of Rosalia, one on May 11 and one on May 22, Rosalia was also celebrated at Pergamon on May 24–26. A military Rosalia festival also occurred on May 31, ludi Fabarici was celebrated on May 29-June 1. Mercury would receive a sacrifice on the Ides of May, tubilustrium took place on May 23 as well as in March. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar, mays birthstone is the emerald which is emblematic of love and success. The May birth flower is the Lily of the Valley and the Crataegus monogyna, the mayflower Epigaea repens is a North American harbinger of May, and the floral emblem of both Nova Scotia and Massachusetts. Its native range extends from Newfoundland south to Florida, west to Kentucky in the southern range, the zodiac signs for the month of May are Taurus and Gemini
3.
June
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June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the second month to have the length of 30 days. June contains the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, the day with the most daylight hours, and the winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere, June in the Northern Hemisphere is the seasonal equivalent to December in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the astronomical summer is 21 June. In the Southern hemisphere, meteorological winter begins on 1 June, at the start of June, the sun rises in the constellation of Taurus, at the end of June, the sun rises in the constellation of Gemini. However, due to the precession of the equinoxes, June begins with the sun in the sign of Gemini. The Latin name for June is Junius, ovid offers multiple etymologies for the name in the Fasti, a poem about the Roman calendar. In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June was considered inauspicious for marriage, ovid says that he consulted the Flaminica Dialis, the high priestess of Jupiter, about setting a date for his daughters wedding, and was advised to wait till after June 15. Plutarch, however, implies that the month of June was more favorable for weddings than May. Certain meteor showers take place in June, the Arietids takes place May 22 to July 2 each year, and peaks on June 7. The Beta Taurids June 5 to July 18, the June Bootids take place roughly between 26 June and 2 July each year. The Secular Games were held roughly every 100 years in either May or June and these dates does not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. In Catholic tradition, June is the Month of the Most Sacred Heart of Jesus, african-American Music Appreciation Month ALS Awareness Month Caribbean American Heritage Month Crop over, celebrated until the first Monday in August. The birth flowers are rose and honeysuckle, the zodiac signs for the month of June are Gemini and Cancer
4.
Leap year
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A leap year is a calendar year containing one additional day added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year. By inserting an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected, a year that is not a leap year is called a common year. For example, in the Gregorian calendar, each year has 366 days instead of the usual 365. In the Bahai Calendar, a day is added when needed to ensure that the following year begins on the vernal equinox. For example, Christmas Day fell on a Tuesday in 2001, Wednesday in 2002, the length of a day is also occasionally changed by the insertion of leap seconds into Coordinated Universal Time, owing to the variability of Earths rotational period. Unlike leap days, leap seconds are not introduced on a regular schedule, in the Gregorian calendar, the standard calendar in most of the world, most years that are multiples of 4 are leap years. In each leap year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28, adding an extra day to the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a tropical year by almost 6 hours. Some exceptions to this rule are required since the duration of a tropical year is slightly less than 365.25 days. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 were not leap years, over a period of four centuries, the accumulated error of adding a leap day every four years amounts to about three extra days. The Gregorian calendar therefore removes three leap days every 400 years, which is the length of its leap cycle and this is done by removing February 29 in the three century years that cannot be exactly divided by 400. The years 1600,2000 and 2400 are leap years, while 1700,1800,1900,2100,2200 and 2300 are common years, by this rule, the average number of days per year is 365 + 1⁄4 − 1⁄100 + 1⁄400 =365.2425. The rule can be applied to years before the Gregorian reform, the Gregorian calendar was designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter remains close to the vernal equinox. The Accuracy section of the Gregorian calendar article discusses how well the Gregorian calendar achieves this design goal, the following pseudocode determines whether a year is a leap year or a common year in the Gregorian calendar. The year variable being tested is the representing the number of the year in the Gregorian calendar. Care should be taken in translating mathematical integer divisibility into specific programming languages, if then else if then else if then else February 29 is a date that usually occurs every four years, and is called leap day. This day is added to the calendar in leap years as a corrective measure, the Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a calendar and named many of its days after the syzygies of the moon, the new moon. The Nonae or nones was not the first quarter moon but was exactly one nundina or Roman market week of nine days before the ides and this is what we would call a period of eight days
5.
Gregorian calendar
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The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years
6.
1264
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Year 1264 was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. The Toluid Civil War ends, Kublai Khan defeats his brother and pretender to the title of Khagan, or Khan of Khans, Ariq Boke and he dies a year later under mysterious circumstances, possibly by poisoning, but the cause of death is still uncertain. However, this battle marks the end of a unified Mongol Empire. Kublai Khan decides to move his capital, from Shangdu in Inner Mongolia, Kublai Khan publicly reprimands his own officers, for executing 2 Song Dynasty Chinese generals without trial or investigation. This act is one of many in order to enhance his reputation amongst the Chinese, to increase his legitimacy as a just ruler, the Japanese era Kōchō ends, and the Bunei era begins. April – Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury, before May – The Second Barons War, a civil war in England, begins. May 12–May 14 – Battle of Lewes, between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex, june 18 – The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitely known meeting of this Irish legislature. August 5 – Anti-Jewish riots break out in Arnstadt, in Spain, King James I of Aragon reconquers the cities of Orihuela in Alicante and Elx in Valencia from the Moors, ending over 500 years of Islamic rule. October 9 – King Alfonso X the Wise recaptures the town of Jerez de la Frontera, the War of the Thuringian Succession ends. The state of Hesse gains its independence from Thuringia, and becomes a state of the Holy Roman Empire. In the Peerage of England, the title Baron de Ros, sinucello della Rocca becomes lord of Corsica and rules the island, benefiting from the rivalry of Pisa and Genoa. King Boleslaus V of Poland promulgates legal protection for his Jewish subjects, including protection from the kidnapping, september 14 – Walter de Merton formally completes the foundation of the House of Scholars of Merton, to provide education in Malden and the University of Oxford. In Barcelona, a commission of Dominicans censors portions of the Talmud for the first time, thomas Aquinas completes his theological work Summa contra Gentiles. Pope Urban IV creates the festivity of Corpus Domini
7.
Battle of Lewes
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The Battle of Lewes was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons War. It took place at Lewes in Sussex, on 14 May 1264 and it marked the high point of the career of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, and made him the uncrowned King of England. However Edward pursued his quarry off the battlefield and left Henrys men exposed, Henry was forced to launch an infantry attack up Offham Hill where he was defeated by the barons men, defending the hilltop. The royalists fled back to the castle and priory and the King was forced to sign the Mise of Lewes, Henry III was an unpopular monarch due to his autocratic style, displays of favouritism and his refusal to negotiate with his barons. The barons eventually imposed a constitutional reform known as the Provisions of Oxford upon Henry that called for a meeting led by Simon de Montfort to discuss matters of government. Henry sought to escape the restrictions of the provisions and applied to Louis IX of France to arbitrate in the dispute, Louis agreed with Henry and annulled the provisions. Montfort was angered by this and rebelled against the King along with barons in the Second Barons War. The war was not initially openly fought, each side toured the country to support for their army. By May the Kings force had reached Lewes where they intended to halt for a while to allow reinforcements to reach them. The King encamped at St. Pancras Priory with a force of infantry, de Montfort approached the King with the intention of negotiating a truce or failing that to draw him into open battle. The King rejected the negotiations and de Montfort moved his men from Fletching to Offam Hill, the royalist army was up to twice the size of de Montforts. The barons held the ground, overlooking Lewes and had ordered their men to wear white crosses as a distinguishing emblem. The baronial forces commenced the battle with a dawn attack on foragers sent out from the royalist forces. The King then made his move, Edward led a cavalry charge against Seagraves Londoners, placed on the left of the baronial line, that caused them to break and run to the village of Offham. Edward pursued his foe for some four miles, leaving the King unsupported, Henry was forced to launch an attack with his centre and right divisions straight up Offham Hill into the baronial line which awaited them at the defensive. Cornwalls division faltered almost immediately but Henrys men fought on until compelled to retreat by the arrival of de Montforts men that had held as the baronial reserve. The Kings men were forced down the hill and into Lewes where they engaged in a retreat to the castle. The King was forced to sign the so-called Mise of Lewes, though the document has not survived, it is clear that Henry was forced to accept the Provisions of Oxford, while Prince Edward remained a hostage of the barons
8.
Mise of Lewes
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The Mise of Lewes was a settlement made on 14 May 1264 between King Henry III of England and his rebellious barons, led by Simon de Montfort. The settlement was made on the day of the Battle of Lewes, the conflict between king and magnates was caused by dissatisfaction with the influence of foreigners at court and Henrys high level and new methods of taxation. The outcome was unacceptable for the barons, and war between the two parties broke out almost immediately. The Mise of Lewes was signed on the day of Montforts victory at the Battle of Lewes, neither are the terms of the document known, though it seems clear that they involved conditions for further negotiations. These efforts at a permanent settlement fell through, however, Henrys oldest son, Edward – the later King Edward I – started a military campaign that ended in the Battle of Evesham in August 1265, where Earl Simon was defeated and killed. Parts of the resistance still held out, but by the end of 1266 the final besieged garrison at Kenilworth Castle surrendered. The rebels were given according to terms set out in the Dictum of Kenilworth. By 1264, the reign of Henry III was deeply troubled by disputes between the king and his nobility, in 1258, Henry was forced to accept the so-called Provisions of Oxford, whereby he effectively surrendered control of royal government to a council of magnates. In 1259 the baronial program of reform was further elaborated upon in the Provisions of Westminster, the provisions remained in effect for three years, it was not until 1261 that Henry was able to move against the opposition. Receiving the papal annulment of the provisions his emissaries had campaigned for, over the next two years, however, discontent re-emerged over Henrys style of government. He failed to be reconciled with Montfort, and he also alienated Gloucesters son, in April 1263 Montfort returned to England after a long stay in France, and reignited the reform movement. On 16 July Henry was surrounded by forces in the Tower of London. Prince Edward – the later King Edward I – now took control of the situation, in October Edward took Windsor Castle, and the baronial alliance started to break up. Cornered, Montfort had to accept a truce and agree to submit the issue to arbitration by the French king Louis IX, by the Mise of Amiens, Louis decided entirely in favour of Henry, and repudiated the provisions. The settlement did not present a solution to the conflict, the one-sided decision for the king and against the barons left Montfort with little choice but armed rebellion. Hostilities started already in February, when Montforts sons, Henry and another Simon, Henry summoned the feudal army, and the royal forces won an important victory at Northampton, where the younger Simon was captured. Montfort was still in control of London, as Henry regained control over Kent, Montfort marched out of London to negotiate, but the terms – involving maintaining the provisions – were rejected by the king. The only option remaining was to fight, and the two met at Lewes on 14 May 1264
9.
1509
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Year 1509 was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. February 3 – Battle of Diu, The Portuguese defeat a coalition of Indians, Muslims, april 21 – Henry VIII becomes King of England on the death of his father, Henry VII. April 27 – Pope Julius II places Venice under interdict and excommunication for refusing to part of Romagna to papal control. May 14 – Battle of Agnadello, French forces defeat the Venetians, june 11 Henry VIII of England marries Catherine of Aragon. Luca Paciolis De divina proportione, concerning the golden ratio, is published in Venice, june 19 – Brasenose College, Oxford is founded by a lawyer, Sir Richard Sutton, of Prestbury, Cheshire, and the Bishop of Lincoln, William Smyth. June 24 – King Henry VIII of England and Queen Consort Catherine of Aragon are crowned, july 26 – Krishnadevaraya ascends the throne of the Vijayanagara Empire. September 10 – Constantinople earthquake destroys 109 mosques and kills an estimated 10,000 people, september 11 – Portuguese fidalgo Diogo Lopes de Sequeira becomes the first European to reach Malacca, having crossed the Gulf of Bengal. Erasmus writes his most famous work, In Praise of Folly, the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy is founded. Royal Grammar School, Guildford, is founded by Robert Beckingham, St Pauls School is founded by John Colet, Dean of St Pauls Cathedral, London. Queen Elizabeths Grammar School, Blackburn, is founded as a school for boys. Afonso de Albuquerque becomes the governor of the settlements in India. Earliest known pocket watch made at Nuremberg, Germany by Peter Henlein
10.
Battle of Agnadello
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The Battle of Agnadello, also known as Vailà, was one of the most significant battles of the War of the League of Cambrai and one of the major battles of the Italian Wars. On 15 April 1509, a French army under the command of Louis XII left Milan, to oppose its advance, Venice had massed a mercenary army near Bergamo, jointly commanded by the Orsini cousins, Bartolomeo dAlviano and Niccolò di Pitigliano. The Orsini had orders to avoid a confrontation with the advancing French. By 9 May, however, Louis had crossed the Adda River at Cassano dAdda, Alviano, who was at Pandino, hurried back to position his forces, numbering around eight thousand, on a ridge overlooking some vineyards. Pitigliano had been moving ahead of Alviano, and was several miles away when the French began their attack, in reply to Alvianos request for help, he sent a note suggesting that a pitched battle should be avoided, and continued his march south. Meanwhile, Louis, with the remainder of the French army, had reached Agnadello, the French now surrounded Alviano on three sides and proceeded to destroy his forces over the next three hours. The Venetian cavalry collapsed and fled, and Alviano himself was wounded and captured, of his command, more than four thousand were killed, including his commanders Spoleto and del Monte, and 30 pieces of artillery. Although Pitigliano had avoided engaging the French directly, news of the battle reached him by that evening, faced with the continued advance of the French army, he hurriedly retreated towards Treviso and Venice. Louis then proceeded to occupy the remainder of Lombardy, the battle is mentioned in Machiavellis The Prince, noting that in one day, the Venetians lost what it had taken them eight hundred years exertion to conquer
11.
1607
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As of the start of 1607, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 13 – The Bank of Genoa fails after the announcement of bankruptcy in Spain. February 24 – Première of Claudio Monteverdis LOrfeo, the earliest fully developed opera in the modern-day repertoire, march 10 – Susenyos defeats the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros II at the Battle of Gol in Gojjam, which makes him Emperor of Ethiopia. April 25 – Battle of Gibraltar, A Dutch fleet destroys a Spanish fleet anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar, april 26 – English colonists make landfall at Cape Henry, Virginia, later moving up the James River. May 14 – Jamestown, Virginia, is established as the first permanent English settlement in North America, may 15 – Jamestown, Christopher Newport, George Percy, Gabriel Archer, and others travel 6 days exploring along the James River up to the falls and Powhatans village. 200 armed Indians attack the Jamestown settlement, killing 2 and wounding 10, may 28 – Jamestown, The Fort is pallisadoed, we laboured, pallozadoing our fort. June 5 – John Hall marries Susanna, daughter of William Shakespeare, june 10 – Jamestown, Captain John Smith is released from arrest and sworn in as a member of the colony Council. We had made our selves sufficiently strong for these Savages and we had also sowne most of our Corne on two Mountaines. June 22 – Christopher Newport sails back to England, june 27 – Jamestown, The colony bears extreme toil in strengthening the fort. August 13 – The ship Gift of God of the Plymouth Company arrives at the mouth of the modern-day Kennebec River in Maine, English colonists establish Fort St. George, also known as the Popham Colony. The settlement lasts little more than a year, before return to England in the first oceangoing ship built in the New World. September 10 – Jamestown President Edward Maria Wingfield is deposed and John Ratcliffe elected, december – Captain John Smith of the Jamestown Colony is captured by Opchancanough and then sent to Chief Powhatan for execution, Pocahontas rescues him. The rule of Andorra passes jointly to the king of France, Yaqob is defeated in battle and deposed by his cousin Susenyos, who then becomes Emperor of Ethiopia. In the Midland Revolt against Enclosures in England, the term Levellers is first used, missionary Juan Fonte establishes the first Jesuit mission among the Tarahumara, in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Northwest Mexico
12.
Jamestown, Virginia
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The Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. William Kelso writes that Jamestown is where the British Empire began, Jamestown was established by the Virginia Company of London as James Fort on May 4,1607, and was considered permanent after brief abandonment in 1610. It followed several earlier failed attempts, including the Lost Colony of Roanoke, Jamestown served as the capital of the colony of Virginia for 83 years, from 1616 until 1699. The settlement was located within the country of Tsenacommacah, which was ruled by the Powhatan Confederacy, the natives initially welcomed and provided crucial provisions and support for the colonists, who were not agriculturally inclined. Relations with the newcomers soured fairly early on, leading to the annihilation of the Paspahegh in warfare within 3 years. Mortality at Jamestown itself was very high due to disease and starvation, the Second Supply also brought the first two European women to the settlement. They most likely worked in the fields as indentured servants. The modern conception of slavery in the future United States was formalized in 1640 and was entrenched in Virginia by 1660. In 1676, the town was burned during Bacons Rebellion. In 1699, the capital was relocated from Jamestown to what is today Williamsburg, after which Jamestown ceased to exist as a settlement, existing today only as an archaeological site. Today, Jamestown is one of three locations comprising the Historic Triangle of Colonial Virginia, along with Williamsburg and Yorktown, with two primary heritage sites, Historic Jamestowne, the archaeological site on Jamestown Island, is a cooperative effort by Jamestown National Historic Site and Preservation Virginia. Jamestown Settlement, a living history site, is operated by the Jamestown Yorktown Foundation. Spain, Portugal, and France moved quickly to establish a presence in the New World, the English did not attempt to found colonies until many decades after the explorations of John Cabot, and early efforts were failures—most notably the Roanoke Colony which vanished about 1590. Late in 1606, English entrepreneurs set sail with a charter from the London Company to establish a colony in the New World, the fleet consisted of the ships Susan Constant, Discovery, and Godspeed, all under the leadership of Captain Christopher Newport. They made a long voyage of four months, including a stop in Puerto Rico. The expedition made landfall on April 26,1607 at a place which they named Cape Henry, Captain Edward Maria Wingfield was elected president of the governing council on April 25,1607. On May 14, he selected a piece of land on a peninsula some 40 miles inland from the Atlantic Ocean as a prime location for a fortified settlement. Perhaps the most favorable fact about the location was that it was not inhabited by nearby Virginia Indian tribes, the island was swampy and isolated, and it offered limited space, was plagued by mosquitoes, and afforded only brackish tidal river water unsuitable for drinking
13.
1608
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As of the start of 1608, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January At Jamestown, Virginia, Christopher Newport returns in a ship with the First Supply and about 100 new settlers, january 7 – Fire destroys all the houses in the fort at Jamestown, the fort is repaired in March. January 8 – Ensign Thomas Savage arrives in Jamestown with the First Supply under Christopher Newport, january 17 – Emperor Susenyos I of Ethiopia defeats an Oromo army at Ebenat,12,000 Oromo are reportedly killed at a cost of 400 Amhara. March 18 – Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia at the ancient city of Axum, april 10 – Jamestown, Virginia, Christopher Newport again sails for England. April 19 – The Burning of Derry launched ODohertys Rebellion in the Kingdom of Ireland May 14 – The Protestant Union is founded in Auhausen, july 3 – Quebec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain. July – The English ship Mary and Margaret, captained by Christopher Newport, leaves England bound for Jamestown, august 24 – The first official English representative to India, Captain William Hawkins, lands at Surat. September 10 – John Smith is elected president of Jamestown. September 21 – The University of Oviedo, Spain is founded, october 2 – Dutch lens maker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch parliament. December – Jamestown, Christopher Newport returns to England carrying cargo with tryals of Pitch, Tarre, Glasse, Frankincense, the first cheques are used in the Netherlands. Old Bushmills Distillery is founded in Bushmills, County Antrim, Ireland, uniform Land-Tax Law is imposed in Korea
14.
1610
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As of the start of 1610, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. It has been posited that 1610 marks the beginning of the Anthropocene, or the Age of Man, january 6 – Nossa Senhora da Graça incident – a Portuguese carrack sinks near Nagasaki after fighting Japanese samurai for four nights. January 7 – Galileo Galilei first observes the four Galilean moons of Jupiter, Ganymede, Callisto, Europa and Io, may 14 – François Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France. May 24 – Jamestown, Virginia, The temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, issues The Divine, Moral, may 27 – Regicide François Ravaillac is executed by being pulled apart by horses in the Place de Grève, Paris. June 7 – Jamestown, Temporary Governor Gates decides to abandon Jamestown, june 8 – Jamestown, Temporary Governor Gates convoy meets the ships of Governor Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr at Mulberry Island. June 10 – Jamestown, The convoy of temporary Governor Gates, july 4 – Polish–Muscovite War, Battle of Klushino – The outnumbered forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth defeat the combined Russian and Swedish army. Polish troops go on to occupy Moscow, july 5 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland. August 2 – Henry Hudson sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay, thinking he has made it through the Northwest Passage, august 21 – The Tuscans fight the Turks. October 10 – The Tuscans fight the Turks again, october 17 – Louis XIII of France is crowned. Winter – Dr. Bonhams Case is decided by Edward Coke, Coke affirms the supremacy of the common law, which limits the power of Parliament as well as the king. The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, jakob Böhme experiences another inner vision in which he further understand the unity of the cosmos and that he has received a special vocation from God. Work starts on the Wignacourt Aqueduct in Malta
15.
Henry IV of France
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Henry IV, also known by the epithet Good King Henry, was King of Navarre from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610. He was the first French monarch of the House of Bourbon, baptised as a Catholic but raised in the Protestant faith by his mother Jeanne dAlbret, Queen of Navarre, he inherited the throne of Navarre in 1572 on the death of his mother. As a Huguenot, Henry was involved in the French Wars of Religion, barely escaping assassination in the St. Bartholomews Day massacre, and later led Protestant forces against the royal army. Henry, as Head of the House of Bourbon, was a direct descendant of Louis IX of France. Upon the death of his brother-in-law and distant cousin Henry III of France in 1589 and he initially kept the Protestant faith and had to fight against the Catholic League, which denied that he could wear Frances crown as a Protestant. To obtain mastery over his kingdom, after four years of stalemate, as a pragmatic politician, he displayed an unusual religious tolerance for the era. Notably, he promulgated the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious liberties to Protestants and he was assassinated in 1610 by François Ravaillac, a fanatical Catholic, and was succeeded by his son Louis XIII. Considered a usurper by some Catholics and a traitor by some Protestants, an unpopular king immediately after his accession, Henrys popularity greatly improved after his death, in light of repeated victories over his enemies and his conversion to Catholicism. The Good King Henry was remembered for his geniality and his concern about the welfare of his subjects. He was celebrated in the popular song Vive le roi Henri, Henry was born in Pau, the capital of the joint Kingdom of Navarre with the sovereign principality of Béarn. His parents were Queen Joan III of Navarre and her consort, Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, although baptised as a Roman Catholic, Henry was raised as a Protestant by his mother, who had declared Calvinism the religion of Navarre. As a teenager, Henry joined the Huguenot forces in the French Wars of Religion, on 9 June 1572, upon his mothers death, he became King of Navarre. At Queen Joans death, it was arranged for Henry to marry Margaret of Valois, daughter of Henry II, the wedding took place in Paris on 18 August 1572 on the parvis of Notre Dame Cathedral. On 24 August, the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre began in Paris, several thousand Protestants who had come to Paris for Henrys wedding were killed, as well as thousands more throughout the country in the days that followed. Henry narrowly escaped death thanks to the help of his wife and he was made to live at the court of France, but he escaped in early 1576. On 5 February of that year, he formally abjured Catholicism at Tours and he named his 16-year-old sister, Catherine de Bourbon, regent of Béarn. Catherine held the regency for nearly thirty years, Henry became heir presumptive to the French throne in 1584 upon the death of Francis, Duke of Anjou, brother and heir to the Catholic Henry III, who had succeeded Charles IX in 1574. Because Henry of Navarre was the senior agnatic descendant of King Louis IX, King Henry III had no choice
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Louis XIV of France
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Louis XIV, known as Louis the Great or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1643 until his death in 1715. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest of any monarch of a country in European history. In the age of absolutism in Europe, Louis XIVs France was a leader in the centralization of power. Louis began his rule of France in 1661, after the death of his chief minister. By these means he became one of the most powerful French monarchs, under his rule, the Edict of Nantes, which granted rights to Huguenots, was abolished. The revocation effectively forced Huguenots to emigrate or convert in a wave of dragonnades, which managed to virtually destroy the French Protestant minority. During Louis reign, France was the leading European power, and it fought three wars, the Franco-Dutch War, the War of the League of Augsburg. There were also two lesser conflicts, the War of Devolution and the War of the Reunions, warfare defined Louis XIVs foreign policies, and his personality shaped his approach. Impelled by a mix of commerce, revenge, and pique, in peacetime he concentrated on preparing for the next war. He taught his diplomats their job was to create tactical and strategic advantages for the French military, Louis XIV was born on 5 September 1638 in the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, to Louis XIII and Anne of Austria. He was named Louis Dieudonné and bore the title of French heirs apparent. At the time of his birth, his parents had married for 23 years. His mother had experienced four stillbirths between 1619 and 1631, leading contemporaries thus regarded him as a divine gift and his birth a miracle of God. Sensing imminent death, Louis XIII decided to put his affairs in order in the spring of 1643, in defiance of custom, which would have made Queen Anne the sole Regent of France, the king decreed that a regency council would rule on his sons behalf. His lack of faith in Queen Annes political abilities was his primary rationale and he did, however, make the concession of appointing her head of the council. Louis relationship with his mother was uncommonly affectionate for the time, contemporaries and eyewitnesses claimed that the Queen would spend all her time with Louis. Both were greatly interested in food and theatre, and it is likely that Louis developed these interests through his close relationship with his mother. This long-lasting and loving relationship can be evidenced by excerpts in Louis journal entries, such as, but attachments formed later by shared qualities of the spirit are far more difficult to break than those formed merely by blood
