1.
Machine tool
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A machine tool is a machine for shaping or machining metal or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, boring, grinding, shearing, or other forms of deformation. Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting or shaping, all machine tools have some means of constraining the workpiece and provide a guided movement of the parts of the machine. Thus the relative movement between the workpiece and the tool is controlled or constrained by the machine to at least some extent. The precise definition of the machine tool varies among users. While all machine tools are machines that help people to make things, today machine tools are typically powered other than by human muscle, used to make manufactured parts in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation. With their inherent precision, machine tools enabled the production of interchangeable parts. In this view of the definition, the term, arising at a time when all tools up till then had been hand tools and this lathe produced screw threads out of wood and employed a true compound slide rest. The mechanical toolpath guidance grew out of various concepts, First is the spindle concept itself. The machine slide, which has many forms, such as dovetail ways, box ways, Machine slides constrain tool or workpiece movement linearly. If a stop is added, the length of the line can also be accurately controlled, tracing, which involves following the contours of a model or template and transferring the resulting motion to the toolpath. Cam operation, which is related in principle to tracing but can be a step or two removed from the traced elements matching the reproduced elements final shape. For example, several cams, no one of which matches the desired output shape. Abstractly programmable toolpath guidance began with mechanical solutions, such as in musical box cams, later, electromechanical solutions and soon electronic solutions were added, leading to numerical control and computer numerical control. The value that machine tools added to these human talents is in the areas of rigidity, accuracy and precision, efficiency, as an example, it is physically possible to make interchangeable screws, bolts, and nuts entirely with freehand toolpaths. But it is practical to make them only with machine tools. In the 1930s, the U. S. National Bureau of Economic Research referenced the definition of a tool as any machine operating by other than hand power which employs a tool to work on metal. The narrowest colloquial sense of the reserves it only for machines that perform metal cutting—in other words. These processes are a type of deformation that produces swarf, thus presses are usually included in the economic definition of machine tools
2.
Pesaro
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Pesaro is a town and comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. According to the 2011 census, its population was 95,011, making it the second most populous city in the Marche, Pesaro is known as City of Bicycle, thanks to its big net of bicycle paths. The city received this award by Legambiente, the most important ecologist society in Italy, in 2015 and it is also known as City of Music thanks to the bond with Gioacchino Rossini, the famous composer born in Pesaro. For this reason, in 2015, the Italian Government officially candidate Pesaro as Creative City in the group of World Heritage Sites of UNESCO, fishery, furniture industry and tourism are the main strengths of the local economy. The city was founded as Pisaurum by the Romans in 184 BC as colony in the territory of the Picentes, a settlement of the Picentes tribe has been found at Novilara. The northern Picentes were invaded in the 4th century BC by the Gallic Senones, earlier by the Etruscans, within it the Gauls at least were still distinct, as the Romans separated them out and expelled them from the country. Under the Roman administration Pesaro, a hub across the Via Flaminia, became an important center of trading, after the fall of the Western Empire, Pesaro was occupied by the Ostrogoths, and destroyed by Vitigis in the course of the Gothic War. Hastily rebuilt five years later after the Byzantine reconquest, it formed the so-called Pentapolis, after the Lombard and Frankish conquests of that city, Pesaro became part of the Papal States. During the Renaissance it was ruled successively by the houses of Malatesta, Sforza, in 1475, a legendary wedding took place in Pesaro, when Costanzo Sforza and Camilla DAragona married. On 11 September 1860 Piedmontese troops entered the city, and Pesaro was subsequently annexed to the new Kingdom of Italy, rocca Costanza - Massive castle built by Costanzo I Sforza, it has a square plan with four cylindrical corner towers and a wide dry moat. Its sunken court is the precedent for the more famous one at the Roman Villa Giulia. Rooms are frescoed by prominent Mannerist painters Bronzino, Francesco Menzocchi, Girolamo Genga, mura Roveresche - Della Rovere Walls, demolished in the early 20th century), only two gates, Porta del Ponte and Porta Rimini, and a short section remain. Birthplace of Gioacchino Rossini- Now a museum dedicated to the composer and it has a museum with manifestoes, prints, portraits and his spinet. Among the masterpieces is the Pesaro Altarpiece by Giovanni Bellini, oliveriani Museum and Library- Archaeological Collection and Manuscript Library, founded in 1756 by Annibale degli Abati Olivieri. Cathedral of Pesaro Romanesque-Gothic Basilica built over remains of a late Roman edifice, the façade, in Romanesque-Gothic style, is unfinished, it has a simple ogival portal surmounted by a band of small arches. A recent restoration has brought to light floor mosaics, the Baroque Sanctuary of Beata Vergine del Carmelo. Rossini Opera Festival has taken place every summer since 1980 in Pesaro, Pesaro hosts the home games of Victoria Libertas basketball team, better known across Europe as Scavolini Pesaro. Adriatic Arena, third biggest Italian indoor arena behind Mediolanum Forum in Milan, among the town industries is the motocross and enduro brand of TM Racing, a small manufacturer of race-ready motorbikes based in the coastal town since 1978
3.
Motorcycle
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A motorcycle is a two- or three-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a range of different purposes, long travel, commuting, cruising, sport including racing. Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and related social activity such as joining a motorcycle club, in 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first series production motorcycle, and the first to be called a motorcycle. In 2014, the three top motorcycle producers globally by volume were Honda, Yamaha, and Hero MotoCorp, in developing countries, motorcycles are overwhelmingly utilitarian due to lower prices and greater fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific and Southern and Eastern Asia regions, according to the United States Department of Transportation the number of fatalities per vehicle mile traveled was 37 times higher for motorcycles than for cars. The term motorcycle has different legal definitions depending on jurisdiction, there are three major types of motorcycle, street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within these types, there are many sub-types of motorcycles for different purposes, there is often a racing counterpart to each type, such as road racing and street bikes, or motocross and dirt bikes. Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes, scooters and mopeds, off-road motorcycles include many types designed for dirt-oriented racing classes such as motocross and are not street legal in most areas. Dual purpose machines like the style are made to go off-road but include features to make them legal. Each configuration offers either specialised advantage or broad capability, and each design creates a different riding posture, the first internal combustion, petroleum fueled motorcycle was the Daimler Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt, instead, it relied on two outrigger wheels to remain upright while turning. The inventors called their invention the Reitwagen and it was designed as an expedient testbed for their new engine, rather than a true prototype vehicle. The first commercial design for a cycle was a three-wheel design called the Butler Petrol Cycle. He exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884, the vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888. The engine was liquid-cooled, with a radiator over the driving wheel. Speed was controlled by means of a valve lever. No braking system was fitted, the vehicle was stopped by raising and lowering the rear driving wheel using a foot-operated lever, the driver was seated between the front wheels. It wasnt, however, a success, as Butler failed to find sufficient financial backing, many authorities have excluded steam powered, electric motorcycles or diesel-powered two-wheelers from the definition of a motorcycle, and credit the Daimler Reitwagen as the worlds first motorcycle
4.
Grand Prix motorcycle racing
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The FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix is the premier class of motorcycle road racing, held since 1949. Grand Prix motorcycles are purpose-built racing machines that are available for purchase by the general public nor able to be ridden legally on public roads. The championship is divided into three classes, MotoGP, Moto2 and Moto3. All three classes use four-stroke engines, in 2010 the 250cc class was replaced by the new Moto2600 cc four-stroke class. After that, MotoGP gave the four-strokes a 490cc advantage over the two-strokes, a 2 stroke engine produces power with every rotation of the crank, where as the 4 stroke engine produces power every fourth rotation. In theory, a 500cc 2stroke produces the power as a 1000cc 4 stroke. Carburation vs fuel injection, engine mapping, power/torque curves, practice showed the 4 strokes generating 10 to 15 more Hp and turning in much faster lap times then their 2 stroke counterparts. 4 stroke engines would be the choice for years to come. Moto2 and 3 are four-stroke only, a FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix was first organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme in 1949. The commercial rights are now owned by Dorna Sports, with the FIM remaining as the sanctioning body. Teams are represented by the International Road Racing Teams Association and manufacturers by the Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association, rules and changes to regulations are decided between the four entities, with Dorna casting a tie-breaking vote. In cases of technical modifications, the MSMA can unilaterally enact or veto changes by unanimous vote among its members and these four entities compose the Grand Prix Commission. There have traditionally been several races at each event for various classes of motorcycles, based on engine size, and one class for sidecars. Classes for 50 cc,80 cc,125 cc,250 cc,350 cc, and 500 cc solo machines have existed at some time, up through the 1950s and most of the 1960s, four-stroke engines dominated all classes. In part this was due to rules, which allowed a multiplicity of cylinders, in the 1960s, two-stroke engines began to take root in the smaller classes. In 1969, the FIM — citing high development costs for non-works teams — brought in new rules restricting all classes to six gears, by this time, two-strokes completely eclipsed the four-strokes in all classes. The 50 cc class was replaced by an 80 cc class, then the class was dropped entirely in the 1990s, after being dominated primarily by Spanish, the 350 cc class vanished in the 1980s. Sidecars were dropped from world events in the 1990s, reducing the field to 125s, 250s
5.
1975 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
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The 1975 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 27th F. I. M. 1975 represented a changing of the guard in Grand Prix motorcycle racing, giacomo Agostini would claim his final 500cc World Championship aboard a Yamaha two-stroke machine. This would also mark the first time a two-stroke machine had won the premier division, angel Nieto claimed his fourth world title for Kreidler in the 50cc class. In the 125cc division, the Morbidellis of Pileri and Bianchi dominated, finishing first, despite Michel Rougerie scoring more points, his Harley-Davidson team-mate Walter Villa would take the 250cc title because of the best of six finishes rule. A young Venezuelan, Johnny Cecotto claimed the 350cc title, becoming the youngest-ever World Champion at the age of 19, in the premier division, MV Agusta with Phil Read aboard, refused to go down easily. The Championship was not resolved until the tenth and final round in Czechoslovakia, when Agostini emerged triumphant to claim his fifteenth world title, barry Sheene would also serve notice that he was an up and comer with victories at Assen and Sweden. The writing was on the wall for four-stroke machinery as eight of the top ten riders in the standings were aboard two-stroke machines. Chronosports S. A. ISBN 2-940125-32-5 The Official MotoGP website
6.
1976 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
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The 1976 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 28th F. I. M. 1976 marked the beginning of the era of Suzuki domination with the Japanese firm taking 11 of the first 12 places in the premier class, angel Nieto would take his fifth world title in the 50cc division, this time aboard a Bultaco. In the 125cc class, it was more of the same with Morbidelli taking another crown with Pier Paolo Bianchi claiming the championship. Walter Villa would claim double world championships in the 250cc and 350cc classes for Harley-Davidson fighting off a challenge from defending champion. Barry Sheene came to the fore with a championship season in the 500cc division. Newcomer Marco Lucchinelli impressed as well on a Suzuki but injuries curtailed his performance, pat Hennen became the first American rider to win a 500cc Grand Prix, when he triumphed at the Finnish Grand Prix. 1976 marked the end of an era as it would be the last time the Isle of Man TT would appear on the Grand Prix calendar, once the most prestigious race of the year, the event had been increasingly boycotted by the top riders. The TT finally succumbed to pressure for increased safety in racing events, the season also marked the end of another era with 15 time world champion Giacomo Agostini winning his last Grand Prix at the season-ending round at the Nürburgring. As Agostini had chosen the MV Agusta for this challenging track, chronosports S. A. ISBN 2-940125-32-5 The Official MotoGP website
7.
1977 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
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The 1977 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 29th F. I. M. Suzuki saw off a challenge from Yamaha to take their second consecutive 500cc crown. Angel Nieto made it three 50cc titles in a row on a Bultaco while Morbidelli would win a double world championship in the 125cc and 250cc divisions. Pier Paolo Bianchi successfully defended his 125cc title while fellow countryman Mario Lega captured the 250cc championship for the tiny Italian concern, the 350cc crown went to Takazumi Katayama on a special three cylinder Yamaha built in Holland, making him the first-ever Japanese world champion. Barry Sheene made it two titles in a row, winning from two Americans, Steve Baker and Pat Hennen. The accident led to a strike in the 500 class. Braun decided to end his career after recovering from his injuries. In addition to this incident, the Yugoslavian Grand Prix at the notorious Opatija Circuit was also stricken by tragedy, the event was a disaster with Italian rider, Giovanni Ziggiotto, crashing during practice for the 250cc race when his motorcycles engine seized. He was hit by another rider and died four days later in a hospital, during the 50 cc race, Ulrich Graf crashed when his bike developed a rear tire puncture. He suffered serious injuries and died later in a hospital. The Opatija Circuit was never used again for any kind of racing and, despite finishing second in the 500cc championship and winning the Formula 750 title, Baker would be released by Yamaha at the end of the year. Giacomo Agostini would retire after the season, ending his career with a record 122 Grand Prix victories and 15 World Championships. Chronosports S. A. ISBN 2-940125-32-5 The Official MotoGP website
8.
Barber Motorsports Park
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The Barber Motorsports Park is a 740 acres multi-purpose racing facility located in Leeds, Alabama. It was built by George W. Barber, and includes the Barber Vintage Motorsport Museum and it has been the site of the IndyCar Series Grand Prix of Alabama since the 2010 season. Barber is also the home of the North American Porsche Driving School, the park, which opened in 2003, has a 16-turn,2. 38-mile road course, designed by Alan Wilson, viewable from several naturally wooded or grass-covered banks. The track is designed to be run clockwise, the layout is compact, with a number of elevation changes. The pit lane is to the outside of the track, parallel to the front stretch, two cutoff turns, which are barricaded when not in use, allow the track to be shortened for club events or testing sessions. During the 2012 off season, much of the surface was ground using a diamond grinder. This will prolong the life of the surface as well as add grip for the cars. The track is unusual in having no general-access spectator seating at the start/finish line, the area outside of the front stretch, bounded by the track on three sides, is occupied by the multi-level paddock. A building along the front stretch, between start/finish and turn 1, houses a center, a race control area, track offices, garages. The main spectator area is along the stretch, between turns 8 and 11, here spectators can watch from embankments, or from temporary grandstands erected for race weekends. From this area, most of the course, except for turns 2/3, a food and souvenir vending area is located behind the grandstands in the vicinity of turns 9/10. Additional spectator areas are outside of turns 2 &3, there is generally no spectator access to the infield. An RV park and camping area is located atop a hill behind the paddock, the track has hosted numerous motorsport races including Grand-Am, Vintage Racing Series events, and AMA Superbike. It serves as the home of the Porsche Sport Driving School and it also hosts the Keith Code California Superbike School and the Jamie James Yamaha Champions Riding School. Barber is noted for its landscaping and greenery, the track has been referred to as The Augusta National of Motorsports, the IndyCar Series had tests at Barber in 2007 and 2009. The track had also nominated by the FIA as the official test track for the now-closed down US F1 Team. The infield of the track has a number of sculptures, including a series of large steel spiders and dragonflies, a pair of lions. HealthSouth Corporation, based in Birmingham, donated its Pulling the Wagon statue to the park in 2009, the statue used to sit at the front of HealthSouths Corporate Headquarters on Highway 280
9.
1969 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
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The 1969 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 21st F. I. M. Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix season, the season consisted of twelve Grand Prix races in six classes, 500cc, 350cc, 250cc, 125cc, 50cc and Sidecars 500cc. It began on 4 May, with Spanish Grand Prix and ended with Yugoslavian Grand Prix on 14 September, giacomo Agostini on an MV Agusta continued to dominate the larger classes, once again winning the 350 and 500 classes against little factory-mounted opposition. The 250 class saw a tight three-way battle go down to the last race with Benellis Kel Carruthers coming out on top against Kent Andersson, Carruthers win would mark the last time a four-stroke machine would win the 250 championship. Kawasaki claimed their first world title with Dave Simmonds winning the 125 class, spains Angel Nieto won his first world championship for Derbi. It would be the first of many for the Spaniard, former 125 world champion Bill Ivy was killed in a crash when his Jawa seized during practice for the East German Grand Prix at the Sachsenring. When Godfrey Nash rode a Norton Manx to victory at the Yugoslavian Grand Prix at the Opatija Circuit, it would mark the last time that a 500cc Grand Prix race was won on a single-cylinder machine, points were awarded to the top ten finishers in each race. Only the best of five were counted on 125cc championships, best of six in 50cc, 250cc, 350cc and 500cc championships, while in the Sidecars, chronosports S. A. ISBN 2-940125-32-5 The Official MotoGP website
10.
50 cc Grand Prix motorcycle racing
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The relative low cost and increasing availability of 50 cc motorcycles in the post-war period, spawned a number of club road racing events for this size of machine in the early 1950s. With the earliest events being held in Italy and in the UK, the series attracted a variety of entries, but the dominating force were the work’s Kreidler team bikes. By the end of the season, with the addition of rudimentary streamlining and the increase of size to 17 mm. See 1962 Season,1963 Season,1964 Season,1965 Season,1966 Season,1967 Season In 1962, the Spanish Derbi factory also entered a single work’s bike for the Spanish Grand Prix. The Kreidlers were now fitted with three speed overdrives controlled from the twistgrip, which coupled to the standard four-speed gearbox gave twelve gears to keep the engines at maximum power. Engine development also increased power to 10 hp at 11,000 rpm, the Kreidlers development would be hampered however by the factorys insistence that the race bikes remained fundamentally based upon their standard road machines. Suzuki and Honda knew no such limitations, Honda’s commitment to four-stroke engines dated back to 1951 with the launch of its Dream E-Type prior to this all Honda’s bikes were two-strokes. Honda began their first 50 cc GP season with the RC110, powered by a single cylinder, four-valve engine, and with gear driven double overhead cams, giving about 9 hp at 14,000 rpm. It was introduced with a gearbox, but by the time of the opening GP in Spain. Even so, they were badly outperformed, rider Tommy Robb suggested that more gears might be the answer and was amazed to find a week later at the French GP that the gearbox had been expanded to eight speeds. In that season, the designation was changed to RC111. His season long battle for the 1972 championship with Dutchman Jan de Vries, nieto was calculated to have won the title by 21½ seconds from his rival
11.
Two-stroke engine
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A two-stroke, or two-cycle, engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power cycle with two strokes of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution. This is in contrast to an engine, which requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke, two-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, power being available in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the power band. Compared to four-stroke engines, two-stroke engines have a reduced number of moving parts. The first commercial two-stroke engine involving in-cylinder compression is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk, however, unlike most later two-stroke engines, his had a separate charging cylinder. The crankcase-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a pump, is generally credited to Englishman Joseph Day. The first truly practical two-stroke engine is attributed to Yorkshireman Alfred Angas Scott, gasoline versions are particularly useful in lightweight or portable applications such as chainsaws and motorcycles. In a two-stroke engine, the transfer from the engine to the cooling system is less than in a four-stroke. Two-stroke petrol engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, light weight, the Japanese manufacturer Suzuki did the same in the 1970s. Production of two-stroke cars ended in the 1980s in the West, eastern Bloc countries continued until around 1991, with the Trabant and Wartburg in East Germany. They are also common in power tools used outdoors, such as lawnmowers, chainsaws, with direct fuel injection and a sump-based lubrication system, a two-stroke engine produces air pollution no worse than a four-stroke, and it can achieve higher thermodynamic efficiency. Therefore, the cycle has also been used in large diesel engines, most notably large industrial and marine engines, as well as some trucks. Although the principles remain the same, the details of various two-stroke engines differ depending on the type. The design types vary according to the method of introducing the charge to the cylinder, the method of scavenging the cylinder, piston port is the simplest of the designs and the most common in small two-stroke engines. All functions are controlled solely by the covering and uncovering the ports as it moves up. In the 1970s, Yamaha worked out some principles for this system. They found that, in general, widening an exhaust port increases the power by the amount as raising the port. However, there is a limit to the width of a single exhaust port
12.
Gilberto Parlotti
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Gilberto Parlotti was an Italian professional motorcycle racer competing in the FIM World Championship between 1969 and 1972. He competed for the Benelli, Derbi, Morbidelli and Tomos factories, Parlotti was born in Zero Branco, Treviso, Italy. The death of Gilberto Parolotti helped bring about the end of the Isle of Man TT Races as a championship event. At the time, the Isle of Man TT was the most prestigious race on the championship calendar. Other top riders joined his boycott of the event and by 1976, from 1973 any weather conditions that would not allow a rescue helicopter to take-off would lead to the race start being delayed or cancelled at any Isle of Man TT Race. Points system from 1969 to 1987, TT database rider profile iomtt. com TT database TT results iomtt. com Gilberto Parlotti career profile at Motorsport Memorial
13.
1972 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
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The 1972 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 24th F. I. M. Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix season, the season consisted of twelve Grand Prix races in six classes, 500cc, 350cc, 250cc, 125cc, 50cc and Sidecars 500cc. It began on 30 April, with West German Grand Prix, another year, another championship for Giacomo Agostini, taking his seventh consecutive 500cc crown for MV Agusta. Things were tighter in the 350cc class with Jarno Saarinen giving Agostini a strong challenge, in the 250cc division, Saarinen would win a tight race in a season-long battle with Rod Gould and Renzo Pasolini. Angel Nieto claimed a double, winning the 125cc and 50cc championships for Derbi before the Spanish factory announced its pull out from Grand Prix racing, the Yamaha factory won its first-ever 500cc Grand Prix victory when Chas Mortimer won the 500cc Spanish Grand Prix for the Japanese manufacturer. Points were awarded to the top ten finishers in each race, only the best of five races were counted on 50cc and Sidecars championships, while in the 125cc, 250cc, 350cc and 500cc championships, the best of seven races were counted. Chronosports S. A. ISBN 2-940125-32-5 The Official MotoGP website
14.
Isle of Man TT
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The International Isle of Man TT Race is a motorcycle sport event held annually on the Isle of Man in May or June of each year since the inaugural race in 1907. The Isle of Man TT for many years has been the most prestigious race in the world and also seen as the ultimate test for competitors. In 2016, the Vision Nine Group was appointed by the Isle of Man Department of Economic Development in a deal as a race promoter for the 2017 Isle of Man TT onwards. The Isle of Man TT has been run in a time-trial format on public roads closed for racing by the provisions of an Act of Tynwald. The event consists of one week of practice sessions followed by one week of racing, the first Isle of Man TT race was held on Tuesday 28 May 1907 and was called the International Auto-Cycle Tourist Trophy. From 1911 the Isle of Man TT transferred to the much longer Snaefell Mountain Course of 37.40 miles, the race did not take place from 1915 to 1919 due to the First World War. A 250cc Lightweight TT race was added to the Isle of Man TT programme in 1922 followed by a Sidecar TT race in 1923, there was no racing on the Isle of Man between 1940 and 1945 due to the Second World War. It recommenced with the Manx Grand Prix in 1946 then the Isle of Man TT in 1947 with an expanded format that included the new Clubmans TT races. The Isle of Man TT became part of the FIM Motor-cycle Grand Prix World Championship as the British round of the World Motor-Cycling Championship during the period 1949–1976. It is still billed in popular culture as the most dangerous motorsport event in the world, with over 250 fatalities in its history. In 1976, the Isle of Man TT lost its world championship status and was transferred to the United Kingdom by the FIM, the event was redeveloped by the Isle of Man Department of Tourism as the Isle of Man TT Festival from 1989 onwards. Motor racing began on the Isle of Man in 1904 with the Gordon Bennett Eliminating Trial, restricted to touring automobiles. The 1905 Gordon Bennett Trial was held on 30 May 1905 and was won by Clifford Earl driving a Napier automobile in 6 hours and 6 minutes for six laps of the Highroads Course.90 mph. The 1905 International Motor-Cycle Cup Race for five laps was won by J. S, campbell despite a fire during a pit stop in 4 hours,9 minutes and 36 seconds at an average race speed of 30.04 mph. The TT Races since the first race in 1907 have been in the format of time-trial, the current format is a clutch start and race competitors will be started singly at 10-second intervals. Start Preliminaries First Signal –45 minutes before the start with a warm-up of engines in the Race Paddock, Second Signal –30 minutes before start. Third Signal –15 minutes before start, race competitors move to the start-line, fourth Signal –5 minutes before start, signal to clear the grid and race competitors move towards the exit-gate. Entrants must be in possession of a valid National Entrants or FIM Sponsors Licence for Road Racing. 5-mile Snaefell Mountain Course
15.
Kreidler
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Kreidler is a German manufacturer of bicycles, mopeds and motorcycles. They are part of the Cycle Union group based in Oldenburg, Germany where bikes are built, Kreidlers electric bikes have generally received positive reviews from testing organisations such as Stiftung Warentest. Kreidler was originally based in based in Kornwestheim, between Ludwigsburg and Stuttgart and it was founded in 1903 as Kreidlers Metall- und Drahtwerke by Anton Kreidler and started to build motorcycles in 1951. In 1959 one third of all German motorcycles were Kreidler, in the 1970s Kreidler had very great success in motorsport. Especially in the Netherlands the riders Jan de Vries and Henk van Kessel were successful, the rights to the Kreidler brand were subsequently acquired by bicycle manufacturer Prophete
16.
Eugenio Lazzarini
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Eugenio Lazzarini is an Italian former Grand Prix motorcycle road racing World Champion. Lazzarini began his Grand Prix career in 1969 in the 250 class on a Benelli and he won his first Grand Prix at the 1973 Dutch TT on a Maico. He captured the FIM1978 125cc world championship riding an MBA and he followed that up with two 50cc world championships in 1979 and 1980 riding a Kreidler. His riding career spanned 15 seasons
17.
1982 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season
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The 1982 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season was the 34th F. I. M. Italian Franco Uncini on the Roberto Gallina backed Suzuki took a well-earned championship in the 500cc class, yamaha introduced a new motorcycle with a V4 engine for Kenny Roberts but, suffered from having to develop a new bike during the season. Honda abandoned its NR500 four-stroke in favor of a V3 two-stroke NS500 piloted by American newcomer, Freddie Spencer, defending champion Marco Lucchinelli, Spencer would give Honda its first 500cc win since the 1967 season and its first with a two-stroke. Barry Sheene was lying third in the championship, tied on points with Roberts, however, his season was brought to a premature end when he hit the obscured fallen machine of Frenchman Patrick Igoa during practice at Silverstone. Most of the sponsored riders boycotted the French round at Nogaro in protest of the unsafe track conditions. Anton Mang successfully defended his 350 title for Kawasaki despite winning one race. He would be the final 350 world champion as the class would be discontinued after 1982, Mang lost his 250 crown to Jean-Louis Tournadre by one point despite winning five races. Tournadres only victory would be at the boycotted French round, the Frenchman would become Frances first world champion. Angel Nieto clinched his eleventh title in the 125 class on a Garelli, in the 50cc class, Eugenio Lazzarini and Stefan Dörflinger traded wins, each rider winning three races, but Dörflinger took the title because of his three second-place finishes. Chronosports S. A. ISBN 2-940125-32-5 The Official MotoGP website
18.
Gianni Morbidelli
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Gianni Morbidelli is an Italian racing driver. He is the son of Giancarlo Morbidelli, the founder of Morbidelli motorcycle company which had success in Grand Prix motorcycle racing, Morbidelli participated in 70 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 11 March 1990. He achieved one podium, and scored a total of 8.5 championship points and he currently competes in the TCR International Series. Morbidelli starting karting in 1980, spending six years until he became the EUR-AM championship winner and he became Italian Formula 3 and Formula 3 European Cup champion in 1989, as well as winning two races in Italian Touring Cars. He then moved to the Scuderia Italia Formula One team, doing the first 2 races of the 1990 F1 season as stand-in for Emanuele Pirro, before concentrating on Formula 3000. He won 1 race and finished 5th in the 1990 championship, resuming his F1 career at the end of the 1990 season, Morbidelli competed in the final two races of the season with Minardi, where he remained until the end of 1992. A lack of sponsorship led to him leaving Minardi to rejoin Italian Touring Cars for 1993 and he managed four-point-scoring positions in two years with the team, including his only podium place finish in the 1995 Australian Grand Prix, earning third place in a race of high attrition. Morbidelli became Footwork Arrows most successful driver, with a total of eight points for the team. Morbidelli also competed in the Italian Superturismo Championship for 1995, scoring two wins, and, after spending a year out in 1996 testing for Jordan. Back in Formula One for 1997, he raced in several events for Sauber as a replacement for Nicola Larini. He scored no points and was not classified in the championship for that year and his unsuccessful season, and two injuries by separate testing accidents, led to Morbidelli retiring from Formula One racing. In 1998 he drove for Volvo in the British Touring Car Championship, but was not as competitive as his team-mate Rickard Rydell, who won that years title. His only competitive showing was in the meeting at Thruxton. Morbidelli raced in the Italian round of the 2004 season in a SEAT Toledo, Morbidelli drove a Lamborghini in several grand tourer races in 2005, and moved back to touring cars for 2006. Competing in the World Touring Car Championship for N-Technology, he managed two second places in an Alfa Romeo 156, not as competitive as when he was driving the BMW, he moved back to GT racing for 2007, winning two races in the ADAC GT Masters series. He has had success in the Italian Superstars Championship, where Morbidelli won the title with both Audi RS4 and BMW M3 three years in a row from 2007. The short-lived Speedcar Series gave him another title, where he won the 2008–09 championship. The season featured a fight with defending champion Johnny Herbert
19.
Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2
