1.
Men in Black (franchise)
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It is a creation of Lowell Cunningham, the creator of the Men in Black comics about myths surrounding UFOs, and with the first release being The Men in Black #1. The most notable agents within the organization are Zed, Jay, since the release of the comic books, they have been adapted into other media including a series of three films, an animated television series, and video games. The original The Men in Black comic books were published in 1991 and 1992, the Men in Black are a secret organization that monitors and suppresses paranormal activity on Earth, while keeping the populace ignorant of its happenings. The series was adapted into a film in 1997, titled Men in Black, starring Tommy Lee Jones as Agent K and Will Smith as Agent J, with Barry Sonnenfeld as director. The film went on to become a success, grossing US$587 million worldwide on a $90 million budget. A sequel, Men in Black II, was released in 2002 which saw both Jones and Smith reprising their roles, the film was a box office success, earning $441 million worldwide. Despite its success, the film was critically successful than its predecessor. A third installment, Men in Black 3 was released ten years after the film on May 25,2012. It was also the first film in the series to be released in 3D, the film saw Smith and Jones reprise their roles, with Josh Brolin and Jemaine Clement joining the cast. It scored a 70% on Rotten Tomatoes, although Men in Black 3 is concluded the series, talks have been made about the future of the series. Sonnenfeld claimed that Men in Black 3 is the conclusion of the MIB series, Barry Sonnenfeld, Tommy Lee Jones and Will Smith have expressed interest in a possible Men in Black 4. A crossover with the Jump Street franchise has also discussed by Sony but without Jones. On September 24,2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that series producers Walter Parkes, an animated television series, Men in Black, The Series, aired from 1997 to 2001. The show was based on the films, taking place after the events of the first film, there are a few changes, such as Agent K apparently not having his memory erased. A video game published by Activision entitled MIB, Alien Crisis was released in May 2012, the Men in Black as shown in the movies are a secret organization devoted to policing and monitoring extraterrestrial activity on Earth. The Men in Black, founded in the U. S. in the mid-1950s, began as a small and they were initially seen as a joke, but did make contact on March 2,1961, outside New York City. The founding members were the present at the landing, plus an amateur astronomer. This last became Agent K, regarded as the agencys best agent, MIB agents sever all ties with their former lives and have all traces of their previous identity erased
2.
Suit (clothing)
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In clothing, a suit is a set of garments made from the same cloth, usually consisting of at least a jacket and trousers. Lounge suits, which originated in Britain as country wear, are the most common style of Western suit and this article discusses the lounge suit, elements of informal dress code. The variations in design, cut, and cloth, such as two- and three- piece, or single- and double- breasted, determine the social, often, suits are worn, as is traditional, with a collared shirt and necktie. Until around the 1960s, as with all mens clothes, a hat would have also worn when the wearer was outdoors. Suits also come with different numbers of pieces, a suit has a jacket and the trousers. Originally, as with most clothes, a tailor made the suit from his clients selected cloth, the suit was custom made to the measurements, taste, and style of the man. Since the Industrial Revolution, most suits are mass-produced, and and it was in the search for more comfort that the loosening of rules gave rise in the late 19th century to the modern lounge suit. As a suit covers all or most of the wearers body, brooks Brothers is generally credited with first offering the ready-to-wear suit, a suit which was sold already manufactured and sized, ready to be tailored. It was Haggar Clothing that first introduced the concept of suit separates in the US, the concept of separately sold jackets and trousers, there are many possible variations in the choice of the style, the garments and the details of a suit. The silhouette of a suit is its outline, tailored balance created from a canvas fitting allows a balanced silhouette so a jacket need not be buttoned and a garment is not too tight or too loose. A proper garment is shaped from the neck to the chest, shape is the essential part of tailoring that often takes hand work from the start. Good tailoring anywhere in the world is characterised by strongly tapered sides and minimal shoulder, more casual suits are characterised by less construction and tailoring, much like the sack suit is a loose American style. The acid test of authentic tailoring standards is the wrinkle that comes from poor tailoring, for interim fittings, Rock Of Eye, drawing and cutting inaccuracies are overcome by the fitting. Suits are made in a variety of fabrics, but most commonly from wool, the two main yarns produce worsteds and woollens. These can be woven in a number of ways producing flannel, tweed, gabardine, other materials are used sometimes, either alone or blended with wool, such as cashmere. Silk alone or blended with wool is sometimes used, synthetic materials, while cheaper, e. g. polyester, are very rarely recommended by experts. For hot weather, linen is also used, and in North America cotton seersucker is worn, the main four colours for suits worn in business are black, light grey, dark grey, and navy, either with or without patterns. In particular, grey flannel suiting has been very widely since the 1930s
3.
Unidentified flying object
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An unidentified flying object, or UFO, in its most general definition, is any apparent anomaly in the sky that is not identifiable as a known object or phenomenon. Culturally, UFOs are associated with claims of visitation by extraterrestrial life or government-related conspiracy theories, UFOs are often identified after their sighting. Sometimes, however, UFOs cannot be identified because of the low quality of evidence related to their sightings, during the late 1940s and through the 1950s, UFOs were often referred to popularly as flying saucers or flying discs. The term UFO became more widespread during the 1950s, at first in technical literature, UFOs garnered considerable interest during the Cold War, an era associated with a heightened concern for national security. Various studies have concluded that the phenomenon does not represent a threat to national security nor does it contain anything worthy of scientific pursuit, the Oxford English Dictionary defines a UFO as An unidentified flying object, a flying saucer. The first published book to use the word was authored by Donald E. Keyhoe, the acronym UFO was coined by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, who headed Project Blue Book, then the USAFs official investigation of UFOs. He wrote, Obviously the term flying saucer is misleading when applied to objects of every conceivable shape, for this reason the military prefers the more general, if less colorful, name, unidentified flying objects. Other phrases that were used officially and that predate the UFO acronym include flying flapjack, flying disc, unexplained flying discs, unidentifiable object, the phrase flying saucer had gained widespread attention after the summer of 1947. On June 24, a pilot named Kenneth Arnold reported seeing nine objects flying in formation near Mount Rainier. Arnold timed the sighting and estimated the speed of discs to be over 1,200 mph, at the time, he claimed he described the objects flying in a saucer-like fashion, leading to newspaper accounts of flying saucers and flying discs. In popular usage, the term UFO came to be used to refer to claims of alien spacecraft, between 5% and 20% of reported sightings are not explained, and therefore can be classified as unidentified in the strictest sense. The term Ufology is used to describe the efforts of those who study reports. UFOs have become a prevalent theme in culture, and the social phenomena have been the subject of academic research in sociology and psychology. Unexplained aerial observations have been reported throughout history, an example is Halleys Comet, which was recorded first by Chinese astronomers in 240 BC and possibly as early as 467 BC. Such sightings throughout history often were treated as supernatural portents, angels, or other religious omens. On January 25,1878, the Denison Daily News printed an article in which John Martin, Martin, according to the newspaper account, said it appeared to be about the size of a saucer, the first known use of the word saucer in association with a UFO. In April 1897, thousands of people reported seeing airships in various parts of the United States, scores of people even reported talking to the pilots. Thomas Edison was asked his opinion, and said, You can take it from me that it is a pure fake, the largest had an apparent size of about six Suns, he said
4.
Extraterrestrials in fiction
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Extraterrestrials, a common theme in modern science-fiction, also appeared in much earlier works such as the second-century parody True History by Lucian of Samosata. An extraterrestrial or alien is any extraterrestrial lifeform, a lifeform that did not originate on Earth, the word extraterrestrial means outside Earth. The first published use of extraterrestrial as a noun occurred in 1956, gary Westfahl writes, Science fiction aliens are both metaphors and real possibilities. One can probe the nature of humanity with aliens that by contrast illustrate, thus, aliens will likely remain a central theme in science fiction until we actually encounter them. Cosmic pluralism, the assumption there are many inhabited worlds beyond the human sphere predates modernity. Other worlds are depicted in early works as the 10th-century Japanese narrative, The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter. In Johannes Keplers Somnium, published in 1634, the character Duracotus is transported to the moon by demons, even if much of the story is fantasy, the scientific facts about the moon and how the lunar environment has shaped its non-human inhabitants are science fiction. The didactic poet Henry More took up the theme of Cosmic pluralism of the Greek Democritus in Democritus Platonissans. In The Excursion David Mallet exclaimed, Ten thousand worlds blaze forth, stories written before the genre of science fiction had found its form. Closer to the age is J. -H. Rosny, who wrote the short story Les Xipéhuz, about an encounter with extraterrestrials who turns out to be a mineral life form impossible to communicate with. Authors such as H. G. Wells, Olaf Stapledon, the notion surfaces in Ursula K. Le Guins Hainish novels and was introduced to justify the humanoid aliens of Star Trek in the Star Trek, another common idea is aliens who closely resemble animals. Weinbaums A Martian Odyssey encouraged writers to create genuinely unusual aliens, Olaf Stapledon also populated the universe with disparate aliens, including sentient stars, in Star Maker. Later, Hal Clement, a science fiction writer famed for strange but plausible worlds
5.
Ufology
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Ufology is the study of reports, visual records, physical evidence, and other phenomena related to unidentified flying objects. UFOs have been subject to investigations over the years by governments, independent groups. However, ufology, as a field, is rejected by modern academia and is considered a pseudoscience, the term derives from UFO, which is pronounced as an acronym, and the suffix -logy, which comes from the Ancient Greek λογία. This article was printed eight years after Edward J. Ruppelt of the United States Air Force coined the word UFO in 1951, rainier, Washington on June 24,1947. Media hype in the late 1940s and early 1950s following the Arnold sighting brought the concept of flying saucers to the public audience, as the publics preoccupation in UFOs grew, along with the number of reported sightings, the United States military began to take notice of the phenomenon. The UFO explosion of the early post-war era coincides with the escalation of the Cold War, the U. S. military feared that secret aircraft of the Soviet Union, possibly developed from captured German technology, were behind the reported sightings. If correct, the causing the sightings were thus of importance to national security. It also recommended the termination of the USAF special unit Project Blue Book, as the U. S. government ceased officially studying UFO sightings, the same became true for most governments of the world. A notable exception is France, which maintains the GEIPAN, formerly known as GEPAN and SEPRA. During the Cold War, British, Canadian, Danish, Italian, britains Ministry of Defence ceased accepting any new reports as of 2010. Ufology has generally not been embraced by academia as a field of study, even though UFOs were, during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Even among scientifically inclined UFO research efforts, data collecting is often done by amateur investigators, ufology is characterized as a partial or total pseudoscience, which many ufologists reject. Stanton Friedman considers the attitude of mainstream academics as arrogant and dismissive. Denzler states that the fear of ridicule and a loss of status has prevented scientists of pursuing a public interest in UFOs, J. Allen Hyneks also commented, Ridicule is not part of the scientific method and people should not be taught that it is. Hynek said of the frequent dismissal of UFO reports by astronomers that the critics knew little about the sightings, Peter A. Sturrock suggests that a lack of funding is a major factor in the institutional lack of interest in UFOs. Scientific UFO research suffers from the fact that the phenomena under observation do not usually make appearances at a time. Ufologist Diana Palmer Hoyt argues, The UFO problem seems to bear a resemblance to problems in meteorology than in physics. The phenomena are observed, occur episodically, are not reproducible and they are not experiments that can be replicated at will at the laboratory bench under controlled conditions
6.
Demon
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A demon is a supernatural, mythological and often malevolent being prevalent in religion, occultism, literature, fiction, mythology and folklore. The original Greek word daimon does not carry the negative connotation initially understood by implementation of the Koine δαιμόνιον, the Ancient Greek word δαίμων daimōn denotes a spirit or divine power, much like the Latin genius or numen. Daimōn most likely came from the Greek verb daiesthai, the Greek conception of a daimōn notably appears in the works of Plato, where it describes the divine inspiration of Socrates. To distinguish the classical Greek concept from its later Christian interpretation, the Greek terms do not have any connotations of evil or malevolence. In fact, εὐδαιμονία eudaimonia, means happiness, far into the Byzantine period Christians eyed their cities old pagan statuary as a seat of the demons presence. It was no longer beautiful, it was infested, the term had first acquired its negative connotations in the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, which drew on the mythology of ancient Semitic religions. This was then inherited by the Koine text of the New Testament, the Western medieval and neo-medieval conception of a demon derives seamlessly from the ambient popular culture of Late Antiquity. The Hellenistic daemon eventually came to include many Semitic and Near Eastern gods as evaluated by Christianity, the supposed existence of demons remains an important concept in many modern religions and occultist traditions. Demons are still feared largely due to their power to possess living creatures. In the contemporary Western occultist tradition, a demon is a metaphor for certain inner psychological processes. According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, In Chaldean mythology the seven evil deities were known as shedu, storm-demons and they were represented as winged bulls, derived from the colossal bulls used as protective jinn of royal palaces. From Chaldea, the term shedu traveled to the Israelites, the writers of the Tanach applied the word as a dialogism to Canaanite deities. There are indications that demons in popular Hebrew mythology were believed to come from the nether world, various diseases and ailments were ascribed to them, particularly those affecting the brain and those of internal nature. Examples include catalepsy, headache, epilepsy and nightmares, there also existed a demon of blindness, Shabriri who rested on uncovered water at night and blinded those who drank from it. Demons supposedly entered the body and caused the disease while overwhelming or seizing the victim, to cure such diseases, it was necessary to draw out the evil demons by certain incantations and talismanic performances, at which the Essenes excelled. In mythology, there were few defences against Babylonian demons, the mythical mace Sharur had the power to slay demons such as Asag, a legendary gallu or edimmu of hideous strength. As referring to the existence or non-existence of shedim there are converse opinions in Judaism, there are practically nil roles assigned to demons in the Jewish Bible. In conclusion, Jews are not obligated to believe in the existence of shedim, the word shedim appears only in two places in the Tanakh
7.
Gray Barker
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Gray Barker was an American writer best known for his books about UFOs and other paranormal phenomena. His 1956 book They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers introduced the notion of the Men in Black to UFO folklore, recent evidence indicates that he was skeptical of most UFO claims, and mainly wrote about the paranormal for financial gain. He sometimes participated in hoaxes to deceive serious UFO investigators, a native of Riffle, Braxton County, West Virginia, Barker graduated from Glenville State College in 1947. In 1953, Albert K. Bender abruptly dissolved his organization, after pressing Bender for more details, Barker wrote his first book, They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers, which was published by University Books in 1956. The book was the first to describe the Men in Black, Barker recounted Benders own alleged encounters with the Men in Black, who were said to travel in groups of three, wear black suits, and drive large black automobiles. In 1962, Barker and Bender collaborated on a book on the topic, called Flying Saucers. Published under Barkers own imprint, Saucerian Books, this proposed that the Men in Black were, themselves. Over the next two decades, Barker continued writing books about UFOs and other paranormal phenomena, one of these was 1970s The Silver Bridge, which linked the collapse of the Silver Bridge in Point Pleasant, West Virginia with the appearance of an alleged paranormal creature known as Mothman. The book preceded John Keels The Mothman Prophecies by five years, before dying in 1984, Barker wrote a final book about the Men in Black, called MIB, The Secret Terror Among Us. Though his books advocated the existence of UFOs and extraterrestrials, Barker was privately skeptical of the paranormal and his sister Blanch explained that Barker only wrote the books for the money, and his friend James W. Moseley said Barker pretty much took all of UFOlogy as a joke. Sherwood, who had submitted materials to Saucerian Books as a teenager, Barker referred to his writings as his kookie books. Barker occasionally engaged in deliberate hoaxes to deceive UFO enthusiasts, the letter was written on State Department stationery, and Barker himself described it as one of the great unsolved mysteries of the UFO field in his 1967 Book of Adamski. However, Barker is thought to have embellished the facts of the situation. Palmers Flying Saucers magazine and some of Barkers own publications, in the story, Sherwood claimed he was ordered to silence by the blackmen after learning that UFOs were time-travelling vehicles. Barker later wrote to Sherwood, Evidently the fans swallowed this one with a gulp, the concept of the Men in Black, which Barker introduced in They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers, has become a major part of UFO lore. The book inspired a comic book written by Lowell Cunningham. Barker himself became the subject of two films, Whispers From Space, which was created by The Last Prom, and Shades of Gray. The room is a minor tourist stop for UFO enthusiasts, Whispers From Space website Shades of Gray website
8.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
9.
Skeptical Inquirer
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Skeptical Inquirer is a bimonthly American magazine published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry with the subtitle, The Magazine for Science and Reason. In 2016 it celebrated its fortieth anniversary, for most of its existence, the Skeptical Inquirer was published by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal, widely known by its acronym CSICOP. In 2006 the CSICOP Executive Council shortened CSICOP’s name to the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, the formal mission statement, approved in 2006 and still current, states that. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry promotes science and scientific inquiry, critical thinking, science education, a shorter version of the mission statement appears in every issue, “. Promotes scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial, a history of the first two decades is available in The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal published in 1998 by S. I. editor Kendrick Frazier. The magazine was originally titled The Zetetic and was edited by Marcello Truzzi. The first issue was dated Fall/Winter 1976, soon after its inception a schism developed between the editor Truzzi and the rest of CSICOP. One side was more opposed to nonsense, more willing to go on the offensive and to attack supernatural claims. Truzzi left to start The Zetetic Scholar and CSICOP changed the name to Skeptical Inquirer. In 1977 Kendrick Frazier was appointed editor and he had previously been editor of Science News for six years. Kurtz noted that there had been “tremendous public fascination with the paranormal” and it was promoted and sensationalized by an irresponsible media. ”He stressed that “Our interest was not simply in the paranormal curiosity shop but to increase an understanding of how science works. ”Historian Daniel Loxton speculates on the answer to the question that if CSICOP was not the first skeptical publication. Loxton writes that it was because CSICOP organized this scholarship collectively comprised a field of study. The organization was the first to establish best practices, periodicals and professional writers and researchers. In the 1978 Spring and Summer edition, it was announced that the next issue publication would move from semi-annual to quarterly. From 1976 to 1995 the magazine had a digest-sized format, the U. K. magazine The Skeptic was first published in close association with SI. In 2014 the British version was handed back to the U. K. Skeptics, according to Kurtz, in the first twenty years, the magazine attempted to focus on the paranormal. Solving mysteries that were outside the range of normal, frogs dropping from the sky, UFO abductions, cattle mutilations, readers expected the magazine to have explanations. Kurtz states that these were exciting years, especially working with magicians who would often replicate the paranormal claim, the magazine often received criticism from the paranormal community, that they were being made fun of
10.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
11.
Bantam Books
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Bantam Books is an American publishing house owned entirely by parent company Random House, a subsidiary of Penguin Random House, it is an imprint of the Random House Publishing Group. It was formed in 1945 by Walter B, kramer, and Ian and Betty Ballantine. It began as a mass market publisher, mostly of reprints of hardcover books and it expanded into both trade paperback and hardcover books, including original works, often reprinted in house as mass-market editions. The company was failing when Oscar Dystel, who had worked at Esquire. By the end of the year the company was profitable. Dystel retired as chairman in 1980, by that time Bantam was the largest publisher of paperbacks, had over 15% of the market, and exceeded US$100 million in sales. Bantam also published a volumes of short story adaptations of scripts from Star Trek. Bantam is the American paperback publisher of The Guinness Book of Records, another series was Bantam War Book from the 1970s to the 90s, with the majority of books from World War II, but also from Vietnam, Korea and other conflicts. Other series include Bantam Classics Series, the Bantam Spectra science fiction imprint, the juvenile Skylark imprint, authors originally published exclusively or significantly by Bantam include, Spock Must Die
12.
Merkabah mysticism
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For the modern Israeli main battle tank see Merkava. Merkabah/Merkavah mysticism is a school of early Jewish mysticism, c, a major text in this tradition is the Maaseh Merkabah. The noun merkabah thing to ride in, cart is derived from the consonantal root r-k-b with the meaning to ride. However, when left untranslated, in English the Hebrew term merkabah relates to the throne-chariot of God in prophetic visions. It is most closely associated with the vision in Ezekiel chapter 1 of the vehicle driven by four hayyot, each of which has four wings and the four faces of a man, lion, ox. According to the verses in Ezekiel and its attendant commentaries, his vision consists of a made of many heavenly beings driven by the Likeness of a Man. The base structure of the chariot is composed of four beings and these beings are called the living creatures. The bodies of the creatures are like that of a human being, the faces are that of a man, a lion, an ox and an eagle. Since there are four angels and each has four faces, there are a total of sixteen faces, each Hayyot angel also has four wings. Two of these wings spread across the length of the chariot and this creates a sort of box of wings that forms the perimeter of the chariot. With the remaining two wings, each angel covers its own body, below, but not attached to, the feet of the Hayyot angels are other angels that are shaped like wheels. These wheel angels, which are described as a wheel inside of a wheel, are called Ophanim אופנים and these wheels are not directly under the chariot but are nearby and along its perimeter. The angel with the face of the man is always on the east side, the Likeness of a Man sits on a throne made of sapphire. The Bible later makes mention of a type of angel found in the Merkabah called Seraphim angels. These angels appear like flashes of fire continuously ascending and descending and these Seraphim angels power the movement of the chariot. In the hierarchy of angels, Seraphim are the highest, that is, closest to God, followed by the Hayyot. The chariot is in a constant state of motion, and the energy behind this movement runs according to this hierarchy, the movement of the Ophanim is controlled by the Living creatures, or Hayyot, while the movement of the Hayyot is controlled by the Seraphim. The movement of all the angels of the chariot is controlled by the Likeness of a Man on the Throne
13.
1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg
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The 1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg was a mass sighting of celestial phenomena or unidentified flying objects above Nuremberg, Germany. The phenomenon has been interpreted by some modern UFO enthusiasts as an aerial battle and this view is mostly dismissed by skeptics, some referencing Carl Jungs mid-twentieth century writings about the subject while others find the phenomena is likely to be a Sun Dog. According to witnesses, there were hundreds of spheres, cylinders, a broadsheet news article was printed later that month, describing the event. The broadsheet, illustrated with an engraving and text by Hans Glaser. The document is archived in the prints and drawings collection at the Zentralbibliothek Zürich in Zurich, at first there appeared in the middle of the sun two blood-red semi-circular arcs, just like the moon in its last quarter. And in the sun, above and below and on sides, the color was blood, there stood a round ball of partly dull. Likewise there stood on both sides and as a torus about the sun such blood-red ones and other balls in large number, besides the globes flew back and forth among themselves and fought vehemently with each other for over an hour. After all this there was something like a spear, very long and thick, sighted, the shaft pointed to the east. Whatever such signs mean, God alone knows, or we speak of them with ridicule and discard them to the wind, in order that God may send us a frightening punishment on account of our ungratefulness. For it, may God grant us his help, Amen, by Hanns Glaser, letter-painter of Nurnberg. More recently, the event has been classified as a UFO sighting by many, jung expressed a view that the spectacle was likely a natural phenomenon with religious and military interpretations overlaying it. “If the Ufos were living organisms, one would think of a swarm of insects rising with the sun, not to one another. A religious view would emphasize the crosses, jung thinks the images of four globes coupled by lines suggested crossed marriage quaternities and forms the model for “the primitive cross cousin marriage. ”It could also be an individuation symbol. The association of sunrise suggests “the revelation of the light. ”Otto Billig made an effort to provide a context for the apparition in his comments. He notes Nuremberg was one of the most prestigious cities of the late Middle Ages, though ultimately successful in defending itself, the rebuilding of fortifications in Nuremberg necessitated a new round of taxation and the city suffered hard times in its aftermath. Another sky apparition followed in July of knights fighting each other with fiery swords, very similar apparitions of knights fighting in the skies were frequently reported during the Thirty Years War. Such conditions typically accentuate apocalyptic thought
14.
Aurora, Texas, UFO incident
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The Aurora, Texas, UFO incident reportedly occurred on April 17,1897 when, according to locals, a UFO crashed on a farm near Aurora, Texas. The incident is claimed to have resulted in a fatality from the crash, during the 1896–1897 timeframe, numerous sightings of a cigar-shaped mystery airship were reported across the United States. One of these appeared in the April 19,1897. Haydon, the alleged UFO is said to have hit a windmill on the property of a Judge J. S, Proctor two days earlier at around 6am local time, resulting in its crash. The pilot did not survive the crash, and was buried with Christian rites at the nearby Aurora Cemetery, reportedly, wreckage from the crash site was dumped into a nearby well located under the damaged windmill, while some ended up with the alien in the grave. Adding to the mystery was the story of Mr. Brawley Oates, as a result, Oates sealed up the well with a concrete slab and placed an outbuilding atop the slab. The hoax theory is based on historical research performed by Barbara Brammer. Her research revealed that, in the prior to the alleged crash, Aurora had been beset by a series of tragic incidents, First. Second, a fire on the towns west side claimed several buildings, shortly after the fire, a spotted fever epidemic hit the town, nearly wiping out the remaining citizens and placing the town under quarantine. Finally, a planned railroad got within 27 miles of Aurora, further, in 1979, Time magazine interviewed Etta Pegues who claimed that Haydon had fabricated the entire story, stating that Haydon wrote it as a joke and to bring interest to Aurora. The railroad bypassed us, and the town was dying, the famous Jim Marrs interviewed an eye witness who allegedly saw the UFO crash, also, the Judge’s windmill technically was not a windmill but a three-story wooden water pump tower. The incident has been investigated on numerous occasions, one was broadcast by local television station KDFW FOX4 and two were aired on cable television. In 1998, Dallas-based TV station KDFW aired a report about the Aurora incident. Reporter Richard Ray interviewed former Fort Worth Star Telegram reporter Jim Marrs and other locals, however, Rays report was unable to find conclusive evidence of extraterrestrial life or technology. Ray reported that the State of Texas erected a plaque in town that outlines the tale. On December 2,2005, UFO Files first aired an episode related to this incident, the episode featured a 1973 investigation led by Bill Case, an aviation writer for the Dallas Times Herald and the Texas state director of Mutual UFO Network. MUFON uncovered two new eyewitnesses to the crash, mary Evans, who was 15 at the time, told of how her parents went to the crash site and the discovery of the alien body. Charlie Stephens, who was age 10, told how he saw the airship trailing smoke as it headed north toward Aurora
15.
Battle of Los Angeles
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Newspapers of the time published a number of reports and speculations of a cover-up. Some contemporary ufologists and conspiracy theorists have suggested the targets were extraterrestrial spacecraft, Air raid sirens sounded throughout Los Angeles County on the night of 24–25 February 1942. A total blackout was ordered and thousands of air raid wardens were summoned to their positions. At 3,16 am the 37th Coast Artillery Brigade began firing.50 caliber machine guns and 12. 8-pound anti-aircraft shells into the air at reported aircraft, pilots of the 4th Interceptor Command were alerted but their aircraft remained grounded. The artillery fire continued sporadically until 4,14 am, the all clear was sounded and the blackout order lifted at 7,21 am. The incident was front-page news along the U. S, pacific coast, and earned some mass media coverage throughout the nation. Within hours of the end of the air raid, Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox held a conference, saying the entire incident was a false alarm due to anxiety. Knoxs comments were followed by statements from the Army the next day that reflected General George C, marshalls belief that the incident might have been caused by commercial airplanes used as a psychological warfare campaign to generate panic. Some contemporary press outlets suspected a cover-up, an editorial in the Long Beach Independent wrote, There is a mysterious reticence about the whole affair and it appears that some form of censorship is trying to halt discussion on the matter. Speculation was rampant as to invading airplanes and their bases, theories included a secret base in northern Mexico as well as Japanese submarines stationed offshore with the capability of carrying planes. Others speculated that the incident was either staged or exaggerated to give coastal defense industries an excuse to move further inland. Representative Leland Ford of Santa Monica called for a Congressional investigation, the Japanese government, after the war ended, declared that they had flown no airplanes over Los Angeles during the war. Los Angeles Times writer Larry Harnisch noted that the photo along with faked newspaper headlines were presented as true historical material in trailers for the film Battle. Harnisch commented, if the publicity campaign wanted to establish UFO research as nothing but lies and fakery, every February, the Fort MacArthur Museum, located at the entrance to Los Angeles Harbor, hosts an entertainment event called The Great LA Air Raid of 1942. The Bombardment of Ellwood, the events happened the previous day. Attacks on North America during World War II1941, a 1979 film by Steven Spielberg, the Battle of Los Angeles at Saturday Night Uforia San Francisco virtual museum article The Army Air Forces in World War II
16.
Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting
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Arnolds description of the objects also led to the press quickly coining the terms flying saucer and flying disc as popular descriptive terms for UFOs. On June 24,1947, Arnold was flying from Chehalis, Washington to Yakima and he made a brief detour after learning of a $5,000 reward for the discovery of a U. S. Marine Corps C-46 transport airplane that had crashed near Mt. Rainier. The skies were clear and there was a mild wind. A few minutes before 3,00 p. m. at about 9,200 feet in altitude and near Mineral, Washington, he gave up his search and he saw a bright flashing light, similar to sunlight reflecting from a mirror. Afraid he might be close to another aircraft, Arnold scanned the skies around him. About 30 seconds after seeing the first flash of light, Arnold saw a series of flashes in the distance off to his left, or north of Mt. Rainier. He thought they might be reflections on his airplanes windows, but a few quick tests ruled this out, the reflections came from flying objects. He then thought they might be a new type of jet, sometimes he said he could see them on edge, when they seemed so thin and flat they were practically invisible. According to Jerome Clark, Arnold described them as a series of objects with convex shapes, at one point Arnold said they flew behind a subpeak of Rainier and briefly disappeared. Knowing his position and the position of the subpeak, Arnold placed their distance as they flew past Rainier at about 23 miles, Army Air Force analysts would later estimate 140 to 280 feet, based on analysis of human visual acuity and other sighting details. Arnold said the objects were grouped together, as Ted Bloecher writes, in a diagonally stepped-down, echelon formation, stretched out over a distance that he later calculated to be five miles. Though moving on a more or less level horizontal plane, Arnold said the objects weaved from side to side, darting through the valleys and they would occasionally flip or bank on their edges in unison as they turned or maneuvered causing almost blindingly bright or mirror-like flashes of light. The encounter gave him a feeling, but Arnold suspected he had seen test flights of a new U. S. military aircraft. As the objects passed Mt Rainer, Arnold turned his plane southward on a more or less parallel course and it was at this point that he opened his side window and began observing the objects unobstructed by any glass that might have produced reflections. The objects did not disappear and continued to move rapidly southward. When he later had time to do the calculation, the speed was over 1,700 miles per hour and this was about three times faster than any manned aircraft in 1947. It was this speed in addition to the unusual saucer or disk description that seemed to capture peoples attention. Arnold landed in Yakima at about 4.00 p. m. and quickly told friend and airport general manager Al Baxter the amazing story, and before long and he discussed the story with the staff, and later wrote that Baxter didnt believe him
17.
Roswell UFO incident
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In mid-1947, a United States Air Force balloon crashed at a ranch near Roswell, New Mexico. Following wide initial interest in the flying disc, the US military stated that it was merely a conventional weather balloon. In the 1990s, the US military published two reports disclosing the nature of the crashed object, a nuclear test surveillance balloon from Project Mogul. Nevertheless, the Roswell incident continues to be of interest in popular media, Roswell has been described as the worlds most famous, most exhaustively investigated, and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim. The sequence of events was triggered by the crash of a Project Mogul balloon near Roswell, the military decided to conceal the true purpose of the crashed device – nuclear test monitoring – and instead inform the public that the crash was of a weather balloon. Later that day, the press reported that Commanding General of the Eighth Air Force Roger Ramey had stated that a balloon was recovered by the RAAF personnel. A press conference was held, featuring debris said to be from the crashed object, historian Robert Goldberg wrote that the intended effect was achieved, the story died the next day. Subsequently, the incident faded from the attention of UFO enthusiasts for more than 30 years, on June 14,1947, William Brazel, a foreman working on the Foster homestead, noticed clusters of debris approximately 30 miles north of Roswell, New Mexico. Brazel told the Roswell Daily Record that he and his son saw an area of bright wreckage made up of rubber strips, tinfoil. He paid little attention to it but returned on July 4 with his son, wife, some accounts have described Brazel as having gathered some of the material earlier, rolling it together and stashing it under some brush. The next day, Brazel heard reports about flying discs and wondered if that was what he had picked up, on July 7, Brazel saw Sheriff Wilcox and whispered kinda confidential like that he may have found a flying disc. Another account quotes Wilcox as saying Brazel reported the object on July 6, Wilcox called RAAF Major Jesse Marcel and a man in plainclothes accompanied Brazel back to the ranch where more pieces were picked up. Spent a couple of hours Monday afternoon looking for any parts of the weather device. We found a few patches of tinfoil and rubber. The rubber was smoky gray in color and scattered over an area about 200 yards in diameter, in all, he estimated, the entire lot would have weighed maybe five pounds. There were no words to be anywhere on the instrument. Considerable Scotch tape and some tape with flowers printed upon it had used in the construction. No strings or wires were to be found but there were some eyelets in the paper to indicate some sort of attachment may have been used
18.
Aztec, New Mexico, UFO incident
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The Aztec, New Mexico, UFO incident was a flying saucer crash alleged to have happened in 1948 in Aztec, New Mexico. The story was first published in 1949 by author Frank Scully in his Variety magazine columns, and later in his 1950 book Behind the Flying Saucers. In the mid 1950s, the story was exposed as a hoax fabricated by two men, Silas M. Newton and Leo A. Gebauer as part of a fraudulent scheme to sell supposed alien technology. Beginning in the 1970s, some Ufologists resurrected the story in claiming the purported crash was real. In 2013, an FBI memo claimed by some Ufologists to substantiate the story was dismissed by the bureau as a second- or third-hand claim that we never investigated. The craft was said to be 99 feet in diameter, the largest UFO to date, Scully named as his sources two men identified as Newton and Gebauer, who reportedly told him the incident had been covered up and the military had taken the craft for secret research. Scully wrote that the crashed UFO along with other flying saucers captured by the government came from Venus, according to Scully, the inhabitants stocked concentrated food wafers and heavy water for drinking purposes, and every dimension of the craft was divisible by nine. Science writer Martin Gardner criticized Scullys story as full of wild imaginings, during the late 1940s and early 50s, Silas Newton and Leo A. Gebauer traveled through Aztec, attempting to sell devices known in the oil business as doodlebugs. They claimed that these devices could find oil, gas and gold, and that they could do so because they were based on alien technology recovered from the supposed crash of a flying saucer. When J. P. Cahn of the San Francisco Chronicle asked the con-men for a piece of metal from the alien devices. In 1949, author Frank Scully published a series of columns in Variety magazine retelling the story told to him by Newton. He later expanded these columns to create Behind the Flying Saucers, four years later the hoax was exposed in True magazine. After the article was published, many victims of the pair came forward, one of the victims was the millionaire Herman Glader, who pressed charges. The two were convicted of fraud in 1953, through the mid-1950s to the early 1970s, most Ufologists considered the subject thoroughly discredited and therefore avoided it. However, in the late 70s, author Leonard Stringfield purported that not only was the incident real, the supposed humanoid bodies were said to measure between 36 inches and 42 inches in height, and weigh around 40 pounds. Ufologists claim that shortly after the craft was downed, the cleared the area of evidence. In April 2011, UFO enthusiasts discovered what has come to be known as the Hottel memo, though the memo had never been classified, and had been making the rounds online for some years, it was seen as proof of an official cover-up by the US government. The memo contained the testimony of a man named Guy Hottel and it was addressed to J. Edgar Hoover and indexed in the FBI records, but this was standard practice at the time
19.
McMinnville UFO photographs
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The McMinnville UFO photographs were taken on a farm near McMinnville, Oregon, United States, in 1950. The photos were reprinted in Life magazine and in newspapers across the nation, most UFO skeptics have concluded that the photos are a hoax, but many ufologists continue to argue that the photos are genuine, and show an unidentified object in the sky. Paul and Evelyn Trent lived on a farm nine miles from McMinnville. According to her reports, on May 11,1950 at 7,30 p. m. Evelyn Trent was walking back to her farmhouse after feeding rabbits on her farm. Before reaching the house she claimed to see a slow-moving, metallic disk-shaped object heading in her direction from the northeast and she yelled for her husband, who was inside the house, upon leaving the house he claimed he also saw the object. After a short time he went back inside their home to obtain a camera, Paul Trents father claimed he briefly viewed the object before it flew away. It took some time for Paul Trent to have the film developed, when he mentioned the incident to his banker, Frank Wortmann, the banker was intrigued enough to display the photos from his bank window in McMinnville. Shortly afterwards Bill Powell, a reporter, convinced Mr. Trent to loan him the negatives. Powell examined the negatives and found no evidence that they were tampered with or faked, on June 8,1950, Powells story of the incident—accompanied by the two photos—was published as a front-page story in the local McMinnville newspaper, the Telephone-Register. Life magazine published cropped versions of the photos on June 26,1950, along with a photo of Trent, the Trents had been promised that the negatives would be returned to them, however, they were not returned—Life magazine told the Trents that it had misplaced the negatives. In 1967 the negatives were found in the files of the United Press International, the Trents were not immediately informed that their lost negatives had been found. After Hartmann concluded his investigation he returned the negatives to UPI, in 1970 the Trents asked Philip Bladine, the editor of the News-Register, for the negatives, the Trents noted that they had never been paid for the negatives and thus wanted them back. Bladine asked UPI to return the negatives, which it did, however, for some reason Bladine never told the Trents that the negatives had been returned. In 1975 the negatives were found in the files of the News-Register by Bruce Maccabee, an optical physicist for the U. S. Navy, after completing his own study of the photos, Maccabee ensured that the photos were returned to the Trents. In the 1980s Philip J. Klass and Robert Sheaffer, journalists and notable skeptics, concluded that the photos were faked, and that the entire event was a hoax. Their primary argument was that shadows on a garage in the side of the photos proved that the photos were taken in the morning rather than in the early evening. Klass and Sheaffer argued that since the Trents had apparently lied about the time the photos were taken and they also believed the object may have been the detached rear-view mirror of a vehicle. When Sheaffer sent his research and conclusions to William Hartmann, Hartmann withdrew the positive assessment of the case he had sent to the Condon Committee
20.
1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident
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The most publicized sightings took place on consecutive weekends, July 19–20 and July 26–27. UFO historian Curtis Peebles called the incident the climax of the 1952 flap - Never before or after did Project Blue Book and the Air Force undergo such a tidal wave of reports. At 11,40 p. m. on Saturday, July 19,1952, Edward Nugent, the objects were located 15 miles south-southwest of the city, no known aircraft were in the area and the objects were not following any established flight paths. Nugents superior, Harry Barnes, a senior air-traffic controller at the airport and he later wrote, We knew immediately that a very strange situation existed. Their movements were completely radical compared to those of ordinary aircraft, Barnes had two controllers check Nugents radar, they found that it was working normally. Took off, zooming away at incredible speed, cocklin told Zacko Did you see that. Although Andrews reported that they had no unusual objects on their radar, airman William Brady, who was in the tower, then saw an object which appeared to be like an orange ball of fire, trailing a tail. Unlike anything I had ever seen before, as Brady tried to alert the other personnel in the tower, the strange object took off at an unbelievable speed. On one of National Airports runways, S. C, pierman, a Capital Airlines pilot, was waiting in the cockpit of his DC-4 for permission to take off. After spotting what he believed to be a meteor, he was told that the control towers radar had picked up unknown objects closing in on his position, pierman observed six objects — white, tailless, fast-moving lights — over a 14-minute period. Pierman was in contact with Barnes during his sighting. When he reported that the light streaked off at a high speed, charles Davenport observed an orange-red light to the south, the light would appear to stand still, then make an abrupt change in direction and altitude. At one point both radar centers at National Airport and the radar at Andrews Air Force Base were tracking an object hovering over a radio beacon, the object vanished in all three radar centers at the same time. However, when the jets ran low on fuel and left, the objects returned, the objects were last detected by radar at 5,30 a. m. The sightings of July 19–20,1952, made headlines in newspapers around the nation. A typical example was the headline from the Cedar Rapids Gazette in Iowa and it read SAUCERS SWARM OVER CAPITAL in large black type. By coincidence, USAF Captain Edward J. Ruppelt, the supervisor of the Air Forces Project Blue Book investigation into UFO sightings, was in Washington at the time. However, he did not learn about the sightings until Monday, July 21, when he read the headlines in a Washington-area newspaper
21.
Flatwoods monster
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Stories of the creature are an example of a purported close encounter of the third kind. Various descriptions of the entity exist, most describe it as being at least 7 feet tall, with a black body and a dark, glowing face. Witnesses described the head as elongated, shaped like a sideways diamond, and as having non-human eyes. The creatures body was described as inhumanly-shaped and clad in a dark pleated exoskeleton, the creature is referred to as the Lizard Monster on the March 10,2010, episode of MonsterQuest. Some witnesses reported seeing a large, pulsating red ball of light that hovered above or rested on the ground, ufologists believe that it may have been a powered craft that the entity had piloted. Upon witnessing the object, the boys went to the home of the May brothers mother, Kathleen May, from there, Mrs. Lemons dog ran ahead out of sight and suddenly began barking, and moments later ran back to the group with its tail between its legs. After traveling about 0.25 miles the group reached the top of a hill and they also detected a pungent mist that made their eyes and noses burn. Other sources describe it as emitting a shrill hissing noise before gliding towards them, changing direction, at this point the group fled in panic. Upon returning home, Mrs. May contacted local Sheriff Robert Carr and Mr. A. Lee Stewert, co-owner of the Braxton Democrat, a local newspaper. Stewert conducted a number of interviews and returned to the site with Lemon later that night, Sheriff Carr and his deputy Burnell Long searched the area separately, but reported finding no trace of the encounter other than the smell. Early the next morning, Stewert visited the site of the encounter for a second time and he immediately reported them as being possible signs of a saucer landing, based on the premise that the area had not been subjected to vehicle traffic for at least a year. These accounts included the story of a mother and her 21-year-old-daughter, the encounter reportedly affected the daughter so badly that she was confined to Clarksburg Hospital for three weeks. m. on September 13. The symptoms included irritation of the nose and swelling of the throat, Lemon suffered from vomiting and convulsions throughout the night, and had difficulties with his throat for several weeks afterward. Nickell claimed that the two of which were distorted by the heightened state of anxiety felt by the witnesses after having observed the former. Nickells conclusions are shared by a number of investigators, including those of the Air Force. Skeptics have also proposed misidentified owl sightings as explanations for the Mothman, every year there is a festival in Flatwoods to celebrate the Green Monster. The three-day festival consists of a weekend of music, the Green Monster museum. The last year the took place was in 2006
22.
Lakenheath-Bentwaters incident
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The incident has since gained some prominence in the literature of ufology and the popular media. It has, however, also argued that the incidents can be explained by false radar returns. The incident began at the USAF-tenanted RAF Bentwaters, Suffolk, on the evening of 13 August 1956 and this was a dry, largely clear night with, observers noted, an unusually large number of shooting stars, associated with the Perseid meteor shower. At 21,30, Radar operators at the base tracked a target, appearing similar to a normal aircraft return, approaching the base from the sea at an apparent speed of several thousand miles per hour. A T-33 trainer from the 512th Fighter Interceptor Squadron, crewed by 1st Lieutenants Charles Metz and Andrew Rowe, was directed to investigate the radar contacts, at 22,55, a target was detected approaching Bentwaters from the east at a speed estimated around 2000–4000 mph. It faded from the scope as it passed over the base, at this point, Bentwaters alerted the US-tenanted RAF Lakenheath base,40 miles to the north-west, to look out for the targets. Ground personnel at Lakenheath made visual sightings of several luminous objects, Perkins claimed that two RAF De Havilland Venom interceptors were scrambled and directed towards a radar target near Lakenheath. The second Venom was forced to return to its home station due to engine problems, the Condon Committee included the case in its analysis largely in response to Perkins letter. Based on the available, the Committees researcher felt that while anomalous propagation was possible. Focusing on the phase of the incident at Lakenheath, he came to the remarkable conclusion that this is the most puzzling. The apparently rational, intelligent behavior of the UFO suggests a mechanical device of unknown origin as the most probable explanation of this sighting. No more information emerged on the case until the late 1970s, when an article in the Daily Express, flight Lieutenant Freddie Wimbledon wrote to the Sunday Times on 19 March 1978 contesting Ridpaths statement that the incident had effectively been explained by Klass. Wimbledon had been the radar controller on duty at RAF Neatishead at the time of the sightings, Wimbledon disagreed with Klass analysis, remembering the incident as involving a solid radar return tracked from three sets on the ground and one in the intercepting aircraft. They also asserted no visual contacts were made, at the time 23 Squadron decided that the radar contact had, if anything, been with a weather balloon. To add to the nature of the accounts collected, another Venom crew was traced who had been scrambled much earlier in the evening. Scofields account of the radio transmissions agreed, puzzlingly, with those of Wimbledon and Perkins, though he felt able to identify the crews as Chambers / Brady. The time and path of Scofields flight was identified as one which could also explain the sighting of a Venom at Ely by the civilian, Killock. The new research additionally revealed that 23 Squadrons CO, Wing Commander A. N. Davis, had also diverted to investigate the radar returns while flying a Venom from RAF Coltishall
