1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Hospital
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A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment with specialized medical and nursing staff and medical equipment. The best-known type of hospital is the hospital, which typically has an emergency department to treat urgent health problems ranging from fire. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. Specialised hospitals can help reduce health care costs compared to general hospitals, a teaching hospital combines assistance to people with teaching to medical students and nurses. The medical facility smaller than a hospital is called a clinic. Hospitals have a range of departments and specialist units such as cardiology, some hospitals have outpatient departments and some have chronic treatment units. Common support units include a pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organisations, by health insurance companies, or by charities, including direct charitable donations. Historically, hospitals were founded and funded by religious orders, or by charitable individuals. During the Middle Ages, hospitals served different functions from modern institutions, Middle Ages hospitals were almshouses for the poor, hostels for pilgrims, or hospital schools. The word hospital comes from the Latin hospes, signifying a stranger or foreigner, another noun derived from this, hospitium came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, and hospitable reception. By metonymy the Latin word then came to mean a guest-chamber, guests lodging, hospes is thus the root for the English words host hospitality, hospice, hostel and hotel. The German word Spital shares similar roots, the grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave without staying overnight, while others are admitted and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months. Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying sizes and facilities, some hospitals, especially in the United States and Canada, have their own ambulance service. A district hospital typically is the health care facility in its region, with large numbers of beds for intensive care. In California, district hospital refers specifically to a class of healthcare facility created shortly after World War II to address a shortage of beds in many local communities. Twenty-eight of Californias rural hospitals and 20 of its critical-access hospitals are District hospitals, Californias District hospitals are formed by local municipalities, have Boards that are individually elected by their local communities, and exist to serve local needs
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Public hospital
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A public hospital or government hospital is a hospital which is owned by a government and receives government funding. In some countries, this type of hospital provides medical care free of charge, in Australia, public hospitals are operated and funded by each individual states health department. The federal government also contributes funding, Services in public hospitals for all Australian citizens and permanent residents are fully subsidized by the federal governments Medicare Universal Healthcare program. Hospitals in Australia treat all Australian citizens and permanent residents regardless of their age, income, emergency Departments are almost exclusively found in public hospitals. Private hospitals rarely operate emergency departments, and patients treated at these facilities are billed for care. Some costs, however may qualify for billing under Medicare, where patients hold private health insurance, after initial treatment by a public hospitals emergency department, the patient has the option of being transferred to a private hospital. The Brazilian health system is a mix composed by public hospitals, non-profit philanthropic hospitals, the majority of low- and-medium income population uses services provided by a public hospitals run by either State or by the municipality. Since the inception of 1988 Federal Constitution, health care is a right for everyone living in Brazil, citizens, permanent residents. Also, hospitals and health clinics are built by government in all three levels, because of the limitation in the budget, those services are often unavailable in most part of the country, in exception in large metropolis like São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte. Even in those metropolis, the access to some health care may take months if not completely ignored. However, patients sued the government were able to get their treatment covered by the SUS. Recently, new legislation mandate that no private hospitals should refuse accept poor or uninsured patients in case of life threat emergencies, cost of emergency care in this case is also paid by SUS. In Canada all hospitals are funded through Medicare, Canadas publicly funded health insurance system. Hospitals in Canada treat all Canadian citizens and permanent residents regardless of their age, income, in Norway, all public hospitals are funded from the national budget and run by four Regional Health Authorities owned by the Ministry of Health and Care Services. In addition to the hospitals, a few privately owned health clinics are operating. All citizens are eligible for treatment free of charge in the hospital system. According to The Patients Rights Act, all citizens have the right to Free Hospital Choices, south Africa has private and public hospitals. Public hospitals are funded by the Department of Health, the majority of the patients use public hospitals in which patients pay a nominal fee, roughly $3–5
4.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
5.
Helipad
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A helipad is a landing area or platform for helicopters and powered lift aircraft. Larger helipads, intended for use by helicopters and other vertical take-off and landing aircraft, an example is Vertiport Chicago, which opened in 2015. Helipads may be located at a heliport or airport where fuel, air traffic control, some basic helipads are built on highrise buildings for evacuation in case of a major fire outbreak. Major police departments may use a dedicated helipad at heliports as a base for police helicopters, large ships and oil platforms usually have a helipad on board for emergency use. In such a case, the term helideck or helodeck has been used in the meaning of a helipad on board. In urban environments, these heliports are typically located on the roof of the hospital, rooftop helipads sometimes display a large two-digit number, representing the weight limit of the pad. In addition, a number may be present, representing the maximum rotor diameter in feet. Location identifiers are often, but not always, issued for helipads and they may be issued by the appropriate aviation authority. Some helipads may have location identifiers from multiple sources, and these identifiers may be of different format, helipads are usually constructed out of concrete and are marked with a circle and/or a letter H, so as to be visible from the air. However, they are not always constructed out of concrete, sometimes wildfire fighters will construct a temporary helipad out of timbers to receive supplies in remote areas, rig mats may be used to build helipads. Landing pads may also be constructed in extreme conditions such as on ice, the worlds highest helipad, built by India, is located on the Siachen Glacier at a height of 21,000 feet above sea level. The worlds largest heliport is in Morgan City, Louisiana, and has a total of 46 helipads, used mostly to support offshore oil platforms in the Gulf of Mexico. A portable helipad is a structure with a rugged frame that can be used to land helicopters in any areas with slopes of up to 30 degrees, such as hillsides, riverbeds. Portable helipads can be transported by helicopter or powered-lift to place them where a VTOL needs to land, helicopter deck Heliport de Voogt, A. J
6.
Serbian language
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Serbian is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs. It is the language of Serbia and one of the three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina. In addition, it is a minority language in Montenegro, Croatia, Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Slovakia. Standard Serbian is based on the most widespread dialect of Serbo-Croatian, Shtokavian, which is also the basis of Standard Croatian, Bosnian, the other dialect spoken by Serbs is Torlakian in southeastern Serbia, which is transitional to Macedonian and Bulgarian. Serbian is practically the only European standard language with complete synchronic digraphia, the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet was devised in 1814 by Serbian linguist Vuk Karadžić, who created the alphabet on phonemic principles. The Latin alphabet was designed by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1830, Serbian is a standardized variety of Serbo-Croatian, a Slavic language, of the South Slavic subgroup. Other standardized forms of Serbo-Croatian are Bosnian, Croatian, and Montenegrin and it has lower intelligibility with the Eastern South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian, than with Slovene. The 2011 census show that 42. 88% still declare Serbian to be their native language, Standard Serbian language uses both Cyrillic and Latin script. Even in official government documents this constitutional requirement is rarely enforced, Serbian is a rare example of synchronic digraphia, a situation where all literate members of a society have two interchangeable writing systems available to them. Media and publishers typically select one alphabet or another, for example, the public broadcaster, Radio Television of Serbia, predominantly uses the Cyrillic script whereas the privately run broadcasters, like RTV Pink, predominantly use the Latin script. A survey from 2014 showed that 47% of the Serbian population favors the Latin alphabet whereas 36% favors the Cyrillic one and these are the tenses of the indicative mood. Apart from the mood, there is also the imperative mood. The conditional mood has two more tenses, the first conditional and the second conditional, Serbian has active and passive voice. As for the verb forms, Serbian has one infinitive. Most Serbian words are of native Slavic lexical stock, tracing back to the Proto-Slavic language, there are many loanwords from different languages, reflecting cultural interaction throughout history. Notable loanwords were borrowed from Greek, Latin, Italian, Turkish, Hungarian, Russian, Serbian literature emerged in the Middle Ages, and included such works as Miroslavljevo jevanđelje in 1192 and Dušanov zakonik in 1349. In the mid-15th century, Serbia was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, however, some of the greatest literary works in Serbian come from this time, in the form of oral literature, the most notable form being Serbian epic poetry. The epic poems were written down in the 19th century, and preserved in oral tradition up to the 1950s
7.
Banjica
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Banjica is an urban neighborhood of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is divided between the Belgrades municipalities of Savski Venac and Voždovac, Banjica is located 5-6 kilometers south of downtown Belgrade, on the Banjica hill. Findings of the ancient Vincha civilization such as figurines or the oval terracotta with meander art, the name of the neighborhood comes from the Serbian word banja, meaning spa, thus it can be translated as the small spa. Banjica used to be a village, inhabited in the early 19th century by migrants from southeastern Serbia who came after the end of the Second Serbian Uprising in 1815. In 1903 Banjica was the location of the parade made for coronation of king Petar I Karađorđević of Serbia. Until World War II Banjica remained a village with most of its population employed in crop production to support the growing agricultural demands of Belgrade. During the World War II Banjica was also a place where the German forces together with their Serbian collaborators ran a Banjica concentration camp, after the war, the village was heavily urbanized, with new large apartment buildings built in place of old family houses. Banjica had a population of 17,711 in 2002, today, Banjica is mainly a residential area, but with large diversity in administrative and sports buildings. The most notable ones are, VMA, a military hospital. A massive, modern building constructed in 1980 on top of the Banjica hill and it is the largest single hospital in Serbia. Orthopedic hospital, just north-west of the VMA, Banjica sports centre, which includes the open pools, one of the most popular in Belgrade during summer. FK Rad stadium, right next to the sports centre, church of the Saint Vasilije Ostroški. Museum of the Banjica concentration camp, on the corner of the Crnotravska, hotel Best Western in the Banjica forest. There is a shopping mall next to the school, and a well-stocked green market up the hill. The schools name is Bora Stanković and it is for grades 1-8, there is no high school in the neighborhood, but due to good public transport students can easily reach numerous high schools in Belgrade. This area is known as Banjica II, public transport includes bus, trolleybus and tram lines. Bus lines toward the city are 42,47,48,50,59,78,94, trolleybus lines are 40 and 41, tram lines are 9,10 and 14. The public transport station near the school is also the place where living in nearby villages switch from their local buses to the above-mentioned lines toward the city
8.
Belgrade
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Belgrade is the capital and largest city of Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and its name translates to White city. The urban area of the City of Belgrade has a population of 1.34 million, one of the most important prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved within the Belgrade area in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region, and after 279 BC Celts conquered the city and it was conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus, and awarded city rights in the mid-2nd century. In 1521, Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of the Sanjak of Smederevo and it frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars. Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841, northern Belgrade remained the southernmost Habsburg post until 1918, when the city was reunited. As a strategic location, the city was battled over in 115 wars, Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia from its creation in 1918, to its final dissolution in 2006. Belgrade has an administrative status within Serbia and it is one of five statistical regions of Serbia. Its metropolitan territory is divided into 17 municipalities, each with its own local council, City of Belgrade covers 3. 6% of Serbias territory, and 22. 5% of the countrys population lives within its administrative limits. It is classified as a Beta- global city, chipped stone tools found at Zemun show that the area around Belgrade was inhabited by nomadic foragers in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic eras. Some of these belong to the Mousterian industry, which are associated with Neanderthals rather than modern humans. Aurignacian and Gravettian tools have also discovered there, indicating occupation between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago. The first farming people to settle in the region are associated with the Neolithic Starčevo culture, there are several Starčevo sites in and around Belgrade, including the eponymous site of Starčevo. The Starčevo culture was succeeded by the Vinča culture, a more sophisticated farming culture that grew out of the earlier Starčevo settlements which is named for a site in the Belgrade region. Evidence of early knowledge about Belgrades geographical location comes from ancient myths, the rock overlooking the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers has been identified as one of the place in the story of Jason and the Argonauts. The Paleo-Balkan tribes of Thracians and Dacians ruled this area prior to the Roman conquest, Belgrade was inhabited by a Thraco-Dacian tribe Singi, after the Celtic invasion in 279 BC, the Scordisci took the city, naming it Singidūn. In 34–33 BC the Roman army led by Silanus reached Belgrade, jovian reestablished Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire, ending the brief revival of traditional Roman religions under his predecessor Julian the Apostate. In 395 AD, the passed to the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire
9.
Serbia
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Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a sovereign state situated at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Plain and the central Balkans. Relative to its territory, it is a diverse country distinguished by a transitional character, situated along cultural, geographic, climatic. Serbia numbers around 7 million residents, and its capital, Belgrade, following the Slavic migrations to the Balkans from the 6th century onwards, Serbs established several states in the early Middle Ages. The Serbian Kingdom obtained recognition by Rome and the Byzantine Empire in 1217, in the early 19th century, the Serbian Revolution established the nation-state as the regions first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory. During the breakup of Yugoslavia, Serbia formed a union with Montenegro which dissolved peacefully in 2006, in 2008 the parliament of the province of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence, with mixed responses from the international community. Serbia is a member of organizations such as the UN, CoE, OSCE, PfP, BSEC. An EU membership candidate since 2012, Serbia has been negotiating its EU accession since January 2014, the country is acceding to the WTO and is a militarily neutral state. Serbia is an income economy with dominant service sector, followed by the industrial sector. The country ranks high on the Social Progress Index as well as the Global Peace Index, relatively high on the Human Development Index, located at the crossroads between Central and Southern Europe, Serbia is found in the Balkan peninsula and the Pannonian Plain. Serbia lies between latitudes 41° and 47° N, and longitudes 18° and 23° E. The country covers a total of 88,361 km2, which places it at 113th place in the world, with Kosovo excluded, the area is 77,474 km2. Its total border length amounts to 2,027 km, all of Kosovos border with Albania, Macedonia and Montenegro are under control of the Kosovo border police. The Pannonian Plain covers the third of the country while the easternmost tip of Serbia extends into the Wallachian Plain. The terrain of the part of the country, with the region of Šumadija at its heart. Mountains dominate the third of Serbia. Dinaric Alps stretch in the west and the southwest, following the flow of the rivers Drina, the Carpathian Mountains and Balkan Mountains stretch in a north–south direction in eastern Serbia. Ancient mountains in the southeast corner of the country belong to the Rilo-Rhodope Mountain system, elevation ranges from the Midžor peak of the Balkan Mountains at 2,169 metres to the lowest point of just 17 metres near the Danube river at Prahovo. The largest lake is Đerdap Lake and the longest river passing through Serbia is the Danube, the climate of Serbia is under the influences of the landmass of Eurasia and the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea
10.
Serbian Armed Forces
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The Serbian Armed Forces are the armed forces of Serbia. The armed forces consist of the Serbian Army and the Serbian Air Force, the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces is the President of the Republic. The Serbian Armed Forces are a professional and volunteer based military, Serbia exercises civilian control of the military through the Ministry of Defence. The 1804 Serbian Revolution, started with the First Serbian Uprising against the Ottoman occupation of Serbia, the victories in the battles of Ivankovac, Mišar, Deligrad and Belgrade, led to the establishment of the Principality of Serbia in 1817. The subsequent Second Serbian Uprising led to independence and recognition of the Kingdom of Serbia. In 1885, the Serbo-Bulgarian War broke out following the Bulgarian unification, in 1912, the First Balkan War erupted between the Ottoman Empire and the Balkan League. The victories in the Battle of Kumanovo, Battle of Prilep, Battle of Monastir, Battle of Adrianople, Siege of Scutari resulted in the defeat of the Ottoman Empire and its expulsion from the Balkans. Shortly after, the Second Balkan War broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with the division of territory, declared war against its allies, Serbia. Following a string of defeats, Bulgaria requested an armistice and signed the Treaty of Bucharest, serbias independence and growing influence threatened neighboring Austria-Hungary which led to the Bosnian crisis of 1908–09. Consequently, since 1901, all Serbian males between the ages of 21 to 46 were liable for general mobilization, the Serbian Armed Forces are commanded by the General Staff corp of senior officers. The general staff is led by the Chief of the General Staff, the chief of the general staff is appointed by the President who is the Commander-in-Chief. The current Chief of the General Staff is General Ljubiša Diković, the armed forces are formally a part of the Ministry of Defence. The current Minister of Defence is Zoran Đorđević, the Serbian Air Force and Air Defence is the aviation and anti-aircraft defence based component of the armed forces consisting of, aviation, anti-aircraft, surveillance and reconnaissance units. The reserve force is composed of a reserve and passive reserve. The active reserve force numbers 2,000 members, while the passive reserve totals about 1.7 million citizens with past military training or experience, the Serbian Armed Forces actively take part in several multinational peacekeeping missions
11.
Officer (armed forces)
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An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. In this sense, officers are not enlisted, but hold appointments from their government that typically remain in force indefinitely unless resigned, the proportion of officers varies greatly. Officers typically make up between an eighth and a fifth of modern armed forces personnel, in 2013, officers were the senior 17% of the British armed forces, and the senior 13. 7% of the French armed forces. In 2012, officers made up about 18% of the German armed forces, historically, however, armed forces have generally had much lower proportions of officers. During the First World War, fewer than 5% of British soldiers were officers, in the early twentieth century, the Spanish army had the highest proportion of officers of any European army, at 12. 5%. Within a nations armed forces, armies tend to have a proportion of officers. For example,13. 9% of British army personnel and 22. 2% of the RAF personnel were officers in 2013, having officers is one requirement for combatant status under the laws of war, though these officers need not have obtained an official commission or warrant. Commissioned officers are typically the only persons, in an armed forces environment, a superior officer is an officer with a higher rank than another officer, who is a subordinate officer relative to the superior. Non-commissioned officers in positions of authority can be said to have control or charge rather than command per se, many advanced militaries require university degrees as a prerequisite for commissioning, even from the enlisted ranks. In the Israel Defense Forces, a university degree is a requirement for an officer to advance to the rank of lieutenant colonel, the IDF often sponsors the studies for its majors, while aircrew and naval officers obtain academic degrees as a part of their training programmes. In the United Kingdom, there are three routes of entry for British Armed Forces officers, the first, and primary route are those who receive their commission directly into the officer grades following completion at their relevant military academy. The third route is similar to the second, in that they convert from an enlisted to a commission, but these are taken from the highest ranks of SNCOs. LE officers, whilst holding the same Queens Commission, generally work in different roles from the DE officers, in the infantry, a number of Warrant Officer Class 1s are commissioned as LE officers. For Royal Navy and Royal Air Force officer candidates, a 30-week period at Britannia Royal Naval College or a 30-week period at RAF College Cranwell, Royal Marines officers receive their training in the Command Wing of the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines during a grueling 15-month course. The courses consist of not only tactical and combat training, but also leadership, management, etiquette, until the Cardwell Reforms of 1871, commissions in the British Army were purchased by officers. The Royal Navy, however, operated on a more meritocratic, or at least socially mobile, AOCS also also included the embedded Aviation Reserve Officer Candidate and Naval Aviation Cadet programs. NAVCADs were personnel who held associates degrees, but lacked bachelors degrees, nAVCADs would complete the entire AOCS program, but would not be commissioned until completion of flight training and receiving their wings. After their initial tour, they would be assigned to a college or university full-time for no more than two years in order to complete their bachelors degree
12.
Soldier
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A soldier is one who fights as part of an organised, land-based armed force. A soldier can be a person, a non-commissioned officer. The word soldier derives from the Middle English word soudeour, from Old French soudeer or soudeour, meaning mercenary, from soudee, meaning shillings worth or wage, from sou or soud, the word is also related to the Medieval Latin soldarius, meaning soldier. These words ultimately derive from the Late Latin word solidus, referring to an Ancient Roman coin used in the Byzantine Empire. In most armed forces use of the soldier has taken on a more general meaning due to the increasing specialization of military occupations that require different areas of knowledge. In many countries soldiers serving in specific occupations are referred to by other than their occupational name. For example, military personnel in the British Army are known as red caps because of the colour of their caps. Infantry are sometimes called grunts or squaddies, while US Army artillery crews, or gunners, are referred to as redlegs. U. S. soldiers are often called G. I. s, members of the Marine Corps are typically referred to as marines rather than soldiers. In the United States, the term warfighter is often used to refer collectively to all whose job it is to do the actual fighting, the army has not completely phased out this terminology and still uses warfighter in various contexts such as the Project Manager Warfighter Information Network-Tactical. French Marine Infantry are called marsouins because of their amphibious role, Military units in most armies have nicknames of this type, arising either from items of distinctive uniform, some historical connotation or rivalry between branches or regiments. Some soldiers, such as conscripts or draftees, serve a limited term. Others choose to serve until retirement, then receive a pension. In the United States, military members can retire after 20 years, in other countries, the term of service is 30 years, hence the term 30-year man. Airman Marine Military use of children Seaman Media related to Soldier at Wikimedia Commons
13.
Balkans
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The Balkan Peninsula, or the Balkans, is a peninsula and a cultural area in Eastern and Southeastern Europe with various and disputed borders. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains that stretch from the Serbia-Bulgaria border to the Black Sea, the highest point of the Balkans is Mount Musala 2,925 metres in the Rila mountain range. In Turkish, Balkan means a chain of wooded mountains, the name is still preserved in Central Asia with the Balkan Daglary and the Balkan Province of Turkmenistan. A less popular hypothesis regarding its etymology is that it derived from the Persian Balā-Khāna, from Antiquity through the Middle Ages, the Balkan Mountains had been called by the local Thracian name Haemus. According to Greek mythology, the Thracian king Haemus was turned into a mountain by Zeus as a punishment, a reverse name scheme has also been suggested. D. Dechev considers that Haemus is derived from a Thracian word *saimon, a third possibility is that Haemus derives from the Greek word haema meaning blood. The myth relates to a fight between Zeus and the monster/titan Typhon, Zeus injured Typhon with a thunder bolt and Typhons blood fell on the mountains, from which they got their name. The earliest mention of the name appears in an early 14th-century Arab map, the Ottomans first mention it in a document dated from 1565. There has been no other documented usage of the word to refer to the region before that, there is also a claim about an earlier Bulgar Turkic origin of the word popular in Bulgaria, however it is only an unscholarly assertion. The word was used by the Ottomans in Rumelia in its meaning of mountain, as in Kod̲j̲a-Balkan, Čatal-Balkan, and Ungurus-Balkani̊. The concept of the Balkans was created by the German geographer August Zeune in 1808, during the 1820s, Balkan became the preferred although not yet exclusive term alongside Haemus among British travelers. Among Russian travelers not so burdened by classical toponymy, Balkan was the preferred term, zeunes goal was to have a geographical parallel term to the Italic and Iberian Peninsula, and seemingly nothing more. The gradually acquired political connotations are newer and, to a large extent, after the dissolution of Yugoslavia beginning in June 1991, the term Balkans again received a negative meaning, especially in Croatia and Slovenia, even in casual usage. A European Union initiative of 1999 is called the Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, and its northern boundary is often given as the Danube, Sava and Kupa Rivers. The Balkan Peninsula has an area of about 470,000 km2. It is more or less identical to the known as Southeastern Europe. As of 1920 until World War II, Italy included Istria, the current territory of Italy includes only the small area around Trieste inside the Balkan Peninsula. However, the regions of Trieste and Istria are not usually considered part of the Balkans by Italian geographers, the Western Balkans is a neologism coined to describe the countries of ex-Yugoslavia and Albania
14.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
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The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a state in Southeast Europe and Central Europe, that existed during the interwar period and first half of World War II. It was formed in 1918 by the merger of the provisional State of Slovenes, Croats, the Kingdom of Montenegro had united with Serbia five days previously, while the regions of Kosovo, Vojvodina and Vardar Macedonia were parts of Serbia prior to the unification. For its first eleven years of existence, the Kingdom was officially called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the official name of the state was changed to Kingdom of Yugoslavia by King Alexander I on 3 October 1929. The state was ruled by the Serbian dynasty of Karađorđević, which ruled the Kingdom of Serbia under Peter I from 1903 onwards. Peter I became the first king of Yugoslavia until his death in 1921 and he was succeeded by his son Alexander I, who had been regent for his father. He was known as Alexander the Unifier and he renamed the kingdom Yugoslavia in 1929 and he was assassinated in Marseille by Vlado Chernozemski, a member of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization, during his visit to France in 1934. The crown passed to his then-still under-aged son Peter and his cousin Paul ruled as Prince regent until 1941, when Peter II would come of age. The royal family flew to London the same year, prior to the country being invaded by the Axis powers, in April 1941, the country was occupied and partitioned by the Axis powers. A royal government-in-exile, recognized by the United Kingdom and, later, in 1944, after pressure from the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, the King recognized the government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as the legitimate government. This was established on 2 November following the signing of the Treaty of Vis by Ivan Šubašić, Trumbić faced initial hostility from Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić, who preferred an enlarged Serbia over a unified Yugoslav state. In 1916, the Serbian Parliament in exile decided on the creation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia at a meeting inside the Municipal Theatre of Corfu. The Kingdom was formed on 1 December 1918 under the name Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, on 1 December 1918, the new kingdom was proclaimed by Alexander Karađorđević, Prince-Regent for his father, Peter I of Serbia. The creation of the state was supported by pan-Slavists and Serbian nationalists, for the pan-Slavic movement, all of the South Slav people had united into a single state. For Serbian nationalists, the goal of uniting the majority of the Serb population across south-eastern Europe into one state was also achieved. Furthermore, as Serbia already had a government, military, and police force, the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes participated in the Paris Peace Conference with Trumbić as the countrys representative. Almost immediately, it ran into disputes with most of its neighbours, Slovenia was difficult to determine, since it had been an integral part of Austria for 400 years. The Vojvodina region was disputed with Hungary, Macedonia with Bulgaria, a plebiscite was also held in the Province of Carinthia, which opted to remain in Austria. Austrians had formed a majority in this region although numbers reflected that some Slovenes did vote for Carinthia to become part of Austria, the Dalmatian port city of Zadar and a few of the Dalmatian islands were given to Italy
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Ministry of Defence (Serbia)
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Minister of Defence is the person in charge of the Ministry of Defence of Serbia. The current Minister is Zoran Đorđević, since 2 March 2016 and this list includes all ministers since the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2006. For previous ministers, see Ministry of Defense and this list also includes Ministers of Defence in the early 1990s, when the position briefly existed although Serbia was not an independent country at that time. The list continues as a List of Defense Ministers of Yugoslavia, peoples Radical Party Serbian Progressive Party Independent Radical Party Non-party Serbian Ministry of Defence
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Order of St. Sava
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The Order of St. Sava was a decoration of the Kingdom of Serbia established by Milan I on 23 January 1883. The Order of Saint Sava was established originally to recognize civilians for meritorious achievements to the Church, to arts and sciences, the royal house, in 1914 a change was made permitting military personnel to receive the honor for military merit. The Order of St Sava was then awarded by the king of Yugoslavia until the abolishment of the monarchy in 1945, five grades were awarded, Grand Cross, Grand Officer, Commander, Officer and Knight. Since 1945 the highest award presented by the Serbian Orthodox Church is called the Order of St. Sava, there is also a fraternal organization with a similar name, the Loyal Order of St. Sava, organized for social interactions among Serbian American residents of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Category, Recipients of the Order of St. Aleksandr Karelin, todorovich 2015 Revd Henry Joy Fynes-Clinton, 2nd class 1918, 1st class 1921 Lt. Col. Herbert St Maur Carter, D. S. O. British Surgeon, Royal Army Medical Corps and British Red Cross
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Presidency of Yugoslavia
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Presidium of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was collective head of state of the Yugoslav federation. It was established in 1971 according to constitutional amendments and reorganized in 1974 by the new constitution, up to 1974, the Presidency had 23 members - three from each republic, two from each autonomous province and president Josip Broz Tito. This ex officio membership of the LCY leader was abolished by the changes in autumn 1988. The mandate of the Presidency lasted five years so the nine-member Presidency was elected in four times - in 1974,1979,1984 and 1989. Until 1980 most of powers of the Presidency were in fact exercised by Josip Broz Tito, after his death in May 1980, his office stayed vacant and the Presidency began to function according to the constitution. Sometimes, the Presidency held its sessions in an extended composition, the extended Presidency wasnt grounded in the Constitution and couldnt itself adopt any decisions. Tito, as a president of the republic, was ex officio chairman of the Presidency, after his death a new chairman of the Presidency was elected every year. The order of rotating of the members on the position was agreed in advance. The top state office of the federation remained vacant until 1 July when Mesić was finally elected. Only one year after Titos death, Yugoslav leaders had to face violent riots in Kosovo, on 2 April 1981 the Presidency under chairmanship of Cvijetin Mijatović declared a state of emergency in Priština and Kosovska Mitrovica, which lasted one week. For the third time in post-Tito Yugoslavia, the state of emergency in Kosovo was imposed by the Presidency in February 1990. e, in summer 1991 Mesić and Drnovšek, regarding their republics independent, ceased to attend sessions of the Presidency
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Republika Srpska
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Republika Srpska is one of two constitutional and legal entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The administrative centre is Banja Luka, in Serbo-Croatian, Republika Srpska means Serb Republic. The second word is an adjective derived by adding the suffix -ska to srb-. The -ps- sequence rather than -bs- is a result of voicing assimilation, in a session on 14–15 October 1991, the Peoples Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina approved the Memorandum on Sovereignty, as had already been done by Slovenia and Croatia. The Union of Reform Forces soon ceased to exist but its members remained in the assembly as the Independent Members of Parliament Caucus, on 9 January 1992, the assembly proclaimed the Republic of the Serb People of Bosnia and Herzegovina, declaring it part of Yugoslavia. The republic was part of Yugoslavia and could enter into union with political bodies representing other peoples of Bosnia, the referendum had a 64% turnout and 92. 7% or 99% voted for independence. On 6 March the Bosnian parliament promulgated the results of the referendum, the republics independence was recognized by the European Community on 6 April 1992 and by the United States on 7 April. On the same day the Serbs assembly in session in Banja Luka declared a severance of ties with Bosnia. The name Republika Srpska was adopted on 12 August 1992, the political controversy escalated into the Bosnian War, which would last until the autumn of 1995. The boundary lines between the entities were delineated in Annex 2 of the Agreement, between 1992 and 2008, the Constitution of Republika Srpska was amended 121 times. The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina resulted in changes in the country. Some two million people, about half the population, were displaced. In 1996 there were some 435,346 ethnic Serb refugees from the Federation in Republika Srpska, in 1991, 27% of the non-agricultural labor force was unemployed in Bosnia and this number increased due to the war. By 2009, the unemployment rate in Bosnia and Herzegovina was estimated at 29%, ethnic cleansing reduced the numbers of other groups. Serb police, soldiers, and irregulars attacked Bosniaks and Croats, though on the other side, Bosniaks and Croats did the same atrocities to the Serbian population in the region of Herzegovina and the villages surrounding Srebrenica. Some were killed on the spot, others were rounded up and killed elsewhere, the number of Croats was reduced by 135,386, and the number of Bosniaks by some 434,144. Some 136,000 of approximately 496,000 Bosniak refugees forced to flee the territory of what is now Republika Srpska have since returned home, in the early 2000s, discrimination against non-Serbs was alleged by NGOs and the Helsinki Commission. The International Crisis Group reported in 2002 that in parts of Republika Srpska a non-Serb returnee is ten times more likely to be the victim of violent crime than is a local Serb
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Armed forces of the Principality of Serbia
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The history of the Serbian Army dates back to the Serbian Revolution. This ended when the Janissaries got the hand and took power under a junta of 4 known as the dahis. The overthrow of the Dahis was nominally in the name of the Sultan and this was followed by further victories at Misar and Deligrad. Serbian rebel army was small in number but used sconce fortress to battle Turkish number superiority, though allies in ideology, Austrians also feared Russian intentions. Russia preferred to see the Balkan peninsula divided and the Serbian uprising as an incentive to the Greek Liberation Movement, after their refusal to accept the terms of Russian-Turkish Treaty, the Serbian army suffered defeat in 1813. Russia, which was in expectation of another invasion of Napoleon, signed an agreement in Bucharest and it was up to them now to agree with the Turks on tax rates and the sale of weapons. The Turks were to reestablish the former garrisons, the hajduks were allowed to flee to Russia and Germany, while Russia designated Austria as the protector of Serbia’s autonomy, the country whose Chancellor supported the Ottoman Empire. At the national assembly in Kragujevac, where the elders refused this offer, it was stressed that “this land belonged to our forefathers, if a Russian has promised the Turks fortifications, he will have to deliver them some other fortifications”. The commitment of soldiers and the till the last moment, their bearing in face of a much more numerous enemy. The very thought of this and the possibility of seeing this again made the Turks yield later on, when the new uprising broke out in 1815, they were more ready to yield. During the uprisings the Serbian army was of the national character, the leaders of the Serbian army drafted farmers only when a battle was ahead. They provided equipment and weapons themselves, in addition to this mass of fighters drafted on call, during the first Serbian revolutionary statehood there were standing regiments of skilled and armed lads who were paid for their service. They were called becari or lads, and they served as some sort of security for the Duke Kardjordje and they protected fortifications and secured borders. Prince Miloš following the Second Serbian Uprising disbanded the army but it was not disarmed, the 19th century was marked by upgrading the system of national but also of the standing army in the autonomous Principality and later Kingdom of Serbia. The army kept abreast of times with the then current European experiences, the Serbian effort to organize an adequate standing army will be opposed by Austria and the Ottoman Empire. On the other hand, the already attained autonomy was not certain, and without the forces and military organization. With the Yedren Treaty, Russia gained patronage over the Serbian Army, so, a small army after its won army was organized by Russia, active officers were from Russia, Russian laws and exercises were introduced. In the period 1830–1835 an infantry battalion, equine squadron and a gun battery were formed, the first group of 12 youths was sent to Russia to be educated as officers
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Royal Yugoslav Army
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Shortly before the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia, the army staged a coup against the Yugoslav monarchy on 26 March. Beyond the problems of equipment and incomplete mobilization, the Royal Yugoslav Army suffered badly from the Serbo-Croat schism in Yugoslav politics. Yugoslav resistance to the invasion collapsed overnight, the main reason was that neither of the subordinate national groups were prepared to fight in defence of a Serbian Yugoslavia. The only effective opposition to the invasion was from wholly Serbian units within the borders of Serbia itself, the Serbian General Staff were united on the question of Yugoslavia as a Greater Serbia, ruled, in one way or another, by Serbia. During the occupation of Yugoslavia, the Chetniks of Draža Mihailović were referred to as the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland, the Royal Yugoslav Army was formally disbanded on 7 March 1945 when Yugoslav government-in-exile appointed by King Peter II of Yugoslavia was abolished. The Austro-Hungarian Army exited the First World War after the Armistice of Villa Giusti was struck with the Kingdom of Italy on 3 November 1918, all affected units of the Common Army, the Imperial-Royal Landwehr and the Royal Croatian Home Guard came under that unified command. Immediately after the Armistice of Villa Giusti, Italy began occupying parts of the Kingdom of Dalmatia that had promised to it under the secret Treaty of London. On 1 December 1918 the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the Kingdom of Serbia was declared, forming the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, the Kingdom of Montenegro had already united with Serbia five days earlier. This declaration and firm action by armed groups halted any further encroachments by Italy, the National Council subsequently organised a celebration in Zagreb on 5 December with a Te Deum at the Zagreb Cathedral. Members of the 25th Croatian Home Guard Infantry Regiment and the 53rd Infantry Division held a protest at the time at the nearby Ban Jelačić Square. The protest was quelled by the police with 15 dead and 17 injured, both units were subsequently demobilised and disbanded. By 1 January 1919, a total of 134 former high-ranking Austro-Hungarian officers had retired or relieved of their duties. At one point, KSCS troops briefly occupied Klagenfurt, after a plebiscite in October 1920 the frontier with Austria was fixed and tensions subsided. The 16 infantry divisions were grouped into four numbered army areas, with headquarters at Novi Sad, Sarajevo, Skoplje, later in 1921, a second cavalry division was formed using the four army-level cavalry regiments. Artillery allocation was one heavy artillery regiment and one regiment at army level. The army was based on conscription, and annual call-ups were used to maintain the strength of the army at 140,000. Of the four armies, two were equipped with French-pattern rifles, and the two used an Austrian model. In 1922, the allocation of artillery within the army was enhanced using material captured in World War I, from the earliest days of the army, a clique of officers known as the White Hand, were actively engaged in politics
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Yugoslav People's Army
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The Yugoslav Peoples Army, also referred to as the Yugoslav National Army or simply by the initialism JNA, was the military of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The origins of the JNA can be found in the Yugoslav Partisan units of World War II, after the Yugoslav Partisans liberated the country from the Axis Powers, that date was officially celebrated as the Day of the Army in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. In March 1945, the NOVJ was renamed the Yugoslav Army and, on its 10th anniversary, on 22 December 1951, the JNA consisted of the ground forces, air force and navy. The regions were, Belgrade, Zagreb, Skopje and Split Naval Region, of the JNAs 180,000 soldiers, more than 100,000 were conscripts. In 1990, the army had completed a major overhaul of its basic force structure. It eliminated its old divisional infantry organization and established the brigade as the largest operational unit, the army converted ten of twelve infantry divisions into twenty-nine tank, mechanized and mountain infantry brigades with integral artillery, air defense and anti-tank regiments. One airborne brigade was organized before 1990, the change created many senior field command positions that would develop relatively young and talented officers. The brigade structure had advantages at a time of declining manpower, the arms industry was dominant in the Yugoslavian economy. With annual exports of $3 billion, it was twice as large as the second largest industry and it had modern infrastructure with underground air bases and control centres in several mountains. The biggest and best known installation was the Željava Air Base, also known as the Bihać Underground Integrated Radar Control and Surveillance Centre and Air Base, in Bosnia, another important manufacturer was Utva in Serbia. The Yugoslav military-industrial complex produced tanks, armored vehicles, various pieces, anti-aircraft weapons, as well as various types of infantry weapons. The ground forces led in number of personnel, in 1991 there were about 140,000 active-duty soldiers, and over a million trained reservists could be mobilized in wartime. Each of the Yugoslav constituent republics had its own territorial defence forces which in wartime were subordinate to supreme command as an part of the defence system. The territorial defence was made up of conscripts, they were occasionally called up for war exercises. The ground forces were organised into infantry, armour, artillery, the Yugoslav Air Force had about 32,000 personnel including 4,000 conscripts, and operated over 400 aircraft and 200 helicopters. It was responsible for transport, reconnaissance, and rotary-wing aircraft as well as the air defence system. The primary air force missions were to contest enemy efforts to establish air supremacy over Yugoslavia and to support the operations of the ground forces. Most aircraft were produced in Yugoslavia, missiles were produced domestically and supplied by the Soviet Union
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Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro
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The Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro included ground forces with internal and border troops, naval forces, air and air defense forces, and civil defense. Preceding the VSCG was the Armed Forces of Yugoslavia from the remnants of the Yugoslav Peoples Army, the state, then named Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, participated in the Yugoslav Wars with limited direct intervention of its own armed forces. Following the end of the Wars and the reforms of 2003 by which the state was renamed Serbia and Montenegro. The military was involved in combating Albanian separatists during the Kosovo War and Preševo Valley conflict. Upon the dissolution of Serbia and Montenegro with the Montenegrin independence referendum, a fraction of the joint military was given to Montenegro, with the bulk of the force remaining in Serbia. Montenegro inherited the navy as Serbia is landlocked.62 mm M93 Black Arrow Long Range Rifle BGA M767.9 mm Sniper rifle M727.62 mm Machine gun M847.62 mm Machine gun M8712. The Navy claimed to have shot down three UAVs over Boka Kotorska, the images of the remains of one of them were displayed online. The 2002 estimate for military expenditures as percent of GDP was 4. 6%, significant reforms were undertaken in the military of Serbia and Montenegro. In 2002 the Serbo-Montenegrin Military force numbered around 100,000 soldiers, the 100,000 strong Army had 1,500 main battle tanks and 687 armed infantry vehicles. The Navy had 3,500 personnel, of whom 900 were marines, the entire Navy was composed totally out of 6 submarines,3 frigates,41 patrol & coastal ships and 14 other vessels. The Air force 14,000 personnel had 192 combat aircraft and 72 armed helicopters. 6% The VSCG was part of MONUC, the VSCG was also part of UNAMSIL, the UN mission into Sierra Leone. Last chief of staff of the Military of Serbia and Montenegro was general Ljubiša Jokić
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Academic health science centre
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An academic health science centre is a partnership between one or more universities and healthcare providers focusing on research, clinical services, education and training. AHSCs are intended to ensure that medical research breakthroughs lead to direct benefits for patients. The organisational structures that comprise an AHSC can take a variety of forms, ranging from simple partnerships to, AHSCs currently in operation in Canada include, Hamilton Health Sciences Health Sciences North Only trauma center in Northern Ontario and the neighbouring province of Manitoba. Four more AHSCs have subsequently been established in the UK and one is planned, funding mainly comes from NHS and work was already in hand to identify the funding when expressions of interest were solicited. When contracts were signed with NHS in 2013, AHSCs shared among themselves around £60 million of funding
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Subdivisions of Belgrade
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The city of Belgrade is divided into 17 city municipalities. Most of the municipalities are situated on the side of the Danube and Sava rivers. Three municipalities are on the bank of the Sava, in the Syrmia region. An urban municipality is a part of the territory of the City of Belgrade, the bodies of the urban municipality are, Municipal Assembly Municipal Council The number of councilors in the Municipal Assembly ranges from 19 to 75 councilors. The District Council Chairman presides over the Municipal Assembly, and he/she is a chairperson of the Municipal Council, the Municipal Assembly elects the District Council Chairman among the municipal councilors. The Municipal Council is composed of the District Council Chairman, Deputy District Council Chairman, the Municipal Council members are elected by the Municipal Assembly among both councilors and citizens further to the proposal by the District Council Chairman. List of Belgrade neighborhoods and suburbs List of former and proposed municipalities of Belgrade Municipalities of Serbia Standing Conference of Towns and Municipalities
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Barajevo
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Barajevo is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 27,110 inhabitants, the urban settlement of Barajevo is still statistically classified as a rural. It is growing by even higher rate than the municipality as a whole and it is located east of the Parcanski vis hill, northern part of the Kosmaj mountain, in the valley of the Beljanica river, a tributary to the Turija river. Municipality is located in the low part of Šumadija, southeast of the Belgrade, two major traffic routes, the Ibar Highway and the railway Belgrade-Bar, are passing through the municipal territory. Ethnic structure, Serbs 94, 5%, Romani 0, 8%, Montenegrins 0, municipality was created in 1956 and immediately became administratively part of the wider Belgrade area. In 1957 a nearby municipality of Beljina was annexed to Barajevo, being an agricultural area, Barajevo has a mill, large orchard farm, a veterinarian station and the hunting & forestry company of Lipovička šuma. Wheat, barley, oats and corn are being grown, industry is based on the small construction and electronic companies and the ball bearing factory. Barajevo is outside major roads, but it is located on the Belgrade-Bar railway, the settlement itself was further away, but as it grew, it reached the railway. Cultural festival, the Barlet, is held annually, artificial lake Duboki potok is located near the Barajevo, with the large weekend-settlement. First mention of the name Barajevo is from the 16th century, the popular story that the settlement got its name from the multitude of springs in this area is probably not true. Also, the reality TV show The Farm is captured in the village of Lisović, subdivisions of Belgrade List of Belgrade neighborhoods and suburbs Mala Prosvetina Enciklopedija, Third edition, Prosveta, ISBN 86-07-00001-2 Jovan Đ
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Grocka
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Grocka is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has 83,907 inhabitants, with an altitude of 71 meters above sea level, the town of Grocka is one of the lowest parts of Belgrade. Other rivers in the municipality are Bolečica and Gročica, the municipality of Grocka covers an area of 289 km² and includes 15 settlements, all of which are statistically classified as rural, except for the municipal seat of Grocka, which is urban. The small town of Grocka is located on the bank of the Danube. Despite being seat of the municipality, in term of population, it is only the fourth largest settlement in the municipality, after Kaluđerica, Vrčin, neighborhoods of Vrčin, The municipality has a population of 83,907 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census results. The population boomed in the last 30 years, increasing the number of inhabitants, as in other similar areas surrounding Belgrade, the rapid population growth has not followed by the equal development of infrastructure. The ethnic structure is, as of the 2002 census, Serbs 94, 7%, Montenegrins 0, 8%, Romani 0, 6%, Ethnic Macedonians 0, in both demographic and economic terms, the municipality is sharply divided into two opposing parts. The Microclimate is perfect for the growing and grapevines, so the area east of Boleč is one of the best known fruit growing area in Serbia. Conditions are especially good for growing peaches, apricots, plums, of the other agricultural products, wheat is the most important. The experimental farm of Radmilovac is located near Vinča, as a section of the University of Belgrade Faculty of Agriculture, at the moment, Radmilovac is being expanded as an experimental ground for future agricultural production. Also, several mills are located in Grocka and Vinča, apart from that, the textile industry is also important, while hundreds of small family-owned factories and workshops are located in the settlements in the western part of the municipality. Some major traffic routes, like the Smederevski put and both the railway and highway Belgrade-Niš, pass through the municipal territory. Also, there are several docks in the settlements on the Danube with the prospect of a marina to be built in Grocka in the next few years. Other important facilities in the municipality are the Geomagnetic observatory in Brestovik, Nuclear Institute, tourism is the most developed part the municipal economy. Almost every village has its own festival and three weekend-settlements are located in Grocka, on the bank of the Danube. The womens monastery of Rajinovac in Begaljica, the marina and aqua park in Grocka. The municipality of Grocka became part of the wider Belgrade City area in 1955, in 1957 with the dissolution of the Mali Mokri Lug municipality, the eastern section were attached to Grocka. In the early 1960s, the municipalities of Umčari and Vrčin were disbanded and incorporated into the municipality of Grocka as well, since the elections in 2000, Grocka became the most politically turbulent of all Belgrade municipalities
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Lazarevac
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Lazarevac is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade. Its name stems from the name of medieval Prince Lazar Hrebeljanovic, as of 2011, the town has a total population of 25,526 inhabitants, while the municipal area has a total of 58,622 inhabitants. In 1971, the municipality of Lazarevac, along with Mladenovac, was annexed to the city of Belgrade, the municipality of Lazarevac has a total population of 58,622 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census results. Lazarevac is the home to the Serbian largest coal mining and smelting complex RB Kolubara, in Baroševac on the bank of the Kolubara grow a grove of giant sequoia trees which were brought from California to be studied and planted in Europe. The trees had reached a height of 30m as of 2011. Subdivisions of Belgrade List of Belgrade neighbourhoods and suburbs Municipality of Lazarevac City of Lazarevac City of Lazarevac official maps
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Mladenovac
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Mladenovac is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 53,050 inhabitants and its name stems from word youth in Serbian language. After the legend the emergence of the name is brought in connection with a man named Mladen, the brothers separated and the place, where Mladen had established himself, was called Mladenovac. The first official data over a settlement in this area are mentioned in the Ottoman census of 1528, the day of the urban district is 2 August, when Mladenovac was given the status of a town in 1893. In 1971, the municipality of Mladenovac, along with Lazarevac, was annexed to the city of Belgrade and this town, situated about 47 km in the south of Belgrade, is a part of the district of the capital city of Serbia. Kosmaj with its altitude of 628 m is the highest point in this region, on the top of this mountain there is a monument in remembrance to the numerous Serbs who have fallen during World War II battles in this area. Between the city central and the mountain Kosmaj you can find a monastery Tresije, Mladenovac is also a crossing point of many trading and transporting routes such as Belgrade, Kragujevac, Aranđelovac, Smederevo, Smederevska Palanka. Suburban, According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 53,096 inhabitants, most of the inhabitants of Mladenovac are working in the industrial factories. Keramika, Petar Drapšin, Progres, Minel trafo, Elektrošumadija, Cobest, the biggest primary school is Momcilo Zivojinovic with over 2000 pupils. Second in size is Sveti Sava primary school, there is also a primary school Kosta Đukić in Mladenovac. Also in Mladenovac exist 8 primary schools and 2 secondary schools and it has a long history, educating many pupils and having many teachers work in it. Every one of them left a trace in the schools history, the primary school Kosta Đukić was founded in 1968. Its pupils have shown good results in mathematics, chemistry. It is one of three schools in Mladenovac and its nearby Selters Institute for Rehabilitation. This school has classes in villages Međulužje, Pružatovac, Markovac, Koraćica. The school in Koraćica has existed for over 150 years, the school is very successful in many fields. Its pupils in recent years have shown good results in various republic, the school also has a lot of playgrounds for basketball, football, etc. The Grammar School in Mladenovac is very successful in Serbian and history, subdivisions of Belgrade List of Belgrade neighborhoods and suburbs Municipality of Mladenovac
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New Belgrade
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New Belgrade is an urban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities that constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It is Central business district in Serbia and one of major in Southeast Europe, in the was planned municipality, built since 1948 in a previously uninhabited area on the left bank of the Sava River, opposite the old Belgrade. With 212,104 inhabitants, it is the second most populous municipality of Serbia after Novi Sad, the first record of human settlement on the territory of todays New Belgrade dates back to Ottoman rule. The book Kruševski pomenik, published in 1713, notes the existence of a Serb village called Bežanija as early as 1512 and it also mentions the village had 32 houses, a number that grew to 115 by the year 1810. Between two world wars of the 20th century, communities sprung up closer to Sava River in Staro Sajmište, in 1924 Petar Kokotović opened a kafana on Tošin Bunar with the prophetic name Novi Beograd. After 1945 Kokotović was president of the community of Novo Naselje–Bežanija which later grew into the municipality of Novi Beograd. In 1924 an airport was built in Bežanija and in 1928 the Rogožerski factory was constructed, a bridge was also built over the Sava River and a tram line connecting Belgrade and Zemun was established. Also, a Zemun airport was built, in 1938, a complex of buildings in the community of Staro Sajmište went up. Spread over 15 thousand square metres it hosted fairs and exhibitions designed to show off the Kingdom of Yugoslavias developing economy, also this year, the municipality of Belgrade signed a contract with two Danish construction companies, Kampsax and Højgaard & Schultz, to build the new neighbourhood. Engineer Branislav Nešić was entrusted with leading the project and he even continued his involvement on the project after 1941 when the Nazis conquered, occupied, and dismembered the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Because of this, the new communist authorities who came to power after 1945 put Nešić on trial as a collaborator, in 1941, German forces occupied much of the Kingdom. Nazi secret police, Gestapo, took over the fairgrounds and they encircled it with several rings of barbed wire turning it into a collection centre. It eventually became an extermination camp, until May 1942 it was mostly used to kill off Jews from Belgrade and other parts of Serbia, and from April 1942 onwards, it also held political prisoners. Executions of captured prisoners lasted as long as the camp existed, november 1946 report released by the Yugoslav State Commission for Crimes of Occupiers and their Collaborators claims that close to 100,000 prisoners came through the Sajmištes gates. It is estimated that around 48,000 people perished inside the camp. It was on April 11,1948, three years after World War II ended, that the ground was broken on a construction project. Buildings sprung up one another and by 1952, New Belgrade was officially a municipality. In 1955 the municipality of Bežanija was annexed to New Belgrade and it was for years the biggest construction site in Federal Peoples Republic of Yugoslavia and a huge source of pride for countrys communist authorities that oversaw the project
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Obrenovac
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Obrenovac is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 71,419 inhabitants, the largest Serbian thermal power plant TPP Nikola Tesla is located on the outskirts of the municipality. Obrenovac was also submerged and completely evacuated during the 2014 Southeast Europe floods, Obrenovac is situated 30 km south-west of central Belgrade near bends of the river Sava to the north. The river Kolubara flows to the east of the town on its way to join the Sava, total land area of the municipality of Obrenovac is 411 km2. Apart from the town, it consists of the villages, Some of the neighborhoods in the town are Topolice, Rojkovac, Dudovi, Rvati, Muzička kolonija, Sljivice, Belo polje, Gaj. In the Middle Ages, the area was part of Serbian states, king of Srem Dragutin Nemanjić ruled it between 1282 and 1319, and established monasteries in Grabovac and Mislođin. In 1521, it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire, who ruled it for the next 300 years, subsequently, it was site of numerous battles in frequent Ottoman–Habsburg wars and often changed hands. Austrian Regent of Serbia Charles Alexander, Duke of Württemberg built a house in nearby village of Stubline. On 11 April 1815, during the Second Serbian Uprising, the town was burned to the ground by Serbian forces in a battle against Ottomans and it was restored in 1859 by prince of Serbia Miloš Obrenović, after whom it was named. The Municipality of Obrenovac was incorporated within community of Belgrade municipalities in 1957, the Day of the Municipality is December 20, the date of the decree of Prince Miloš Obrenović by which the name of Obrenovac was instituted, and its patron day is the Holy Trinity. Obrenovac was Serbian town which suffered the greatest damage by the floods in May 2014. Most of the population has been evacuated to safety, sudden surge of water from Kolubara river on May 15 devastated the town, killing at least 14 persons, with several persons still missing. Largest Serbian thermal power plant TPP Nikola Tesla is located on the outskirts of the town, there is a green market in the centre of the town, and also flea market to the south of the town on the Valjevo road. The most famous club from Obrenovac is FK Radnički Obrenovac. The oldest school in the town is next to Topolice. It carries the name of Jovan Popović, the school was built by Miloš Obrenović. Obrenovac High School Three bus lines connect Obrenovac with Belgrade,860, 860E and 861A
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Palilula, Belgrade
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Palilula is an urban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It has the largest area of all municipalities of Belgrade, the core of Palilula is close to the center of the city, but the municipality also includes sparsely populated land left of the Danube. Palilula is located east of Terazije in downtown Belgrade, several small local communities which make up this area had a combined population of 14,896 in 2002. The neighborhood originated in the first half of the 18th century, the settlement, built as an outer suburb of Belgrade, was originally named Karlstadt and was known for agriculture and skilled crafts. In the early 19th century, it became populated by the Serbs. However, in the late 19th century Palilula became part of the continuously built-up area of Belgrade, the neighborhood was mostly residential, with commercial facilities closer to the center of Belgrade. The name Palilula comes from the expression pali lulu which in English means light a pipe. In the late summer and early autumn when all the crops had been harvested, another explanation comes from the time of Prince Miloš Obrenovićs rule, he banned smoking in Belgrade so people could only smoke outside the city gates. The area of Palilula is generally the north of Belgrade and it is the northernmost of all Belgrades municipalities and the easternmost of all urban municipalities. It is located on banks of the Danube, which divides it in two, Šumadija section and Banat section. Šumadija section borders the municipalities of Stari Grad to the west, Vračar and Zvezdara to the south and it also has a river border on the Danube to the province of Vojvodina. Banat section has no borders to the other Belgrade municipalities. The Danube also forms a western border to the rest of the Syrmia region in Vojvodina. On the extreme north, Palilula borders the municipality of Zrenjanin, Šumadija section marks the northernmost point of Šumadija with Karaburma headland extending into the Danube. The prominent features in part are the hills of Karaburma and Milićevo brdo, the spa of Višnjička Banja. Banat section is the southwestern part of Banat region, known as Pančevački Rit. An island of Kožara is located on the Danube, and is the starting point of the planned, much larger. The spa of Ovčanska Banja is also located here, the area close to the Danube is heavily forested
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Rakovica, Belgrade
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Rakovica is an urban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has 108,641 inhabitants, the first settlement on the territory of present Rakovica was mentioned in the Ottoman 1560 population census as a village called Vlaha. Tradition has it that the place got its name after the crayfish, the first mention of the monastery, already under the name of Rakovica, was from the 17th century. The village gradually turned into a suburb and then the neighborhood of Belgrade, according to the 1981 census, the neighborhood of Rakovica had a population of 17,871, about one fifth of the municipal population. However, the community was later split into several smaller ones. Municipality of Rakovica was created in 1952, after the division of Belgrade into districts ended. In 1960 the municipality was annexed to the neighboring Čukarica, the Day of the Municipality is October 14, the patron day of the Shroud of the Most Holy Virgin. During NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia, Rakovica was the only Belgrade municipality, that has been targeted almost every night, the most heavy attacks suffered the hill Strazevica, as well as Monastery forest, most probably because anti-aircraft was located there. Although not whole Rakovica was under attacks, the largest part of the municipality suffered the collateral damage. It is bordered by the municipalities of Savski Venac on the north, Voždovac on the west and Čukarica on the east and its neighborhood of Resnik marks the southernmost point of the Belgrade City Proper. Rakovica is located in the valley of the Topčiderka river, where the brook of Rakovički potok flows into the river Sava, 9-10 kilometers from Terazije, downtown Belgrade. The neighborhood developed between two large woods, Košutnjak on the north and Manastirska šuma, on the south, north of the Rakovica monastery. It is bordered by the neighborhoods of Kanarevo Brdo on the north-east, Miljakovac on the east, Kneževac on the south and Vidikovac and Skojevsko Naselje on the west. As in many cases, the boundaries between the neighborhoods are not firmly set, so in some parts Rakovica overlaps with Kneževac or Miljakovac, for example. The neighborhood of Selo Rakovica is some 6-7 kilometers further to the east, Rakovica covers an area of 31.8 square kilometers. The municipality mostly lies in the valley of the Topčiderka river, there are numerous other streams in the area, most of which flow into the Topčiderka, Rakovički potok, Jelezovac, Zmajevac, Pariguz, Kijevski potok, etc. Central and northern sections of the municipalities are wooded areas, according to the 2011 census population of municipality was 108,641 inhabitants. Previously one of the urban Belgrades municipalities with highest population growth, however, Rakovica remains one of the most densely populated municipalities of Belgrade with 3,504 inhabitants per square kilometer
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Savski Venac
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Savski Venac is an urban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. According to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 39,122 inhabitants and it is one of the three municipalities which constitute the very center of Belgrade, together with Stari Grad and Vračar. Savski Venac is located on the bank of the Sava river. It stretches in the direction for 6 kilometers and east-west direction for 3 kilometers. It borders the municipalities of Stari Grad to the north, Vračar to the north-east, Voždovac to the east, Rakovica to the south, with an area of 14 square kilometers, Savski Venac is the third smallest municipality of Belgrade after Vračar and Stari Grad. Despite being small in area, it includes several diverse geographical features, due to its low altitude toward the Sava, and lack of any protection, this is the only part of central urban area of Belgrade that gets flooded during the extremely high waters of the river. It was almost completely flooded in 1984 and during floods in 2006. Southern slopes of the hill of Terazije which descends from downtown Belgrade to the Sava, entire western slope of the Vračar Hill which also descends to the Sava. the former valley of the stream od Mokroluški Potok, now conducted underground. It is a route to the highway and the new railstation of Prokop. The hill of Topčidersko Brdo which has a cliff-like edge above the Sava. the hill of Banjica in the south of the municipality. The upper valley of Topčiderska reka and the vast park-forest of Topčider, according to the census of 2011, Savski Venac has a population of 39,122 inhabitants. As all the central city municipalities, it has been depopulating for decades, however, it still remains one of the most densely populated,2. Savski Venac constitutes the section of the downtown Belgrade
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Sopot, Belgrade
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Sopot is a suburban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. Its name derives from the old Slavic word for spring, according to the 2011 census results, the municipality has a population of 20,199 inhabitants. It is located near the mountain Kosmaj, the municipality has a large primary and economics high school, one of the largest in the Balkans. Sopot has a club called the Wolves from Kosmaj and a basketball club. Subdivisions of Belgrade List of Belgrade neighborhoods and suburbs www. sopot. org. rs official web site of city Sopot www. ffs. rs International movie festival Sopot, www. kosmaj. info unofficial web site of city Sopot
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Stari Grad, Belgrade
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Stari Grad is an urban neighborhood and one of 17 city municipalities which constitute the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. It encompasses some of the oldest sections of urban Belgrade, thus the name, Stari Grad is one of the three municipalities that occupy the very center of Belgrade, together with Savski Venac and Vračar. The neighborhood of Stari Grad is not generally considered by the Belgraders as one single definitive neighborhood, downtown Belgrade is most populated area which makes it the heart of the city, it spreads from Terazije down to Despot Stefan Boulevard. Tasmajdan neighborhood is along with Šipka the on the east side of Stari grad next to municipality of Palilula, despite some of the oldest sections of Belgrade belong to Stari Grad, the municipality itself is among the latest urban ones formed administratively. It was formed by the merger of the municipality of Skadarlija, with Novi Beograd, it is one of 2 municipalities of Belgrade which occupy the banks of both major rivers in Belgrade, the Sava and the Danube. The municipality of Stari Grad covers an area of just 7 square kilometers and borders the municipalities of Paliula on the east, Vračar on the south-east and Savski Venac on the south. The Sava makes a border to the municipality of Novi Beograd and the Danube to the municipalities of Zemun, the riverside of the Danube has two distinct artificial bays, the small marina and the Port of Belgrade. There were 48,450 inhabitants according to the 2011 census or 6, 921/km2, compared to a population of 96,517 with a density of 13, 788/km2 back in 1971. Despite being in the downtown and densely populated urban section. Subdivisions of Belgrade List of Belgrade neighborhoods and suburbs Municipality of Stari Grad Stari Grad information at the official Belgrade website
