1.
Dutch public broadcasting system
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The Dutch public broadcasting system is a set of organizations that together take care of public service television and radio broadcasting in the Netherlands. It is composed of a foundation called Nederlandse Publieke Omroep, which acts as its body. The Dutch Media Act 2008 regulates how air time is divided, in addition to the national broadcasters, there are also regional broadcasters and local broadcasters in the Netherlands. This arrangement has its origins in the system developed in the Netherlands early in the 20th century, the stated aim is to give a voice to each social group in the multicultural diversity that is Dutch society. The number of hours allocated to each broadcaster corresponds, roughly, since 2000, the system has been financed out of general taxation rather than from broadcast receiver licence fees. This is supplemented by an amount of on-air advertising, which has been allowed since 1967. Nearly all viewers in the Netherlands receive most of their TV via cable or satellite systems, regional public TV exists in parallel to the national system described below. Commercial television in the Netherlands began in 1989, with the Luxembourg-based RTL4, in 1992, the government of the Netherlands legalised commercial TV, and many new commercial channels have become established since then. Every year, the Dutch public broadcasting system is allocated funds from the Ministry of Education, Culture, in 2008 the allocation was 738 million Euro with revenues in 2009 from advertising totalling 196 million Euro. The cost to each Dutch citizen is approximately 116 Euro per year, which is less than the BBC in the United Kingdom. Since the very beginning in the early 1920s, public broadcasting in the Netherlands has been split into different broadcasting associations with their members composed of listeners and viewers and these associations were based on the different ideological sections of Dutch society, called Verzuiling. Catholics, Protestants and Socialists were the first groups to create their own institutions, including schools, hospitals, trades unions and political parties. When radio in the Netherlands started in the 1920s the existing groups quickly created their own broadcasting associations, producing programmes for the radio network. The first to start was the liberal AVRO, founded as radio broadcaster Hilversumsche Draadlooze Omroep by the NSF transmitter factory in Huizen on 8 July 1923, the first regular radio broadcasts started on 21 July 1923. Airtime was rented to the religious and political radio organisations—the Protestant NCRV, the Roman Catholic KRO, the Socialist VARA. Each audience group was faithful to its own broadcasting company, for example, it was considered unthinkable for a Protestant to listen to KRO programming. The programmes were funded by the associations members, KRO and NCRV started their own station in 1927 with a transmitter also located in Huizen and built by the NSF. In 1930 the government regulated equal airtime for all organisations on the two stations, and the broadcasting system was born
2.
576i
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576i is a standard-definition video mode originally used for broadcast television in most countries of the world where the utility frequency for electric power distribution is 50 Hz. Because of its association with the colour encoding system, it is often referred to as simply PAL, PAL/SECAM or SECAM when compared to its 60 Hz NTSC-colour-encoded counterpart. The 576 identifies a vertical resolution of 576 lines, and the i identifies it as an interlaced resolution and its basic parameters common to both analogue and digital implementations are,576 scan lines or vertical pixels of picture content,25 frames per second. Digital information not to be displayed as part of the image can be transmitted in the lines, teletext and other services. Analogue television signals have no pixels, they are rastered in scan lines, in digital applications, the number of pixels per line is an arbitrary choice as long as it fulfils the sampling theorem. Values above about 500 pixels per line are enough for conventional broadcast television, DVB-T, DVD and DV allow better values such as 704 or 720. The video format can be transported by major digital television formats, ATSC, DVB and ISDB, and on DVD, when 576i video is transmitted via baseband, most of the differences between the one-letter systems are no longer significant, other than vertical resolution and frame rate. Digital video uses its own separate space, so even the minor colour space differences between PAL and SECAM become moot in the digital domain. When 576i is used to transmit content that was composed of 25 full progressive frames per second. This is the opposite of NTSC, motion pictures are typically shot on film at 24 frames per second. When telecined and played back at PALs standard of 25 frames per second and this also applies to most TV series that are shot on film or digital 24p. Depending on the system in use, it also slightly increases the pitch of the soundtrack by 70.67 cents. More recently, digital conversion methods have used algorithms which preserve the pitch of the soundtrack. Conversion methods exist that can convert 24 frames per second video to 25 frames per second with no speed increase, however image quality suffers when conversions of this type are used. This method is most commonly employed through conversions done digitally, and is employed in situations where the importance of preserving the speed of the video outweighs the need for image quality. Many movie enthusiasts prefer PAL over NTSC despite the formers speed-up, because the results in telecine judder. States the majority of authorities on the subject favour PAL over NTSC for DVD playback quality, also DVD reviewers often make mention of this cause. For example, in his PAL vs. NTSC article, the founder of MichaelDVD says, Personally, I find all but intolerable and find it very hard to watch a movie on an NTSC DVD because of it
3.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
4.
NPO 1
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NPO1 is the first national television station in the Netherlands, it launched on 2 October 1951. It provides public broadcasting and currently next to sister channels NPO2. A wide range of broadcasting organisations of the Publieke Omroep deliver programs, a wide variety of programs is broadcast on the channel, usually for larger audiences. In 2014, it was the most viewed channel in the Netherlands, in the Netherlands the first television experiments took place in the 1930s. Dutch technology company Philips played an important role in these experiments, in 1951 public radio broadcasters AVRO, KRO, VARA and NCRV established the NTS, Nederlandse Televisie Stichting. The very first public broadcast began from studio Irene in Bussum on 2 October 1951 at 8,15 pm and it was transmitted from Lopik, soon followed by Hilversum as well. On 5 January 1956 the NTS broadcast their first news programme, in the 1950s television attracted only a low number of viewers. The high prices of television sets were the reason why. From October 1960 NTS began broadcasting daily from 8,00 pm till 10,20 pm, two years later the broadcasting hours were extended from 26 to 30 hours a week. On 1 October 1964, a public television channel began broadcasting, Nederland 2. In 1967 Colour television broadcasts were introduced by using the PAL-system, also in that same year advertisement between programmes was introduced. In 1969 the Dutch government adopted the so-called open-system for the broadcasting system. Though, a new organisation must have 100,000 members or more to be allowed in. On 29 May 1969, the NTS and the Dutch Radio Union merged into the NOS serving as an organisation for the public broadcasting organisations. Its main focus is on news and sports broadcasts and also provides technical. In anticipation of the launch of new commercial channels broadcast by satellite, luxembourg-based RTL-Véronique began broadcasting in October 1989. Until 2006 each public broadcasting organisation had been associated with just one channel, being either Nederland 1, in season 2006/2007 the three channels got re-arranged. The NOS is no longer the coordinating organisation and this function is taken over by the newly formed NPO
5.
NPO 2
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NPO2 is a Dutch television channel, sister channel of NPO1 and NPO3. It was established on 1 October 1964 at 20,00, NPO2 tends to broadcast arts, culture, politics, news, current affairs and religious programmes. NPO2 simulcasts NPO1 news with sign language, in September 1967, colour broadcasts were introduced on NPO2. Until the launch of NPO3 in 1988, NPO2 was the mainstay of the broadcasters AVRO, TROS, VOO/Veronica and VPRO, in 1995 VOO/Veronica split from the Netherlands Public Broadcasting to become a commercial channel. On 4 July 2009, all three channels began simulcasting in 1080i high-definition, on 12 March 2013, the NPO announced that Nederland 1,2 and 3 will be renamed as NPO1,2 and 3. The reason for change is to make the channels and its programmes more recognizable. The rebranding completed on 19 August 2014, television networks in the Netherlands NPO2 website
6.
NPO 3
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It is oriented towards children, youth and innovative television. NPO3 was established as Nederland 3 on 4 April 1988, the original plan was for the third Dutch public television channel to be a joint venture with the Flemish public broadcaster VRT, which would specialize in Belgian Dutch programming. Arising from the ashes of the plan, Nederland 3 became the home channel of the broadcasters VPRO, VARA, RVU. The channel focused on news, debate, culture and innovative television, before the evening peak the channels programming, organized by NPO under the label Z@ppelin, was aimed at children. In September 2006, the programming of NPOs television channels was changed slightly, today NPO3 still focuses on children during the daytime. In the evening it aims to reach an audience with innovative, educational television. All Dutch public broadcasting organizations have air-time on NPO1, NPO2, on 4 July 2009 all three channels began simulcasting in 1080i high-definition. On 12 March 2013, the NPO announced that Nederland 1,2 and 3 will be renamed as NPO1,2 and 3, the reason for this change is to make the channels and its programmes more recognizable. The rebranding completed on 19 August 2014, between 06,00 and 19,30 NPO Zapp and NPO Zappelin broadcast television oriented at children, this includes educational television, like SchoolTV from broadcaster NTR. After 19,30 the programming for youth and young adults starts, the programming is filled with films, drama and comedy, and successful programmes such as Top of the Pops, College Tour, De Lamas, Spuiten en Slikken and Raymann is Laat. It also broadcasts European Football such as the UEFA Champions League live until season 2015/2016 when it was moved to SBS6, television networks in the Netherlands NPO3 website
7.
Ziggo
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Ziggo is the largest cable operator in the Netherlands, providing cable television, broadband Internet, and telephone service to both residential and commercial customers. The company is the result of the merger between Multikabel, @Home Network, and Casema and launched officially on 16 May 2008, later followed by a merger with UPC Nederland in the first quarter of 2015, at that time the second largest cable company in the Netherlands. It kept the brand name Ziggo and its main competitors are KPN and CanalDigitaal. Most of the capital was up to 2012 held by holding companies of two private equity firms, Cinven and Warburg Pincus. On 21 March 2012, Ziggo was listed on the NYSE Euronext stock exchange, additionally, there are options traded on the Ziggo share. Cinven and Warburg Pincus started to reduce their stake in Ziggo, in March 2013 Liberty Global acquired a 12. 65% stake in Ziggo. This increased to 15% in April and 28. 5% in July, on 27 January 2014 Liberty Global announced that it would be acquiring all remaining shares in Ziggo for €10 billion. The takeover was subject to approval and was expected to close by the second quarter of 2014. In May 2014 the European Commission announced opening an investigation to assess whether the proposed acquisition of Ziggo by Liberty Global is in line with the EU Merger Regulation. The opening of an in-depth inquiry does not prejudge the outcome of the investigation, in November 2014 Liberty Global took over Ziggo. In December 2014 the shares of Ziggo N. V. were delisted from Euronext Amsterdam as Ziggo was converted into the Dutch private limited company Ziggo Holding B. V, on 5 January 2015 Ziggo started to harmonize its cable network with the UPC Nederland cable network. The name UPC was finally phased out in favor of Ziggo on 13 April 2015, on 15 February 2016, British telecommunications company Vodafone announced the merger of their Dutch operations Vodafone Netherlands with Liberty Global, the owner of Ziggo. The deal was closed on 31 December, creating a new parent company for both Ziggo and Vodafone, called VodafoneZiggo, with a 50/50 joint ownership by Liberty Global, in 2014 the Ziggo cable network passed 6.983 million homes in the Netherlands. Ziggo offers analog and digital television to 4.089 million subscribers of which 3.321 million watch digital. In recent years the number of analogue channels has been reduced to make bandwidth available for digital HD channels. At the moment Ziggo uses both the Nagravision and Irdeto conditional access system, nevertheless, about 40 TV channels and also 40 radio channels are transmitted in clear. Basic service is called Kabel TV and includes both analogue and digital channels, consists of about 40 digital and 25 analogue television channels and it consists of all the major Dutch networks and some of the main networks of neighbouring countries. Additional TV and radio channels are available through TV Standard, Movies & Series XL, every additional package comes with Stingray Music which offers 35 additional radio channels, as well as interactive video on demand services
8.
IPTV
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Unlike downloaded media, IPTV offers the ability to stream the source media continuously. As a result, a client media player can begin playing the data almost immediately and this is known as streaming media. Although IPTV uses the Internet protocol it is not limited to television media streamed from the Internet, IPTV in the telecommunications arena is notable for its ongoing standardisation process. Historically, many different definitions of IPTV have appeared, including elementary streams over IP networks, transport streams over IP networks and these services may include, for example, Live TV, Video On Demand and Interactive TV. These services are delivered across an access agnostic, packet switched network that employs the IP protocol to transport the audio, video, the term IPTV first appeared in 1995 with the founding of Precept Software by Judith Estrin and Bill Carrico. Precept developed an Internet video product named IP/TV, the software was written primarily by Steve Casner, Karl Auerbach, and Cha Chee Kuan. Precept was acquired by Cisco Systems in 1998, Internet radio company AudioNet started the first continuous live webcasts with content from WFAA-TV in January 1998 and KCTU-LP on January 10,1998. The operator added additional VoD service in October 2001 with Yes TV, kingston was one of the first companies in the world to introduce IPTV and IP VoD over ADSL as a commercial service. The service became the reference for various changes to UK Government regulations, in 2006, the KIT service was discontinued, subscribers having declined from a peak of 10,000 to 4,000. In 1999, NBTel was the first to commercially deploy Internet protocol television over DSL in Canada using the Alcatel 7350 DSLAM, the service was marketed under the brand VibeVision in New Brunswick, and later expanded into Nova Scotia in early 2000 after the formation of Aliant. IMagic TV was later sold to Alcatel, in 2002, Sasktel was the second in Canada to commercially deploy Internet Protocol video over DSL, using the Lucent Stinger DSL platform. In 2005, SureWest Communications was the first North American company to offer high-definition television channels over an IPTV service, in 2005, Bredbandsbolaget launched its IPTV service as the first service provider in Sweden. As of January 2009, they are not the biggest supplier any longer, TeliaSonera, in 2007, TPG became the first internet service provider in Australia to launch IPTV. Complementary to its ADSL2+ package this was, and still is, free of charge to customers on eligible plans and now offers over 45 local free to air channels, by 2010, iiNet and Telstra launched IPTV services in conjunction to internet plans but with extra fees. In 2008, PTCL launched IPTV under the name of PTCL Smart TV in Pakistan. S. Markets with an IPTV service called Prism and this was after successful test marketing in Florida. During the 2014 Winter Olympics Shortest path bridging was used to deliver 36 IPTV HD Olympic channels, in 2016, KCTV introduced the Set-top box called Manbang, claiming to provide video-on-demand services in North Korea via quasi-internet protocol television. According to KCTV, viewers can use the service not only in Pyongyang, stating that the demands for the equipment are particularly high in Sinuiju, with several hundred users in the region
9.
KPN
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KPN is a Dutch landline and mobile telecommunications company. KPN started as a public company and is based in The Hague. KPN took on its present form on 1 January 1989 when the PTT was privatised, before the spin-off of TPG, the company also controlled the national Dutch postal services. The Dutch government progressively privatized KPN beginning in 1994, reducing its stake to 6. 4% in 2005, in 2001 KPN tried to merge with the Belgian telco Belgacom. It did not succeed because of the objections of the Belgian government, in 2001, Spanish Telefonica expressed an interest in buying KPN. The Japanese mobile telephone company NTT DoCoMo holds a 2% stake in KPN Mobile NV, from 2002 until 2007 KPN Mobile provided i-mode services on its mobile phone networks. I-mode as introduced by KPNs E-Plus in Germany in March 2002, KPN partly owned KPNQwest, a telecommunications company equally owned by KPN and the American Qwest Communications International. The company was set to bring together the state-of-the-art fibre-optic networks of the two partners and the Internet services expertise and customer base of EUnet International, the company collapsed in a bankruptcy in 2002. KPN also has operational synergies through joint ventures with TDC and Swisscom, in 2007 KPN acquired Getronics N. V. a worldwide ICT services company with more than 22,000 employees, and almost doubled its former size. KPN is still divesting parts of Getronics that didnt meet their core interests, recently they sold a Dutch department of Getronics named Business Application Services to CapGemini for about €250,000,000. In August 2013, América Móvil offered to take over the remaining 70% stake of the Dutch telecommunications company for 7.2 billion Euros, América Móvil currently owns close to 30% of KPN. The Dutch Government has issued a warning on this proposed takeover of KPN by Mexican Billionaire Carlos Slim, as part of his ambition to expand his telecom empire. Current main share holders are, Stichting Preferente Aandelen B KPN50. 07% America Movil 14. 86% Norges Bank 3. 09% BlackRock 2. 69% Ontario Teachers Pension Plan 2. 19% JP Morgan Chase & Co 1. The foundation exercised an option to gain roughly 50% of the KPN shares in order to protect KPN against a hostile takeover. This stock has been withdrawn on a special meeting held on the 10th of January 2014. In the Netherlands, KPN has 6.3 million fixed-line telephone customers and its mobile division, KPN Mobile, has more than 33 million subscribers in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, France, and Spain under different brand names. KPN operates a mobile network for 2G and 3G technologies. 4G has recently rolled out and, as of March 2014
10.
Streaming media
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Streaming media is multimedia that is constantly received by and presented to an end-user while being delivered by a provider. A client end-user can use their player to begin to play the data file before the entire file has been transmitted. For example, in the 1930s, elevator music was among the earliest popularly available streaming media, the term streaming media can apply to media other than video and audio such as live closed captioning, ticker tape, and real-time text, which are all considered streaming text. As of 2017, streaming is generally taken to refer to cases where a user watches digital video content or listens to audio content on a computer screen. With streaming content, the user does not have to download the digital video or digital audio file before they start to watch/listen to it. There are challenges with streaming content on the Internet, as of 2016, two popular streaming services are the video sharing website YouTube, which contains video and audio files on a huge range of topics and Netflix, which streams movies and TV shows. Live streaming refers to Internet content delivered in real-time, as events happen, Live internet streaming requires a form of source media, an encoder to digitize the content, a media publisher, and a content delivery network to distribute and deliver the content. Live streaming does not need to be recorded at the origination point, in the early 1920s, George O. Attempts to display media on computers date back to the earliest days of computing in the mid-20th century, however, little progress was made for several decades, primarily due to the high cost and limited capabilities of computer hardware. From the late 1980s through the 1990s, consumer-grade personal computers became powerful enough to various media. These technological improvement facilitated the streaming of audio and video content to users in their homes and workplaces. The band Severe Tire Damage was the first group to live on the Internet. On June 24,1993, the band was playing a gig at Xerox PARC while elsewhere in the building, as proof of PARCs technology, the bands performance was broadcast and could be seen live in Australia and elsewhere. Microsoft Research developed a Microsoft TV application which was compiled under MS Windows Studio Suite, realNetworks was also a pioneer in the streaming media markets, when it broadcast a baseball game between the New York Yankees and the Seattle Mariners over the Internet in 1995. The first symphonic concert on the Internet took place at the Paramount Theater in Seattle, the concert was a collaboration between The Seattle Symphony and various guest musicians such as Slash, Matt Cameron, and Barrett Martin. When Word Magazine launched in 1995, they featured the first-ever streaming soundtracks on the Internet.4 in 1999, in June 1999 Apple also introduced a streaming media format in its QuickTime 4 application. It was later widely adopted on websites along with RealPlayer. In 2000 Industryview. com launched its worlds largest streaming video archive website to help promote themselves
11.
Digital television
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Digital television is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Digital TV can support more than one program in the channel bandwidth. It is a service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Several regions of the world are in different stages of adaptation and are implementing different broadcasting standards and this standard has been adopted in Europe, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand. Advanced Television System Committee uses eight-level vestigial sideband for terrestrial broadcasting and this standard has been adopted by six countries, United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, Dominican Republic and Honduras. Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting is a designed to provide good reception to fixed receivers. It utilizes OFDM and two-dimensional interleaving and it supports hierarchical transmission of up to three layers and uses MPEG-2 video and Advanced Audio Coding. This standard has adopted in Japan and the Philippines. ISDB-T International is an adaptation of this standard using H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC that been adopted in most of South America and is also being embraced by Portuguese-speaking African countries. Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting adopts time-domain synchronous OFDM technology with a signal frame to serve as the guard interval of the OFDM block. The DTMB standard has adopted in the Peoples Republic of China, including Hong Kong. Digital TVs roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive and it wasnt until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. S. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration, then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a standard was feasible. The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements, the final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the electronics industry and the computer industry over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—is superior
12.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
13.
NPO 3FM
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NPO 3FM is a Dutch pop/rock radio station controlled by public broadcaster NPO. Its format is a combination of contemporary hit radio, alternative and it can be compared with BBC Radio 1. In the early days of the station, this led to a bag of programs barely linked to each other. As an example, Christian broadcaster EO used to broadcast Christian-themed programs, up until the early 1990s, NPO 3FM did not have a horizontal radio format, with each public broadcaster filling one day a week. The dawn of commercial competition and changing ideas about modern radio forced Radio 3 to overhaul its format drastically in 1992. First, three broadcasters decided to join forces and introduced Het Station, with a format for three days, with programs hosted by DJs from these three broadcasters. About a year later, Radio 3 went horizontal completely, with public broadcaster losing its own designated day but getting a fixed. TROS divides its programming between Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays, in August 2014, the name of the stations was changed to NPO 3FM, incorporating the public broadcaster, NPO name and logo. Starting in 1971, Hilversum 3 hosted its own hit parade, the name and compiling methods of the Hilversum 3 chart changed several times. In the early 1970s it was known as either Hilversum 3 Top 30, in 1974 the name was changed into Nationale Hitparade, first a Top 30, later a Top 50 and a Top 100. In January 1993, the Nationale Hitparade was scrapped and replaced by an all new chart and it is still broadcast every Saturday. Unusually, Hilversum 3 used to have more than one pop chart between 1974 and 1992. While its official Nationale Hitparade chart - supported by most public broadcasters - was hosted by the NOS, Radio Veronica, once it received its status in 1976. Also, TROS introduced its own chart, TROS Top 50. For many years, you could listen to three separate charts on Hilversum 3, the TROS Top 50 on Thursdays, Top 40 on Fridays and Nationale Hitparade on Sundays. All this changed in early 1993, when the Nationale Hitparade was discontinued, the Top 40 moved to Radio 538 and NPO 3FM started its new chart, the Mega Top 50. In 2004, the station begun a charity project by the name of Serious Request in which three DJs play requested songs for money for six days and nights in a glass house and they collect this money for projects of the Red Cross. The DJs dont eat during these days, Serious Request starts every year the week before Christmas
14.
Serious Request
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Serious Request is a family of annual multi-day, multimedia fundraising events for International Red Cross initiatives, typically hosted by radio stations in the week before Christmas. The project was begun in 2004 by Dutch public pop music radio station 3FM, Serious Request projects have since been adopted in Belgium, Switzerland, Sweden, Kenya, South Korea, Austria, Latvia and Portugal. During the Dutch 3FM Serious Request, three popular radio DJs are locked up for six days in a temporary radio studio. Living on a juice-only fast, the DJs make an interactive, themed broadcast around the clock, instead 3FM and its website are completely dedicated to the event, which is also transmitted as a continuous audio and video live-stream. Additionally there is television coverage, integration with social media, funds are raised in a few different ways. While the DJs are in residence, they play songs requested by listeners and visitors, celebrities and artists also donate personal possessions or performances, which are auctioned off. Straightforward donations are made into the projects bank-account, and by physical visitors depositing cash, additionally, members of the public run a variety of supporting initiatives, and in some cities more glass houses are popping up. All totalled the Dutch editions have raised €76.8 million through 2014, in the Netherlands the Serious Request broadcasts and the Glass House have become a national December tradition, that reaches most of the national population. The 2012 edition was watched and listened to by 12.1 million people over the age of ten, overall, 88% of the people were aware of the event. 3FM Request on Tour was the precursor to the Serious Request formula, during the last three days of 2003, Dutch national pop music radio station 3FM sent a Request bus with DJ equipment and a sound system on a tour of the country. By playing requested songs in return for donations, money was raised for Villa Pardoes, among others Gerard Ekdom, Giel Beelen and Rob Stenders participated — DJs who later returned in Serious Request efforts. An amount of €16,000 was collected that year, prominent DJs Rob Stenders and Ruud de Wild left radio 3FM in 2004, and were later replaced by Giel Beelen and Wouter van der Goes. During the interim, station manager Florent Luyckx started making changes in programming to shore up ratings, after the Beslan school massacre ended in September, the station wanted to aid the victims and their relatives, however, the humanitarian organisation handling the crisis declined their offer. When the station then approached the Dutch Red Cross, they pleaded for help in matters overlooked by the news-media and this was then made the cause for the first Serious Request radiothon from 20–24 December 2004, using the slogan Jouw druppel op een gloeiende plaat. In a revised formula, DJ Jan-Willem Roodbeen suggested DJs living and broadcasting from a structure with a lot of windows. Giel Beelen added that the occupants should endure some hardship to express solidarity, in December 2004, a small temporary radio studio with large glass facades – a glass house – was erected in the Neude square in the centre of Utrecht. In the course of the event, a record began to stand out, because it was requested often. In 2004 this was Galvanize by the Chemical Brothers, later editions have shown that this mechanism occurs every time – the particular track is then deemed the anthem of that years Serious Request
15.
Nederlandse Publieke Omroep (organization)
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The foundation Nederlandse Publieke Omroep is a Dutch public broadcasting organization that administers the public broadcasting service in the Netherlands. According to Article 2.2 the Dutch Media Act of 2008, at the head of the organization there are two bodies, The Board of Directors that administers the whole public television and radio broadcasting system and the Supervisory Board. Prior to the 2002 reorganization, the Dutch public broadcasting system was managed by public broadcasting organization. In 2013, NPO became the winner of the Prix Europa award for the Best TV Fiction Script by a Newcomer, Dutch public broadcasting system Media act and media policy — Government. nl Broadcasters — Government. nl Official website
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Evangelische Omroep
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Evangelische Omroep is one of the twelve member-based broadcasting associations contributing to the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system. It has as its mission to bring people into contact with Jesus Christ, EO is one of the few broadcasting associations in the pillarized Dutch broadcasting system to have remained totally faithful to its religious roots. For a long time one of its programmes made reference to God and to the Christian religion. It is not known how effective EO has been in winning people for Christianity, a well-known effect of its work, however, has been that Christians from across the highly fragmented church scene in the Netherlands have come closer to each other. EOs activities have greatly stimulated contacts and mutual respect among Dutch Evangelicals, documentaries are often edited to reflect EOs creationist ideology. The subject of creationism has sparked a number of EO-related controversies, in 2009 Arie Boomsma, an EO television presenter was suspended for three months after appearing partially undressed in a magazine called LHomo. Later that year, EO planned to broadcast a new show called Loopt een man over het water. Which it was intended Boomsma would present, in the show, non-Christian comedians were to be asked to create short sketches about Jesus of Nazareth. The planned show caused so much uproar among EO members that it was cancelled, soon afterwards Boomsma left EO and joined the Catholic broadcasting association KRO. As a result of these and other controversies, the number of subscribing EO members has declined
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PowNed
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PowNed is a Dutch broadcaster, which transmits radio and television programmes on the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system. The broadcaster is affiliated with and was started up with the help of the popular GeenStijl shock blog, the director of PowNed is Dominique Weesie and their star reporter is Rutger Castricum. Other reporters include Jojanneke van den Berge, Jan Roos and Daan Nieber, several other people involved with PowNed programmes are DJs Rob Stenders and Bert van Lent, sports presenters Henk Spaan and Hugo Borst, Bas Paternotte and Brenno de Winter. The name is a backronym for Publieke Omroep Weldenkend Nederland En Dergelijke, PowNed claims to serve the network generation and argues heavily against baby boomers whom it sees as clinging on to power
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VPRO
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The VPRO was established in the Netherlands in 1926 as a religious broadcasting organization. Falling under the Protestant pillar, it represented the Liberal Protestant current, however, in the 1950s and 1960s it became more liberal than Protestant, and while the acronym VPRO was kept, its meaning was dropped. It was the first to show a woman on Dutch television, Phil Bloom in 1967. The VPRO is known for producing and broadcasting quality programmes, documentaries and films, VPRO often collaborates with other broadcasting organisations such as WDR, the BBC, and Arte. Like all Dutch public broadcasters, the VPRO does not have its own dedicated channel, noorderlicht Radio Bergeijk Backlight Metropolis TV - the program sees correspondents from around the world reporting on life and culture in different cultures. In 2010 the program was honoured with a Tegel Award and it is credited with popularizing hiphop in the Netherlands and was made available on DVD in 2012. Alternative rock band Nirvana played a famous VPRO session in 1991 that was released on various bootlegs, 3VOOR12 VPRO home page YouTube, Dutch / English 3voor12
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WNL (broadcaster)
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Wakker Nederland is a Dutch public broadcaster on the NPO. It was founded on 16 February 2009 as a right-wing conservative counterweight to the perceived leftist bias of Dutch public television, WNL and PowNed have their origins in the newspaper De Telegraaf. WNL takes care of the television programming and began airing their morning show Ochtendspits on Nederland 1 on 6 September 2010. They also had a news show on Nederland 2 called Uitgesproken WNL on Wednesday evenings
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Nederlandse Omroep Stichting
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The Nederlandse Omroep Stichting, English, Dutch Broadcast Foundation, is one of the broadcasting organizations making up the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system. It has a statutory obligation to make news and sports programmes for the three Dutch public television channels and the Dutch public radio services. The NOS also acts as technical co-ordinator for the Dutch public broadcasting system as a whole, the NOS does have correspondents in multiple countries, including a permanent studio in Washington DC. Programmes produced by the NOS include its daily television and radio bulletins, parliamentary reports are shown from a special studio in The Hague. It also supplies news programmes aimed at children, teens and young adults and sports fans, programmes are made available via television, radio and online. The NOS also broadcast text pages and a website, which are often used by the public. The Netherlands Radio Union was established in 1947, the associations were responsible for their own output, but studios, orchestras and outside broadcast facilities were managed by the NRU. Weekly radio plays were also the domain of the NRU and would run until 1986, the NRU became the Dutch founding member of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950. Meanwhile the Netherlands Television Service was created in 1951, two years after public television returned to the airwaves, the NTS served as a similar organization to the NRU, in that broadcast and transmission facilities were supplied to member associations for making programmes. It wasnt until 1956 that the NTS itself produced its first programme and this was followed by a sports round-up, Sport in Beeld in 1959, and in 1967 of Langs de Lijn, a joint production of several broadcasting associations. A new Media Act was passed into law in 1967, merging the Netherlands Radio Union, the new organization, the Nederlandse Omroep Stichting was created on 29 May 1969. The NOS, as was its predecessors, was tasked with co-ordinating the whole public broadcasting system, as well as providing news and it also inherited the technical and production facilities needed to make and broadcast radio and television programmes. All broadcasting members of the NRU and the NTS were made members of the NOS, on 2 May 1977, a strike by sound engineers affected television news broadcasts. Upset viewers called on all broadcasters to resolve the situation, on 1 April 1980 the NOS launched its teletext service, in the framework of supplying news and information. It first experimented with teletext in 1977, on the 25th anniversary, the NOS aired its first televised youth news bulletin, called the Jeugdjournaal. The Media Act of 1988 meant several changes to NOS and the broadcasting system, the Netherlands Broadcast Production Company consisted of those facilities, mainly based in Media Park in Hilversum. The Media Act also required broadcasting association members take up positions on the NOS Board of Directors, a new government commission oversaw content and financial matters, as well as admitting potential new broadcasting associations. In 1995, saw another Media Act enacted which saw the broadcasting duties of the NOS greatly reduced, the NPS took on the programming tasks of the NOS concerning culture, art, children, education and ethnic-minorities, whilst the NOS concentrated on news, sport and live events
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Omroep NTR
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NTR was created in 2010, following the merger of the Nederlandse Programma Stichting and two educational broadcasters, Televisie Academie and the Radio Volksuniversiteit. For details of these organizations, see further below. NTR, however, as an independently established statutory body, is not a membership-based organization, RVU, the Radio Volksuniversiteit, was the longest-lived educational broadcasting organization in the Netherlands. Established in 1930 by the Bond van Nederlandse Volksuniversiteiten, it was at first granted airtime by the AVRO, a licence to operate independently was obtained on 14 June 1931 and RVU became a public broadcaster in its own right in 1932. In 1983 RVU made its first appearance on television, broadcasting a number of programmes on the Nederland 2 public channel. Its mission was to present informative and educational programmes that would encourage listebers and viewers active participation in society, an initiative to air educational programming on public television led to the creation of the Television Academy in 1963. Meanwhile Nederlandse Onderwijs Televisie began operations on the 27 June 1962 and its purpose was to supply primary and secondary teachers with educational programming for use in classes. The programmes were made in co-operation with Teleac, RVU and the NOS but had no broadcasting licence of its own and that changed in 1988, when the new Media Act established NOT as an independent broadcaster. School programmes made by the NOS were thus transferred to the new organization, as were their employees and it reverted to its original name Teleac in September 2009, using three brands for its output, Teleac, SchoolTV and PeuterTV. A further joint venture was expanded upon with both RVU and Teleac forming Educom in 2005, the Act also reinforced the brand identity of the public channels over the associations. The split was confirmed with the launch of the Nederlandse Programma Stichting on 1 January 1995, in mid-2005, Jan Peter Balkenendes second cabinet presented plans to renovate the broadcasting system, including abolition of the NPS by 2007. The proposal was met with resistance from many viewers and listeners, given the dedicated. The idea was that other broadcasters would take over the type of programming that the NPS had previously provided, there was little confidence among viewers, however, that this would actually happen. It was speculated at the time that the motive for the proposed abolition was that the governing parties saw the foundations output as being too left-wing. The plans were in the end following the elections of November 2006. On the 1 September 2010, the NPS, Teleac and RVU merged to form a single entity, the NTR name is composed of the first letter of the three formerly separate organizations. The idea behind the merger is one of money being more efficiently distributed amongst fewer broadcasting organizations, the new organization has no members, as per the Dutch public system norm as it is a statuory public service broadcaster and a legal entity inherited from its predecessors. Its programming focus is now concentrated on news analysis, education, culture, childrens education, nTRs on-screen branding consists of their acronym in lower case followed by a colon punctuation mark
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BVN
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BVN, is a satellite and cable television channel providing Dutch and Flemish public-service television to viewers around the world. It is a joint venture by the broadcasting company of the Netherlands, Nederlandse Publieke Omroep, and that of the Flemish part of Belgium. BVN has grown to become an international channel with worldwide coverage. The channel started in 1996 as Zomer-TV, an aimed at making Dutch-language programming available to Dutch. Radio Nederland Wereldomroep was involved as a partner, but left in 2012. There are three main methods, Satellite - A range of satellites carry BVN, often as a free-to-air channel. User need to be within the footprint of a satellite that carries the channel, BVN broadcasts daily news bulletins from VRT and NOS. The 1pm and 7pm editions of VRTs Het Journaal are transmitted on a time delay at 1300 and 1905 CET from Sunday to Friday. The 1900 bulletin is broadcast from 1915 on Saturdays, the main 2000 bulletin from NOS Journaal is broadcast at 2030 CET and features a specially produced international weather forecast. A short bulletin is also carried at 1600 CET on weekdays, current affairs output on weekdays consists of the magazine programme EénVandaag at 1830 CET, Nieuwsuur and Terzake at around midnight CET. EénVandaag is produced by independent pillar broadcasters while Nieuwsuur is co-produced by NOS, on Sundays, BVN carries a delayed broadcast of VRTs current affairs magazine De Zevende Dag at 1330 CET followed by the political talk show Buitenhof at 1530. Topical debate and entertainment programmes also feature in the schedule including De wereld draait door at 1940 CET, both programmes are off-air during the summer. NOS produces 15 minutes sports news bulletins called Sportjournaal on weekdays along with Studio Sport, the sports magazine show Holland Sport is broadcast periodically on Saturday afternoons. During the football season, Eredivisie highlights are broadcast in NOSs Studio Sport on Saturday nights & Sunday evenings, VRTs sports coverage is featured daily within short sports bulletins on Het Journaal at 1300 and 1900. On Sundays throughout the year, the 1910 Het Journaal bulletin is shortened to 20 minutes to allow for a half-hour round-up entitled Sportweekend to follow at 1930, during the football season, the 1300 bulletin on Sunday features an extended goals round-up from the Jupiler League. BVNs daily schedule features entertainment, documentaries and features output, programming includes documentary series Memories, the quiz show Blokken, variety show Mooi weer De Leeuw and the long running sitcom F. C. De Kampioenen as well as various music specials. The station broadcasts the VRT serial Thuis and BNNs serial ONM on weekdays throughout the year, BVN also broadcasts a number of popular drama series and serials including Kinderen van Dewindt, Flikken and Witse. During the summer, BVN transmits movies from the Netherlands and Flanders on Saturday nights, official website BVN at LyngSat Address BVN reception
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NPO Radio 2
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NPO Radio 2 is a public-service radio station in the Netherlands, broadcasting chiefly classic hits. It is part of the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system, NPO, the origins of the station go back to Hilversum 1, launched in 1947. The name change to Radio 2 took place in 1985, in 2014, the name was changed to NPO Radio 2. The primary target audience comprises listeners aged between 40 and 54, much of the music played comes from the 1970s, 1980s and the 1990s, though the schedule also incorporates evergreen numbers from the 1960s
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NPO Radio 4
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NPO Radio 4 is a public-service radio channel in the Netherlands, broadcasting chiefly classical music. It is part of the Netherlands Public Broadcasting system, NPO, the channel began broadcasting on 28 December 1975 under the name Hilversum 4, changed to Radio 4 on 1 December 1985. Its first programme was produced by the Veronica broadcasting association, the following broadcasting associations and organisations currently provide programming on NPO Radio 4, AVRO, EO, KRO, MAX, NCRV, NTR, RKK, TROS, VARA, VPRO. Initially, the channel broadcast only during the evenings but it now operates around the clock, providing surround sound transmissions via the internet, on 19 August 2014 the stations name and logo were amended to include mention of its parent broadcasting organization, NPO. List of radio stations in the Netherlands Radio4. nl
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NPO Radio 5
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NPO Radio 5 is a Dutch public-service network radio station operated by NPO. On weekday evenings the network carries specialized factual and discussion programmes concerned with the life of the spirit, education, opinion, at weekends the emphasis is on philosophy and religion, poetry and readings, as well as special programming for first-generation immigrants. Overnights the network broadcasts non-stop music Monday to Friday, also non-stop music at weekend from 1900hrs Friday to 2359 Sunday as Max Nostalgia. From January 2014 Radio 5 Nostalgia started broadcasting on a Saturday and Sunday from 6am to 6pm Dutch time, Radio 5 nostalgia is heard on FM or via internet feeds. NPO Radio 5 was launched in 1983 under the name of Hilversum 5. In 1985 the network changed its name to Radio 5, This was altered yet again on 1 April 2001, more recently, on 4 September 2006, the name was changed back to Radio 5. Because of the increase of its listeners, it is considered to make the easy-listening programming, from September 2011, Radio 5 Nostalgia became available 24-hours a day, known as Max Nostalgia, but only at certain times on 747. Not from 1900hrs Friday to 2359hrs Sunday, Radio 5 on 747 broadcasts separate programs on that frequency, mainly specialized programs. Radio 5 Nostalgia in the Netherlands now broadcasts 24 hours a day 7 days a week, from 1900 Dutch time to Midnight Monday to Friday it broadcasts non-stop music as Max Nostalgia, and at weekends from 1900 Friday through Saturday and Sunday. Since 1 January 2014 Radio 5 Nostalgia broadcasts from 0000hrs to 1800 Dutch time Mondays to Fridays, on 747 Medium Wave, Radio 5 broadcasts music from Midnight to 0600 from Monday to Friday, when the mix of music and talk programs resumes. In August 2014, the name of the station was changed to NPO Radio 5, incorporating the public broadcaster, NPO name and logo. At Midnight CET NPO Radio 5 closed down on Medium Wave On 15 September 2014 it was reported that NPO would be closing its MW transmitters on 1 September 2015, effecting savings of 1. As a stopgap Radio 5s 747 kHz AM frequency had temporarily been assigned to Radio 1 to make a news, current affairs, however, by December 2012 the mast had been rebuilt and restored to full operation. List of radio stations in the Netherlands Radio 5 Radio 5 Avond & Weekend
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FunX
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FunX is a Dutch public radio station which has been on air since 3 August 2002. The station runs mainly urban music, the station aims to give street opinions airtime and follows the latest trends. There are four local city editions of FunX, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Utrecht and The Hague, the local broadcasts consist of a joint framework program, some hours are split into different editions. These city editions air on FM broadcast band near the mentioned cities, a national version is also available via DVB-T, DAB+, cable, satellite and the Internet but not via FM. Via the Internet are also to listen to special editions, each with its own style, FunX Arab, FunX Dance, FunX Hip Hop, FunX Latin, FunX Reggae. Stichting FunX is the entity on FunX since 2012. This manages the activities on behalf of the Dutch Public Broadcasting which the station is financing since 2012 after the national government, FunX BV is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Stichting G4 Radio that takes care of the local activities and local advertising sales. This foundation is a partnership of local broadcasters of the four cities, SALTO Omroep Amsterdam, Stichting Open Rotterdam, RTV Utrecht. The terrestrial licenses of the editions of FunX in the name of these four local public broadcasters. After Colorful Radio was labeled an illegal sideline in 2005 by the Commissioner for the media, in total FunX receives around 3.8 million in grants and government funds. The Board of Directors of the NOS carries, as of 1 January 2009, because of the more rural and appeal at the station wanted to The Hague to end its funding from the station. Ultimately, the City Council decided, under pressure from FunX BV, on 17 June 2011 it was announced that the government subsidy of FunX would expire after 2012. This is half of the stations budget, the station was saved by entering into a partnership with the Dutch Public Broadcasting. List of radio stations in the Netherlands Official website
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Radio Netherlands Worldwide
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Radio Netherlands Worldwide was a public radio and television network based in Hilversum, producing and transmitting programmes for international audiences outside the Netherlands. Radio Netherlands Worldwide has also distributed content via web and e-mail technology from as early as 1992 and its services in Dutch ended on 10 May 2012. English and Indonesian languages ceased on 29 June 2012 due to budgets cuts imposed by the Dutch government. The last programme broadcast on shortwave was a daily show in Spanish for Cuba named El Toque. Following a series of experiments on various wavelengths in 1925, reports of reception from a low-power shortwave transmitter were received from Jakarta on March 11,1927. Dutch Queen Wilhelmina made what is believed to be the worlds first royal broadcast on 1 June 1927, addressing compatriots in the East, regular international broadcast transmissions started shortly afterwards from the Philips shortwave transmitter in Eindhoven. They used the callsign PHOHI for broadcasts in the Dutch language to the Dutch East Indies - now Indonesia) and PCJJ for broadcasts in English, the Philips company in Eindhoven saw a market for its radios in the Dutch colonies. Their Research Labs got support from companies who were trading goods between The Netherlands and Batavia, the PHOHI was officially founded on 18 June 1927. In 1928, test transmissions commenced from a site in Huizen and it was chosen because of the high water table on the land near the Zuyderzee lake. This meant there was a good conductivity for an efficient earth, around 1929, the Philips call sign was simplified to PCJ. By the end of 1936, the power had been raised by connecting a stage with two water-cooled type TA 20/250 valves and this provided a power output of 60 kW at a frequency of 15220 kHz and immediately became the strongest short-wave transmitter in Europe. In 1937, this transmitter was moved from Eindhoven to the PHOHI Transmitter Park in Huizen, in November 2006, a 1/5th size model of this antenna was officially inaugurated on a roundabout a few hundred metres from the original site. Rotatable curtain array antennas were not in use until the 1960s. Broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940, there were three transmitters in operation at that time. On the afternoon of May 14, the Dutch military commander gave orders that the transmitters should be destroyed, after several attempts, which included calling in the help of the Hilversum firebrigade, two of the three transmitters were completely destroyed. The third was only damaged and later used by the Germans for pro-Nazi broadcasts. There were also relays of concerts from Dutch broadcasters operating under German control. The Dutch government in exile was granted air-time on BBC transmitters in 1941, the programme Radio Oranje was a daily commentary on the Dutch situation both in the Netherlands and the rest of the empire
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Algemene Vereniging Radio Omroep
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AVRO was a Dutch public broadcasting association operating within the framework of the Nederlandse Publieke Omroep system. It was the first public broadcaster in the Netherlands, in 2014 AVRO merged with fellow broadcaster TROS to form AVROTROS. On 8 July 1923, Hilversumsche Draadlooze Omroep was launched by the Nederlandsche Seintoestellen Fabriek under supervision of Willem Vogt, on 21 July 1923, it provided the very first regular radio broadcast in the Netherlands. In 1927 it changed its name into Algemeene Nederlandsche Radio Omroep, on 28 December 1927, the two merged broadcasters continued as Algemeene Vereeniging Radio Omroep. de Mol. Chantal Janzen Cornald Maas Gerard Ekdom Jan Steeman Pia Dijkstra Sipke Jan Bousema
