1.
Alexa Internet
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Alexa Internet, Inc. is a California-based company that provides commercial web traffic data and analytics. It is an owned subsidiary of Amazon. com. Founded as an independent company in 1996, Alexa was acquired by Amazon in 1999 and its toolbar collects data on browsing behavior and transmits them to the Alexa website, where they are stored and analyzed. This is the basis for the web traffic reporting. According to its website, Alexa provides traffic data, global rankings, as of 2015, its website has been visited by over 6.5 million people monthly. Alexa Internet was founded in April 1996 by American web entrepreneurs Brewster Kahle, Alexa initially offered a toolbar that gave Internet users suggestions on where to go next, based on the traffic patterns of its user community. The company also offered context for each site visited, to whom it was registered, how many pages it had, how other sites pointed to it. Alexas operations grew to include archiving of web pages as they are crawled and this database served as the basis for the creation of the Internet Archive accessible through the Wayback Machine. In 1998, the company donated a copy of the archive, Alexa continues to supply the Internet Archive with Web crawls. In 1999, as the company moved away from its vision of providing an intelligent search engine. Alexa began a partnership with Google in early 2002, and with the web directory DMOZ in January 2003, in May 2006, replaced Google with Bing as a provider of search results. In December 2006, Amazon released Alexa Image Search, built in-house, it was the first major application built on the companys Web platform. In December 2005, Alexa opened its extensive search index and Web-crawling facilities to third-party programs through a set of Web services. These could be used, for instance, to construct vertical search engines that could run on Alexas own servers or elsewhere. In May 2007, Alexa changed their API to limit comparisons to three websites, reduce the size of embedded graphs in Flash, and add mandatory embedded BritePic advertisements. In April 2007, the company filed a lawsuit, Alexa v. Hornbaker, in the lawsuit, Alexa alleged that Ron Hornbaker was stealing traffic graphs for profit, and that the primary purpose of his site was to display graphs that were generated by Alexas servers. Hornbaker removed the term Alexa from his name on March 19,2007. Thereafter, Alexa became a purely analytics-focused company, on March 31,2009, Alexa launched a major website redesign
2.
Registered user
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A registered user is a user of a website, program, or other system who has previously registered. Registered users normally provide some sort of credentials to the system in order to prove their identity, systems intended for use by the general public often allow any user to register simply by selecting a register or sign up function and providing these credentials for the first time. Registered users may be granted privileges beyond those granted to unregistered users, user registration and login enables a system to personalize itself. For example, a website might display a welcome banner with the users name, a system could even sell information it has gathered on its users to third parties for advertising or other purposes. Depending on the nature of the system, a user might not have any way of knowing for certain exactly what information is stored, how it is used, the subject of systems transparency in this regard is one of ongoing debate. Registration may also be seen as an annoyance or hindrance, especially if it is not inherently necessary or important or if the system repeatedly prompts users to register. A systems registration process might also be time-consuming or require that the user provide information they might be reluctant to, such as a home address or social security number
3.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
4.
Creative Commons license
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A Creative Commons license is one of several public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. A CC license is used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, there are several types of CC licenses. The licenses differ by several combinations that condition the terms of distribution and they were initially released on December 16,2002 by Creative Commons, a U. S. non-profit corporation founded in 2001. There have also been five versions of the suite of licenses, as of 2016, the 4.0 license suite is the most current. In October 2014 the Open Knowledge Foundation approved the Creative Commons CC BY, CC BY-SA, work licensed under a Creative Commons license is governed by applicable copyright law. This allows Creative Commons licenses to be applied to all work falling under copyright, including, books, plays, movies, music, articles, photographs, blogs, Creative Commons does not recommend the use of Creative Commons licenses for software. There are over 35,000 works that are available in hardcopy and have a registered ISBN number, Creative Commons splits these works into two categories, one of which encompasses self-published books. However, application of a Creative Commons license may not modify the rights allowed by fair use or fair dealing or exert restrictions which violate copyright exceptions, furthermore, Creative Commons licenses are non-exclusive and non-revocable. Any work or copies of the work obtained under a Creative Commons license may continue to be used under that license, in the case of works protected by multiple Creative Common licenses, the user may choose either. The CC licenses all grant the rights, such as the right to distribute the copyrighted work worldwide for non-commercial purposes. For software, Creative Commons includes three free licenses created by other institutions, the BSD License, the GNU LGPL, mixing and matching these conditions produces sixteen possible combinations, of which eleven are valid Creative Commons licenses and five are not. Of the five invalid combinations, four include both the nd and sa clauses, which are exclusive, and one includes none of the clauses. Of the eleven valid combinations, the five that lack the by clause have been retired because 98% of licensors requested attribution, to address this issue, Creative Commons asked its affiliates to translate the various licenses to reflect local laws in a process called porting. As of July 2011, Creative Commons licenses have been ported to over 50 jurisdictions worldwide, the latest version 4.0 of the Creative Commons licenses, released on November 25,2013, are generic licenses that are applicable to most jurisdictions and do not usually require ports. No new ports have implemented in version 4.0 of the license. Version 4.0 discourages using ported versions and instead acts as a single global license, since 2004, all current licenses require attribution of the original author, the BY component. The attribution must be given to the best of ability using the information available, generally this implies the following, Include any copyright notices. Cite the authors name, screen name, or user ID, if the work is being published on the Internet, it is nice to link that name to the persons profile page, if such a page exists
5.
Perl
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Perl is a family of high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming languages. The languages in this family include Perl 5 and Perl 6, though Perl is not officially an acronym, there are various backronyms in use, the best-known being Practical Extraction and Reporting Language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier, since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. Perl 6, which began as a redesign of Perl 5 in 2000, both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams and liberally borrow ideas from one another. The Perl languages borrow features from other programming languages including C, shell script, AWK and they provide powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix commandline tools, facilitating easy manipulation of text files. Perl 5 gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language, in due to its unsurpassed regular expression. In addition to CGI, Perl 5 is used for administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics. It has been nicknamed the Swiss Army chainsaw of scripting languages because of its flexibility and power, in 1998, it was also referred to as the duct tape that holds the Internet together, in reference to both its ubiquitous use as a glue language and its perceived inelegance. Larry Wall began work on Perl in 1987, while working as a programmer at Unisys, the language expanded rapidly over the next few years. Perl 2, released in 1988, featured a regular expression engine. Perl 3, released in 1989, added support for data streams. Originally, the documentation for Perl was a single man page. In 1991, Programming Perl, known to many Perl programmers as the Camel Book because of its cover, was published and became the de facto reference for the language. At the same time, the Perl version number was bumped to 4, not to mark a change in the language. Perl 4 went through a series of releases, culminating in Perl 4.036 in 1993. At that point, Wall abandoned Perl 4 to begin work on Perl 5, initial design of Perl 5 continued into 1994. The perl5-porters mailing list was established in May 1994 to coordinate work on porting Perl 5 to different platforms and it remains the primary forum for development, maintenance, and porting of Perl 5. Perl 5.000 was released on October 17,1994 and it was a nearly complete rewrite of the interpreter, and it added many new features to the language, including objects, references, lexical variables, and modules
6.
PostgreSQL
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PostgreSQL, often simply Postgres, is an object-relational database – i. e. an RDBMS, with additional object features – with an emphasis on extensibility and standards compliance. As a database server, its functions are to store data securely. PostgreSQL has updatable views and materialized views, triggers, foreign keys, supports functions and stored procedures, PostgreSQL is developed by the PostgreSQL Global Development Group, a diverse group of many companies and individual contributors. It is free and open-source software, released under the terms of the PostgreSQL License, postgreSQLs developers pronounce PostgreSQL as /ˈpoʊstɡrɛs ˌkjuː ˈɛl/. It is abbreviated as Postgres because of support for the SQL Standard among most relational databases. The community considered changing the name back to Postgres, however, the name Postgres refers to the projects origins in that database which was developed at University of California, Berkeley. PostgreSQL evolved from the Ingres project at the University of California, in 1982, the leader of the Ingres team, Michael Stonebraker, left Berkeley to make a proprietary version of Ingres. He returned to Berkeley in 1985, and started a project to address the problems with contemporary database systems that had become increasingly clear during the early 1980s. The new project, POSTGRES, aimed to add the fewest features needed to completely support types and these features included the ability to define types and to fully describe relationships – something used widely before but maintained entirely by the user. In POSTGRES, the database understood relationships, and could retrieve information in related tables in a natural way using rules, POSTGRES used many of the ideas of Ingres, but not its code. Starting in 1986, the POSTGRES team published a number of papers describing the basis of the system, the team released version 1 to a small number of users in June 1989, then version 2 with a re-written rules system in June 1990. Version 3, released in 1991, again re-wrote the rules system, and added support for multiple storage managers, by 1993, the great number of users began to overwhelm the project with requests for support and features. After releasing version 4.2 on June 30,1994 – primarily a cleanup – the project ended, Berkeley had released POSTGRES under an MIT-style license, which enabled other developers to use the code for any use. At the time, POSTGRES used an Ingres-influenced POSTQUEL query language interpreter, in 1994, Berkeley graduate students Andrew Yu and Jolly Chen replaced the POSTQUEL query language interpreter with one for the SQL query language, creating Postgres95. The front-end program monitor was also replaced by psql, Yu and Chen announced the first version to beta testers on May 5,1995. Version 1.0 of Postgres95 was announced on September 5,1995, on July 8,1996, Marc Fournier at Hub. org Networking Services provided the first non-university development server for the open-source development effort. With the participation of Bruce Momjian and Vadim B, mikheev, work began to stabilize the code inherited from Berkeley. In 1996, the project was renamed to PostgreSQL to reflect its support for SQL, the online presence at the website PostgreSQL. org began on October 22,1996
7.
Open data
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Open data is the idea that some data should be freely available to everyone to use and republish as they wish, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control. The goals of the data movement are similar to those of other open movements such as open source, open hardware, open content and open access. gov. Open data may include non-textual material such as maps, genomes, connectomes, chemical compounds, mathematical and scientific formulae, medical data and practice, bioscience, problems often arise because these are commercially valuable or can be aggregated into works of value. Access to, or re-use of, the data is controlled by organisations, control may be through access restrictions, licenses, copyright, patents and charges for access or re-use. Advocates of open data argue that these restrictions are against the communal good, in addition, it is important that the data are re-usable without requiring further permission, though the types of re-use may be controlled by a license. We are busy locking up that data and preventing the use of advanced technologies on knowledge. Creators of data often do not consider the need to state the conditions of ownership, licensing and re-use, however, the lack of a license makes it difficult to determine the status of a data set and may restrict the use of data offered in an Open spirit. Because of this uncertainty it is possible for public or private organizations to aggregate said data, protect it with copyright. The issue of indigenous knowledge poses a challenge in terms of capturing, storage. Many societies in third-world countries lack the technicality processes of managing the IK, at his presentation at the XML2005 conference, Connolly displayed these two quotations regarding open data, I want my data back. Ive long believed that customers of any application own the data they enter into it, Open data can come from any source. This section lists some of the fields that publish a large amount of open data, the concept of open access to scientific data was institutionally established with the formation of the World Data Center system, in preparation for the International Geophysical Year of 1957–1958. The Human Genome Project was an initiative that exemplified the power of open data. More recent initiatives such as the Structural Genomics Consortium have illustrated that the open data approach can also be used productively within the context of industrial R&D, linkedscience. org/data – Open scientific datasets encoded as Linked Data. There are a range of different arguments for government data. Some make the case that opening up official information can support technological innovation and economic growth by enabling third parties to develop new kinds of digital applications, several national governments have created web sites to distribute a portion of the data they collect. It is a concept for a project in municipal Government to create. Additionally, other levels of government have established open data websites, there are many government entities pursuing Open Data in Canada
8.
Music
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Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. The word derives from Greek μουσική, Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as the harmony of the spheres and it is music to my ears point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, There is no noise, the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. There are many types of music, including music, traditional music, art music, music written for religious ceremonies. For example, it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal, within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art or as an auditory art. People may make music as a hobby, like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra, the word derives from Greek μουσική. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the music is derived from mid-13c. Musike, from Old French musique and directly from Latin musica the art of music and this is derived from the. Greek mousike of the Muses, from fem. of mousikos pertaining to the Muses, from Mousa Muse. In classical Greece, any art in which the Muses presided, Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. With the advent of recording, records of popular songs. Some music lovers create mix tapes of their songs, which serve as a self-portrait. An environment consisting solely of what is most ardently loved, amateur musicians can compose or perform music for their own pleasure, and derive their income elsewhere. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or session musicians, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings, There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians, in community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community concert bands and community orchestras. However, there are many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in classical music and in popular music forms such as rock, where illegally taped live concerts are prized by music lovers
9.
Compact disc
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Compact disc is a digital optical disc data storage format released in 1982 and co-developed by Philips and Sony. The format was developed to store and play only sound recordings but was later adapted for storage of data. The first commercially available Audio CD player, the Sony CDP-101, was released October 1982 in Japan, standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres and can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MiB of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres, they are used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio. At the time of the introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard drive. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much space as a thousand CDs. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs, by 2007,200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide. In 2014, revenues from digital music services matched those from physical format sales for the first time. American inventor James T. Russell has been credited with inventing the first system to record information on an optical transparent foil that is lit from behind by a high-power halogen lamp. Russells patent application was first filed in 1966, and he was granted a patent in 1970, following litigation, Sony and Philips licensed Russells patents in the 1980s. The compact disc is an evolution of LaserDisc technology, where a laser beam is used that enables the high information density required for high-quality digital audio signals. Prototypes were developed by Philips and Sony independently in the late 1970s, although originally dismissed by Philips Research management as a trivial pursuit, the CD became the primary focus for Philips as the LaserDisc format struggled. In 1979, Sony and Philips set up a joint task force of engineers to design a new audio disc. After a year of experimentation and discussion, the Red Book CD-DA standard was published in 1980, after their commercial release in 1982, compact discs and their players were extremely popular. Despite costing up to $1,000, over 400,000 CD players were sold in the United States between 1983 and 1984, by 1988 CD sales in the United States surpassed those of vinyl LPs, and by 1992 CD sales surpassed those of prerecorded music cassette tapes. The success of the disc has been credited to the cooperation between Philips and Sony, who came together to agree upon and develop compatible hardware. The unified design of the disc allowed consumers to purchase any disc or player from any company. In 1974, L. However, due to the performance of the analog format
10.
Cover art
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Cover art it is either an artwork as illustration or photograph on the outside of a published product such as a book, magazine, comic book, video game, DVD, CD, videotape, or music album. Album cover art is created for a music album. Iconic album cover art includes Pink Floyds The Dark Side of the Moon, King Crimsons In the Court of the Crimson King, peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band, Abbey Road and their White Album among others. Artists known for their cover art include Alex Steinweiss, an early pioneer in album cover art, Roger Dean. Some album art may cause controversy because of nudity, offending churches, there have been numerous books documenting album cover art, particularly rock and jazz album covers. Alex Steinweiss was an art director and graphic designer who brought custom artwork to record album covers, magazine cover artists include Art Spiegelman, who modernized the look of The New Yorker magazine, and his predecessor Rea Irvin, who created the Eustace Tilly iconic character for the magazine. Sheet music cover artists include Frederick S. Manning, William Austin Starmer, other prolific artists included Albert Wilfred Barbelle, André De Takacs, and Gene Buck
11.
ID3
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ID3 is a metadata container most often used in conjunction with the MP3 audio file format. It allows information such as the title, artist, album, track number, ID3 is also specified by Apple as a timed metadata in HTTP Live Streaming, carried as a PID in the main transport stream or in separate audio TS. There are two unrelated versions of ID3, ID3v1 and ID3v2, ID3v1 takes the form of a 128-byte segment at the end of an MP3 file containing a fixed set of data fields. ID3v1.1 is a modification which adds a track number field at the expense of a slight shortening of the comment field. ID3v2 is structurally different from ID3v1, consisting of an extensible set of frames located at the start of the file, each with a frame identifier. 83 types of frames are declared in the ID3v2.4 specification, there are standard frames for containing cover art, BPM, copyright and license, lyrics, and arbitrary text and URL data, as well as other things. Three versions of ID3v2 have been documented, each of which has extended the frame definitions, ID3 is a de facto standard for metadata in MP3 files, no standardization body was involved in its creation nor has such an organization given it a formal approval status. It competes with the APE tag in this arena, the MP3 standard did not include a method for storing file metadata. In 1996 Eric Kemp had the idea to add a small chunk of data to the audio file, the method, now known as ID3v1, quickly became the de facto standard for storing metadata in MP3s. The format was released by Damaged Cybernetics, an group that specialized in cracking console gaming systems. There was no identifying information for any of the cracked console ROMs, Eric and associates carried this over into MP3 files. This format was used for a number of file formats unknown at that time, the ID3v1 tag occupies 128 bytes, beginning with the string TAG128 bytes from the end of the file. The tag was placed at the end of the file to maintain compatibility with older media players, some players would play a small burst of static when they read the tag, but most ignored it, and almost all modern players will correctly skip it. This tag allows 30 bytes each for the title, artist, album, and a comment, four bytes for the year, one improvement to ID3v1 was made by Michael Mutschler in 1997. Since the comment field was too small to write anything useful, such tags are referred to as ID3v1.1. Strings are either space- or zero-padded, unset string entries are filled using an empty string. ID3v1 pre-defines a set of genres denoted by numerical codes, Winamp extended the list by adding more genres in its own music player, which were later adopted by others. However, support for the extended Winamp list is not universal, in some cases, only the genres up to 125 are supported. g. for fading in
12.
FLAC
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FLAC is an audio coding format for lossless compression of digital audio, and is also the name of the reference codec implementation. Digital audio compressed by FLACs algorithm can typically be reduced to 50–60% of its original size, FLAC is an open format with royalty-free licensing and a reference implementation which is free software. FLAC has support for metadata tagging, album art. Development was started in 2000 by Josh Coalson, the bit-stream format was frozen when FLAC entered beta stage with the release of version 0.5 of the reference implementation on 15 January 2001. Version 1.0 was released on 20 July 2001, on 29 January 2003, the Xiph. Org Foundation and the FLAC project announced the incorporation of FLAC under the Xiph. org banner. Xiph. org is behind other free compression formats such as Vorbis, Theora, Speex and Opus. Version 1.3.0 was released on 26 May 2013, at which point development was moved to the Xiph. org git repository. flac files, the reference implementation is free software. The source code for libFLAC and libFLAC++ is available under the BSD license, and the sources for flac, metaflac, in its stated goals, the FLAC project encourages its developers not to implement copy prevention features of any kind. FLAC supports only fixed-point samples, not floating-point and it can handle any PCM bit resolution from 4 to 32 bits per sample, any sampling rate from 1 Hz to 655,350 Hz in 1 Hz increments, and any number of channels from 1 to 8. Channels can be grouped in some cases, for stereo and 5.1 channel surround. FLAC uses CRC checksums for identifying corrupted frames when used in a streaming protocol, FLAC allows for a Rice parameter between 0 and 16. FLAC uses linear prediction to convert the audio samples, there are two steps, the predictor and the error coding. The predictor can be one of four types, the difference between the predictor and the actual sample data is calculated and is known as the residual. The residual is stored efficiently using Golomb-Rice coding and it also uses run-length encoding for blocks of identical samples, such as silent passages. For tagging, FLAC uses the system as Vorbis comments. The libFLAC API is organized into streams, seekable streams, most FLAC applications will generally restrict themselves to encoding/decoding using libFLAC at the file level interface. LibFLAC uses a compression level parameter that varies from 0 to 8, the compressed files are always perfect, lossless representations of the original data. Although the compression process involves a tradeoff between speed and size, the process is always quite fast and not very dependent on the level of compression
13.
MP3
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Compared to CD quality digital audio, MP3 compression commonly achieves 75 to 95% reduction in size. MP3 files are thus 1/4 to 1/20 the size of the digital audio stream. This is important for both transmission and storage concerns, the basis for such comparison is the CD digital audio format which requires 1411200 bit/s. A commonly used MP3 encoding setting is CBR128 kbit/s resulting in file size 1/11 of the original CD-quality file, the MP3 lossy compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain parts of a continuous sound that are considered to be beyond the auditory resolution ability of most people. This method is referred to as perceptual coding or psychoacoustics. It uses psychoacoustic models to discard or reduce the precision of less audible to human hearing. MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group as part of its MPEG-1 standard, the first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hanover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio, which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalised in 1992. A backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio extension with lower sample and bit rates was published in 1995, MP3 is a streaming or broadcast format meaning that individual frames can be lost without affecting the ability to decode successfully delivered frames. Storing an MP3 stream in a file enables time-shifted playback, the MP3 lossy audio data compression algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called auditory masking. In 1894, the American physicist Alfred M. Mayer reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency, in 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon. Ernst Terhardt et al. created an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy and this work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths. A wide variety of compression algorithms were reported in IEEEs refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. The genesis of the MP3 technology is described in a paper from Professor Hans Musmann who chaired the ISO MPEG Audio group for several years. The immediate predecessors of MP3 were Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain, the first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder in hardware, was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips. Another predecessor of the MP3 format and technology is to be found in the perceptual codec MUSICAM based on an integer arithmetics 32 sub-bands filterbank, driven by a psychoacoustic model. It was primarily designed for Digital Audio Broadcasting and digital TV and this codec incorporated into a broadcasting system using COFDM modulation was demonstrated on air and on the field together with Radio Canada and CRC Canada during the NAB show in 1991. F. As a doctoral student at Germanys University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Karlheinz Brandenburg began working on music compression in the early 1980s
14.
Vorbis
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Vorbis is a free and open-source software project headed by the Xiph. Org Foundation. The project produces an audio coding format and software reference encoder/decoder for lossy audio compression, Vorbis is most commonly used in conjunction with the Ogg container format and it is therefore often referred to as Ogg Vorbis. Vorbis is a continuation of audio compression development started in 1993 by Chris Montgomery, intensive development began following a September 1998 letter from the Fraunhofer Society announcing plans to charge licensing fees for the MP3 audio format. The Vorbis project started as part of the Xiphophorus companys Ogg project, Chris Montgomery began work on the project and was assisted by a growing number of other developers. They continued refining the source code until the Vorbis file format was frozen for 1.0 in May 2000, originally licensed as LGPL, in 2001 the Vorbis license was changed to the BSD license to encourage adoption with endorsement of Richard Stallman. A stable version of the software was released on July 19,2002. The Xiph. Org Foundation maintains an implementation, libvorbis. There are also some fine-tuned forks, most notably aoTuV, that offer better audio quality and these improvements are periodically merged back into the reference codebase. Vorbis is named after a Discworld character, Exquisitor Vorbis in Small Gods by Terry Pratchett, the Ogg format, however, is not named after Nanny Ogg, another Discworld character, the name is in fact derived from ogging, jargon that arose in the computer game Netrek. The Vorbis format has proven popular among supporters of free software and they argue that its higher fidelity and completely free nature, unencumbered by patents, make it a well-suited replacement for patented and restricted formats like MP3. Vorbis has different uses for consumer products, many video game titles store in-game audio as Vorbis, including Amnesia, The Dark Descent, Grand Theft Auto, San Andreas, Halo, Combat Evolved, Minecraft, and World of Warcraft, among others. Popular software players support Vorbis playback either natively or through an external plugin, a number of websites, including Wikipedia, use it. Others include Jamendo and Mindawn, as well as national radio stations like JazzRadio, Absolute Radio, NPR, Radio New Zealand. The Spotify audio streaming service uses Vorbis for its audio streams, also, the French music site Qobuz offers its customers the possibility to download their purchased songs in Vorbis format, as does the American music site Bandcamp. However, by 2014, not many further significant tests had been made, listening tests have attempted to find the best quality lossy audio codecs at certain bitrates. Mid to low bitrates, private tests in 2005 at 80 kbit/s and 96 kbit/s showed that aoTuV Vorbis had a better quality than other lossy audio formats, high bitrates, most people do not hear significant differences. However, trained listeners can often hear significant differences between codecs at identical bitrates, and aoTuV Vorbis performed better than LC-AAC, MP3, due to the ever-evolving nature of audio codecs, the results of many of these tests have become outdated. Listening tests are carried out as ABX tests, i. e. the listener has to identify an unknown sample X as being A or B
15.
Internet Archive
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The Internet Archive is a San Francisco–based nonprofit digital library with the stated mission of universal access to all knowledge. As of October 2016, its collection topped 15 petabytes, in addition to its archiving function, the Archive is an activist organization, advocating for a free and open Internet. Its web archive, the Wayback Machine, contains over 150 billion web captures, the Archive also oversees one of the worlds largest book digitization projects. Founded by Brewster Kahle in May 1996, the Archive is a 501 nonprofit operating in the United States. It has a budget of $10 million, derived from a variety of sources, revenue from its Web crawling services, various partnerships, grants, donations. Its headquarters are in San Francisco, California, where about 30 of its 200 employees work, Most of its staff work in its book-scanning centers. The Archive has data centers in three Californian cities, San Francisco, Redwood City, and Richmond, the Archive is a member of the International Internet Preservation Consortium and was officially designated as a library by the State of California in 2007. Brewster Kahle founded the Archive in 1996 at around the time that he began the for-profit web crawling company Alexa Internet. In October 1996, the Internet Archive had begun to archive and preserve the World Wide Web in large quantities, the archived content wasnt available to the general public until 2001, when it developed the Wayback Machine. In late 1999, the Archive expanded its collections beyond the Web archive, Now the Internet Archive includes texts, audio, moving images, and software. It hosts a number of projects, the NASA Images Archive, the contract crawling service Archive-It. According to its web site, Most societies place importance on preserving artifacts of their culture, without such artifacts, civilization has no memory and no mechanism to learn from its successes and failures. Our culture now produces more and more artifacts in digital form, the Archives mission is to help preserve those artifacts and create an Internet library for researchers, historians, and scholars. In August 2012, the Archive announced that it has added BitTorrent to its file download options for over 1.3 million existing files, on November 6,2013, the Internet Archives headquarters in San Franciscos Richmond District caught fire, destroying equipment and damaging some nearby apartments. The nonprofit Archive sought donations to cover the estimated $600,000 in damage, in November 2016, Kahle announced that the Internet Archive was building the Internet Archive of Canada, a copy of the archive to be based somewhere in the country of Canada. The announcement received widespread coverage due to the implication that the decision to build an archive in a foreign country was because of the upcoming presidency of Donald Trump. Kahle was quoted as saying that on November 9th in America and it was a firm reminder that institutions like ours, built for the long-term, need to design for change. For us, it means keeping our cultural materials safe, private and it means preparing for a Web that may face greater restrictions
16.
Amazon (company)
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Amazon. com, also called Amazon, is an American electronic commerce and cloud computing company that was founded on July 5,1994, by Jeff Bezos and is based in Seattle, Washington. It is the largest Internet-based retailer in the world by total sales, the company also produces consumer electronics—notably, Kindle e-readers, Fire tablets, Fire TV, and Echo—and is the worlds largest provider of cloud infrastructure services. Amazon also sells certain low-end products like USB cables under its in-house brand AmazonBasics. Amazon has separate retail websites for the United States, the United Kingdom, Ireland, France, Canada, Germany, Italy, Spain, Netherlands, Australia, Brazil, Japan, China, India, and Mexico. Amazon also offers international shipping to other countries for some of its products. In 2016, Dutch, Polish, and Turkish language versions of the German Amazon website were launched. In 2015, Amazon surpassed Walmart as the most valuable retailer in the United States by market capitalization, in 1994, Bezos left his employment as vice-president of D. E. Shaw & Co. a Wall Street firm and moved to Seattle. He began to work on a plan for what would eventually become Amazon. com. Bezos incorporated the company as Cadabra on July 5,1994, Bezos changed the name to Amazon a year later after a lawyer misheard its original name as cadaver. In September 1994, Bezos purchased the URL Relentless. com and briefly considered naming his online store Relentless, the domain is still owned by Bezos and still redirects to the retailer. The company went online as Amazon. com in 1995, Bezos placed a premium on his head start in building a brand, telling a reporter, Theres nothing about our model that cant be copied over time. But you know, McDonalds got copied, and it still built a huge, multibillion-dollar company. A lot of it comes down to the brand name, brand names are more important online than they are in the physical world. Additionally, a beginning with A was preferential due to the probability it would occur at the top of any list that was alphabetized. Since June 19,2000, Amazons logotype has featured a curved arrow leading from A to Z, representing that the company carries every product from A to Z, with the arrow shaped like a smile. After reading a report about the future of the Internet that projected annual Web commerce growth at 2, 300% and he narrowed the list to what he felt were the five most promising products, which included, compact discs, computer hardware, computer software, videos and books. Amazon was founded in the garage of Bezos home in Bellevue, the company began as an online bookstore, an idea spurred off with discussion with John Ingram of Ingram Book, along with Keyur Patel who still holds a stake in Amazon. Amazon was able to access books at wholesale from Ingram, in the first two months of business, Amazon sold to all 50 states and over 45 countries
17.
MusicBrainz Picard
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MusicBrainz Picard is a free and open-source software application for identifying, tagging, and organising digital audio recordings. It was developed by the MetaBrainz Foundation, a company that also operates the MusicBrainz database. Picard identifies audio files and Compact Discs by comparing either their metadata or their acoustic fingerprints with records in the database, audio file metadata are a means for storing information about a recording in the file. When Picard identifies a file, it can add new information to it, such as the recording artist, the album title, the record label. In some cases, it can add more detailed information, such as lists of performers. The source of information is the MusicBrainz database, which is curated by volunteers. The more information the database has about a recording, the more Picard can embed in users audio files, Picard also has tag editing features, and is extensible with plug-ins. The main program is written in the Python programming language and it replaces an earlier tag editor developed for MusicBrainz. Whereas the original version was a typical tag-editor, Picard is album-oriented, in 2006, Picards developers added a facility for identifying audio files using an acoustic fingerprinting scheme called MusicDNS. They replaced MusicDNS with AcoustID in 2009, in the interim, Picard was completely rewritten in order to switch from the wxPython library to PyQt, and also to make it portable to Mac OS X. The rewritten application was published as version 0.9.0, Picard now also uses the Mutagen library. MusicBrainz Picard is named for Captain Jean-Luc Picard, a character in the US television series Star Trek, Picard supports these audio file formats, Official website MusicBrainz Picard entries in the MusicBrainz Blog
18.
Patent
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A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property, the procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right and these claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country, the word patent originates from the Latin patere, which means to lay open. More directly, it is a version of the term letters patent. Similar grants included land patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and printing patents, a precursor of modern copyright. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the granted to anyone who invents any new, useful. The additional qualification utility patent is used to distinguish the primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular species of patents for inventions include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents, the period of protection was 10 years. These were mostly in the field of glass making, as Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries, by the 16th century, the English Crown would habitually abuse the granting of letters patent for monopolies. After public outcry, King James I of England was forced to revoke all existing monopolies, the Statute became the foundation for later developments in patent law in England and elsewhere. Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of Queen Anne, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access. Influenced by the philosophy of John Locke, the granting of patents began to be viewed as a form of property right. The English legal system became the foundation for patent law in countries with a common law heritage, including the United States, New Zealand, in the Thirteen Colonies, inventors could obtain patents through petition to a given colonys legislature
19.
Pitch class
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In music, a pitch class is a set of all pitches that are a whole number of octaves apart, e. g. the pitch class C consists of the Cs in all octaves. The pitch class C stands for all possible Cs, in whatever octave position, important to musical set theory, a pitch class is, all pitches related to each other by octave, enharmonic equivalence, or both. Psychologists refer to the quality of a pitch as its chroma, a chroma is an attribute of pitches, just like hue is an attribute of color. A pitch class is a set of all pitches that share the same chroma, because octave-related pitches belong to the same class, when an octave is reached, the numbers begin again at zero. Indeed, the mapping from pitch to real numbers defined in this forms the basis of the MIDI Tuning Standard. To represent pitch classes, we need to identify or glue together all pitches belonging to the same pitch class—i. e, all numbers p and p +12. The result is a quotient group that musicians call pitch class space. Points in this space can be labelled using real numbers in the range 0 ≤ x <12. These numbers provide numerical alternatives to the names of elementary music theory,0 = C,1 = C♯/D♭,2 = D,2.5 = D,3 = D♯/E♭. In this system, pitch classes represented by integers are classes of equal temperament. In music, integer notation is the translation of pitch classes and/or interval classes into whole numbers, thus if C =0, then C♯ =1. A♯ =10, B =11, with 10 and 11 substituted by t and e in some sources and this allows the most economical presentation of information regarding post-tonal materials. In the integer model of pitch, all classes and intervals between pitch classes are designated using the numbers 0 through 11. It is not used to music for performance, but is a common analytical and compositional tool when working with chromatic music, including twelve tone, serial. The C above this is not 12, but 0 again, thus arithmetic modulo 12 is used to represent octave equivalence. One advantage of this system is that it ignores the spelling of notes according to their diatonic functionality, there are a few disadvantages with integer notation. First, theorists have used the same integers to indicate elements of different tuning systems. Thus, the numbers 0,1,2,5, are used to notate pitch classes in 6-tone equal temperament
20.
Threshold of originality
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The threshold of originality is a concept in copyright law that is used to assess whether a particular work can be copyrighted. It is used to distinguish works that are original to warrant copyright protection from those that are not. In this context, originality refers to coming from someone as the originator/author, 94-1476 states that the design of a typeface cannot be protected under U. S. law. The non-eligibility of textual matter was raised in Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits Inc and it is essentially a functional bottle without a distinctive shape. Although a labels graphical illustrations are normally copyrightable, textual matter is not—at least not unless the text aid or augment an accompanying graphical illustration, the label on Skyys vodka bottle consists only of text and does not include any pictorial illustrations. In works produced in a medium, “there is broad scope for copyright. This appears to mean that a human created the work, using the requisite creativity, in a work made through a completely mechanical process, copyright might be denied on the basis that no one was the author. The Congressional Office of Technology Assessment posited that the question is open as to whether computers are unlike other tools of creation in that they are possible of being co-creators. Copyright Office has taken the position that in order to be entitled to copyright registration, works produced by mechanical processes or random selection without any contribution by a human author are not registrable. Security cameras, webcams, camera traps and other pre-positioned recording devices capture whatever happens to take place in their field of view and this raises the question whether their recordings are an original and therefore copyrighted work. For example, f a security camera mounted in a lobby, recording 24 hours a day, captured a dramatic event, to date, this question remains untested in the United States. One 2008 United States district court case, Southwest Casino and Hotel Corp. vs Flyingman would have been on point had the case ever been heard, the casino filed suit for copyright infringement on the use of their surveillance video. The defendant argued in a motion that the surveillance video lacked the sufficient creativity needed to secure copyright protection and that argument never got its day in court, instead, the case fell apart when a separate tribal court ruled that the tribes owned the footage – not the casino. Under New Zealand law, according to Susy Frankel, A plaintiff could argue that the placing of the camera and possibly even its operation involved skill, judgment. These are the hallmarks of the test of originality for the subsistence of copyright, the counterargument would be that these skills alone are not enough because if they were it would allow a very low threshold of originality. Frankel concludes that, under New Zealand law, a security camera film may not reach the requisite originality threshold, al Fayed and his privately held security company filed suit, alleging, among other things, infringement of copyright. In that case, Hyde Park Residence Ltd v. Ultimately, such authorless films may have no copyright at all. In the law of continental European countries, according to Pascal Kamina, Russian copyright law specifically exempts purely informational reports on events and facts from protection, and security camera footage is not considered a work of authorship
21.
Creative Commons
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Creative Commons is an American non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share. The organization has released several copyright-licenses known as Creative Commons licenses free of charge to the public and these licenses allow creators to communicate which rights they reserve, and which rights they waive for the benefit of recipients or other creators. An easy-to-understand one-page explanation of rights, with associated visual symbols, Creative Commons licenses do not replace copyright, but are based upon it. The result is an agile, low-overhead and low-cost copyright-management regime, Wikipedia uses one of these licenses. The organization was founded in 2001 by Lawrence Lessig, Hal Abelson, the first article in a general interest publication about Creative Commons, written by Hal Plotkin, was published in February 2002. The first set of licenses was released in December 2002. In 2003 the Open Content Project, a 1998 precursor project by David A. Wiley, announced the Creative Commons as successor project, matthew Haughey and Aaron Swartz also played a role in the early stages of the project. As of January 2016 there were an estimated 1.1 billion works licensed under the various Creative Commons licenses, as of March 2015, Flickr alone hosts over 306 million Creative Commons licensed photos. Creative Commons is governed by a board of directors and their licenses have been embraced by many as a way for creators to take control of how they choose to share their copyrighted works. Beyond that, Creative Commons has provided institutional, practical and legal support for individuals and groups wishing to experiment, Creative Commons attempts to counter what Lawrence Lessig, founder of Creative Commons, considers to be a dominant and increasingly restrictive permission culture. Lessig describes this as a culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the powerful, as of 2017, they are Paul Keller, Jonathan Nightingale, Chris Thorne. As of 2015, there are more than 100 affiliates working in over 75 jurisdictions to support, Creative Commons Korea is the affiliated network of Creative Commons in South Korea. In March 2005, CC Korea was initiated by Jongsoo Yoon, the major Korean portal sites, including Daum and Naver, have been participating in the use of Creative Commons licences. In January 2009, the Creative Commons Korea Association was consequently founded as an incorporated association. Since then, CC Korea has been promoting the liberal. Since March 15,2012 he has been detained by the Syrian government in Damascus at Adra Prison, on October 17,2015 Creative Commons Board of Directors approved a resolution calling for Bassel Khartabil release. All current CC licenses require attribution, which can be inconvenient for works based on other works. Critics also worried that the lack of rewards for content producers will dissuade artists from publishing their work, Creative Commons founder Lawrence Lessig countered that copyright laws have not always offered the strong and seemingly indefinite protection that todays law provides
22.
Relational database management system
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A relational database management system is a database management system that is based on the relational model as invented by E. F. Codd, of IBMs San Jose Research Laboratory. In 2017, many of the databases in widespread use are based on the database model. Relational databases have often replaced legacy hierarchical databases and network databases because they are easier to understand, however, relational databases have received unsuccessful challenge attempts by object database management systems in the 1980s and 1990s and also by XML database management systems in the 1990s. Despite such attempts, RDBMSs keep most of the market share, according to DB-Engines, in 2016, the most widely used systems are Oracle, MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL, IBM DB2, Microsoft Access, and SQLite. According to research company Gartner, in 2011, the five leading commercial relational database vendors by revenue were Oracle, IBM, Microsoft, SAP including Sybase, however, the first commercially available RDBMS was Oracle, released in 1979 by Relational Software, now Oracle Corporation. Other examples of an RDBMS include DB2, SAP Sybase ASE, in 1984, the first RDBMS for Macintosh began being developed, code-named Silver Surfer, it was later released in 1987 as 4th Dimension and known today as 4D. The term relational database was invented by E. F. Codd at IBM in 1970, Codd introduced the term in his seminal paper A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. In this paper and later papers, he defined what he meant by relational, one well-known definition of what constitutes a relational database system is composed of Codds 12 rules. The first system sold as an RDBMS was Multics Relational Data Store, others have been Ingres and IBM BS12. The most common definition of an RDBMS is a product that presents a view of data as a collection of rows and columns, by this definition, RDBMS products typically implement some but not all of Codds 12 rules. A second school of thought argues that if a database does not implement all of Codds rules and this view, shared by many theorists and other strict adherents to Codds principles, would disqualify most DBMSs as not relational. For clarification, they refer to some RDBMSs as truly-relational database management systems. As of 2009, most commercial relational DBMSes employ SQL as their query language, alternative query languages have been proposed and implemented, notably the pre-1996 implementation of Ingres QUEL. SQL Object database Wikibook SQL Online analytical processing and ROLAP Data warehouse Star schema Snowflake schema
23.
GNU General Public License
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The GNU General Public License is a widely used free software license, which guarantees end users the freedom to run, study, share and modify the software. The license was written by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation for the GNU Project. The GPL is a license, which means that derivative work can only be distributed under the same license terms. This is in distinction to permissive free licenses, of which the BSD licenses. GPL was the first copyleft license for general use, historically, the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain. Prominent free software licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel. In 2007, the version of the license was released to address some perceived problems with the second version that were discovered during its long-time usage. To keep the license up to date, the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause, developers can omit it when licensing their software, for instance the Linux kernel is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause. The GPL was written by Richard Stallman in 1989, for use with programs released as part of the GNU project, the original GPL was based on a unification of similar licenses used for early versions of GNU Emacs, the GNU Debugger and the GNU C Compiler. These licenses contained similar provisions to the modern GPL, but were specific to each program, rendering them incompatible, Stallmans goal was to produce one license that could be used for any project, thus making it possible for many projects to share code. The second version of the license, version 2, was released in 1991, version 3 was developed to attempt to address these concerns and was officially released on 29 June 2007. Version 1 of the GNU GPL, released on 25 February 1989, the first problem was that distributors may publish binary files only—executable, but not readable or modifiable by humans. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that any vendor distributing binaries must also make the source code available under the same licensing terms. The second problem was that distributors might add restrictions, either to the license, the union of two sets of restrictions would apply to the combined work, thus adding unacceptable restrictions. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that modified versions, as a whole, had to be distributed under the terms in GPLv1. Therefore, software distributed under the terms of GPLv1 could be combined with software under more permissive terms, according to Richard Stallman, the major change in GPLv2 was the Liberty or Death clause, as he calls it – Section 7. The section says that licensees may distribute a GPL-covered work only if they can all of the licenses obligations. In other words, the obligations of the license may not be severed due to conflicting obligations and this provision is intended to discourage any party from using a patent infringement claim or other litigation to impair users freedom under the license
24.
Library (computing)
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In computer science, a library is a collection of non-volatile resources used by computer programs, often to develop software. These may include data, documentation, help data, message templates, pre-written code. In IBMs OS/360 and its successors they are referred to as partitioned data sets, a library is also a collection of implementations of behavior, written in terms of a language, that has a well-defined interface by which the behavior is invoked. For instance, people who want to write a higher level program can use a library to make system calls instead of implementing those system calls over and over again, in addition, the behavior is provided for reuse by multiple independent programs. A program invokes the library-provided behavior via a mechanism of the language, for example, in a simple imperative language such as C, the behavior in a library is invoked by using Cs normal function-call. What distinguishes the call as being to a library, versus being to function in the same program, is the way that the code is organized in the system. This distinction can gain a hierarchical notion when a program grows large, in that case, there may be internal libraries that are reused by independent sub-portions of the large program. The value of a lies in the reuse of the behavior. When a program invokes a library, it gains the behavior implemented inside that library without having to implement that behavior itself, libraries encourage the sharing of code in a modular fashion, and ease the distribution of the code. The behavior implemented by a library can be connected to the program at different program lifecycle phases. If the code of the library is accessed during the build of the invoking program, an alternative is to build the executable of the invoking program and distribute that, independently of the library implementation. The library behavior is connected after the executable has been invoked to be executed, either as part of the process of starting the execution, in this case the library is called a dynamic library. A dynamic library can be loaded and linked when preparing a program for execution, alternatively, in the middle of execution, an application may explicitly request that a module be loaded. Most compiled languages have a library although programmers can also create their own custom libraries. Most modern software systems provide libraries that implement the majority of the system services, such libraries have commoditized the services which a modern application requires. As such, most code used by modern applications is provided in these system libraries, the earliest programming concepts analogous to libraries were intended to separate data definitions from the program implementation. JOVIAL brought the COMPOOL concept to popular attention in 1959, although it adopted the idea from the large-system SAGE software, COBOL also included primitive capabilities for a library system in 1959, but Jean Sammet described them as inadequate library facilities in retrospect. Another major contributor to the library concept came in the form of the subprogram innovation of FORTRAN
25.
Nonprofit organization
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A nonprofit organization is an organization whose purpose is something other than making a profit. A nonprofit organization is dedicated to furthering a particular social cause or advocating for a particular point of view. This is known as the non-distribution constraint, the decision to adopt a nonprofit legal structure is one that will often have taxation implications, particularly where the nonprofit seeks income tax exemption, charitable status and so on. The terms nonprofit and not-for-profit are not consistently differentiated across jurisdictions, in laymans terms they are usually equivalent in concept, although in various jurisdictions there are accounting and legal differences. The nonprofit landscape is varied, although many people have come to associate NPOs with charitable organizations. Although charities do make up an often high-profile or visible aspect of the sector, overall, they tend to be either member-serving or community-serving. e. It could be argued many nonprofits sit across both camps, at least in terms of the impact they make. For example, the support group that provides a lifeline to those with a particular condition or disease could be deemed to be serving its members. Many NPOs use the model of a bottom line in that furthering their cause is more important than making a profit. Although NPOs are permitted to generate revenues, they must be retained by the organization for its self-preservation, expansion. NPOs have controlling members or a board of directors, many have paid staff including management, whereas others employ unpaid volunteers and executives who work with or without compensation. In some countries, where there is a fee, in general. The extent to which an NPO can generate surplus revenues may be constrained or use of surplus revenues may be restricted. Some NPOs may also be a charity or service organization, they may be organized as a corporation or as a trust. Their goal is not to be successful in terms of wealth, NPOs have a wide diversity of structures and purposes. Some of the above must be expressed in the charter of establishment or constitution. Others may be provided by the authority at each particular jurisdiction. While affiliations will not affect a legal status, they may be taken into consideration by legal proceedings as an indication of purpose, most countries have laws that regulate the establishment and management of NPOs and that require compliance with corporate governance regimes
26.
Barcelona
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Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. Barcelona has a cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre. Particularly renowned are the works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona, the city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments. It is a cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe, 24th in the world. In 2008 it was the fourth most economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union, in 2012 Barcelona had a GDP of $170 billion, it is leading Spain in both employment rate and GDP per capita change. In 2009 the city was ranked Europes third and one of the worlds most successful as a city brand, since 2011 Barcelona has been a leading smart city in Europe. During the Middle Ages, the city was known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa. Internationally, Barcelonas name is abbreviated to Barça. However, this refers only to FC Barcelona, the football club. The common abbreviated form used by locals is Barna, another common abbreviation is BCN, which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport. The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan. The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear, the ruins of an early settlement have been excavated in the El Raval neighbourhood, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC. The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends, the first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum centred on the Mons Taber, under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia, or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens, the city minted its own coins, some from the era of Galba survive. Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have incorporated into the cathedral. The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have founded in 343
27.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
28.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
29.
Amarok (software)
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Amarok /ˈæmərɒk/ is a cross-platform free and open-source music player. Although Amarok is part of the KDE project, it is released independently of the central KDE Software Compilation release cycle, Amarok is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2.4 versions. The program was originally named amaroK after a Mike Oldfield album of the same name, later the artwork changed to reference Amarok, a wolf in Inuit mythology. The apps capitalisation was changed to Amarok in June 2006, a new major version of Amarok, version 2.0, was released on December 12,2008. Amarok serves many functions in addition to the function of playing music files. Amarok does not play music files embedded with DRM. Associating cover art with an album, and retrieving the cover art from Amazon. Creating and editing playlists, including smart and dynamic playlists, the dynamic playlists can use such information as the score given to a song by an Amarok script, and the playcount which is stored in the database. Synchronizing, retrieving, playing, or uploading music to the digital music players, iPod, iriver iFP, Creative NOMAD, Creative ZEN, MTP, Rio Karma. Displaying artist information from Wikipedia and retrieving song lyrics, Last. fm support, including submitting played tracks to Last. fm, retrieving similar artists and playing Last. fm streams. From version 1.4.4, Amarok introduced the integration of Magnatune, a digital music store, enabling users to purchase music in Ogg, FLAC, WAV. Some of these depend on other programs or libraries that must be installed on the computer to operate. Three main window panes, playlist browser, collection and player window, song collection, which includes specific folders on the filesystem. fm and Shoutcast. Songs can be rated both dynamically and by hand, Amarok File Tracking, Stores file checksum in the collection. This allows the file be moved around in the filesystem without Amarok losing track of the song statistics, the backend of Phonon dictates which media types Amarok can play and how they play. When using Xine, Amarok supports crossfading, but not seeking in seekpointless FLAC files, when using Gstreamer, Amarok supports seeking and gapless playback, but not crossfading. Amarok can be controlled via D-Bus, Amarok Scripts, for example, when writing lyrics fetching plugins, can be written in QtScript. Amarok 2 was released on 10 December 2008, new features include, Tight integration with online services such as Magnatune, Jamendo, MP3tunes, Last. fm and Shoutcast
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KDE
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KDE is an international free software community that develops Free and Libre software. Well-known products include the Plasma Desktop, KDE Frameworks and a range of applications designed to run on modern Unix-like. It further provides tools and documentation for developers that enables them to write software and this supporting role makes KDE a central development hub and home for many popular applications and projects like Calligra Suite, Krita or digiKam. The Plasma Desktop, being one of the most recognized projects of KDE, is the desktop environment on many Linux distributions, such as openSUSE, Mageia, Chakra, Kubuntu. It was also the default desktop environment on PC-BSD, but was replaced with Lumina. The work of the KDE community can be measured in the following figures, more than 1800 contributors participate in developing KDE software. About 20 new developers contribute their first code each month, KDE Software consists of over 6 million lines of code. KDE Software is translated in over 108 languages, KDE Software is available on more than 114 official FTP mirrors in over 34 countries. A read-only mirror of all repositories can be found on Github, K Desktop Environment was founded in 1996 by Matthias Ettrich, who was then a student at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen. At the time, he was troubled by certain aspects of the Unix desktop, among his concerns was that none of the applications looked, felt, or worked alike. He proposed the creation of not merely a set of applications but a desktop environment in which users could expect things to look, feel, and work consistently. He also wanted to make this easy to use, one of his complaints about desktop applications of the time was that it is too complicated for end user. His initial Usenet post spurred a lot of interest, and the KDE project was born, the name KDE was intended as a wordplay on the existing Common Desktop Environment, available for Unix systems. CDE is an X11-based user environment jointly developed by HP, IBM and it was supposed to be an intuitively easy-to-use desktop computer environment. The K was originally suggested to stand for Kool, but it was decided that the K should stand for nothing in particular. Therefore, the KDE initialism expanded to K Desktop Environment before it was dropped altogether in favor of KDE = Community due to the rebranding effort. The rebranding focused on de-emphasizing the desktop environment as just another product, what would have been previously known as KDE4 was split into three products, Plasma Workspaces, KDE Applications, and KDE Platform – bundled as KDE Software Compilation 4. As of today the name KDE no longer stands for K Desktop Environment, the financial and legal matters of KDE are handled by KDE e. V
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Banshee (music player)
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Banshee is a cross-platform open-source media player, called Sonance until 2005. Built upon Mono and Gtk#, it uses the GStreamer multimedia platform for encoding and decoding various media formats, including Ogg Vorbis, MP3, Banshee can play and import audio CDs and supports many portable media players, including Apples iPod, Android devices and Creatives ZEN players. Other features include Last. fm integration, album artwork fetching, smart playlists, Banshee is released under the terms of the MIT License. Stable versions are available for many Linux distributions, as well as a preview for OS X. Banshee uses the SQLite database library, banshees plugin-capable architecture makes the software extensible and customizable. As of 2012 stable plugins include, Audioscrobbler, Adds the capability of reporting played songs to a users Last. fm playlist, DAAP music sharing, Allows sharing of music libraries with iTunes and other DAAP-compatible music software. The current version of Banshee is only compatible with iTunes 7, allowing iTunes to open a Banshee library. IPod manager, Allows the transferring of songs, videos, and album art to, metadata searcher using Musicbrainz, Automatically retrieves missing and supplementary metadata for library items, including album art. Music Recommendations using Last. fm, Recommends music based on the currently playing song, mini-Mode plugin, Provides a small window with minimal playback controls and song information. Multimedia keys support in GNOME, Banshee can be controlled via multimedia keys as configured through GNOME, notification Area Icon, Adds an icon to the notification area in GNOME. Podcasting, Enables Banshee to subscribe to podcast feeds, which are updated on a regular basis, radio, Provides support for streaming Internet radio stations. Compared to the Linux builds, which have stable releases, the Mac OS X builds are considered beta quality, and Windows builds are alpha quality. During Google Summer of Code 2012 Banshee has seen substantial improvements to its OS X support The first alpha release of Banshee on Windows was Banshee 1.9.4, released on February 23,2011. Official Release History feature listOfficial Calendar Helix Banshee was a version of Banshee, included in versions of SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop. It was based upon the Banshee core, but with a plug-in to add support for the Helix framework for playback and transcoding, software audio players Official website Helix Banshee
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Command-line interface
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A program which handles the interface is called a command language interpreter or shell. The interface is implemented with a command line shell, which is a program that accepts commands as text input. Command-line interfaces to computer operating systems are widely used by casual computer users. Alternatives to the line include, but are not limited to text user interface menus, keyboard shortcuts. Examples of this include the Windows versions 1,2,3,3.1, and 3.11, DosShell, and Mouse Systems PowerPanel. Command-line interfaces are preferred by more advanced computer users, as they often provide a more concise. Programs with command-line interfaces are generally easier to automate via scripting, a program that implements such a text interface is often called a command-line interpreter, command processor or shell. Under most operating systems, it is possible to replace the shell program with alternatives, examples include 4DOS for DOS, 4OS2 for OS/2. For example, the default Windows GUI is a program named EXPLORER. EXE. These programs are shells, but not CLIs, application programs may also have command line interfaces. When a program is launched from an OS command line shell, interactive command line sessions, After launch, a program may provide an operator with an independent means to enter commands in the form of text. OS inter-process communication, Most operating systems support means of inter-process communication, Command lines from client processes may be redirected to a CLI program by one of these methods. Some applications support only a CLI, presenting a CLI prompt to the user, Some examples of CLI-only applications are, DEBUG Diskpart Ed Edlin Fdisk Ping Some computer programs support both a CLI and a GUI. In some cases, a GUI is simply a wrapper around a separate CLI executable file, in other cases, a program may provide a CLI as an optional alternative to its GUI. CLIs and GUIs often support different functionality, for example, all features of MATLAB, a numerical analysis computer program, are available via the CLI, whereas the MATLAB GUI exposes only a subset of features. The early Sierra games, like the first three Kings Quest games, used commands from a command line to move the character around in the graphic window. Early computer systems often used teleprinter machines as the means of interaction with a human operator, the computer became one end of the human-to-human teleprinter model. So instead of a human communicating with another human over a teleprinter, in time, the actual mechanical teleprinter was replaced by a glass tty, and then by a smart terminal
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Clementine (software)
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Clementine is a cross-platform free and open source music player and library organizer. It is a port of Amarok 1.4 to the Qt 4 framework and it is available for Unix-like, Windows and macOS. Clementine is released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, Clementine was created due to the transition from version 1.4 to version 2 of Amarok, and the shift of focus connected with it, which was criticized by many users. The first version of Clementine was released in February 2010, sidebar information panes with song lyrics, statistics, artist biographies and pictures. Tag editor, album cover and queue manager, creation of smart and dynamic playlists. Tabbed playlists, import and export as M3U, XSPF, PLS, ASX, transfer of music to some iPods, iPhone, MTP or any USB mass-storage player. Transcoding music into MP3, Ogg, FLAC, AAC or WMA, playback of Windows Media Files in macOS. Remote control using an Android device, a Wii Remote, MPRIS or the command-line interface, software audio players Official website Clementine in GitHub Clementine in qt-apps. org Clementine Remote Android package at the F-Droid repository
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Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
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CD ripper
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A CD ripper, CD grabber, or CD extractor is software that convert tracks on a Compact Disc to standard computer sound files, such as WAV, MP3, or Ogg Vorbis. It rips raw digital audio in CD-DA format on a disc to a file or other output. This is not yet entirely true, even with some current digital music delivery mechanisms and this suits most users who simply want to store their music on a memory stick, MP3 player or portable hard disk and listen to it on any PC or compatible device. The Jargon File entry for rip notes that the term originated in Amiga slang, another term used for the process of ripping Audio-CDs is Digital Audio Extraction. As an intermediate step, some ripping programs save the audio in a lossless format such as WAV, FLAC. The extracted audio can then be encoded with a lossy codec like MP3, Vorbis, the encoded files are more compact and are suitable for playback on digital audio players. They may also be played back in a media program on a computer. Most ripping programs will assist in tagging the encoded files with metadata, the MP3 file format, for example, allows tags with title, artist, album and track number information. Some will try to identify the disc being ripped by looking up network services like AMGs LASSO, FreeDB, Gracenotes CDDB, GD3 or MusicBrainz, or attempt text extraction if CD-Text has been stored. Some all-in-one ripping programs can simplify the process by ripping and burning the audio to disc in one step. Some CD ripping software is intended to provide an especially accurate or secure rip, including Exact Audio Copy, cdda2wav, CDex. There are databases listing these features for multiple brands and versions of optical drives, also, EAC has the ability to autodetect some of these features by a test-rip of a known reference CD. daefeatures. co. uk/, database about the DAE properties of optical drives
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MacOS
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Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows. Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems, Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS9 in 1999. An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999, the first desktop version, Mac OS X10.0, followed in March 2001. In 2012, Apple rebranded Mac OS X to OS X. Releases were code named after big cats from the release up until OS X10.8 Mountain Lion. Beginning in 2013 with OS X10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California, in 2016, Apple rebranded OS X to macOS, adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version of macOS is macOS10.12 Sierra, macOS is based on technologies developed at NeXT between 1985 and 1997, when Apple acquired the company. The X in Mac OS X and OS X is pronounced ten, macOS shares its Unix-based core, named Darwin, and many of its frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A heavily modified version of Mac OS X10.4 Tiger was used for the first-generation Apple TV, Apple also used to have a separate line of releases of Mac OS X designed for servers. Beginning with Mac OS X10.7 Lion, the functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store. Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC-based Macs from the time period, Mac OS X10.5 Leopard was released as a Universal binary, meaning the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors. In 2009, Apple released Mac OS X10.6 Snow Leopard, in 2011, Apple released Mac OS X10.7 Lion, which no longer supported 32-bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs, the heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989 and its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, previous Macintosh operating systems were named using Arabic numerals, e. g. Mac OS8 and Mac OS9. The letter X in Mac OS Xs name refers to the number 10 and it is therefore correctly pronounced ten /ˈtɛn/ in this context. However, a common mispronunciation is X /ˈɛks/, consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API, the consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X10.0. Reviews were variable, with praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface
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Jaikoz
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Jaikoz is a Java program used for editing and mass tagging music file tags. Matching is first applied at album level, falling back to level where a match at album level could not be made. This allows Jaikoz to automatically fix most of a song collection. Jaikoz is commercially licensed software, written in Java 1.5 by Paul Taylor, a shareware version, in which changes can only be saved to 20 files during one use, is also available as a 30-day free trial. 10% of every sale is paid to the MetaBrainz Foundation to support MusicBrainz development, originally released in 2006 as a standalone music tagger without any MusicBrainz support, but support for MusicBrainz was soon added. Supports Multiple Audio formats and different audio formats can be edited the same easy way Export/Import metadata to/from a spreadsheet, Jaikoz was recommended in a LifeHacker article for automatically correcting your metadata. Jaikoz version 1.1.3 was distributed by Macworld Italy magazine with its Spring,2006 supplement Everything iPod, version 2.5 was favorably reviewed in 2008 by Thomas Weiss, senior editor of Macnews Germany. Macworld Germany editor Matthias Zehden concurred in his 2009 iPhoneWelt review of Jaikoz, iD3 List of tag editors MusicBrainz Jaikoz homepage Jaikoz at MusicBrainz
27,147 (July 2016[update])[2]
