1.
Seattle
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Seattle is a seaport city on the west coast of the United States and the seat of King County, Washington. With an estimated 684,451 residents as of 2015, Seattle is the largest city in both the state of Washington and the Pacific Northwest region of North America. In July 2013, it was the major city in the United States. The city is situated on an isthmus between Puget Sound and Lake Washington, about 100 miles south of the Canada–United States border, a major gateway for trade with Asia, Seattle is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2015. The Seattle area was inhabited by Native Americans for at least 4,000 years before the first permanent European settlers. Arthur A. Denny and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the Denny Party, arrived from Illinois via Portland, the settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay and named Seattle in 1852, after Chief Siahl of the local Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. Logging was Seattles first major industry, but by the late-19th century, growth after World War II was partially due to the local Boeing company, which established Seattle as a center for aircraft manufacturing. The Seattle area developed as a technology center beginning in the 1980s, in 1994, Internet retailer Amazon was founded in Seattle. The stream of new software, biotechnology, and Internet companies led to an economic revival, Seattle has a noteworthy musical history. From 1918 to 1951, nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current Chinatown/International District, to the Central District, the jazz scene developed the early careers of Ray Charles, Quincy Jones, Ernestine Anderson, and others. Seattle is also the birthplace of rock musician Jimi Hendrix and the alternative rock subgenre grunge, archaeological excavations suggest that Native Americans have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years. By the time the first European settlers arrived, the people occupied at least seventeen villages in the areas around Elliott Bay, the first European to visit the Seattle area was George Vancouver, in May 1792 during his 1791–95 expedition to chart the Pacific Northwest. In 1851, a party led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the Duwamish River. Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party, members of the Denny Party claimed land on Alki Point on September 28,1851. The rest of the Denny Party set sail from Portland, Oregon, after a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day Pioneer Square, naming this new settlement Duwamps. For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, david Swinson Doc Maynard, one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after Chief Sealth of the Duwamish and Suquamish tribes. The name Seattle appears on official Washington Territory papers dated May 23,1853, in 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14,1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a board of managing the city
2.
Heavy metal music
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Heavy metal is a genre of rock music that developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, largely in the United Kingdom and the United States. Heavy metal lyrics and performance styles are associated with aggression. The first heavy metal such as Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath. During the mid-1970s, Judas Priest helped spur the evolution by discarding much of its blues influence, Motörhead introduced a punk rock sensibility. Beginning in the late 1970s, bands in the new wave of British heavy metal such as Iron Maiden, before the end of the decade, heavy metal fans became known as metalheads or headbangers. During the 1980s, glam metal became popular with such as Mötley Crüe. Since the mid-1990s popular styles have further expanded the definition of the genre and these include groove metal and nu metal, the latter of which often incorporates elements of grunge and hip hop. Heavy metal is characterized by loud distorted guitars, emphatic rhythms, dense bass-and-drum sound. Metal subgenres variously emphasize, alter, or omit one or more of these attributes, the typical band lineup includes a drummer, a bassist, a rhythm guitarist, a lead guitarist, and a singer, who may or may not be an instrumentalist. Keyboard instruments are used to enhance the fullness of the sound. Deep Purples Jon Lord played an overdriven Hammond organ, in 1970, John Paul Jones used a Moog synthesizer on Led Zeppelin III, by the 1990s, in. almost every subgenre of heavy metal synthesizers were used. The electric guitar and the power that it projects through amplification has historically been the key element in heavy metal. The heavy metal guitar sound comes from a use of high volumes. Guitar solos are an element of the heavy metal code. That underscores the significance of the guitar to the genre, most heavy metal songs featur at least one guitar solo, which is a primary means through which the heavy metal performer expresses virtuosity. One exception is nu metal bands, which tend to omit guitar solos, with rhythm guitar parts, the heavy crunch sound in heavy metal. Palm muting the strings with the hand and using distortion. Palm muting creates a tighter, more sound and it emphasizes the low end
3.
Culprit (band)
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Culprit is a heavy metal band first formed in Seattle, Washington in 1981 by vocalist Jeff LHeureux, guitarists John DeVol and Kjartan Kristoffersen, bassist Scott Earl, and drummer Bud Burrill. Their debut album Guilty as Charged was first released through Shrapnel Records in 1983, the band broke up in 1985 and each of its members moved on to other endeavors. In 2010, Scott Earl announced that he and John DeVol were reuniting the band with a new lineup, since then, they have announced plans to release a long-awaited second studio album as well as a live rendition of their debut album simply titled Guilty as Charged. Live. Culprit was the result of a merger between two Seattle area bands named Orpheus and Amethyst in 1981, guitarist John DeVol, bassist Scott Earl, and drummer Bud Burrill played in Orpheus while vocalist Jeff L’Heureux and guitarist Kjartan Kristoffersen were in Amethyst. These five musicians first came together when their bands played at a mutual gig according to their MySpace page. They later got together with plans on forming a new band and this new band got their first taste of success in 1982 when their debut song “Players” was selected on Shrapnel Records’ U. S. Metal, Vol.2 compilation. Shortly afterward, Culprit signed a recording contract with Shrapnel. In 1983, Culprit released their first and only album thus far Guilty as Charged to much critical acclaim. Eduardo Rivadavia of Allmusic gave the four and a half stars, calling it “a lost gem of American metal from the 1980s. The band broke up in late 1985 due to a lack of management, following the break-up, L’Heureux became lead vocalist for the band Mistrust while Kristoffersen and Earl joined the band TKO, appearing on their third album Below the Belt. In 2000, Guilty as Charged was re-released on CD for the first time through Hellion Records, the original lineup has reunited on various occasions for one-off shows, most recently in 2001. In 2005, they released an album of rarities titled Innocent ‘Til Proven Guilty. In 2010, Scott Earl announced plans to reunite the band on their official website, Studio albums Compilation albums Other appearances Culprit on Myspace
4.
My Sister's Machine
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My Sisters Machine was an American grunge band from Seattle, Washington, formed in 1989. Its members were Nick Pollock, Owen Wright, Chris Ivanovich and this band recorded and released two albums, Diva and Wallflower, before they broke up in 1994. They reunited in 2010 to headline the Layne Staley Tribute and Benefit Concert that year as Pollock had previously played guitar in an incarnation of Alice in Chains that also included Staley. They recorded one album called Spin the World, which was released on CD in 2009 by Heart of Steel Records and this band did an extensive amount of touring before they broke up in 1988. Meanwhile, Nick Pollock played guitar in a metal band called Alice N Chains. The band recorded two demos and toured throughout the Seattle area for one year before they broke up on friendly terms in 1987. After the demise of their previous bands, Pollock joined Wright, since none of the other members had ever been a lead singer, Pollock got the job by default as he was also their primary lyricist. In 1990, My Sisters Machine received the Best New Band award from the Northwest Music Association and they continued to garner much interest from the major record labels but ultimately chose to sign with a smaller label Caroline Records. In 1992, they released their album, Diva to much critical acclaim. Steve Kurutz of Allmusic gave the four and a half stars. Still, Lonn Friend who did a segment called Friend at Large on Headbangers Ball on MTV. He also wore their shirt for two weeks on the show, the band later thanked Friend for his support in the liner notes of their next album Wallflower. Over the next year they did a tour with Pantera and White Zombie and they toured the United States and Europe. They did in-studio interviews on Headbangers Ball promoting their video on MTV for their single and they also co-headlined a tour with Pantera. In 1993, they moved to Chameleon a division of Elektra Entertainment and they toured the United States with Kings X. Just a couple months after releasing the album, Elektra Entertainment folded the Chameleon division dropping all bands that were signed leaving the album, after a string of bad luck, My Sisters Machine split up in 1994. Since the break-up of My Sisters Machine, Nick Pollock has fronted the bands Tanks of Zen and Soulbender, the latter also features longtime Queensrÿche guitarist Michael Wilton. Meanwhile, Wright has played guitar in a band called Old Lady Litterbug and Gohde has played drums for a band called Hot Rod Lunatics and Call for the Priest, the latter is a Judas Priest cover band
5.
Mistrust (band)
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Mistrust was a heavy metal band formed in Seattle, Washington in 1984. This band primarily consisted of vocalist Jeff LHeureux, guitarists Owen Wright and Michael Winston, bassist Tim Wolfe and they recorded one album in their brief existence called Spin the World, which was originally released through C. O. M. A. Records in 1986 and again through Heart of Steel Records in 2009, before joining Mistrust, vocalist Jeff L’Heureux was involved in a band called Culprit, which was first formed in 1981. They recorded one album in 1983 called Guilty as Charged. Winston and Wolfe left Rottweiler shortly afterwards to join guitarist Owen Wright, drummer Chris Gohde, when asked why they chose Mistrust as their band name, Gohde replied, I forget who came up with the name, but I think Owen did. We thought there was a lot of mistrust in the world so kind just went with it, things began to fall apart with Wells prompting the rest of the band to search for a different vocalist as they continued to hone their craft. Eventually, Jeff LHeureux agreed to out and sing on their demo. In 1985, Mistrust recorded a song with LHeureux as a member called Running for My Life. When Culprit broke up following the departure of guitarist Kjartan Kristofferson and bassist Scott Earl, a year later, they released their first full-length album Spin the World, which was released through C. O. M. A. The release of this brought them opening gigs with Alice Cooper, Stryper. However, the failed to sell enough and things began to fall apart again culminating with Winstons departure from the group in 1987. Former Culprit guitarist Kjartan Kristofferson took his place for a brief period and they recorded two albums, Diva and Wallflower, before breaking up in 1994. In 2009, Mistrust reunited at the Feedback Lounge in West Seattle to celebrate the CD release of Spin the World through Heart of Steel Records, Chris Gohde - drums Jeff LHeureux - vocals Michael Winston - guitar Tim Wolfe - bass Owen Wright - guitar
6.
Metal Church
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Metal Church is an American heavy metal band. They originally formed in San Francisco, California in 1980 before relocating to Aberdeen, Washington the following year and their eponymous debut album was released in 1984, and their latest, XI, was released in 2016. Early lyrical topics such as conflict and paranoia later expanded into philosophical and social commentary, founding guitarist Kurdt Vanderhoof remained the groups sole consistent creative force throughout its career, despite reducing his role strictly to composition in 1986 after tiring of performing. After releasing five albums and touring extensively throughout the 1980s and early 1990s. They reformed three years later with their lineup, including Vanderhoofs return to performance, resulting in the Masterpeace album. They endured numerous lineup changes thereafter, releasing three studio albums while fronted by Ronny Munroe before disbanding once again in July 2009. The group once again reunited in October 2012, and released their studio album Generation Nothing a year later. Following Munroes departure in the fall of 2014, Howe rejoined Metal Church in April 2015 at Vanderhoofs request, then based in San Francisco, Kurdt Vanderhoof formed the band in 1980 with various musicians. This era included an audition period with future Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich. The three-song, instrumental Red Skies demo appeared in 1981, featuring Vanderhoof, guitarist Rick Condrin, bassist Steve Hott, and drummer Aaron Zimpel. Vanderhoof returned to his hometown of Aberdeen in 1981 and began the new group Shrapnel with Craig Wells, Duke Erickson, drummer Tom Weber, Murphy departed before their next demo, which was recorded without vocals, and Weber departed shortly thereafter. The enlistment of Kirk Arrington and David Wayne completed the classic lineup. They released the demo Four Hymns and spent following years touring and accruing material, in 1984, they released their self-titled debut album, which included three songs from the Four Hymns demo and a cover of Deep Purples Highway Star. They sold 70,000 copies of the album independently before signing to Elektra, according to Wayne, Ulrich and Metallica bandmate James Hetfield urged Elektra to sign the band before another label did. By the time Metal Church released their studio album, The Dark, in 1986. The Dark was a success, helped by the fact that the bands first music video, Watch the Children Pray. Vanderhoof nonetheless continued to work with the group in composing thereafter, Wayne also departed shortly thereafter and was replaced by former Heretic singer Mike Howe. With Howe, the released their third studio album, Blessing in Disguise
7.
Alice in Chains
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Alice in Chains is an American rock band formed in Seattle, Washington, in 1987 by guitarist and songwriter Jerry Cantrell and original lead vocalist Layne Staley. The initial lineup was rounded out by drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr, although widely associated with grunge music, the bands sound incorporates heavy metal elements. Since its formation, Alice in Chains has released five studio albums, the band is known for its distinctive vocal style, which often included the harmonized vocals of Staley and Cantrell. Alice in Chains rose to fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s, along with other Seattle bands such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam. The band was one of the most successful acts of the 1990s, selling over 20 million records worldwide. In 1992 the bands album, Dirt, was released to critical acclaim and was certified quadruple platinum. Their third album, Alice in Chains, was released in 1995 and has been certified double platinum and it achieved No.1 position on the Billboard 200 chart. The band has had 14 top ten songs on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, although never officially disbanding, Alice in Chains was plagued by extended inactivity from 1996 onwards due to Staleys substance abuse, which resulted in his death in 2002. The band reunited in 2005 for a benefit show, performing with a number of guest vocalists. They toured in 2006, with William DuVall taking over as lead vocalist full-time, the new line-up released the bands fourth studio album, Black Gives Way to Blue, in 2009. The album received gold certification by the RIAA, in 2013, the band released The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here, its fifth studio album. The band has toured extensively and released videos in support of these albums. Alice in Chains is currently working on their studio album. Other members of this group at that time were guitarists Johnny Bacolas and Zoli Semanate, drummer James Bergstrom and this was prompted by a conversation that Bacolas had with a singer from another band about backstage passes. Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell while working with Alice N Chains at Music Bank rehearsal studios, the two struggling musicians became roommates, living in a rehearsal space they shared. Alice N Chains soon disbanded, and Staley joined a band that also required a guitarist at the time. Staley asked Cantrell to join as a sideman, Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join Cantrells band, which at the time included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr. Local promoter Randy Hauser became aware of the band at a concert, however, one day before the band was due to record at the Music Bank studio in Washington, police shut down the studio during the biggest cannabis raid in the history of the state
8.
Alice Cooper
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Alice Cooper is an American singer, songwriter, and actor whose career spans over five decades. He has drawn equally from horror films, vaudeville, and garage rock to pioneer a macabre, the band reached their commercial peak with the 1973 album Billion Dollar Babies. Furnier adopted the name as his own name in the 1970s. In 2011, he released Welcome 2 My Nightmare, his 19th album as a solo artist, in 2011, the original Alice Cooper band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage, with The Rolling Stone Album Guide calling him the worlds most beloved heavy metal entertainer. Away from music, Cooper is an actor, a golfing celebrity, a restaurateur, and, since 2004. Cooper was born in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Ella Mae and his father was a preacher in The Church of Jesus Christ headquartered in Monongahela, Pennsylvania. He has English, Huguenot French, Irish, Scottish, and he was named after his uncle, Vincent Collier Furnier, and the writer Damon Runyon. His paternal grandfather, Thurman Sylvester Furnier, was an apostle in the Church of Jesus Christ, Cooper was active in his church at the ages of 11 and 12. While growing up in Detroit, Cooper attended Washington Elementary School, in 1964, 16-year-old Furnier was eager to participate in the local annual Lettermans talent show, so he gathered fellow cross-country teammates to form a group for the show. Because they did not know how to play any instruments at the time, they dressed up like the Beatles and mimed their performance to Beatles songs. As a result of winning the talent show and loving the experience of being onstage and they soon renamed themselves The Spiders, featuring Furnier on vocals, Glen Buxton on lead guitar, John Tatum on rhythm guitar, Dennis Dunaway on bass guitar, and John Speer on drums. Musically, the group was inspired by such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, the Kinks, the Doors. For the next year the band performed regularly around the Phoenix area with a huge black spiders web as their backdrop, in 1965, the Spiders recorded their first single, Why Dont You Love Me, with Furnier learning the harmonica for the song. The singles B-side track was the Marvin Gaye Tamla Records hit Hitch Hike, the single was recorded at Copper State Recording Studio and issued by local micro-imprint Santa Cruz Records. By 1967, the band had begun to make regular trips to Los Angeles to play shows. They soon renamed themselves Nazz and released the single Wonder Whos Lovin Her Now, backed with future Alice Cooper track Lay Down and Die, around this time, drummer John Speer was replaced by Neal Smith. By the end of the year, the band had relocated to Los Angeles, in 1968, the band learned that Todd Rundgren also had a band called Nazz, and found themselves in need of another stage name
9.
Stryper
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Stryper is an American Christian metal band from Orange County, California. The groups lineup consists of Michael Sweet, Oz Fox, Tim Gaines, in 2004, Gaines left the band and was replaced by Tracy Ferrie but rejoined in 2009. Formed in 1983 as Roxx Regime, the band changed their musical message to reflect their Christian beliefs. They went on to become the first overtly Christian heavy metal band to gain acceptance in the mainstream, in 1983, they signed with major label Enigma Records and released their debut album The Yellow and Black Attack. In the mid-1980s, Stryper enjoyed their most successful period beginning with the release of To Hell with the Devil, Stryper went on to release two more gold albums before breaking up in 1992. In 2003, Stryper came out of retirement for a reunion tour, the name Stryper derives from the King James Version of the Bible. But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities, the chastisement of our peace was upon him, the reference, Isaiah 53,5, is frequently included as part of their logo. Strypers drummer, Robert Sweet, also created a backronym for their name, salvation through redemption, yielding peace, encouragement, the Sweet brothers became Christians in 1975, but began to pull away from their faith. The Sweet brothers rejoined the church after their friend Kenny Metcalf persuaded them to do so, inspired by bands such as Van Halen, but distressed by their message, they sought to form a band that would extol their worldview and beliefs. Stryper was originally known as Roxx Regime and composed of brothers Michael Sweet on lead vocals and lead guitar and Robert Sweet on drums while Eric Johnson played bass, Oz Fox eventually joined the band. Before Oz Fox joined the band, a number of guitarists almost joined Roxx Regime, including Doug Aldrich, the name Stryper was adopted when bassist Tim Gaines joined the band though the label urged the band to change its name. The Bible scripture, from a passage in Isaiah 53,5, shortly afterward, they released the EP The Yellow and Black Attack on July 21,1984. During this period, Stryper opened for bands like Ratt and Bon Jovi, leading some fans, Strypers first full-length album, Soldiers Under Command, released on May 15,1985, was the bands first gold record. Strypers third album, To Hell with the Devil, was released on October 24,1986, in addition to being Strypers most successful record, it was both the first contemporary Christian music and Christian metal album to achieve this feat. Calling on You, Free and Honestly were hugely popular MTV hits in 1987—so much so and they were also the second Christian band to get any airplay on MTV, Degarmo & Key having been the first with their song 666. Honestly is Strypers highest-charting song, peaking at No.23 on the Top 40 charts, the album received a Grammy Award nomination. Michael Sweet is the primary songwriter and has written most of the bands material throughout the years. He is also currently the bands producer, bassist Tim Gaines did not participate in the recording of To Hell with the Devil, and for a short period of time prior to the release of the record he was replaced by Matt Hurich
10.
Loudness (band)
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Loudness is a Japanese heavy metal band formed in 1981 by guitarist Akira Takasaki and drummer Munetaka Higuchi. Despite numerous changes in their roster, the band continued their activities throughout the 1990s and this line-up released a further seven albums until November 30,2008, when original drummer Munetaka Higuchi died from liver cancer at a hospital in Osaka at age 49. He was replaced with Masayuki Suzuki, the band was started by guitarist Akira Takasaki, bassist Hiroyuki Tanaka and drummer Munetaka Higuchi, coming off the split-up of the rock band Lazy in February 1980. The three musicians, Takasaki in particular, were unsatisfied with the direction of their previous band. The rising movement of new Japanese heavy metal acts fit the aspirations, nevertheless, bassist Tanaka soon renounced to be part of the new metal group, searching success in the anime soundtrack business with the band Neverland. Takasaki recruited his childhood friend Masayoshi Yamashita as bass player and, after a few auditions, with this line-up, Loudness signed for the major label Nippon Columbia and recorded their Japanese-language debut album, The Birthday Eve. The flashy shred guitar work of Takasaki and the musicianship of the other band members soon became a trademark of their performances in the studio. In 1983, after recording their third album The Law of Devils Land, they embarked on their first United States tour and they moved to Europe to record their fourth album Disillusion, performing several concerts there, as documented in their second video Eurobounds. As an attempt to break in the scene, the band re-recorded the vocal tracks of the album Disillusion in English language. Finally in 1985, through the management of Twisted Sister co-manager Joe Gerber, such an achievement was the first in Japanese music history for a heavy metal band. Their fifth album, the Max Norman produced Thunder in the East, was recorded in the USA and was very successful. It was their first American release and it peaked at No.74 in the Billboard album chart, relying much on the strength of the single Crazy Nights and their sixth album, Lightning Strikes, was once again produced by Max Norman and charted at No. 64, receiving good reviews and making Loudness a worldwide attraction. The album was released in Japan in a different version, under the name Shadows of War, following this new and apparently chart-rewarding direction, the band lost some of their supportive Japanese fan base, which did not accept the homologation to the US glam metal sound. Their seventh album Hurricane Eyes was released in 1987 worldwide with standard English lyrics, a Japanese version was subsequently released only in Japan later in the year with Niihara singing most of the lyrics in Japanese. The album was produced by the producer and sound engineer Eddie Kramer. The song So Lonely, a version of Ares Lament from the 1984 album Disillusion, was instead produced by Andy Johns. The chosen American vocalist was former Obsession frontman Mike Vescera, Minoru Niihara continued his singing career in Japan as frontman of the metal bands Ded Chaplin, Sly and X. Y. Z. →A, besides releasing a solo album
11.
Layne Staley
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Alice in Chains rose to international fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s. The band became known for Staleys distinct vocal style, as well as the vocals between him and Cantrell. Staley was also a member of the supergroups Mad Season and Class of 99, by mid-1996, Staley was out of the public spotlight, never to perform live again. Staley struggled for much of his life with depression and a drug addiction. Layne Thomas Staley was born to Phillip Blair Phil Staley and Nancy Elizabeth Staley in Kirkland and he was seven years old when his parents divorced, after which he was raised by his mother and stepfather, Jim Elmer. He took his stepfathers name while enrolled in Meadowdale High School in Lynnwood, in late 2001, shortly before his death, he would describe the experience of witnessing his parents divorce, My world became a nightmare, there were just shadows around me. I got a call saying that my dad had died, since that call I always was wondering, Where is my dad. I felt so sad for him and I missed him and he dropped out of my life for 15 years. Staley approached music through his parents collection, listening to Black Sabbath and he began playing drums at age 12, he played in several glam bands in his early teens, but by this point, Staley had aspirations of becoming a singer. In 1984, Staley joined a group of Shorewood High students in a band called Sleze, in 1986, Sleze morphed into Alice N Chains, a band which Staley said dressed in drag and played speed metal. The new band performed around the Seattle area playing Slayer and Armored Saint covers, Staley met guitarist Jerry Cantrell while working at Music Bank rehearsal studios, and the two fast friends lived as roommates for over a year in the dilapidated rehearsal space they shared. Alice N Chains soon disbanded and Staley joined a band who at the time also required a guitarist. He asked Cantrell to join as a sideman, Cantrell agreed on condition that Staley join Cantrells band, which at the time included drummer Sean Kinney and bassist Mike Starr. Eventually the funk project broke up and in 1987 Staley joined Cantrell on a full-time basis, the band eventually took the name of Alice in Chains. Alice in Chains released their debut album Facelift on August 21,1990, the second single, Man in the Box, with lyrics written by Staley, became a huge hit. Facelift has since been certified platinum by the RIAA for sales of two million copies in the United States. The band toured in support of the album for two years before releasing the acoustic EP Sap in early 1992, in September 1992, Alice in Chains released Dirt. The critically acclaimed album, also the bands most successful, debuted at six on the Billboard 200
12.
Diva (My Sister's Machine album)
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Diva is the debut studio album by the American grunge band My Sisters Machine. When that band broke up on friendly terms in 1987, Pollock played for a year with older musicians in a funk band, since none of the other band members had ever been a singer before, Pollock got the job by default being the bands primary lyricist. In order to have artistic control over their debut album. The bands standpoint is that its not time, Pollock said and we have a really good relationship with the label. When the time comes when were ready to move on, theyre more than willing to sell the contract to a label with the resources to put on a bigger marketing push. The album was recorded at Robert Lang Studios in Shoreline, Washington, Pollock is credited for writing or co-writing all music and lyrics off Diva. My Sisters Machine is far more even-handed, from there, Boehm contrasts the aggression of I Hate You with the stricken apology of Im Sorry. He also highlights another track Monster Box where he writes, MSM takes a departure from standard heavy-metal ideology by condemning libertinism. Pollock said of the song, Monster Box isnt about AIDS and its just me going off about my beliefs, and how life should be. The resulting album, Diva, was released January 24,1992, Diva included the singles Im Sorry and I Hate You, both of which had accompanying music videos. The video for Im Sorry was directed by Paul Rachman, who directed music videos for Alice in Chains Man in the Box. Troy J. Augusto of Variety described the album as a noisy, angry, all lyrics written by Nick Pollock, except where noted. All music written by Owen Wright and Nick Pollock, except where noted, the albums credits and personnel can be obtained from Allmusic
13.
West Seattle, Seattle
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West Seattle comprises two of Seattle, Washingtons thirteen districts, Delridge and Southwest, and encompasses all of Seattle west of the Duwamish River. It was incorporated as an independent town in 1902 and was annexed by Seattle in 1907, among the areas attractions are its saltwater beach parks along Elliott Bay and Puget Sound, including Alki Beach Park and Lincoln Park. The area is known for its views of the Olympic Mountains to the west. Fully 1/3 of Seattles green space and urban forest is located in West Seattle, High Point is a neighborhood in the Delridge district of West Seattle, Washington, United States. It is so named because it contains the highest point in Seattle, the neighborhood is located on the east side of 35th Ave SW, with approximate north and south boundaries at SW Juneau Street and SW Myrtle Street. The hill is dominated by two water towers, and is also the location of Our Lady of Guadalupe School and Parish. It is also known for the High Point Projects which were torn down in 2005 to make way for new mixed-income housing, High Point is one of Seattles most diverse neighborhoods, with a substantial immigrant population from Southeast Asia and East Africa. The neighborhood was developed during World War II to provide government housing. In 2003, the Seattle Housing Authority began work on the first phase of a project to redevelop High Point into a mixed-income community. The redevelopment removed all existing housing, roads, and utilities, in their place, new roads, underground infrastructure, about 1,600 new housing units, and community facilities were built. The redevelopment embraced many sustainable development principles, the site and rental housing are certified at the highest BuiltGreen levels, most housing is Energy Star rated. The site makes use of permeable paving, including porous sidewalks, parking areas. Some houses were built to reduce symptoms for people with asthma, Alki Point is traditionally credited as the point where the Denny Party founded Seattle prior to moving across Elliott Bay to what is now Downtown. A similar landing at Alki has been reenacted annually since 1950 as part of the colorful, week-long Seafair celebration of Seattles marine, Seafair coincides with West Seattle festivities including Hi-Yu and the West Seattle Summer Fest street festival held each July. Along with its historical significance Alki is the home of the most popular beach in the Seattle area, fittingly named Alki Beach, it offers a significant strip of sandy beach full of driftwood, seashells, and fire pits. Low tides offer West Seattlites an opportunity to explore life in tidepools. Additionally, Alki hosts a flat bike/running trail from which people can view the Seattle skyline, Puget Sound, the heart of West Seattle is the intersection of California Avenue S. W. and S. W. Alaska Street, called The Junction, the center of a business district
14.
Compact disc
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Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
15.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
16.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
17.
Guitar
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The guitar is a musical instrument classified as a fretted string instrument with anywhere from four to 18 strings, usually having six. The sound is projected either acoustically, using a wooden or plastic and wood box, or through electrical amplifier. It is typically played by strumming or plucking the strings with the fingers, the guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally constructed from wood and strung with either gut, nylon or steel strings and distinguished from other chordophones by its construction and tuning. There are three types of modern acoustic guitar, the classical guitar, the steel-string acoustic guitar, and the archtop guitar. The tone of a guitar is produced by the strings vibration, amplified by the hollow body of the guitar. The term finger-picking can also refer to a tradition of folk, blues, bluegrass. The acoustic bass guitar is an instrument that is one octave below a regular guitar. Early amplified guitars employed a body, but a solid wood body was eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s. As with acoustic guitars, there are a number of types of guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars and solid-body guitars. The electric guitar has had a influence on popular culture. The guitar is used in a variety of musical genres worldwide. It is recognized as an instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul. The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones that were developed and used across Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in the Americas. The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has applied to a wide variety of chordophones since classical times. Many influences are cited as antecedents to the modern guitar, at least two instruments called guitars were in use in Spain by 1200, the guitarra latina and the so-called guitarra morisca. The guitarra morisca had a back, wide fingerboard. The guitarra Latina had a sound hole and a narrower neck. By the 14th century the qualifiers moresca or morisca and latina had been dropped, and it had six courses, lute-like tuning in fourths and a guitar-like body, although early representations reveal an instrument with a sharply cut waist
18.
Bass guitar
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The bass guitar is a stringed instrument played primarily with the fingers or thumb, by plucking, slapping, popping, strumming, tapping, thumping, or picking with a plectrum, often known as a pick. The bass guitar is similar in appearance and construction to a guitar, but with a longer neck and scale length. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is tuned the same as the double bass. The bass guitar is an instrument, as it is notated in bass clef an octave higher than it sounds to avoid excessive ledger lines. Like the electric guitar, the guitar has pickups and it is plugged into an amplifier and speaker on stage, or into a larger PA system using a DI unit. Since the 1960s, the guitar has largely replaced the double bass in popular music as the bass instrument in the rhythm section. While types of basslines vary widely from one style of music to another, many styles of music utilise the bass guitar, including rock, heavy metal, pop, punk rock, country, reggae, gospel, blues, symphonic rock, and jazz. It is often a solo instrument in jazz, jazz fusion, Latin, funk, progressive rock and other rock, the adoption of a guitar form made the instrument easier to hold and transport than any of the existing stringed bass instruments. The addition of frets enabled bassists to play in more easily than on acoustic or electric upright basses. Around 100 of these instruments were made during this period, around 1947, Tutmarcs son, Bud, began marketing a similar bass under the Serenader brand name, prominently advertised in the nationally distributed L. D. Heater Music Company wholesale jobber catalogue of 1948, however, the Tutmarc family inventions did not achieve market success. In the 1950s, Leo Fender, with the help of his employee George Fullerton and his Fender Precision Bass, which began production in October 1951, became a widely copied industry standard. This split pickup, introduced in 1957, appears to have been two mandolin pickups, the pole pieces and leads of the coils were reversed with respect to each other, producing a humbucking effect. Humbucking is a design that electrically cancels the effect of any AC hum, the Fender Bass was a revolutionary new instrument, which could be easily transported, and which was less prone to feedback when amplified than acoustic bass instruments. Monk Montgomery was the first bass player to tour with the Fender bass guitar, roy Johnson, and Shifty Henry with Louis Jordan & His Tympany Five, were other early Fender bass pioneers. Bill Black, playing with Elvis Presley, switched from bass to the Fender Precision Bass around 1957. The bass guitar was intended to appeal to guitarists as well as upright bass players, following Fenders lead, in 1953, Gibson released the first short scale violin-shaped electric bass with extendable end pin, allowing it to be played upright or horizontally. In 1959 these were followed by the more conventional-looking EB-0 Bass, the EB-0 was very similar to a Gibson SG in appearance
19.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
20.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
21.
Audio mixing (recorded music)
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The track may be mixed in mono, stereo, or surround sound. There are numerous approaches, methods and techniques involved in Audio mixing, some of these practices include levels setting, equalization, stereo panning, Audio mixing techniques and approaches can vary widely, and these can greatly affect the qualities of the sound recording. Audio mixing techniques largely depend on music genres and the quality of sound recordings involved, the process is generally carried out by a mixing engineer, though sometimes the musical producer or music artist may assist. After mixing, a mastering engineer prepares the final product for production, Audio mixing may be transferred onto a mixing console or digital audio workstation. Jay bala ji In the late century, Thomas Edison. The recording and reproduction process itself was completely mechanical with little or no electrical parts, Emile Berliners gramophone system recorded music by inscribing spiraling lateral cuts onto a vinyl disc. Electronic recording became widely used during the 1920s. It was based on the principles of electromagnetic transduction, the possibility for a microphone to be connected remotely to a recording machine meant that microphones could be positioned in more suitable places. Even more useful was the fact that the outputs of the microphones could be mixed before being fed to the disc cutter, before the introduction of multitrack recording, all sounds and effects that were to be part of a record were mixed at one time during a live performance. If the recorded blend wasnt satisfactory, or if one made a mistake. Modern mixing emerged with the introduction of commercial multi-track tape machines, the ability to record sounds into a multitude of channels meant that treating these sounds could be postponed to a later stage– the mixing stage. In the 1980s, home recording and mixing became much easier, the 4-track Portastudio was introduced in 1979. Bruce Springsteen released the album Nebraska in 1982 using one, the Eurythmics topped the charts in 1983 with the song Sweet Dreams, recorded by band member Dave Stewart on a makeshift 8-track recorder. In the mid-to-late 1990s, computers replaced tape-based recording for most home studios, at the same time, digital audio workstations, first used in the mid-1980s, began to replace tape in many professional recording studios. A mixer is the heart of the mixing process. Mixers offer a multitude of inputs, each fed by a track from a multitrack recorder, mixers typically have 2 main outputs or 8. Mixers offer three main functionalities, Mixing – summing signals together, which is normally done by a dedicated summing amplifier or in the case of digital by a simple algorithm, routing – allows the routing of source signals to internal buses or external processing units and effects. Processing – many mixers also offer on-board processors, like equalizers and compressors, Mixing consoles used for dubbing can often be seen as large and intimidating, due to the exceptional amount of controls
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Audio mastering
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Mastering requires critical listening, however, software tools exist to facilitate the process. Mastering is a gateway between production and consumption and, as such, it involves technical knowledge as well as specific aesthetics. Results still depend upon the accuracy of speaker monitors and the listening environment, mastering engineers may also need to apply corrective equalization and dynamic compression in order to optimise sound translation on all playback systems. It is standard practice to make a copy of a recording, known as a safety copy, in case the master is lost. In the earliest days of the industry, all phases of the recording and mastering process were entirely achieved by mechanical processes. The cutting head, driven by the energy transferred from the horn and these masters were usually made from either a soft metal alloy or from wax, this gave rise to the colloquial term waxing, referring to the cutting of a record. Until the introduction of recording, master recordings were almost always cut direct-to-disc. Only a small minority of recordings were mastered using previously recorded material sourced from other discs, in the late 1940s, the recording industry was revolutionized by the introduction of magnetic tape. Magnetic tape was invented for recording sound by Fritz Pfleumer in 1928 in Germany, not until the end of World War II could the technology be found outside of Europe. The introduction of tape recording enabled master discs to be cut separately in time. From the 1950s until the advent of recording in the late 1970s. Once the studio recording on tape was complete, a final mix was prepared and dubbed down to the master tape. Prior to the cutting of the disc, the master tape was often subjected to further electronic treatment by a specialist mastering engineer. After the advent of tape it was found that, especially for pop recordings and this was done by making fine adjustments to the amplitude of sound at different frequency bands prior to the cutting of the master disc. Record mastering became a prized and skilled craft, and it was widely recognized that good mastering could make or break a commercial pop recording. As a result, the independent mastering studio was born, early independent mastering engineers included Doug Sax, Bob Ludwig, Bob Katz and Bernie Grundman and Denny Purcell. In large recording companies such as EMI, the process was usually controlled by specialist staff technicians who were conservative in their work practices. In the 1990s, electro-mechanical processes were largely superseded by digital technology, with digital recordings stored on disk drives or digital tape
23.
Photography
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Typically, a lens is used to focus the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a camera during a timed exposure. With an electronic sensor, this produces an electrical charge at each pixel. A negative image on film is used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a print. The word photography was created from the Greek roots φωτός, genitive of φῶς, light and γραφή representation by means of lines or drawing, several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently. Johann von Maedler, a Berlin astronomer, is credited in a 1932 German history of photography as having used it in an article published on 25 February 1839 in the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung. Both of these claims are now widely reported but apparently neither has ever been confirmed as beyond reasonable doubt. Credit has traditionally given to Sir John Herschel both for coining the word and for introducing it to the public. Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, later Greek mathematicians Aristotle and Euclid also independently described a pinhole camera in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. Daniele Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1566, wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie, published in 1760, by French author Tiphaigne de la Roche, the discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Leonardo da Vinci mentions natural camera obscura that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley, a hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper. So the birth of photography was primarily concerned with inventing means to capture, renaissance painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. The camera obscura literally means dark chamber in Latin and it is a box with a hole in it which allows light to go through and create an image onto the piece of paper. Around the year 1800, British inventor Thomas Wedgwood made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance and he used paper or white leather treated with silver nitrate. The shadow images eventually darkened all over, the first permanent photoetching was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce, but it was destroyed in a later attempt to make prints from it. Niépce was successful again in 1825, in 1826 or 1827, he made the View from the Window at Le Gras, the earliest surviving photograph from nature. Because Niépces camera photographs required a long exposure, he sought to greatly improve his bitumen process or replace it with one that was more practical. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy, Daguerres efforts culminated in what would later be named the daguerreotype process
24.
Album cover
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An album cover is the front of the packaging of a commercially released audio recording product, or album. In the case of all types of records, it also serves as part of the protective sleeve. Around 1910, 78-rpm records replaced the cylinder as the medium for recorded sound. These were invariably made out of paper, limiting conservability. Generally the sleeves had a circular cutout allowing the label to be seen. Records could be laid on a shelf horizontally or stood upright on an edge, german record company Odeon pioneered the album in 1909 when it released the Nutcracker Suite by Tchaikovsky on four double-sided discs in a specially designed package. The practice of issuing albums does not seem to have taken up by other record companies for many years. Beginning in the 1920s, bound collections of empty sleeves with a paperboard or leather cover were sold as record albums that customers could use to store their records. These empty albums were sold in both 10- and 12-inch sizes, starting in the 1930s, record companies began issuing collections of 78-rpm records by one performer or of one type of music in specially assembled collections. These albums of several 78-rpm records could include a collection of songs related by either performer or style, or extended-length classical music. In 1938, Columbia Records hired Alex Steinweiss as its first art director and he is credited with inventing the concept of album covers and cover art, replacing the plain covers used before. After his initial efforts at Columbia, other companies followed his lead. By the late 1940s, record albums for all the companies featured their own colorful paper covers in both 10- and 12-inch sizes. Some featured reproductions of art while others utilized original designs. From the 1950s through to the 1980s, the 12 LP record, the LP format remains in use for occasional new releases, though other formats have largely supplanted it. The size of the typical cardboard LP sleeve cover is 12.375 in square, since the mid-1990s, the compact disc has become the most common form of physically-distributed music products. Packaging formats vary, including the common plastic jewel-case. Typically the album cover component of these packages is approximately 4.75 in square, the cover became an important part of the culture of music
25.
Artwork (album)
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Artwork is the fourth studio album by American rock band The Used, released through Reprise in the United States and the UK on August 31,2009. The Used began writing for Artwork in early 2008, and originally hoped to enter the studio shortly after Kevin Lymans 2008 Get a Life Tour with Weezer front-man Rivers Cuomo as producer of the album. The Used expressed their interest in the raw sound found on Weezers 1996 album Pinkerton, the band ended up working with producer Matt Squire and did not enter the studio until the end of 2008. The Used experienced several changes upon making Artwork, the band changed management within their label Reprise Records. This was the first album with new drummer Dan Whitesides, also the first studio album that was not produced by Goldfingers frontman John Feldmann, Feldmann had been working with The Used since lead singer Bert McCracken threw a demo on stage during a Goldfinger concert in 2001. These changes allowed The Used to take their music in a new direction with Artwork, the song Kissing You Goodbye, was noted to be a song written about lost love and hope. A collaboration between Bert McCracken and Max Kennedy, the song speaks volumes about personal emotions and not letting go of the hope of real love, Kennedy attributed the lyrics to a personal experience he had with the suicide of his friend in 2006 in Los Angeles. Kennedy and McCracken met coincidentally at a Used show in Orange County where they collaborated on the writing, feeling that the bands previous albums had a similar sound, The Used hoped to make a brand new genre they refer to as gross pop with Artwork. Our songs are 10 times messier and noisier than theyve ever been, the themes of the record include coming to grips with how much you really hate yourself and the concept of mortality. McCracken, who had lived a reckless life, recently came to terms with how easy it is to accidentally die after the tragic death of actor Heath Ledger. The song Meant to Die is loosely based on the death of Ledger and not being able to say sorry and this album features Bert McCrackens brother Joseph McCracken singing at two songs. At shows prior to the release of Artwork, The Used performed the new track Blood on My Hands and this song was the first single from the album, and was released on June 30,2009 as a vinyl picture disc and digital download. The song began airing on radio stations starting July 14,2009, born to Quit was released to radio on December 15,2009. Artwork was released in a special CD/DVD version and this version contained an expanded 20-page liner note booklet and a DVD with behind the scenes footage of The Used. The album leaked 2 months before its release, leading up to the albums release, The Used released guitar tabs for one song from Artwork each week on their official website. Fans were encouraged to record themselves playing each song and post it online, the album opened at #10 on the Billboard 200 with 35,000 copies sold. The song Something Safe was made available on iTunes for download on November 23,2009, the Used released a music video for the song, Empty with You, on December 9th. Artwork received mostly mixed reviews from music critics, metacritic has given the album a score of 56 out of 100 based on 8 reviews
26.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
27.
Myspace
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Myspace is a social networking website offering an interactive, user-submitted network of friends, personal profiles, blogs, groups, photos, music, and videos. It is headquartered in Beverly Hills, California, Myspace was acquired by News Corporation in July 2005 for $580 million. From 2005 to 2009, Myspace was the largest social networking site in the world, since then, the number of Myspace users has declined steadily in spite of several redesigns. As of March 2017, Myspace was ranked 3,178 by total Web traffic, Myspace had a significant influence on pop culture and music and created a gaming platform that launched the successes of Zynga and RockYou, among others. Despite an overall decline, in 2015 Myspace still had 50.6 million unique visitors and has a pool of nearly 1 billion active and inactive registered users. In June 2009, Myspace employed approximately 1,600 employees, in June 2011, Specific Media Group and Justin Timberlake jointly purchased the company for approximately $35 million. In August 2003, several employees with Friendster accounts saw potential in its social networking features. The group decided to mimic the popular features of the website. Within 10 days, the first version of Myspace was ready for launch, a complete infrastructure of finance, human resources, technical expertise, bandwidth, and server capacity was available for the site. The project was overseen by Brad Greenspan, who managed Chris DeWolfe, Josh Berman, Tom Anderson, the first Myspace users were eUniverse employees. The company held contests to see who could sign up the most users, eUniverse used its 20 million users and e-mail subscribers to breathe life into Myspace, and move it to the head of the pack of social networking websites. A key architect was tech expert Toan Nguyen who helped stabilize the Myspace platform when Brad Greenspan asked him to join the team. Despite over ten times the number of developers, Friendster, which was developed in JavaServer Pages, could not keep up with the speed of development of Myspace and cfm. The MySpace. com domain was owned by YourZ. com, Inc. intended until 2002 for use as an online data storage. By 2004, it was transitioned from a storage service to a social networking site. A friend, who worked in the data storage business. DeWolfe suggested they charge a fee for the basic Myspace service, Brad Greenspan nixed the idea, believing that keeping Myspace free was necessary to make it a successful community. Myspace quickly gained popularity among teenage and young adult social groups, in February 2005, DeWolfe held talks with Mark Zuckerberg over acquiring Facebook but DeWolfe rejected Zuckerbergs $75 million asking price
28.
Alice N' Chains
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Alice N Chains was an American glam metal band from Seattle, Washington formed in 1986 by former members of Sleze. Towards the end of their run as Sleze, discussions arose about changing their name to Alice in Chains, however, due to concerns over the reference to female bondage, the group ultimately chose to spell it as Alice N Chains. They performed under this moniker over about a 12-month period and recorded two demos before breaking up on friendly terms in 1987 and it would say, like, Sleze, The Welcome to Wonderland Tour. That ended up turning into a discussion - we were talking about changing the band name, and we were saying, Alice in Wonderland. How about this, how about that and we could put her in bondage stuff. I liked the ring Alice in Chains - I remember I came back to the band rehearsal. The issue was the reference to bondage, which our parents would not go for, laynes mom was very hardcore Christian. So we ended up changing it to Alice N Chains, which made it more like Alice, however, Staleys mother Nancy McCallum has said she still did not approve of this at first, I had a sense of humor about the name Sleze. But when came home and said they were changing the name to Alice N Chains, I said, Honey, that is female bondage. You dont want to choose a name like that - its going to push your female audience away, I really feel strong about this. He was adamant and I was adamant, for the first time in my life, I didnt have much of a conversation with him for about two weeks, because I was concerned, and also offended. How could my child possibly choose a name like Alice N Chains, according to Staley, the reason they chose this name because they dressed in drag and played speed metal. The band performed around the Seattle area playing Slayer and Armored Saint covers, Alice N Chains recorded two demos known primarily as Demo No.1 and Demo No. Physical copies of the cassettes are extremely rare as only 100 of Demo No.1 were made, recording for these two tracks took place at London Bridge Studio with the help of its founding engineer brother Rick and Raj Parashar. A few months later, Mitchell left the band and Bacolas rejoined as their bass player and they added one more song called Lip Lock Rock to the demo before changing their name to Alice N Chains. This band rose to fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s, along with other Seattle bands such as Nirvana, Pearl Jam. Staley also formed the supergroup Mad Season along with Pearl Jam guitarist Mike McCready, following the demise of Alice N Chains, Nick Pollock formed the band My Sisters Machine, taking up mostly vocal duties as their primary lyricist. He also later formed and sang with the bands Soulbender and Tanks of Zen, bergstrom became a founding member of the band Second Coming and was later joined by Bacolas, who replaced Ron Junkeye Holt on bass
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Soulbender
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Other founding members were guitarist Dave Groves and drummer Wes Hallam, both of whom played in the Vancouver band Fallen Angel. This band has featured two former members of the 1990s metal band Peace and Silence, Travis Bracht and Chuck Miller. Soulbender initially began as a project of Queensrÿche guitarist Michael Wilton in conjunction with two longtime friends, guitarist Dave Groves and drummer Wes Hallam. Through a mutual friend, producer and engineer Eric Janko, Michael was introduced to vocalist Nick Pollock, formerly of Alice N Chains, Soulbender played their first live show opening for Queensrÿche vocalist Geoff Tates solo band at the EMP in Seattle in June 2002. They also performed at the very first Layne Staley Tribute later that August, prior to the release of the album, Sefany Jones of KNAC was given a demo CD of six songs. In her review, she wrote, The overall feel of this album is entrancing and she also likened it to Marilyn Manson, Alice in Chains, and Michael Monroe. Wilton said in an interview a year later that a lot of people are comparing it to Alice in Chains. Despite playing a couple shows, the band has experienced much difficulty getting off the ground due to Wiltons Queensrÿche duties. Van Keith was replaced in 2005 by bass player Chuck Miller, in 2007, Pollock and Hallam stepped down from their respective roles as vocalist and drummer and replaced by Travis Bracht of Second Coming and for a brief spell Van Williams of Nevermore. Bracht had previously worked with Chuck Miller in Peace and Silence, later that year, Ray Hartman replaced Van Williams on drums and Soulbender released a song called Loaded on Unleashed 3, a compilation album of songs by various artists from Rat Pak Records. They also performed at the sixth annual Layne Staley Tribute along with Daughtry in 2007, in 2008 and 2009, Wilton said he was six songs into finishing a second album. By this time, he said that Tim Ripper Owens had assumed vocal duties, however, as of 2012, this album still has not been released. In 2011, Wilton said, I actually have 75% of the Soulbender 2 written so it will get finished I just don’t know when, in 2014, the original members of Soulbender reunited and signed a world-wide distribution deal with Rat Pak Records. They presently have four new songs scheduled for release on September 30,2014 which will be included on a version of the original Soulbender CD
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Soulbender (album)
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Soulbender is the only studio album by the American metal band of the same name. Originally released in 2004, it was re-released with additional recordings in 2014, Soulbender features Michael Wilton, longtime guitarist for Queensrÿche, and Nick Pollock, former vocalist of My Sisters Machine. The album was recorded at three different studios in Washington, Triad, which mixed the album, Watershed. This album was co-produced by the band themselves and engineer Eric Janko and it was mastered by Eddy Schreyer, who has worked with artists such as Alice in Chains and Slipknot. The album was released through Licking Lava Records on May 22,2004. Steve Newton of The Georgia Straight has described the music on this album being a tad darker than either of those bands are noted for. Sefany Jones, an editor of KNAC, listed the album among her Top 15 albums of 2004. In 2014, Blabbermouth. net reported that the band were planning to release Soulbender II, containing four new songs and remasters of all tracks on Soulbender, the album also included updated cover art. Tony Sison of The Dedicated Rocker Society hailed Soulbender II as a balls to the recording from start to finish
