1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Lausanne Metro
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Around a quarter of the system has been used for urban rail transport since 1877, when the route between the city centre and Ouchy opened as Switzerlands first public funicular railway. The network is owned by two companies and operated by a third. Of the two operating lines, the first is a limited-capacity light rail route, while the second is an automated metro which opened on 27 October 2008. When this opened, Lausanne replaced Rennes as the smallest city in the world to have a metro system. A third line is now planned, based on the same rubber-tyred metro technology, the Lausanne-Ouchy railway, the precursor to the M2 line of the Lausanne Metro, was inaugurated in 1877 as a funicular. In 1959 the first overhaul took place by transforming the funicular into a railway under the name métro. At that time, Flon and Gare CFF stations were demolished and replaced by concrete underground equivalents, the line was however always nicknamed La Ficelle by its users due to its funicular past and circulation above ground in the greenery for more than half of its run. The line was closed to all traffic on 21 January 2006. A bus service was put into operation to replace the then-closed La Ficelle until the opening of the new metro M2 line and this service was called Métrobus, the south loop linked Ouchy to the CFF station and the north loop linked the station to Montbenon. Lausanne originally had a system that opened in 1896. But the original Lausanne tram network closed entirely in 1964, a modern tramline, which ultimately became Lausanne Métro Line M1, opened on 24 May 1991, and began revenue service on 2 June 1991. In 2001, for marketing and public communication reasons, this line was renamed the M1 line by its operator TSOL, the M1 is a light rail line with a total of 15 stations, a dozen of which are at-grade and three of which are underground. The line is owned by a company named TSOL and this acronym is used by the commuters who use the line. Trains on the line are operated by the Transports publics de la région lausannoise, the M1 is a light rail line with a dozen surface stations and three underground. The line, which is 7. 8-kilometre long, links the centre of Lausanne, the line is generally single track. At most stations a passing loop is provided to allow trains to pass, exceptions to this are Bassenges, UNIL-Sorge and Provence stations, where the line is still single track serving one bidirectional platform. Unlike the later line 2, an automated or remotely controlled train was not planned when the line opened in 1991. There are a total of 18 of these original LRVs on the line, but after 20 years in service they were showing their age, and 2 were regularly out of use
3.
Lausanne
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Lausanne is a city in the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and the capital and biggest city of the canton of Vaud. The city is situated on the shores of Lake Geneva and it faces the French town of Évian-les-Bains, with the Jura Mountains to its north-west. Lausanne is located 62 kilometres northeast of Geneva, Lausanne has a population of 146,372, making it the fourth largest city in Switzerland, with the entire agglomeration area having 420,000 inhabitants. The metropolitan area of Lausanne-Geneva was over 1.2 million inhabitants in 2000, Lausanne is a focus of international sport, hosting the International Olympic Committee, the Court of Arbitration for Sport and some 55 international sport associations. It lies in a noted wine-growing region, the city has a 28-station metro system, making it the smallest city in the world to have a rapid transit system. Lausanne will host the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics, by the 2nd century AD it was known as vikanor Lousonnensium and in 280 as lacu Lausonio. By 400 it was civitas Lausanna and in 990 it was mentioned as Losanna, after the fall of the Roman Empire, insecurity forced the transfer of Lausanne to its current centre, a hilly site that is easier to defend. The city which emerged from the camp was ruled by the Dukes of Savoy, then it came under Bern from 1536 to 1798 and a number of its cultural treasures, including the hanging tapestries in the Cathedral, were permanently removed. Lausanne has made a number of requests to recover them, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Lausanne became a place of refuge for French Huguenots. In 1729 a seminary was opened by Antoine Court and Benjamin Duplan, by 1750 ninety pastors had been sent back to France to work clandestinely, this number would rise to four hundred. Official persecution ended in 1787, a faculty of Protestant theology was established at Montauban in 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars, the citys status changed. In 1803, it became the capital of a newly formed Swiss canton, in 1964 the city hosted the Swiss National Exhibition, displaying its newly found confidence to host major international events. From the 1950s to 1970s a large number of Italians, Spaniards and Portuguese immigrated, settling mostly in the district of Renens. The city has served as a refuge for European artists, while under the care of a psychiatrist at Lausanne, T. S. Eliot composed most of his 1922 poem The Wasteland. Hemingway also visited from Paris with his wife during the 1920s, in fact, many creative people - such as Edward Gibbon, an historian, and Romantic era poets Shelley and Byron - have sojourned, lived, and worked in Lausanne or nearby. The city has been quiet, but in the late 1960s. Later demonstrations took place to protest against the high cinema prices, the most important geographical feature of the area surrounding Lausanne is Lake Geneva. Lausanne boasts a dramatic panorama over the lake and the Alps, in addition to its generally southward-sloping layout, the centre of the city is the site of an ancient river, the Flon, which has been covered since the 19th century
4.
Romandy
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Romandy is the French-speaking part of western Switzerland. In 2010 about 1.9 million people, or 24. 4% of the Swiss population, the bulk of romand population lives in the Arc Lémanique region along Lake Geneva, connecting Geneva, Vaud and the Lower Valais. The adjective romand is a dialectal variant of roman, in Old French used as a term for the Gallo-Romance vernaculars. Suisse romande is used in contrast to Suisse alémanique, Alemannic Switzerland, formed by analogy is Suisse italienne, which is composed of Ticino and of a part of Graubünden. Simple Westschweiz western Switzerland may also be used as a loose synonym, in four Swiss cantons, French is the sole official language, Geneva, Vaud, Neuchâtel, and Jura. There are three cantons where French and German have co-official status, Bern, Fribourg and Valais, the linguistic boundary between French and German is known as Röstigraben. The term is humorous in origin and refers both to the division and to perceived cultural differences between the Romandy and the German-speaking Swiss majority. The term can be traced to the WWI period, but it entered mainstream usage in the 1970s in the context of the Jurassic separatism virulent at the time. It then follows the border between Neuchâtel and Bern and turns south towards Morat, again traversing an areal of traditional bilinguism including the communities of Morat and Fribourg. Cutting across the High Alps at Les Diablerets, the boundary separates the French-speaking Lower Valais from the Alemannic-speaking Upper Valais. It then cuts southwards into the High Alps again, separating the Val dAnniviers from the Mattertal, traditionally speaking the Franco-Provençal or Patois dialects of Upper Burgundy, the romand population now speak a variety of Standard French. Today, the differences between Swiss French and Parisian French are minor and mostly lexical, although in rural speakers, in particular, some parts of the Swiss Jura participate in the Frainc-Comtou dialect spoken in the Franche-Comté region of France. Since the 1970s, there has been an amount of linguistic revivalism. In this context, the Franco-Provençal dialects are called Arpitan and their historical area Arpitania, the cultural identity of Romandy is supported by Télévision Suisse Romande, Radio Suisse Romande and the universities of Geneva, Fribourg, Lausanne and Neuchâtel. Historically, most of Romandy has been strongly Protestant, especially Calvinist, however, Roman Catholicism continued to predominate in Jura, Valais, and Fribourg. In recent decades, due to significant immigration from France and Southern European countries, languages of Switzerland Swiss French Röstigraben Jurassic separatism Bernese Jura Lake Geneva region Rhodanic Republic Arpitania Organisation internationale de la Francophonie
5.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
6.
Microcomputer
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A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal input/output circuitry mounted on a printed circuit board. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 1980s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors, the predecessors to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more expensive. Many microcomputers are also personal computers, the abbreviation micro was common during the 1970s and 1980s, but has now fallen out of common usage. The term microcomputer came into use after the introduction of the minicomputer. Most notably, the replaced the many separate components that made up the minicomputers CPU with one integrated microprocessor chip. The first microcomputer was the Japanese Sord Computer Corporations SMP80/08, which was followed by the SMP80/x, the French developers of the Micral N filed their patents with the term Micro-ordinateur, a literal equivalent of Microcomputer, to designate a solid state machine designed with a microprocessor. Use of audio cassettes for data storage replaced manual re-entry of a program every time the device was powered on. Large cheap arrays of silicon logic gates in the form of memory and EPROMs allowed utility programs. This replaced the slow, complex, and expensive teletypewriter that was common as an interface to minicomputers. All these improvements in cost and usability resulted in an explosion in their popularity during the late 1970s, a large number of computer makers packaged microcomputers for use in small business applications. This allowed businesses unable to afford leasing of a minicomputer or time-sharing service the opportunity to automate business functions, without hiring a full-time staff to operate the computers. A representative system of this era would have used an S100 bus, an 8-bit processor such as an Intel 8080 or Zilog Z80, the increasing availability and power of desktop computers for personal use attracted the attention of more software developers. In time, and as the industry matured, the market for personal computers standardized around IBM PC compatibles running DOS, everyday use of the expression microcomputer has declined significantly from the mid-1980s and has declined in commonplace usage since 2000. The term is most commonly associated with the first wave of all-in-one 8-bit home computers, although, or perhaps because, an increasingly diverse range of modern microprocessor-based devices fit the definition of microcomputer, they are no longer referred to as such in everyday speech. IBM first promoted the personal computer to differentiate themselves from other microcomputers, often called home computers. However, following its release, the IBM PC itself was widely imitated, the component parts were commonly available to producers and the BIOS was reverse engineered through cleanroom design techniques. IBM PC compatible clones became commonplace, and the personal computer
7.
Video game console
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A video game console is an electronic, digital or computer device that outputs a video signal or visual image to display a video game that one or more people can play. The term video game console is used to distinguish a console machine primarily designed for consumers to use for playing video games. An arcade machine consists of a video game computer, display, game controller, a home computer is a personal computer designed for home use for a variety of purposes, such as bookkeeping, accessing the Internet and playing video games. There are various types of game consoles, including home video game consoles, handheld game consoles, microconsoles. Although Ralph Baer had built working game consoles by 1966, it was nearly a decade before the Pong game made them commonplace in regular peoples living rooms. Through evolution over the 1990s and 2000s, game consoles have expanded to additional functions such as CD players, DVD players, Blu-ray disc players, web browsers, set-top boxes. The first video appeared in the 1960s. They were played on massive computers connected to vector displays, not analog televisions, Ralph H. Baer conceived the idea of a home video game in 1951. In the late 1960s, while working for Sanders Associates, Baer created a series of game console designs. In 1972, Magnavox released the Magnavox Odyssey, the first home game console which could be connected to a TV set. Magnavox replaced the switch design with separate cartridges for each game, by autumn 1975, Magnavox, bowing to the popularity of Pong, cancelled the Odyssey and released a scaled-down version that played only Pong and hockey, the Odyssey 100. A second, higher end console, the Odyssey 200, was released with the 100 and added on-screen scoring, up to four players, almost simultaneously released with Ataris own home Pong console through Sears, these consoles jump-started the consumer market. All three of the new consoles used simpler designs than the original Odyssey did with no board game pieces or extra cartridges, in the years that followed, the market saw many companies rushing similar consoles to market. Most of the consoles from this era were dedicated consoles playing only the games came with the console. These video game consoles were often just called video games, because there was reason to distinguish the two yet. While a few companies like Atari, Magnavox, and newcomer Coleco pushed the envelope, Fairchild released the Fairchild Video Entertainment System in 1976. The VES, however, contained a programmable microprocessor so its cartridges only needed a single ROM chip to store microprocessor instructions, RCA and Atari soon released their own cartridge-based consoles, the RCA Studio II and the Atari 2600, respectively. The first handheld console with interchangeable cartridges was the Microvision designed by Smith Engineering
8.
Cloud computing
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Cloud computing is a type of Internet-based computing that provides shared computer processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. It is a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a pool of configurable computing resources. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and economy of scale, advocates claim that cloud computing allows companies to avoid up-front infrastructure costs. As well, it enables organizations to focus on their core businesses instead of spending time, Cloud providers typically use a pay as you go model. This will lead to unexpectedly high charges if administrators do not adapt to the pricing model. Companies can scale up as computing needs increase and then scale down again as demands decrease, the origin of the term cloud computing is unclear. In analogy to the usage, the word cloud was used as a metaphor for the Internet. Later it was used to depict the Internet in computer network diagrams, with this simplification, the implication is that the specifics of how the end points of a network are connected are not relevant for the purposes of understanding the diagram. The cloud symbol was used to represent networks of computing equipment in the original ARPANET by as early as 1977, the term cloud has been used to refer to platforms for distributed computing. No one had conceived that before, references to cloud computing in its modern sense appeared as early as 1996, with the earliest known mention in a Compaq internal document. The popularization of the term can be traced to 2006 when Amazon. com introduced its Elastic Compute Cloud, during the 1960s, the initial concepts of time-sharing became popularized via RJE, this terminology was mostly associated with large vendors such as IBM and DEC. Full time-sharing solutions were available by the early 1970s on such platforms as Multics, Cambridge CTSS, yet, the data center model where users submitted jobs to operators to run on IBM mainframes was overwhelmingly predominant. By switching traffic as they saw fit to balance server use and they began to use the cloud symbol to denote the demarcation point between what the provider was responsible for and what users were responsible for. Cloud computing extended this boundary to all servers as well as the network infrastructure. As computers became more diffused, scientists and technologists explored ways to make large-scale computing power available to users through time-sharing. They experimented with algorithms to optimize the infrastructure, platform, and applications to prioritize CPUs, since 2000, cloud computing has come into existence. Will result in growth in IT products in some areas. In August 2006 Amazon introduced its Elastic Compute Cloud, Microsoft Azure was announced as Azure in October 2008 and was released on 1 February 2010 as Windows Azure, before being renamed to Microsoft Azure on 25 March 2014
9.
Apple Lisa
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Apple Lisa was a desktop computer developed by Apple, released on January 19,1983. It was one of the first personal computers to offer a user interface in a machine aimed at individual business users. Development of the Lisa began in 1978, and it underwent many changes during the development period before shipping at the high price of US$9,995 with a 5 MB hard drive. The high price, relatively low performance and unreliable Twiggy floppy disks led to poor sales, in 1982, after Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa project, he joined the Macintosh project, at that time developing a much more limited machine with a task-switching interface. Jobs redirected the Macintosh team to build a cheaper and better Lisa, releasing it in January 1984, newer versions of the Lisa were introduced that addressed its faults and lowered its price considerably, but it never really picked up sales compared to the much less expensive Mac. The final revision of the Lisa, the Lisa 2/10, was modified, generally considered a failure, the Lisa nevertheless introduced a number of advanced features that would not re-appear on the Macintosh for a number of years. Among these was a system which featured protected memory and preemptive multitasking. The hardware itself was much more advanced than the Macintosh, with a hard drive and support for up to 2 megabytes of RAM, expansion slots. The main exception being that while the Macintosh also used the 68000 processor, the complexity of the Lisa operating system and its associated programs overtaxed the slower processor enough that users perceived it to be sluggish, particularly when scrolling in documents. While the documentation shipped with the original Lisa only ever referred to it as The Lisa, officially, decades later, Jobs would tell his biographer Walter Isaacson, Obviously it was named for my daughter. The project began in 1978 as an effort to create a modern version of the then-conventional design epitomized by the Apple II. Initial team leader Ken Rothmuller was soon replaced by John Couch, trip Hawkins, who was then on the marketing team for the nascent Lisa project, and Jef Raskin contributed to the change in design. Several years prior to this, research had been going on at Xeroxs Palo Alto Research Center to create a new way to organize everything on the screen, Steve Jobs visited Xerox PARC in 1979. He was excited by the revolutionary mouse-driven GUI of the Xerox Alto and was keen to use these ideas back at Apple, a great deal of work was put into making the graphical interface into a mainstream commercial product by the Lisa team. By May 1982 InfoWorld reported that Apples yet-to-be-announced Lisa 68000 network work station is widely rumored to have a mouse. The Lisa was a project at the company, which reportedly spent more than $50 million on its development. More than 90 people participated on the design, plus more on the sales, bruce Daniels was in charge of applications development, and Larry Tesler was in charge of system software. After a six-month period in which the interface was designed, the hardware, operating system
10.
Sharp PC-1500
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The Sharp PC-1500 was a pocket computer produced by Sharp during 1981-1985. A rebadged version was sold as the TRS-80 Pocket Computer PC-2. The whole computer was designed around the LH5801, an 8-bit CPU similar to the Zilog Z80, equipped with 2KB of on-board RAM, the programming language is BASIC. Later German engineers provided an assembler for the machine, later even a C compiler followed. An external slot is available and accept memory and rom modules, eight versions of this pocket computer with 2 KB memory, Sharp PC-1500 - Japanese version Sharp PC-1500 - Japanese version with blue paint around LCD. Known as PC-1500D Sharp PC-1500 - European version Sharp PC-1500 RP2 - Brazilian version HiradasTechnika PTA-4000 - Hungarian licence, cE-1598 KB memory module with CR2032 battery data backup CE-1607. NEXT counter on exiting the loop compared to later PC-1500s and the PC-1600. For example,10 FOR K=1 TO1020 NEXT K30 PRINT K K will be set to 11 on later model PC-1500s and PC-1600s, but will be 10 on early PC-1500s. Consider this example,10 S=020 FOR K=1 TO10 STEP430 S=S+140 NEXT K50 PRINT S S will be set to 3 on later model PC-1500s and PC-1600s, early model PC-1500s evaluate IF. THEN statements differently. The behaviour can be summarised thus, An early model PC-1500 can be detected by using the command, if the value returned is 6, it is an early model. g. Line 5 This is the REMARK statement, line 10 The INPUT command asks for input from the user and stores the values in the variable P. Line 20 The PRINT command shows the result as follows,100114142.5. The abbreviated form is a special for the PC-1500, as it can make use of single letter variables and matrixes. This also saves valuable storage space, Sharp pocket computer character sets SHARP Taschencomputer Modell PC-1500A Bedienungsanleitung. Archived from the original on 2017-02-25, Sharp Programmables PC-1500 Data Sheet PC-1500 Sharp PC-1500 computer resource page pc-1500. info Sharp computer resource site www. promsoft. com/calcs Sharp Pocket Computers
11.
Grundy NewBrain
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The Grundy NewBrain was a microcomputer sold in the early 1980s by Grundy Business Systems Ltd of Teddington and Cambridge, England. The NewBrain project was started in 1978 when Sinclair Radionics began design work with Mike Wakefield as the designer and this project was intended to provide competition for Apple and hardly fitted in with Sinclairs focus on inexpensive consumer-oriented products. The NewBrain project was moved to Newbury Laboratories by the National Enterprise Board, in 1980 Newbury announced the imminent release of three NewBrain models, including a battery-powered portable computer. It was an influential documentary — so much so that questions were asked in parliament. BBC Engineering was instructed to attempt to draw up an objective specification, as a result of the questions in Parliament, the Department of Industry became interested in the programme, as did BBC Enterprises, which saw an opportunity to sell a machine to go with the series. Eventually, under pressure from the DoI to choose a British system. The BBC specification was written around the NewBrain specification, with the expectation that Newbury Laboratories would tender. Although the NewBrain was under development by Newbury, it soon became clear that Newbury was not going to be able to produce it. Newbury did not tender, so opening the door for other companies, the BBCs programmes, initially scheduled for Autumn 1981, were moved back to Spring 1982. After Chris Curry and Clive Sinclair found out about the BBCs plans, Chris Curry visited the BBC and persuaded them to change the specification so that Acorn could submit their design. The BBC eventually chose a computer from Acorn Computers Ltd, as a result of the BBCs decision, the British Technology Group, which had replaced the NEB, sold the final design and production to Grundy. The model A had display to either a TV or a monitor, one additional model was released, but this was a custom version for a pharmaceutical chain, with no screen display — only the VF display — and was never generally discussed. An expansion chassis was released, providing an additional 64 kB of paged memory, since the Z80 has a 16-bit address bus, it can only address 64 kB of memory at a time. The paged memory system in the chassis used bank switching to allow the NewBrain to take advantage of several 64 kB modules. The expansion module included a printer port and two hardware based serial ports and an expansion bus to connect further modules such as the 8 and 16 way serial modules under development. The expansion module included Series 2 software, replacing those in the module as well as software for the new devices. Under CP/M2.2 the internal BASIC ROM was paged out for the CP/M ROM, with the expansion module fitted the three 8 kB ROMs of the processor module were paged out to give the NewBrain one of the highest available TPA to CP/M. Grundy Business Systems released two 5.25 drive formats,40 track 200 kB single sided and 80 track 800 kB double sided, several independent dealers provided 40 track 400 kB double sided drive
12.
Ohio Scientific
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Ohio Scientific Inc. was a United States computer company that built and marketed microcomputers from 1975 to 1981. Their best-known products were the Challenger series of microcomputers, but they sold a variety of computer kits, single-board computers. One of their first products, launched in 1978, was the OSI Model 500 system and it needed an external computer terminal such as the VT100, Hazeltine 1420, or the CT-64 terminal system from SWTPC, as it lacked an internal video controller. The Challenger III, introduced in August 1977, had a maximum of 53KB of static ram and it was also sold in an optional 4 high 19 rack mount cabinet with wheels, version C3-B, that included a hard drive. This was intended for an environment and used a standard computer terminal, like the Hazeltine 1420. The terminals were the ones as used with mainframe computers of that era. With the largest hard drive available, 74MB, the system cost just under $13,000, the least expensive version without the rack or hard drive was $3995 MSRP, a phenomenal performance-to-cost ratio for the time. The Challenger III also had the capability to support non-floppy or hard drive Challenger 2P computers through a network using RS-232 links. OSIs later products were also 6502-based, the Superboard II, Challenger 1P, Challenger 2P, Challenger 4P and Challenger 8P, introduced in 1979, original Ohio Scientific motherboard designs used 7400-series TTL chips. The Superboard II was the least expensive computer, retailing for around the price range. It came without a case or power supply and it was a single board computer with the keyboard integrated on the same printed circuit board. It was shipped with 4KB of RAM, a 2KB BIOS in ROM, OSI6502 BASIC Version 1.0 Revision 3.21977 By Microsoft. The version OSI C1P / 600D Superboard II featured an unpopulated socket for an extra 1k × 4-bits of video RAM to hold character color information, the implementation of this was detailed in the OSI user group newsletter which was published around four times a year. The 600D also featured two modes, 32×32 for graphics, or 64×16 for text where each text line had a blank line between it and the next. The mode could be selected by a poke to the keyboard register, the computer couldnt write to the video memory without glitching the display. There was a graphics card for the Superboard that would display 256 by 256 pixels. Unusual for the day, but reflecting the home built nature of computers of this era. The C2P video systems did not have color graphics like the Apple II, just upper & lower case text, the Challenger 4P came with color display output capability, using a TV or TV converted to have direct video input, and dual 5-1/4 floppy drives
13.
Logitech
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Logitech International S. A. is a Swiss global provider of personal computer and mobile accessories, with EMEA headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland and American headquarters in Newark, California. In addition to its Swiss and American headquarters, the company has offices throughout Europe, Asia, Logitechs sales and marketing activities are organized into three geographic regions, America, Europe, and the Middle East, Africa and Asia Pacific. The company develops and markets personal peripherals for PC navigation, video communication and collaboration, music and this includes products like keyboards, mice, tablet accessories, webcams, bluetooth speakers, universal remotes and more. Logitech International S. A. was co-founded in Apples, Vaud, Switzerland, the mass-marketed computer mouse was the product that made Logitech well-known. For a time during its years, Logitechs Silicon Valley offices occupied space at 165 University Avenue, Palo Alto, California. From there, Logitech expanded its line to encompass many mass market computer peripherals. In 2007, Logitech licensed Hillcrest Labs Freespace motion control technology to produce the MX Air Mouse, in August 2008, Logitech acquired Ultimate Ears, supplier of custom in-ear monitors for professional musicians and earphones for the consumer market. In December 2008, Logitech announced that it had manufactured one billion mice since 1985, in August 2009, Logitech introduced the Logitech Unifying receiver, which enabled multiple wireless devices to connect through one USB port. In May 2010, Logitech, in partnership with Google, introduced the Internet-enabled television, in May 2011, Logitech entered the tablet market with a line of accessories, including cases and keyboards, speakers and mice for iPad and Android-based tablets. In July 2011, Logitech acquired the mobile communications provider. In January 2013, Bracken Darrell became Logitech’s chief executive officer, in November 2013, the company announced the launch of its new iPhone game controller, the PowerShell, which also doubles as a battery pack with a built-in 1500mAh battery. Logitechs profits were hurt by the proliferation of tablet devices, in 2013 the company made a loss, but returned to profit in 2014. On July 8,2015, Logitech announced the biggest brand transformation in its history, the transformation included a new, simplified and modernized logo and the announcement of a greater emphasis on design going forward. Logitech also highlighted that they are looking to move beyond PC peripherals, in July 2015, Logitech announced a 2 percent first-quarter revenue drop to $470 million, due to a strong dollar and falling demand for the companys computer accessories. The U. S. Securities and Exchange Commission said the alleged accounting issues left investors without a view of the Swiss-U. S. companys finances. On April 12,2016, Logitech acquired Jaybird, makers of fitness-focused wireless earbuds, on September 15,2016, Logitech announced that they had purchased the Saitek brand and assets from Mad Catz for $13 million in cash. The first Logitech mice were made in Le Lieu, in the Swiss Canton of Vaud by Dubois Depraz SA, production facilities were then established in the US, Taiwan, Hungary and Ireland before being moved subsequently to Suzhou, China. As of 2005, the operations in China produce approximately half of Logitechs products
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Lausanne campus
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It is in Dorigny, towards the west of Lausanne, on the shores of Lake Léman. The site is about 2.2 kilometres wide and 31,000 people study and it is served by Lausanne Metro line 1, from four consecutive stations, and possesses a bicycle sharing system. In 1946, the citizens refuse a project of airport on the site, in 1963, the Canton of Vaud buy the property of Dorigny, at this time, the University of Lausanne is located in more than forty places in Lausanne. The first building was built in 1969-1970, in 2013, the campus comprises about sixty buildings, the chief architect of the UNIL campus is Guido Cocchi. The inauguration of the first EPFL buildings of the new campus took place in 1978, the campus is mainly located on the municipality of Écublens but part of it are on Chavannes-près-Renens and Saint-Sulpice. The campus has its own code,1015 Lausanne. The Radio télévision suisse plan to move its centre of Lausanne to a new building on the campus, lexemple de la coordination Genève-Lausanne, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes,2012. Nadja Maillard, LUniversité de Lausanne à Dorigny, Éditions Infolio,488 pages,2013
