Natural monument
A natural monument is a natural or natural/cultural feature of outstanding or unique value because of its inherent rarity, representative of aesthetic qualities or cultural significance. Under World Commission on Protected Areas guidelines, natural monuments are level III, described as: "Areas are set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or a living feature such as an ancient grove, they are quite small protected areas and have high visitor value."This is a lower level of protection than level II and level I. The European Environment Agency's guidelines for selection of a natural monument are: The area should contain one or more features of outstanding significance. Appropriate natural features include waterfalls, craters, fossil beds, sand dunes and marine features, along with unique or representative fauna and flora; the area should be large enough to protect the integrity of the feature and its related surroundings.
Natural monument signs selection IUCN Protected Area Management Categories: Category III Natural Monument or Feature U. S. National Monument World Conservation Union A-Z of Areas of Biodiversity Importance: Natural Monument or Feature Natural Monuments in Brazil
Sullivan County, Pennsylvania
Sullivan County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,428, making it the second-least populous county in Pennsylvania, its county seat is Laporte. The county was created on March 15, 1847, from part of Lycoming County and named for Charles C. Sullivan, leader of the Pennsylvania Senate at that time; the land which became Sullivan County was purchased from the Iroquois by the Province of Pennsylvania in 1768, as part of the first Treaty of Fort Stanwix. It was part of Northumberland County became part of Lycoming County when it was formed in 1795. Sullivan County itself was formed from the northeastern part of Lycoming County on March 15, 1847, it was the thirteenth and last county formed at least from Lycoming County. According to the official state publication Pennsylvania Local Government, Sullivan County was named for Pennsylvania state senator Charles C. Sullivan, who "took an active part in procuring passage of the bill" establishing the county.
However, according to Frederic A. Godcharles, the county is named for General John Sullivan, who led the Sullivan Expedition against the Iroquois in 1779. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 452 square miles, of which 450 square miles is land and 2.6 square miles is water. Elevation ranges from 2593 ft at North Mountain in Davidson Township to 779 ft on Loyalsock Creek at the Lycoming County line; the county is served by Pennsylvania Route 87, Pennsylvania Route 487, U. S. Route 220; the major rivers in the county are Loyalsock Creek, Little Loyalsock Creek, Muncy Creek, Fishing Creek. The majority of the land in Sullivan County is forest, but there is some farmland in the northern part of the county. There are numerous river valleys in the western parts of Sullivan County. Bradford County Wyoming County Luzerne County Columbia County Lycoming County Sullivan County lies predominantly within the Appalachian Plateau physiographic province, characterized by folded and faulted sedimentary rocks of middle to late Paleozoic age.
The southern border of the county is at the Allegheny Front, a geological boundary between the Ridge and Valley province and the plateau.. The mountains within the county are part of the Endless Mountains; the stratigraphic record of sedimentary rocks within the county spans from the Devonian Lock Haven Formation to the coal-bearing Pennsylvanian Allegheny Formation. The Catskill Formation underlies most of the lowlands, sandstones of the Huntley Mountain, Mauch Chunk, or Pottsville Formations cap the mountains. No igneous or metamorphic rocks exist within other than possible glacial erratics. Structurally, the bedrock of Sullivan County is folded, with the axes of two major anticlines and two major synclines each trending east–west. There are three mapped faults in the Allegheny Formation between the towns of Ringdale. Nearly all of Sullivan County was glaciated several times in the past, during the Pleistocene epoch, or "Ice Age.". Most of the county is covered by glacial till of Late Wisconsinan age.
Late Illinoian Stage deposits may underlie the Late Wisconsinan deposits, these are exposed in the south central part of the county. The major rivers in Sullivan County are Muncy Creek. Both flow into the West Branch of the Susquehanna River; some streams along the eastern border of the county flow into the North Branch of the Susquehanna River. All of Sullivan county is thus within the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Several small coal fields exist within Sullivan County; the fields contain either bituminous or semi-anthracite coal, all occur within Pennsylvanian strata. Notable geologic features within Sullivan County include some of the following: The Haystacks, exposed along Loyalsock Creek south of Dushore, are sandstone mounds of unknown origin Ganoga Lake is the state's highest lake at 2265 ft above sea level Ricketts Glen State Park, with its many waterfalls Worlds End State Park, including an exposure of the Huntley Mountain Formation, a "rock city" where cross-bedding is visible in the sandstone of the Pottsville Formation The Leberfinger Quarry, in the Lock Haven Formation where brachiopod fossils, trace fossils, plant fossils can be observed Grand View, located at the southeast corner of the county on a knob of Red Rock Mountain, provides scenic views of the Allegheny Front Ticklish Rock, located near Glen Mawr up Rock Run Road, features a rock formation of the Devonian Catskill Formation.
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,556 people, 2,660 households, 1,752 families residing in the county. The population density was 15 people per square mile. There were 6,017 housing units at an average density of 13 per square mile; the racial makeup of the county was 95.58% White, 2.20% Black or African American, 0.76% Native American, 0.15% Asian, 0.46% from other races, 0.85% from two or more races. 1.10% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 33.8% were of German, 14.7% Irish, 9.5% English, 7.5% American, 5.9% Polish and 5.6% Italian ancestry. There were 2,660 households out of which 24.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.70% were married couples living together, 6.80% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.10% were non-families. 29.30% of all hou
Allegheny Portage Railroad
The Allegheny Portage Railroad was the first railroad constructed through the Allegheny Mountains in central Pennsylvania, United States. 36 miles long overall, both ends connected to the Pennsylvania Canal, the system was used as a portage railway, haulting river boats and barges over the divide between the Ohio and the Susquehanna Rivers. The railroad was authorized as part of the Main Line of Public Works legislation in 1824, it had five inclines on either side of the drainage divide running athwart the ridge line from Blair Gap through along the kinked saddle at the summit into Cresson, Pennsylvania. The endpoints connected to the Canal at Johnstown on the west through the relative flats to Hollidaysburg on the east; the Railroad utilized cleverly designed wheeled barges to ride a narrow-gauge rail track with steam-powered stationary engines lifting the vehicles. The roadbed of the railroad did not incline monotonically upwards, but rose in long, saw-toothed stretches of slightly-sloped flat terrain suitable to animal powered towing, alternating with steep cable railway inclined planes using static steam engine powered windlasses, similar to mechanisms of modern ski lifts.
Except for peak moments of severe storms, it was an all-seasons operation. Along with the rest of the Main Works, it cut transport time from Philadelphia to the Ohio River from weeks to just 3–5 days. Considered a technological marvel in its day, it played a critical role in opening the interior of the United States beyond the Appalachian Mountains to settlement and commerce, it included the first railroad tunnel in the United States, the Staple Bend Tunnel, its inauguration was marked with great fanfare. Construction of the Old Portage Railroad from Hollidaysburg to Johnstown, thirty six miles long, began in 1831 and took three years to complete, it included a tunnel 900 feet long as well as a viaduct over the Little Conemaugh River upstream from Johnstown. The vertical ascent from Johnstown was 1,172 feet; the vertical ascent from Hollidaysburg was 1,399 feet. The project was financed by the State of Pennsylvania as a means to compete with the Erie Canal in New York and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal and Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Maryland.
The work was done through private contractors. The railroad utilized eleven grade lines and ten cable inclined planes, five on either side of the summit of the Allegheny Ridge to carry loaded canal boats on flatbed railroad cars. Trains of two-three cars were pulled on grade lines by mules. On incline planes, stationary steam engines pulled up and lowered down cars by hemp ropes switching to wire ropes in 1842; the entire Main Line system connecting Philadelphia and Pittsburgh via the Philadelphia-Columbia railroad, the Columbia-Hollidaysburg canal, the Portage railroad linking Hollidaysburg to Johnstown, a canal from Johnstown to Pittsburgh, was 400 miles long. A typical ride took 4 days instead of the former 23-day horse-wagon journey; the Old Portage Railroad was in operation for twenty years being considered "the wonder of America." Charles Dickens wrote a contemporary account of travel on the railroad in Chapter 10 of his American Notes. In the 1850s, the Main Line of Public Works and its portage railroad was rendered obsolete by the advance of railway technology and railroad engineering.
Early in 1846 the Legislature chartered the Pennsylvania Railroad to cross the entire state in response to plans by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad to reach the Ohio Valley through Virginia. In December 1852 trains started to run between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh shortening the travel time from 4 days to 13 hours. Construction on the New Portage Railroad, a 40-mile realignment to cross the Allegheny Ridge bypassing inclines, started in 1851 and cost $2.14 million. The PRR raised sufficient investment and had enough quick success that they bought the existing Portage railroad and other parts of the Main Line of Public Works from the state on July 31, 1857; the PRR used the rest as local branches. The line reopened as a freight bypass line in 1904. Pennsylvania Railroad successor Conrail abandoned this line to Hollidaysburg and most of the branch trackage along the Juniata River in 1981 and removed the rails. Today, the remains of the railroad are preserved within the Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site operated by the National Park Service.
The site was established on 1,296 acres in 1964 and is about 12 miles west of Altoona, in Blair and Cambria counties. The park service operates a visitor center with interpretive exhibits near the old line. Nearby is the Samuel Lemon House, a tavern located alongside the railroad near Cresson, a popular stop for railroad passengers; the NPS maintains a length of reconstructed track, an engine house with exhibits, a picnic area, hiking trails. A skew arch bridge, a masterwork of cut stone construction, is another feature of the site near the Lemon House; the bridge is 60.4 feet long on the south elevation, 54.9 feet long on the north elevation, 22.2 feet high. It was the only bridge on the line, built to carry a road; the Staple Bend Tunnel is preserved in a separate unit of the historic site, 5 miles e
Bass (fish)
Bass is a name shared by many species of fish. The term encompasses both freshwater and marine species, all belonging to the large order Perciformes, or perch-like fishes; the word bass comes from Middle English bars, meaning "perch". The black basses, such as the Choctaw bass, Guadalupe bass, largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, spotted bass belong to the sunfish family, Centrarchidae; the temperate basses, such as the European seabass, striped bass and white bass, belong to the family Moronidae. The Asian seabasses, such as the Japanese seabass and Blackfin seabass, belong to the family Lateolabracidae. Many species are known as basses, including: The Australian bass, Macquaria novemaculeata, is a member of the temperate perch family, Percichthyidae; the black sea bass, Centropristis striata, is a member of the sea bass and sea grouper family, Serranidae. The Chilean sea bass, Dissostichus eleginoides known as the Patagonian toothfish, is a member of the cod icefish family, Nototheniidae; the giant sea bass Stereolepis gigas known as the black sea bass, is a member of the wreckfish family, Polyprionidae.
The "lanternbellies" or "temperate ocean-basses", Acropomatidae. The "butterfly peacock bass", Cichla ocellaris, is a member of the cichlid family, Cichlidae and a prized game fish along with its relatives in the genus Cichla. Largemouth and spotted bass are the most popular game fish in North America, it is very popular in South Africa where the largemouth bass is found in lakes, rivers and dams. When fishing, lures or live bait will work. Lures that mimic baitfish, crayfish and mice are all effective. "Bass, the name of various trimly shaped, gamy fishes of both fresh and salt water". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. All about the bass... no trouble
U.S. Route 6 in Pennsylvania
U. S. Route 6 travels east–west near the north edge of the U. S. state of Pennsylvania from the Ohio state line near Pymatuning Reservoir east to the Mid-Delaware Bridge over the Delaware River into Port Jervis, New York. It is the longest highway segment in the Commonwealth. Most of it is a two-lane rural highway, with some freeway bypasses around larger towns. Except east of Dunmore, where it is paralleled by Interstate 84, it is the main route in its corridor. What is now I-80—the Keystone Shortway—was once planned along the US 6 corridor as a western extension of I-84; the corridor was the Roosevelt Highway from Erie, Pennsylvania to Port Jervis, New York, designated Pennsylvania Route 7 in 1924. The PA 7 designation soon disappeared, but as US 6 was extended and relocated, the Roosevelt Highway followed it; the Pennsylvania section of US 6 was renamed the Grand Army of the Republic Highway in 1946. US 6 meets with U. S. Route 19 near Meadville. There it passes through the Northern Tier of Pennsylvania.
At Towanda it turns more southeasterly to reach Dunmore turning back northeast out of Dunmore to Carbondale and east and southeast to New York. US 6 encompasses two Pennsylvania Scenic Byways: the Gateway to the Endless Mountains Scenic Byway along the bypass of Tunkhannock and the Governor Casey Scenic Byway along the freeway portion in Lackawanna County between I-81 in Dunmore and PA 247 in Jessup. US 6 enters Pennsylvania from Ohio in Crawford County, heading southeast as a two-lane undivided road through farmland and woodland to the north of Pymatuning State Park, home to the Pymatuning Reservoir; the route heads into Linesville, where it heads southeast through developed areas of the borough on Penn Street before turning east onto East Erie Street. The road continues southeast through more rural areas as it heads away from the state park, passing over the Canadian National's Bessemer Subdivision railroad line. US 6 intersects the southern terminus of PA 618 before it reaches a junction with PA 285 on the western edge of the borough of Conneaut Lake.
Here, US 6 heads east for a concurrency with PA 285 and the two routes head east through the borough on Water Street. The road intersects US 322/PA 18 in the center of Conneaut Lake, where the two routes join US 6 and PA 285. A block PA 285 splits to the south. US 6/US 322/PA 18 become a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane and head east out of the borough, passing to the south of Conneaut Lake. PA 18 splits from US 6/US 322 by turning to the north, with US 6/US 322 continuing east-northeast on Conneaut Lake Road through farms and woods with some development; the road heads into a business area to the west of Meadville and comes to an intersection with US 19 and the southern terminus of PA 98, at which point US 19 becomes concurrent with US 6 and US 322. The roadway becomes a four-lane divided highway and comes to a cloverleaf interchange with I-79. Past this interchange, the three routes reach an intersection with the southern terminus of PA 102 before curving north and entering Meadville upon crossing French Creek and a Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad line.
The road becomes French Creek Parkway and US 322 splits to the east, with US 6/US 19 continuing north through developed areas to the east of the railroad line. The two routes leave Meadville and narrow to a two-lane undivided road, passing through wooded areas with some fields and development as it follows the French Creek and the Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad. In Saegertown, US 6/US 19 head north along Main Street and form a concurrency with PA 198; the road continues northeast through more rural areas alongside the creek and railroad, reaching the borough of Venango. Here, the two routes head north on Church Street before turning east onto Cussewago Street and curving north onto River Street. US 6/US 19 run northeast through woods with some development to Cambridge Springs; the two routes head northeast on Venango Avenue before intersecting the northern terminus of PA 86 and the western terminus of PA 408 in the center of town, where they turn onto North Main Street and continue northeast.
US 6/US 19 reach a junction with the southern terminus of PA 99 before leaving Cambridge Springs and heading through rural areas. US 6/US 19 continue into Erie County and comes to an intersection with the eastern terminus of US 6N, at which point US 6 splits from US 19 by turning to the east and crossing French Creek; the route passes through Mill Village, where it crosses under a Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad line, runs through a mix of farmland and woodland with some development. The road continues through rural land and turns northeast to reach Union City, where it comes to a junction with PA 8. At this point, US 6 heads north along with PA 8 through developed areas of the borough on South Main Street, crossing a Western New York and Pennsylvania Railroad line. In the downtown area of Union City, US 6 splits from PA 8 by turning east onto East High Street at a crossing of a Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad line; the route leaves Union City and heads through farm fields and woods, reaching a junction with PA 89 to the north of Elgin.
Here, PA 89 forms a concurrency with US 6 before splitting to the south. The route runs east-northeast through wooded areas with some development prior to entering the city of Corry. In Corry, US 6 becomes West Columbus Avenue and runs through developed areas in the northern part of the city, crossing PA 426 and becoming East Columbus Avenue. In the eastern part of Corry, the road passes south of Corry Memorial Hospital; the route enters
Eastern cottontail
The eastern cottontail is a New World cottontail rabbit, a member of the family Leporidae. It is the most common rabbit species in North America; the eastern cottontail can be found in meadows and shrubby areas in the eastern and south-central United States, southern Canada, eastern Mexico, Central America and northernmost South America. It is abundant in Midwest North America, has been found in New Mexico and Arizona, its range expanded north. It was not found in New England, but it has been introduced there and now competes for habitat there with the native New England cottontail, it has been introduced into parts of Oregon and British Columbia. In the mid-1960s, the eastern cottontail was introduced to Cuba, Cayman Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Grenada, Saint Croix and northern Italy, where it displayed a rapid territorial expansion and increase in population density. Optimal eastern cottontail habitat includes open grassy areas and old fields supporting abundant green grasses and herbs, with shrubs in the area or edges for cover.
The essential components of eastern cottontail habitat are an abundance of well-distributed escape cover interspersed with more open foraging areas such as grasslands and pastures. Habitat parameters important for eastern cottontails in ponderosa pine, mixed species, pinyon -juniper woodlands include woody debris and shrubby understories, patchiness. Eastern cottontails occupy habitats in and around farms including fields, open woods, thickets associated with fencerows, wooded thickets, forest edges, suburban areas with adequate food and cover, they are found in swamps and marshes and avoid dense woods. They are found in deep woods; the eastern cottontail home range is circular in uniform habitats. Eastern cottontails inhabit one home range throughout their lifetime, but home range shifts in response to vegetation changes and weather are common. In New England, eastern cottontail home ranges average 1.4 acres for adult males and 1.2 acres for adult females but vary in size from 0.5 to 40 acres, depending on season, habitat quality, individual.
The largest ranges are occupied by adult males during the breeding season. In southwestern Wisconsin adult male home ranges averaged 6.9 acres in spring, increased to 10 acres in early summer, decreased to 3.7 acres by late summer. Daily activity is restricted to 10% to 20% of the overall home range. In southeastern Wisconsin home ranges of males overlapped by up to 50%, but female home ranges did not overlap by more than 25% and actual defense of range by females occurred only in the immediate area of the nest. Males fight each other to establish mating priority. Eastern cottontails forage in open areas and use brush piles, stone walls with shrubs around them and shrubby plants, burrows or dens for escape cover and resting cover. Woody cover is important for the survival and abundance of eastern cottontails. Eastern cottontails do not dig their own dens but use burrows dug by other species such as woodchucks. In winter when deciduous plants are bare eastern cottontails forage in less secure cover and travel greater distances.
Eastern cottontails use woody cover more during the winter in areas where cover is provided by herbaceous vegetation in summer. In Florida slash pine flatwoods, eastern cottontails use low saw-palmetto patches for cover within grassy areas. Most nest holes are constructed in grasslands; the nest is concealed in weeds. Nests are constructed in thickets and scrubby woods. In southeastern Illinois tall-grass prairie, eastern cottontail nests were more common in undisturbed prairie grasses than in high-mowed or hayed plots. In Iowa most nests were within 70 yd of brush cover in herbaceous vegetation at least 4 in tall. Nests in hayfields were in vegetation less than 8 in tall. Average depth of nest holes is 5 in, average width 5 in, average length 7 in; the nest is lined with fur. The eastern cottontail is chunky, red-brown or gray-brown in appearance, with large hind feet, long ears, a short, fluffy white tail, its underside fur is white. There is a rusty patch on the tail, its appearance differs from that of a hare in that it has a brownish-gray coloring around the head and neck.
The body is lighter color with a white underside on the tail. It has large ears to see and listen for danger. In winter the cottontail's pelage is more gray than brown; the kits develop the same coloring after a few weeks, but they have a white blaze that goes down their forehead. This rabbit is medium-sized, measuring 36–48 cm in total length, including a small tail that averages 5.3 cm. Weight can range with an average of around 2.6 lb. The female tends to be heavier. There may be some slight variation in the body size of eastern cottontails, with weights seeming to increase from south to north, in accordance with Bergmann's rule. Adult specimens from the Florida Museum of Natural History, collected in Florida, have a mean weight of 2.244 lb. Meanwhile, 346 adult cottontails from Michigan were found to have averaged 3.186 lb in mass. The eastern cottontail is a territorial animal; when chased
Beach volleyball
Beach volleyball is a team sport played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net. As in indoor volleyball, the objective of the game is to send the ball over the net and to ground it on the opponent's side of the court, to prevent the same effort by the opponent. A team is allowed up to three touches to return the ball across the net, individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively except after making a block touch; the ball is put in play with a serve—a hit by the server from behind the rear court boundary over the net to the opponents. The rally continues until the ball is grounded on the playing court, goes "out", or a fault is made in the attempt to return the ball; the team that wins the rally scores a point and serves to start the following rally. The four players serve in the same sequence throughout the match, changing server each time a rally is won by the receiving team. Beach volleyball most originated in 1915 on Waikiki Beach in Hawaii, while the modern two-player game originated in Santa Monica, California.
It has been an Olympic sport since the 1996 Summer Olympics. The Fédération Internationale de Volleyball is the international governing body for the sport, organizes the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Championships and the international professional beach volleyball circuit known as the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour. Beach volleyball is a variant of indoor volleyball, invented in 1895 by William G. Morgan. Beach volleyball most originated in 1915 on Waikiki Beach in Hawaii, at the Outrigger Canoe Club. According to a 1978 interview of an Outrigger Canoe Club member, George David "Dad" Center put a net up there, the first recorded game of beach volleyball took place. In 1920, new jetties in Santa Monica, California created a large sandy area for public enjoyment, planting the seed for beach volleyball development in that region; the first permanent nets began to appear, people soon began playing recreational games on public parts of the beach and in private beach clubs. Eleven such beach clubs appeared in the Santa Monica area, beginning in late 1922.
The first inter-club competitions were staged in 1924. Most of these early beach volleyball matches were played with teams of at least six players per side, much like indoor volleyball; the concept of the modern two-man beach volleyball game is credited to Paul "Pablo" Johnson of the Santa Monica Athletic Club. In the summer of 1930, while waiting for players to show up for a six-man game at the Santa Monica Athletic Club, Johnson decided to try playing with only the four people present, forming two two-man teams for the first recorded beach volleyball doubles game; the players realized that with fewer players on the court, a taller player's height advantage could be neutralized by a shorter player's speed and ball control. The popularity of the two-man game spread to other nearby beach clubs and to the public courts. Though recreational games continue to be played with more players, the most played version of the game, the only one contested at an elite level, has only two players per team.
Beach volleyball grew in popularity in the United States during the Great Depression in the 1930s as it was an inexpensive activity. The sport began to appear in Europe during this time. By the 1940s, doubles tournaments were being played on the beaches of Santa Monica for trophies. In 1948 the first tournament to offer a prize was held in California, it awarded the best teams with a case of Pepsi. In the 1960s, an attempt to start a professional volleyball league was made in Santa Monica, it failed. In the 1950s, the first Brazilian beach volleyball tournament was held, sponsored by a newspaper publishing company; the first Manhattan Beach Open was held in 1960, a tournament which grew in prestige to become, in the eyes of some, the "Wimbledon of Beach Volleyball". In the meantime, beach volleyball gained popularity: in the 1960s The Beatles tried playing in Los Angeles and US president John F. Kennedy was seen attending a match. In 1974, there was an indoor tournament: "The $1500.00 World Indoor Two-Man Volleyball Championship" played in front of 4,000 volleyball enthusiast at the San Diego Sports Arena.
Fred Zuelich teamed with Dennis Hare to defeat Ron Von Hagen and Matt Gage in the championship match, Winston Cigarettes was the sponsor. Dennis Hare went on to write the first book on the subject of beach volleyball: The Art of Beach Volleyball; the first professional beach volleyball tournament was the Olympia World Championship of Beach Volleyball, staged on Labor Day weekend, 1976, at Will Rogers State Beach in Pacific Palisades, California. The event was organized based in Santa Barbara; the winners, the first "world champions", were Jim Menges. They split US$2,500 out of a total prize purse of US$5,000. Volleyball magazine staged the event the next year at the same location, this time sponsored by Schlitz Light Beer. In 1978 Wilk formed a sports promotion company named Event Concepts with Craig Masuoka and moved the World Championship of Beach Volleyball to Redondo Beach, California. Jose Cuervo signed on as the prize purse; the event was successful and Cuervo funded an expansion the next year to three events.
The California Pro Beach Tour debuted with events in Laguna Beach, Santa Barbara and the World Championship in Redondo. In following years the tour was renamed the Pro Beach Volleyball Tour, it consisted of five events in California and tournaments in Florida and Chicago. By 1984, the Pro Beach consisted of 16 events around the country and had a total prize purse of US$300,000. At the end of the year, Event Concepts was for
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