1.
Nassau, Bahamas
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Nassau is the capital, largest city, and commercial centre of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas. The city has an population of 274,400 as of 2016. The city is located on the island of New Providence, which much like a business district. Nassau is the site of the House of Assembly and various departments and was considered historically to be a stronghold of pirates. The city was named in honour of William III of England, nassaus modern growth began in the late eighteenth century, with the influx of thousands of American Loyalists and their slaves to the Bahamas following the American Revolutionary War. Many of them settled in Nassau and eventually came to outnumber the original inhabitants, as the population of Nassau grew, so did its populated areas. Today the city dominates the island and its satellite, Paradise Island. However, until the post-Second World War era, the outer suburbs scarcely existed, most of New Providence was uncultivated bush until Loyalists were resettled there following the American Revolutionary War, they established several plantations, such as Clifton and Tusculum. In addition, slaves freed from American ships, such as the Creole case in 1841, were allowed to settle there, Nassau was formerly known as Charles Town, it was burned to the ground by the Spanish in 1684 during one of their frequent wars with the English. The name Nassau derives from the House of Nassau and ultimately from the town of Nassau, due to a lack of effective Governors, Nassau fell on hard times. In 1703 Spanish and French allied forces briefly occupied Nassau, from 1703 to 1718 there was no governor in the colony and by 1713, the sparsely settled Bahamas had become a pirate haven. The Governor of Bermuda stated that there were over 1,000 pirates in Nassau and they proclaimed Nassau a pirate republic, establishing themselves as governors. Examples of pirates that used Nassau as their base are Charles Vane, Thomas Barrow, Benjamin Hornigold, Calico Jack Rackham, Anne Bonny, Mary Read, in 1718, the British sought to regain control of the islands and appointed Captain Woodes Rogers as Royal governor. He successfully clamped down on the pirates, reformed the civil administration, Rogers cleaned up Nassau and rebuilt the fort, using his own wealth to try to overcome problems. In 1720 the Spanish made an attempt to capture Nassau. During the wars in the Thirteen Colonies, Nassau experienced an economic boom, with funds from privateering, a new fort, street lights and over 2300 sumptuous houses were built and Nassau was extended. In addition to this, mosquito breeding swamps were filled, in 1778 after an overnight invasion, American raiders led by Captain Rathburn, left with ships, gunpowder and military stores after stopping in Nassau for only two days. In 1782 Spain captured Nassau for the last time when Don Juan de Cagigal, governor-general of Cuba, attacked New Providence with 5000 men
2.
The Bahamas
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The Bahamas, known officially as the Commonwealth of the Bahamas, is an archipelagic state within the Lucayan Archipelago. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence, the designation of the Bahamas can refer either to the country or to the larger island chain that it shares with the Turks and Caicos Islands. As stated in the mandate/manifesto of the Royal Bahamas Defence Force, the Bahamas is the site of Columbus first landfall in the New World in 1492. At that time, the islands were inhabited by the Lucayan, although the Spanish never colonised the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 until 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera, the Bahamas became a British Crown colony in 1718, when the British clamped down on piracy. After the American War of Independence, the Crown resettled thousands of American Loyalists in the Bahamas, they brought their slaves with them, Africans constituted the majority of the population from this period. Slavery in the Bahamas was abolished in 1834, Today the descendants of slaves and free Africans make up nearly 90% of the population, issues related to the slavery years are part of society. The Bahamas became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, in terms of gross domestic product per capita, the Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas, with an economy based on tourism and finance. The name Bahamas is derived from either the Taino ba ha ma, alternatively, it may originate from Guanahani, a local name of unclear meaning. In English, the Bahamas is one of two countries whose self-standing short name begins with the word the, along with The Gambia. Taino people moved into the uninhabited southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century and they came to be known as the Lucayan people. An estimated 30,000 Lucayan inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus arrival in 1492, Columbuss first landfall in the New World was on an island he named San Salvador. Some researchers believe this site to be present-day San Salvador Island, an alternative theory holds that Columbus landed to the southeast on Samana Cay, according to calculations made in 1986 by National Geographic writer and editor Joseph Judge, based on Columbuss log. Evidence in support of this remains inconclusive, on the landfall island, Columbus made first contact with the Lucayan and exchanged goods with them. The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to Hispaniola for use as forced labour, the slaves suffered from harsh conditions and most died from contracting diseases to which they had no immunity, half of the Taino died from smallpox alone. The population of the Bahamas was severely diminished, in 1648, the Eleutherian Adventurers, led by William Sayle, migrated from Bermuda. These English Puritans established the first permanent European settlement on an island which they named Eleuthera—the name derives from the Greek word for freedom and they later settled New Providence, naming it Sayles Island after one of their leaders. To survive, the settlers salvaged goods from wrecks, in 1670 King Charles II granted the islands to the Lords Proprietors of the Carolinas in North America
3.
Guayaquil
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Guayaquil, officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest and the most populous city in Ecuador, with around 2.69 million people in the metropolitan area, as well as the nations main port. The city is the capital of the Ecuadorian province of Guayas, Guayaquil is located on the western bank of the Guayas River, which flows into the Pacific Ocean at the Gulf of Guayaquil. Guayaquil is recognized by the government as having been founded on July 25,1538 with the name Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de Santiago de Guayaquil by Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Orellana, even before it was founded by the Spanish, it already existed as a native village. In 1687, Guayaquil was attacked and looted by English and French pirates under the command of George dHout and Picard, of the more than 260 pirates,35 died and 46 were wounded,75 defenders of the city died and more than 100 were wounded. The pirates took local women as concubines, Guayaquil declared independence from Spain, becoming Provincia Libre de Guayaquil, and José Joaquín de Olmedo was named Jefe Civil of Guayaquil. This would prove to be a key victory for the Ecuadorian War of Independence, on July 26,1822, José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar held a famous conference in Guayaquil to plan for the independence of Spanish South America. In 1829, the city was invaded by the Peruvian Army, large portions of the city were destroyed by a major fire in 1896. Guayaquileños main sources of income are, formal and informal trade, business, most commerce consists of small and medium businesses, adding an important informal economy occupation that gives thousands of guayaquileños employment. The Port of Guayaquil is Ecuadors most important commercial port, most international import and export merchandise passes through the Gulf of Guayaquil, as the largest city in the country, most industries are located either in the city or its peripheral areas. Ongoing projects seek urban regeneration as an objective of the growth of the citys commercial districts. These projects in the city driven by the recent mayors have achieved this goal after investing large sums of money, the current municipal administration aims to convert Guayaquil into a place for first-class international tourism and multinational businesses. Guayaquils current mayor is Jaime Nebot, in August 2006, the citys first rapid transit bus system, Metrovia, opened to provide a quicker, high-capacity service. One of the projects was called Malecón 2000, the renovation of the waterfront promenade along the Guayas River. The park cost the city about 7 million dollars, the two bridges were a big addition to the Guayas River scenery. Guayaquil is the nations largest city and the capital of Guayas Province and it is on the Guayas River about 60 kilometres north of the Gulf of Guayaquil, near the Equator. Guayaquil is constantly facing tsunami and major earthquake threats due to its soil stratigraphy and location near the Gulf of Guayaquil and the south of North-Andean subduction zone. The city can be damaged by earthquake as its weak and compressible soil stratigraphy is composed of deep soft sediments over hard rocks. The tsunami threat is caused by the nearby Gulf of Guayaquil which also is one of the locations on the Earth where earthquakes tend to happen all the time
4.
Ecuador
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Ecuador also includes the Galápagos Islands in the Pacific, about 1,000 kilometres west of the mainland. What is now Ecuador was home to a variety of Amerindian groups that were incorporated into the Inca Empire during the 15th century. The territory was colonized by Spain during the 16th century, achieving independence in 1820 as part of Gran Colombia, Spanish is the official language and is spoken by a majority of the population, though 13 Amerindian languages are also recognized, including Quichua and Shuar. The capital city is Quito, while the largest city is Guayaquil, in reflection of the countrys rich cultural heritage, the historical center of Quito was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. Cuenca, the third-largest city, was declared a World Heritage Site in 1999 as an outstanding example of a planned. Ecuador has an economy that is highly dependent on commodities, namely petroleum. The country is classified as a medium-income country, Ecuador is a democratic presidential republic. The new constitution of 2008 is the first in the world to recognize legally enforceable Rights of Nature, Ecuador is also known for its rich ecology, hosting many endemic plants and animals, such as those of the Galápagos Islands. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries in the world, various peoples had settled in the area of the future Ecuador before the arrival of the Incas. They developed different languages while emerging as unique ethnic groups, even though their languages were unrelated, these groups developed similar groups of cultures, each based in different environments. Over time these groups began to interact and intermingle with each other so that groups of families in one area became one community or tribe, with a similar language and culture. Many civilizations arose in Ecuador, such as the Valdivia Culture and Machalilla Culture on the coast, the Quitus, each civilization developed its own distinctive architecture, pottery, and religious interests. Eventually, through wars and marriage alliances of their leaders, a group of nations formed confederations, one region consolidated under a confederation called the Shyris, which exercised organized trading and bartering between the different regions. Its political and military came under the rule of the Duchicela blood-line. The native confederations that gave them the most problems were deported to distant areas of Peru, Bolivia, similarly, a number of loyal Inca subjects from Peru and Bolivia were brought to Ecuador to prevent rebellion. Thus, the region of highland Ecuador became part of the Inca Empire in 1463 sharing the same language, in contrast, when the Incas made incursions into coastal Ecuador and the eastern Amazon jungles of Ecuador, they found both the environment and indigenous people more hostile. Moreover, when the Incas tried to subdue them, these indigenous people withdrew to the interior, as a result, Inca expansion into the Amazon basin and the Pacific coast of Ecuador was hampered. The indigenous people of the Amazon jungle and coastal Ecuador remained relatively autonomous until the Spanish soldiers, the Amazonian people and the Cayapas of Coastal Ecuador were the only groups to resist Inca and Spanish domination, maintaining their language and culture well into the 21st century
5.
Bremerhaven
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Bremerhaven is a city at the seaport of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. It forms an enclave in the state of Lower Saxony and is located at the mouth of the River Weser on its eastern bank, opposite the town of Nordenham. Though a relatively new city, it has a history as a trade port and today is one of the most important German ports. The town was founded in 1827, but settlements, such as Lehe, were in the vicinity as early as the 12th century, and Geestendorf and these tiny villages were built on small islands in the swampy estuary. In 1381, the city of Bremen established de facto rule over the lower Weser stream, including Lehe, early in 1653, Swedish Bremen-Verdens troops captured Bremerlehe by force. The Emperor Ferdinand III ordered his vassal Christina of Sweden, then Duchess regnant of Bremen-Verden, however, Swedish Bremen-Verden soon enacted the First Bremian War and in the following peace treaty Bremen had to cede Bremerlehe and its surroundings to Swedish Bremen-Verden. The latter developed plans to found a town on the site. Finally, in 1827, the city of Bremen under Burgomaster Johann Smidt bought the territories at the mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover. Bremen sought this territory to retain its share of Germanys overseas trade, Bremerhaven was founded to be a haven for Bremens merchant marine, becoming the second harbour for Bremen, despite being 50 km downstream. Due to trade with, and emigration to North America, the port, in 1848, Bremerhaven became the home port of the German Confederations Navy under Karl Rudolf Brommy. The Kingdom of Hanover founded a town next to Bremerhaven. Both towns grew and established the three pillars of trade, shipbuilding and fishing. Following inter-state negotiations at different times, Bremerhavens boundary was several times extended at the expense of Hanoveran territory, Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe. All of Wesermünde, including those parts, which did not previously belong to Bremerhaven, was a postwar enclave run by the United States within the British zone of northern Germany, most of the US military units and their personnel were assigned to the citys Carl Schurz Kaserne. One of the longest US units based on the Kaserne was a US military radio and TV station, an “Amerikanischer Soldatensender, ” AFN Bremerhaven, in 1993, the Kaserne was vacated by the US military and returned to the German government. In 1947 the city part of the federal state Free Hanseatic City of Bremen and was consequently renamed from Wesermünde to Bremerhaven. Today, Bremerhaven is therefore part of the city-state of Bremen, being to all intents and this is complicated somewhat by the fact that the city of Bremen has owned the overseas port within Bremerhaven since 1927. To further complicate matters, a treaty between the two cities makes Bremerhaven responsible for the administration of those parts owned directly by Bremen
6.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base
7.
IMO number
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The International Maritime Organization number is a unique reference for ships and for registered ship owners and management companies. IMO numbers were introduced under the SOLAS Convention to improve safety and security. For ships, the IMO number remains linked to the hull for its lifetime, regardless of a change in name, flag, or owner. The ship number consists of the three letters IMO followed by a unique number assigned to sea-going merchant ships under the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. In 1987 the IMO adopted Resolution A, in the SOLAS Convention cargo ships means ships which are not passenger ships. Passenger ships should carry the marking on a horizontal surface visible from the air. When introduced, the IMO adopted the existing unique ship numbers applied to ships listed by Lloyds Register since 1963, IMO ship identification numbers are assigned by IHS Fairplay. For new vessels the IMO number is assigned to a hull during construction, the IMO ship identification number is made of the three letters IMO followed by the seven-digit number. This consists of a six-digit sequential unique number followed by a check digit, the integrity of an IMO number can be verified using its check digit. This is done by multiplying each of the first six digits by a factor of 2 to 7 corresponding to their position from right to left, the rightmost digit of this sum is the check digit. For example, for IMO9074729, + + + + + =139, in May 2005, IMO adopted a new SOLAS regulation XI-1/3-1 on the mandatory company and registered owner identification number scheme, with entry into force on 1 January 2009. Like the IMO ship number, the identification number is a seven-digit number with the prefix IMO
8.
Cruise ship
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Transportation is not the only purpose of cruising, particularly on cruises that return passengers to their originating port, with the ports of call usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even cruises to nowhere or nowhere voyages where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call, by contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do line voyages and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. The gradual evolution of passenger ship design from ocean liners to cruise ships has seen passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas, the distinction between ocean liners and cruise ships has blurred, particularly with respect to deployment. Larger cruise ships have also engaged in longer trips such as transoceanic voyages which may not return to the port for months. Some former ocean liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo, the only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a liner of December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard fleet. The industrys rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships. These are displaced by new ships in the growth areas. The worlds largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean Internationals Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships by about 2.15 meters, the birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837, in 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular, P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, the company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger. Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and she was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe, however, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an account of it as Backschisch. The first vessel built exclusively for cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin. The ship was completed in 1900, the practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings
9.
Gross tonnage
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Gross tonnage is a nonlinear measure of a ships overall internal volume. Gross tonnage is different from gross register tonnage, neither gross tonnage nor gross register tonnage should be confused with measures of mass or weight such as deadweight tonnage or displacement. These two measurements replaced gross register tonnage and net register tonnage, the International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships,1969 was adopted by IMO in 1969. The Convention mandated a transition from the measurements of gross register tonnage and net register tonnage to gross tonnage. It was the first successful attempt to introduce a universal tonnage measurement system, various methods were previously used to calculate merchant ship tonnage, but they differed significantly and one single international system was needed. Previous methods traced back to George Moorsom of Great Britains Board of Trade who devised one such method in 1854, the tonnage determination rules apply to all ships built on or after July 18,1982. Ships built before that date were given 12 years to migrate from their existing gross register tonnage to use of GT, the phase-in period was provided to allow ships time to adjust economically, since tonnage is the basis for satisfying manning regulations and safety rules. Tonnage is also the basis for calculating registration fees and port dues, one of the Conventions goals was to ensure that the new calculated tonnages did not differ too greatly from the traditional gross and net register tonnages. Both GT and NT are obtained by measuring ships volume and then applying a mathematical formula, gross tonnage is based on the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship whereas net tonnage is based on the moulded volume of all cargo spaces of the ship. In addition, a net tonnage is constrained to be no less than 30% of her gross tonnage. The gross tonnage calculation is defined in Regulation 3 of Annex 1 of The International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships,1969. It is based on two variables, and ultimately an increasing function of ship volume, V, the ships total volume in cubic meters, and K. The value of the multiplier K varies in accordance with a total volume and is applied as a kind of amplification factor in determining the gross tonnage value. For smaller ships, K is smaller, for larger ships, note that the units of gross tonnage, which involve both meters and log-meters, have no physical significance, but were rather chosen for historical convenience. As an example, we can calculate the gross tonnage of a ship with 10,000 m3 total volume, newtons method may be used for obtaining an approximation to a ships volume given its gross tonnage. The exact formula is, V =50 × ln 10 × G T W where ln is the natural logarithm, Tonnage Compensated gross tonnage Ton List of worlds largest ships by gross tonnage International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships,1969. International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships,1969, turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A
10.
Net tonnage
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Net tonnage is a dimensionless index calculated from the total moulded volume of the ships cargo spaces by using a mathematical formula. Net tonnage is used to calculate the port duties and should not be taken as less than 30 per cent of the gross tonnage. Net tonnage is not a measure of the weight of the ship or its cargo, also, unlike the net register tonnage, the net tonnage is unitless and thus can not be defined as tons or net tons. The International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships,1969 was adopted by IMO in 1969, Ships built before that date were given 12 years to migrate from their existing tonnage to use of NT and GT. The phase-in period was provided to allow time to adjust economically, since tonnage is the basis for satisfying manning regulations. Tonnage is also the basis for calculating registration fees and port dues, one of the Conventions goals was to ensure that the new units did not differ too greatly from the traditional GRT and NRT units. Both NT and GT are obtained by measuring ships volume and then applying a mathematical formula, Net tonnage is based on the moulded volume of all cargo spaces of the ship while gross tonnage is based on the moulded volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship. In addition, a net tonnage is constrained to be no less than 30% of her gross tonnage. The net tonnage calculation is based on a number of factors, the choice of the value to use for d can be complicated. For ships subject to the International Convention on Load Lines, the Summer Load Line draft is used, for passenger ships, the draft used is the deepest subdivision load line assigned in accordance with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. Otherwise, if a ship has been assigned a load line by its national government, if the ship has no load line, instead, a maximum draft assigned by its national government, that value is used, if it has been assigned a maximum. Finally, for a ship to which none of the above applies, the Net tonnage calculation is defined in Regulation 4 of Annex 1 of The International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships,1969. In the United States, net tonnage is used to determine eligibility for registering boats with the federal government, vessels with net tonnage of five or more are eligible for federal registration and not required to display state registration numbers. Most vessels longer than 25 feet are five tons or more, International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships,1969. International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships,1969, archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A
11.
Deadweight tonnage
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Deadweight tonnage or tons deadweight is a measure of how much mass a ship is carrying or can safely carry, it does not include the weight of the ship. DWT is the sum of the weights of cargo, fuel, fresh water, ballast water, provisions, passengers, DWT is often used to specify a ships maximum permissible deadweight, although it may also denote the actual DWT of a ship not loaded to capacity. Deadweight tonnage is a measure of a weight carrying capacity. It should not be confused with displacement which includes the ships own weight, nor other volume or capacity measures such as gross tonnage or net tonnage
12.
Maschinenbau Kiel
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Maschinenbau Kiel GmbH designed, manufactured and marketed marine diesel engines, diesel locomotives and tracked vehicles under the MaK brand name. The three primary operating divisions of Maschinenbau Kiel GmbH were sold to different companies in the 1990s, rheinmetall acquired the military vehicles division in 1990. Siemens acquired the manufacturing division in 1992. Siemens sold the division to the current owner, Vossloh. Caterpillar Inc. acquired the marine engine division in 1997. Both Vossloh and the marine division of Caterpillar are still based in Kiel. The companies are major employers in Kiel, the companies origins can be traced back at least as far as 1918. With the Treaty of Versailles limiting arms production in Germany, the defence based industries in Kiel sought other markets, Kiel Deutsche Werke AG was founded, producing diesel locomotives as well as shipbuilding and firearms manufacture. During the second world war Deutsche work produced U-boats, as well as locomotives for the Wehrmacht, the end of the second world war brought not only destruction of many of the facilities in Kiel, but also the end of the company. The company Maschinenbau Kiel was founded on the 25 May 1948 as a liability company. It included several factories of the former Deutsche Werke AG, in 1954 after a lengthy legal dispute with MAN the name was changed from MAK to MaK. In 1959 a crisis led to the purchase by Bremer Atlas GmbH. In 1964 MaK became part of the Krupp group due to the take over of its parent company, the locomotive production arm of the company was sold in 1992 to Siemens. In 1997 the marine part of the business was sold to Caterpillar Inc. The marine diesel engines division became Caterpillar Motoren GmbH & Co, KG in 1997 and is now a 100% subsidiary of Caterpillar Inc. The engines still carry the MaK logo, one example of the success of this organisation is the use of four engines of the type MaK9 M43 C in the cruise ship AIDAdiva. The MaK product line as of August 2015 consists of six medium-speed four-stroke diesel and they range in power from 1,020 to 16,800 kW. Current models apply flexible camshaft technology to reduce or eliminate visible smoke at partial load, FCT also said to improve performance and load pick-up
13.
Variable-pitch propeller
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A controllable-pitch propeller or variable-pitch propeller is a type of propeller with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change the blade pitch. Reversible propellers—those where the pitch can be set to negative values—can also create reverse thrust for braking or going backwards without the need to change the direction of shaft revolution. Propellers whose blade pitch could be adjusted while the aircraft was on the ground were used by a number of aviation pioneers. In 1919 L. E. Baynes AFRAeS patented the first automatic variable-pitch airscrew, dr Henry Selby Hele-Shaw and T. E. The first practical controllable-pitch propeller for aircraft was introduced in 1932, French firm Ratier pioneered variable-pitch propellers of various designs from 1928 onwards, relying on a special ball bearing helicoïdal ramp at the root of the blades for easy operation. Use of these pneumatic propellers required presetting the propeller to fine pitch prior to take-off and this was done by pressurizing the bladder with a bicycle pump, hence the whimsical nickname Gonfleurs dhélices given to the aircraft ground mechanics in France up to this day. Especially for cruising, the engine can operate in its most economical range of rotational speeds, with the exception of going into reverse for braking after touch-down, the pitch is usually controlled automatically without the pilots intervention. A propeller with a controller that adjusts the blade pitch so that the rotational speed always stays the same is called a constant-speed propeller, a propeller with controllable pitch can have a nearly constant efficiency over a range of airspeeds. A common type of propeller is hydraulically actuated, it was originally developed by Frank W. Caldwell of the Hamilton Standard Division of the United Aircraft Company. The French company of Pierre Levasseur and Smith Engineering Co. in the United States also developed controllable-pitch propellers, Smith propellers were used by Wiley Post on some of his flights. Another common type was developed by Wallace R. Turnbull. This electrically-operated mechanism was first tested in on June 6,1927 at Camp Borden, Ontario, Canada and it was favoured by some pilots in World War II, because even when the engine was no longer running the propeller could be feathered. On hydraulically-operated propellers the feathering had to happen before the loss of pressure in the engine. Hydraulic operation is too expensive and bulky, and instead light aircraft use propellers that are activated mechanically or electrically, the Silence Twister prototype kitplane was fitted with the V-Prop, an automatic self-energising and electronically self-adjusting VP propeller. When fully loaded, a vessel obviously needs more power than when empty. By varying the propeller blades to the pitch, higher efficiency can be obtained. A vessel with a VPP can accelerate faster from a standstill, a VPP can also improve vessel maneuverability by directing a stronger flow of water onto the rudder. However, a propeller is both cheaper and more robust than a VPP
14.
Manoeuvring thruster
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A bow thruster or stern thruster is a transversal propulsion device built into, or mounted to, either the bow or stern, of a ship or boat, to make it more maneuverable. A stern thruster is of the principle, fitted at the stern. Large ships might have multiple bow thrusters and stern thrusters, large vessels usually have one or more tunnel thrusters built into the bow, below the waterline. An impeller in the tunnel can create thrust in either direction which makes the ship turn, most tunnel thrusters are driven by electric motors, but some are hydraulically powered. These bow thrusters, also known as thrusters, may allow the ship to dock without the assistance of tugboats. Ships equipped with tunnel thrusters typically have a sign marked above the waterline over each thruster on both sides, as a big cross in a red circle. Tunnel thrusters increase the resistance to forward motion through the water. Ship operators should take care to prevent fouling of the tunnel, during vessel design, it is important to determine whether tunnel emergence above the water surface is commonplace in heavy seas. Tunnel emergence hurts thruster performance, and may damage the thruster, instead of a tunnel thruster, boats from 30 to 80 feet in length may have an externally mounted bow thruster. Externally mounted bow thrusters have one or more propellers driven by a reversible electric motor which provides thrust in either direction. The added control provided by a bow thruster helps the captain to avoid accidents while docking, a waterjet thruster is a special type of bow thruster that utilizes a pumping device instead of a conventional propeller. The water is discharged through specially designed nozzles which increase the velocity of the exiting jet, waterjets generally have the advantage of smaller hull penetrations for an equivalent size thruster. Additionally, the exit velocity of the discharged water increases the relative efficiency as speeds of advance, or currents, increase. Some waterjet bow thrusters can be configured to forward and aft auxiliary propulsion
15.
Antarctica
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It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres, it is the fifth-largest continent, for comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km in thickness, Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is a desert, with precipitation of only 200 mm along the coast. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C, though the average for the quarter is −63 °C. Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra. The continent, however, remained neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of easily accessible resources. In 1895, the first confirmed landing was conducted by a team of Norwegians, Antarctica is a de facto condominium, governed by parties to the Antarctic Treaty System that have consulting status. Twelve countries signed the Antarctic Treaty in 1959, and thirty-eight have signed it since then, the treaty prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports scientific research, and protects the continents ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000 scientists from many nations, the name Antarctica is the romanised version of the Greek compound word ἀνταρκτική, feminine of ἀνταρκτικός, meaning opposite to the Arctic, opposite to the north. Aristotle wrote in his book Meteorology about an Antarctic region in c.350 B. C, marinus of Tyre reportedly used the name in his unpreserved world map from the 2nd century A. D. Before acquiring its present geographical connotations, the term was used for locations that could be defined as opposite to the north. For example, the short-lived French colony established in Brazil in the 16th century was called France Antarctique, the first formal use of the name Antarctica as a continental name in the 1890s is attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. Antarctica has no population and there is no evidence that it was seen by humans until the 19th century. Explorer Matthew Flinders, in particular, has credited with popularising the transfer of the name Terra Australis to Australia. Cook came within about 120 km of the Antarctic coast before retreating in the face of ice in January 1773. The first confirmed sighting of Antarctica can be narrowed down to the crews of ships captained by three individuals, according to various organisations, ships captained by three men sighted Antarctica or its ice shelf in 1820, von Bellingshausen, Edward Bransfield, and Nathaniel Palmer
16.
Paradise Bay
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Paradise Harbor, also known as Paradise Bay, is a wide embayment behind Lemaire and Bryde Islands in Antarctica, indenting the west coast of Graham Land between Duthiers and Leniz Points. The name was first applied by whalers operating in the vicinity and was in use by 1920 and it is one of only two harbors used for cruise ships to stop on the continent, the other is Neko Harbour. Argentinas Almirante Brown Antarctic Base stands on the coast of the bay, in 1950 a shelter was erected near the Chilean Base to honour Gabriel Gonzalez Videla, the first head of state to visit the Antarctic. The shelter constitutes an example of pre-IGY activity in Antarctica. It has been designated a Historic Site or Monument, following a proposal by Chile to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting and this article incorporates public domain material from the United States Geological Survey document Paradise Harbor
17.
Fishing trawler
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A fishing trawler, also known as a dragger, is a commercial fishing vessel designed to operate fishing trawls. Trawling is a method of fishing that involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the water one or more trawlers. Trawls are fishing nets that are pulled along the bottom of the sea or in midwater at a specified depth, a trawler may also operate two or more trawl nets simultaneously. There are many variants of trawling gear and they vary according to local traditions, bottom conditions, and how large and powerful the trawling boats are. A trawling boat can be an open boat with only 30 horsepower or a large factory ship with 10,000 horsepower. Trawl variants include beam trawls, large-opening midwater trawls, and large bottom trawls, during the 17th century, the British developed the Dogger, an early type of sailing trawler commonly operated in the North Sea. The Dogger takes its name from the Dutch word dogger, meaning a vessel which tows a trawl. Doggers were slow but sturdy, capable of fishing in the conditions of the North Sea. The modern fishing trawler was developed in the 19th century, at the English fishing port of Brixham. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a build and had a tall gaff rig. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water, the great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries. The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest fishing port in the world by the mid 19th century, with the tremendous expansion in the fishing industry, the Grimsby Dock Company was opened in 1854 as the first modern fishing port. The elegant Brixham trawler spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere, by the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishermen around Europe, including from the Netherlands, twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet. The earliest steam powered fishing boats first appeared in the 1870s and used the system of fishing as well as lines. These were large boats, usually 80–90 feet in length with a beam of around 20 feet and they weighed 40–50 tons and travelled at 9–11 knots. The earliest purpose built fishing vessels were designed and made by David Allan in Leith in March 1875, in 1877, he built the first screw propelled steam trawler in the world. She was of construction with two masts and carried a gaff rigged main and mizen using booms, and a single foresail
18.
Rogue wave
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Rogue waves are large, unexpected and suddenly appearing surface waves that can be extremely dangerous, even to large ships such as ocean liners. Rogue waves present considerable danger for several reasons, they are rare, unpredictable, may appear suddenly or without warning, a 12-metre wave in the usual linear model would have a breaking force of 6 metric tons per square metre. Although modern ships are designed to tolerate a breaking wave of 15 t/m2, therefore, rogue waves are not necessarily the biggest waves found on the water, they are, rather, unusually large waves for a given sea state. Rogue waves seem not to have a single cause, but occur where physical factors such as high winds. Rogue waves can occur in other than water. They appear to be ubiquitous in nature and have also reported in liquid helium, in nonlinear optics. Recent research has focused on optical rogue waves which facilitate the study of the phenomenon in the laboratory, once considered mythical and lacking hard evidence for their existence, rogue waves are now proven to exist and known to be a natural ocean phenomenon. Eyewitness accounts from mariners and damage inflicted on ships have long suggested they occurred, the first scientific evidence of the existence of rogue waves came with the recording of a rogue wave by the Gorm platform in the central North Sea in 1984. A stand-out wave was detected with a height of 11 metres in a relatively low sea state.6 metres. During that event, minor damage was inflicted on the platform, far above sea level, confirming that the reading was valid.5 metres. In 2004 scientists using three weeks of radar images from European Space Agency satellites found ten rogue waves, each 25 metres or higher. A rogue wave is a natural phenomenon that is not caused by land movement, only lasts briefly, occurs in a limited location. Rogue waves are distinct from tsunamis. Tsunamis are caused by displacement of water, often resulting from sudden movement of the ocean floor. They are also distinct from megatsunamis, which are single massive waves caused by sudden impact, Rogue waves have now been proven to be the cause of the sudden loss of some ocean-going vessels. Well documented instances include the freighter MS München, lost in 1978 and the MV Derbyshire lost in 1980, the largest British ship ever lost at sea. A rogue wave has been implicated in the loss of other vessels including the Ocean Ranger which was a mobile offshore drilling unit that sank in Canadian waters on 15 February 1982. In 2007 the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration compiled a catalogue of more than 50 historical incidents probably associated with rogue waves, in that era it was widely held that no wave could exceed 30 feet
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Drake Passage
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The Drake Passage or Mar de Hoces—Sea of Hoces—is the body of water between South Americas Cape Horn and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. It connects the southwestern part of the Atlantic Ocean with the part of the Pacific Ocean. The passage receives its English-language name from the 16th-century English privateer Sir Francis Drake, drakes only remaining ship, after having passed through the Strait of Magellan, was blown far south in September 1578. This incident implied an open connection between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, for this reason, some Spanish and Latin American historians and sources call it Mar de Hoces after Francisco de Hoces. The first recorded voyage through the passage was that of Eendracht, captained by the Dutch navigator Willem Schouten in 1616, the 800-kilometre wide passage between Cape Horn and Livingston Island is the shortest crossing from Antarctica to any other landmass. The boundary between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is sometimes taken to be a line drawn from Cape Horn to Snow Island, alternatively, the meridian that passes through Cape Horn may be taken as the boundary. Both boundaries lie entirely within the Drake Passage, the other two passages around the extreme southern part of South America, Strait of Magellan and Beagle Channel, are very narrow, leaving little room for a ship. They can also become icebound, and sometimes the wind blows so strongly no sailing vessel can make headway against it, hence most sailing ships preferred the Drake Passage, which is open water for hundreds of miles, despite very rough conditions. The small Diego Ramírez Islands lie about 100 kilometres south-southwest of Cape Horn, ships in the Passage are often good platforms for the sighting of whales, dolphins and seabirds including giant petrels, other petrels, albatrosses and penguins. The passage is known to have been closed until around 41 million years ago according to a study of fish teeth found in oceanic sedimentary rock. Before the passage opened, the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans were separated entirely with Antarctica being much warmer, the joining of the two great oceans started the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and cooled the continent significantly
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Bridge
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A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that each serve a particular purpose, the Oxford English Dictionary traces the origin of the word bridge to an Old English word brycg, of the same meaning. The word can be traced back to Proto-Indo-European *bʰrēw-. The word for the game of the same name has a different origin. The first bridges made by humans were probably spans of cut wooden logs or planks and eventually stones, using a simple support, some early Americans used trees or bamboo poles to cross small caverns or wells to get from one place to another. Dating to the Greek Bronze Age, it is one of the oldest arch bridges still in existence, several intact arched stone bridges from the Hellenistic era can be found in the Peloponnese. The greatest bridge builders of antiquity were the ancient Romans, the Romans built arch bridges and aqueducts that could stand in conditions that would damage or destroy earlier designs. An example is the Alcántara Bridge, built over the river Tagus, the Romans also used cement, which reduced the variation of strength found in natural stone. One type of cement, called pozzolana, consisted of water, lime, sand, brick and mortar bridges were built after the Roman era, as the technology for cement was lost. In India, the Arthashastra treatise by Kautilya mentions the construction of dams, a Mauryan bridge near Girnar was surveyed by James Princep. The bridge was swept away during a flood, and later repaired by Puspagupta, the use of stronger bridges using plaited bamboo and iron chain was visible in India by about the 4th century. A number of bridges, both for military and commercial purposes, were constructed by the Mughal administration in India and this bridge is also historically significant as it is the worlds oldest open-spandrel stone segmental arch bridge. European segmental arch bridges date back to at least the Alconétar Bridge, rope bridges, a simple type of suspension bridge, were used by the Inca civilization in the Andes mountains of South America, just prior to European colonization in the 16th century. During the 18th century there were innovations in the design of timber bridges by Hans Ulrich Grubenmann, Johannes Grubenmann. The first book on bridge engineering was written by Hubert Gautier in 1716, a major breakthrough in bridge technology came with the erection of the Iron Bridge in Shropshire, England in 1779. It used cast iron for the first time as arches to cross the river Severn, with the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, truss systems of wrought iron were developed for larger bridges, but iron does not have the tensile strength to support large loads. With the advent of steel, which has a tensile strength, much larger bridges were built. In 1927 welding pioneer Stefan Bryła designed the first welded bridge in the world
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Argentine Navy
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The Navy of the Argentine Republic or Argentine Navy is the navy of Argentina. It is one of the three branches of the Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, together with the Army and the Air Force, each ship of the Argentine Navy is designated with the prefix ARA before its name. The Argentine Navy day is celebrated on May 17, anniversary of the victory achieved in 1814 in the Battle of Montevideo over the Spanish fleet during the war of Independence. The Argentine Navy was created in the aftermath of the May Revolution of May 25,1810, the navy was first created to support Manuel Belgrano in the Paraguay campaign, but it was sunk by ships from Montevideo, and did not take part in that conflict. Renewed conflicts with Montevideo led to the creation of a second fleet, as Buenos Aires had little maritime history, most men in the navy were from other nations, such as the Irish-born admiral William Brown, who directed the operation. As the cost of maintaining a navy was too high, most of the Argentine naval forces were composed of privateers, Brown led the Argentine navy in further naval conflicts at the War with Brazil and the Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata. In the 1870s the Argentine Navy began modernizing itself, the most powerful ships at this time included the Italian-built Garibaldi and her sister ships, General Belgrano, Pueyrredón, and San Martín, each at over 6,000 tons. Three older ironclads, Almirante Brown, Independencia, and Libertad dated from the 1880s, the navys ships were built primarily in Italy, Britain, France, and Spain and were operated by over 600 officers and 7760 seamen. These were supported by a battalion of marines and an artillery battery, Argentina remained neutral in both world wars. In 1940, Argentinas navy was ranked the eighth most powerful in the world, a ten-year building programme costing $60 million had produced a force of 14,500 sailors and over a thousand officers. A naval air force was also in operation, in the postwar period, Naval Aviation and Marine Corps units were put under direct Navy command. With Brazil, Argentina is one of two South American countries to have operated two aircraft carriers, the ARA Independencia and ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, the Navy also took part in all military coups through the 20th century. During the last dictatorship, Navy personnel were involved in the Dirty War of the late 1970s in which thousands of people were kidnapped, tortured and killed by the forces of the Military Junta, the Naval Mechanics School, known as ESMA, was a notorious centre for torture. Among their more well-known victims were the Swedish teenager Dagmar Hagelin and French nuns, Alice Domon and this fleet was supported by several ELMA tankers and transports as well as two ice breakers/polar ships. New German MEKO class destroyers, corvettes and Thyssen-Nordseewerke submarines were still under construction at the time, despite leading the invasion of the Falkland Islands, in both strategic and tactical aspects the Argentine fleet played only a small part in the subsequent conflict with the Royal Navy. The ARA San Luis submarine also played a role, nearly sinking the frigate HMS Arrow on 10 May. The submarine ARA Santa Fe, after a resupply mission, was attacked and disabled off South Georgia. She was later scuttled by the British, also, the submarine force greatly reinforced their assets with the introduction of the Thyssen-Nordseewerke class
22.
Ushuaia
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Ushuaia is the capital of Tierra del Fuego, Antártida e Islas del Atlántico Sur Province, Argentina. It is commonly regarded as the southernmost city in the world, Ushuaia is located in a wide bay on the southern coast of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, bounded on the north by the Martial mountain range, and on the south by the Beagle Channel. It is the municipality in the Department of Ushuaia, which has an area of 9,390 km2. It was founded October 12 of 1884 by Augusto Lasserre and is located on the shores of the Beagle Channel surrounded by the range of the Martial Glacier. Besides being a center, it is a light industrial port. The word Ushuaia comes from the language, ush and waia. The act of creation of the Subprefecture, in 1884, cites the name Oshovia, the name is often pronounced u-sua-ia / uswa ja /, an exception to the orthographic rules of Castilian, since the form s syllables with the following u in spite of the h. Considering that an erroneous pronunciation could be given Usuaía, it is worth to clarify that the word Ushuaia has no tilde, and that the prosodic accent is in the first a. Shield The municipality carried out a contest for the election of the image of the City Shield, approving by decree nº28, in 1971, the design of Vicente Gómez. Motto Ushuaia, end of the world, beginning of everything The Selk’nam Indians, also called the Ona, the southern group of the Selk’nam, the Yaghan, occupied what is now Ushuaia, living in continual conflict with the northern inhabitants of the island. Ushuaia was founded informally by British missionaries, following previous British surveys, the British ship HMS Beagle, under the command of Captain Robert FitzRoy, first reached the channel on January 29,1833, during its maiden voyage surveying Tierra del Fuego. The city was named by early British missionaries using the native Yámana name for the area. Much of the history of the city and its hinterland is described in Lucas Bridges’s book Uttermost Part of the Earth. The name Ushuaia first appears in letters and reports of the South American Mission Society in England, the British missionary Waite Hockin Stirling became the first European to live in Ushuaia when he stayed with the Yámana people between 18 January and mid-September 1869. In 1870 more British missionaries arrived to establish a small settlement, the following year the first marriage was performed. During 1872,36 baptisms and 7 marriages and the first European birth in Tierra del Fuego were registered, the first house constructed in Ushuaia was a pre-assembled 3 room home prepared in the Falkland Islands in 1870 for Reverend Thomas Bridges. One room was for the Bridges family, a second was for a Yámana married couple, while the third served as the chapel, during 1873, Juan and Clara Lawrence, the first Argentine citizens to visit Ushuaia, arrived to teach school. But only after the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina did formal efforts get under way to establish the township and its prison, during the 1880s, many gold prospectors came to Ushuaia following rumors of large gold fields, which proved to be false
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MS National Geographic Explorer
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National Geographic Explorer is a small passenger vessel in the Lindblad Expeditions fleet. The ship is equipped with extra hull plating to withstand higher ice breaking tolerances, the ship frequently follows routes in the Antarctic, Arctic, Norway, Greenland, and Canadian Highlands. National Geographic Explorer offers 81 cabins and suites which are all outside facing
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National Geographic Endeavour
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MS National Geographic Endeavour is a small expedition ship operated by Lindblad Expeditions for cruising in remote areas, particularly the polar regions. The ship was originally a fishing trawler built in 1966 as Marburg, first named North Star, then Caledonian Star, she received her present name in June 2001. She was assisted by the Argentine Navy ocean fleet tug ARA Alferez Sobral, other ships operated by Lindblad Expeditions are National Geographic Explorer, National Geographic Islander, National Geographic Sea Bird, and National Geographic Sea Lion. Cruise Critic review of Endeavour Details of the ship Miramar Ship Index - Marburg
25.
National Geographic Society
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The National Geographic Society, headquartered in Washington, D. C. United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational institutions in the world and its interests include geography, archaeology and natural science, the promotion of environmental and historical conservation, and the study of world culture and history. In partnership with 21st Century Fox, the Society operates the magazine, TV channels, a website that features extra content and worldwide events, the National Geographic Society was founded in 1888 to increase and diffuse geographic knowledge. The Society believes in the power of science, exploration and storytelling to change the world, National Geographic is governed by a board of trustees, whose 21 members include distinguished educators, business executives, former government officials and conservationists. The organization sponsors and funds research and exploration. National Geographic maintains a museum for the public in its Washington and its Education Foundation gives grants to education organizations and individuals to improve geography education. Its Committee for Research and Exploration has awarded more than 11,000 grants for scientific research, National Geographic has retail stores in Washington, D. C. The locations outside of the United States are operated by Worldwide Retail Store S. L and it also publishes other magazines, books, school products, maps, and Web and film products in numerous languages and countries. National Geographics various media properties reach more than 280 million people monthly, the National Geographic Society began as a club for an elite group of academics and wealthy patrons interested in travel. After preparing a constitution and a plan of organization, the National Geographic Society was incorporated two weeks later on January 27, Gardiner Greene Hubbard became its first president and his son-in-law, Alexander Graham Bell, succeeded him in 1897. Bell and Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor devised the successful marketing notion of Society membership, the current National Geographic Society president and CEO is Gary E. Knell. The chairman of the board of trustees is John Fahey, the editor-in-chief of National Geographic magazine is Susan Goldberg. Gilbert Melville Grosvenor, a chairman of the Society board of trustees received the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005 for his leadership in geography education. In 2004, the National Geographic Society headquarters in Washington, D. C. was one of the first buildings to receive a Green certification from Global Green USA. The National Geographic received the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities in October 2006 in Oviedo, in 2013 the society was investigated for possible violation of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act relating to their close association with an Egyptian government official responsible for antiquities. This new, for-profit corporation, will own National Geographic and other magazines, as reported by The Guardian, a spokesman for National Geographic in a November 2,2015 e-mail statement, briefly discussed the rationale for the staff reductions as part of the. Process of reorganizing in order to move forward following the closing the National Geographic Partners deal. Additional specifics were provided to Photo District News by M. J. Jacobsen, National Geographic’s SVP of communications, similar to the contents of a formal announcement by the two companies
26.
John M. Fahey, Jr.
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John M. Fahey is chairman emeritus of the National Geographic Society. He was chief officer of the National Geographic Society from March 1998 to December 2013. Fahey also spearheaded the Society’s move into the creation of regional grant-making programs around the world, beginning in Northern Europe and Asia. Fahey joined National Geographic on April 1,1996, as the first president and chief officer of National Geographic Ventures. Prior to that, he was chairman, president and CEO of Time Life Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Time Warner Inc. for seven years and he worked previously for Home Box Office, where he was instrumental in the startup of CINEMAX. He also was a manager for Time magazine. In February 2014, President Obama appointed Fahey to a term on the Smithsonian Board of Regents. Born in New York City, Fahey received his B. S. in engineering from Manhattan College in 1973and his M. B. A. from the University of Michigan. In 2008, he received the David D. Alger Alumni Achievement Award from the University of Michigan’s Ross School of Business, Fahey was selected as one of Advertising Age’s top 100 marketers and by Irish American magazine as one of the top 100 Irish Americans. He and his wife, Heidi, live in Washington, D. C and they have three kids, CJ, Kenny, and Allie
27.
Gary Knell
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He joined National Geographic as chief executive in January 2014. He has been a member of the Societys board of trustees since April 2013 and has served on the board of governors of the National Geographic Education Foundation since November 2003, from 2011 to 2013 he was president and CEO of National Public Radio NPR. Prior to that he served as CEO of Sesame Workshop from 2000–2011. Knell graduated from Grant High School in Los Angeles, California, while at UCLA, he worked on the schools newspaper, the Daily Bruin. Knells media career spans three decades. Before joining National Geographic as president and CEO in January 2014, Knell served as president and he led NPRs worldwide media operations, which include partnerships with 900 public radio stations. A strong advocate of innovation, he was a key driver in leveraging new technologies to advance NPRs core mission, Knell was CEO of Sesame Workshop for 12 years before joining NPR in 2011. He joined the company in 1989 and assumed the role of COO in 1998 before moving into the CEO role in 2000, during his tenure at Sesame, the organization expanded its revenue base, audience and global recognition. Knell was instrumental in focusing the organization on Sesame Streets worldwide mission, including the creation of groundbreaking co-productions in South Africa, India, Northern Ireland and Egypt. Prior to joining Sesame Workshop, Knell was managing director of Manager Media International, a print and multimedia publishing company based in Bangkok, Hong Kong, Knell is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. He serves on the boards of Heidrick & Struggles and Common Sense Media as well as the boards of the Military Child Education Coalition. He is an adviser to the Annenberg School of Communications at USC, Knell received a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science from UCLA, where he also served as Editorial Director of the UCLA Daily Bruin and was a stringer for the Associated Press. He received a JD from Loyola University School of Law in Los Angeles, Knell is married to Kim Larson, a non-profit fund raiser, and they have four children
28.
Stephen Alvarez
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Stephen Alvarez is an American photojournalist who produces global stories about exploration, culture, religion, and the aftermath of conflict. He has been a National Geographic photographer since 1995 and his pictures have won awards in Pictures of the Year International and Communications Arts and have been exhibited at Visa Pour L’Image International Photojournalism Festival in Perpignan, France. Stephen Alvarez’s first magazine assignment came in 1991 from Time Magazine to photograph discoveries in Mammoth Cave and he has continued to photograph cave exploration and underground landscapes throughout the world. His first National Geographic assignment in 1995 took him over 20,000 feet up into the Peruvian Andes to photograph the discovery of a 500-year-old Incan Mummy Juanita and he continued his work for National Geographic with several expedition stories. He travelled to Borneo to document exploration of the caves of Sarawak to aid their conservation, in Belize, Alvarez covered a 1999 jungle expedition to map Chiquibul, the longest cave in Central America. In Mexico he photographed a poisonous hydrogen sulfide cave, Cueva de Villa Luz and he traveled to the Middle East for National Geographic in 2001-2002 to photograph the deserts of the Empty Quarter and the immense caves of Oman on the Selma Plateau including Majlis al Jinn. The Nature Conservancy assigned Alvarez to document ongoing cave conservation and exploration in the southeastern United States for a 2004 article. In 2004 Alvarez won a Banff Centre grant to photograph the Cave of the Swallows, a vertical pit in Mexico. The Maya Underworld story, published in the November 2004 National Geographic Magazine, took Alvarez to Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, the story covers the worldview of today’s Maya peoples through their rituals and religion as well as their archeological past. The Maya Underworld has roots in the Maya sacred book the Popol Vuh, Alvarez was invited to exhibit this work at Visa pour L’Image International Photojournalism Festival in 2005. Alvarez has taken time from his assignment career to document the ongoing conflict and its aftermath in northern Uganda, one of his photographs of the cycle of violence on the Uganda/Sudan border won an award in 2004 Pictures of the Year International. He photographed subterranean Rome in 2005 for National Geographic, in 2006 National Geographic assigned Alvarez the story Raging Danger, which documents the river caves of Papua New Guinea. This story won a Communication Arts award in Editorial Series, traveling across the Pacific in 2007, Alvarez photographed Peopling the Pacific, a story about the earliest voyagers of the Pacific Islands. His adventure included sailing on the traditional Hawaiian vessel, the Hokulea, the story was published in National Geographic Magazine in March 2008. In June 2009 Deep South, Alvarezs photographs of caves in the southeastern United States, including Rumbling Falls Cave, Alvarez covered Madagascars Tsingy de Bemaraha Stone Forest for the November 2009 National Geographic. He photographed a story entitled Bat Crash covering white-nosed syndrome for the December 2010 National Geographic and his most recent story took him to the tunnels, sewers and catacombs of underground Paris for National Geographic February 2011. The Paris Underground story was featured on NPR. Alvarez holds a B. A. in Comparative Religion from Sewanee and he lives in Sewanee, Tennessee, United States, with his wife, April, and their two children. com Alvarez blog Uganda Sudan Border Project
29.
Alexander Graham Bell
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Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer, and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. Bells father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech and his research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U. S. patent for the telephone in 1876. Bell considered his most famous invention an intrusion on his work as a scientist. Many other inventions marked Bells later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Although Bell was not one of the 33 founders of the National Geographic Society, he had a influence on the magazine while serving as the second president from January 7,1898. Alexander Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3,1847, the family home was at 16 South Charlotte Street, and has a stone inscription marking it as Alexander Graham Bells birthplace. He had two brothers, Melville James Bell and Edward Charles Bell, both of whom would die of tuberculosis and his father was Professor Alexander Melville Bell, a phonetician, and his mother was Eliza Grace. Born as just Alexander Bell, at age 10, he made a plea to his father to have a name like his two brothers. To close relatives and friends he remained Aleck, as a child, young Bell displayed a natural curiosity about his world, resulting in gathering botanical specimens as well as experimenting even at an early age. His best friend was Ben Herdman, a neighbour whose family operated a flour mill, young Bell asked what needed to be done at the mill. In return, Bens father John Herdman gave both boys the run of a workshop in which to invent. From his early years, Bell showed a sensitive nature and a talent for art, poetry, with no formal training, he mastered the piano and became the familys pianist. Despite being normally quiet and introspective, he revelled in mimicry and he also developed a technique of speaking in clear, modulated tones directly into his mothers forehead wherein she would hear him with reasonable clarity. Bells preoccupation with his mothers deafness led him to study acoustics and his family was long associated with the teaching of elocution, his grandfather, Alexander Bell, in London, his uncle in Dublin, and his father, in Edinburgh, were all elocutionists. His father published a variety of works on the subject, several of which are well known, especially his The Standard Elocutionist. The Standard Elocutionist appeared in 168 British editions and sold over a quarter of a million copies in the United States alone, in this treatise, his father explains his methods of how to instruct deaf-mutes to articulate words and read other peoples lip movements to decipher meaning. Bells father taught him and his brothers not only to write Visible Speech but to any symbol. Bell became so proficient that he became a part of his fathers public demonstrations, as a young child, Bell, like his brothers, received his early schooling at home from his father
30.
Barry Bishop (mountaineer)
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Barry Chapman Bishop was an American mountaineer, scientist, photographer and scholar. With teammates Jim Whittaker, Lute Jerstad, Willi Unsoeld and Tom Hornbein and he was killed in an automobile accident near Pocatello, Idaho later that year. Barry Chapman Bishop was born on January 13,1932 to Robert Wilson Bishop, a sociologist who was to become a dean at the University of Cincinnati, and Helen Rebecca Bishop. He was fascinated by climbing from an age, spending his summers with the YMCA in Colorado. He attended school in Cincinnati, first a school. He began his education at Dartmouth, where he roomed with Rodger Ewy. Following an acute infection, Barry soon switched to the University of Cincinnati. As part of his research, he did field work in the Mt. He met Lila Mueller, also an undergraduate at the University of Cincinnati, Barry soloed the Italian Ridge on the Matterhorn. His studies continued at Northwestern University, where he earned a masters in geography in 1954–1955, by 1958, when he was honorably discharged from the Air Force at age 27, Bishop had accumulated considerable skills as a mountaineer, polar scientist, photographer and explorer. His daughter Tara is now the wife of Greg Mortenson, the co-author of Three Cups of Tea, in May,1959, on the strength of his photographs from Antarctica and the Bugaboos, Bishop was hired by the National Geographic Society as Picture Editor for National Geographic. He rose quickly with the magazine, becoming a photographer for the magazine in 1960 and his 1963 photography work on the American Everest Expedition earned him a National Press Photographers Association Special Award. Eventually he would become a president and Chairman of the Committee for Research. Though he was not sponsored by National Geographic on the trip, his photographic, scientific, with fellow expedition members Mike Gill, Mike Ward and Wally Romanes, Bishop made the landmark first ascent of Ama Dablam, which was also the first winter ascent in the Himalayas. He was transferred to the National Geographic editorial staff and wrote an account of the expedition for the magazine, via that route, Jim Whittaker summitted on May 1, becoming the first American to do so. In the following weeks, Tom Hornbein and Willi Unsoeld continued the attempt on the West Ridge, and Bishop and Lute Jerstad attempted the South Col. After a stove accident early on the morning of May 22, the pair began the attempt, reaching the South Summit at 2,00 p. m. They waited on the summit for signs of Hornbein and Unsoeld, who were due to reach the summit that day
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Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor
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Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, father of photojournalism, was the first full-time editor of National Geographic. Grosvenor is credited with having built the magazine into the publication that it is today. Grosvenor was born in 1875 to Lilian Waters and Edwin A. Grosvenor in Constantinople, Ottoman Empire and he attended Amherst College and graduated with the A. B. degree magna cum laude in 1897. While at Amherst, Grosvenor and his twin brother Edwin were one of the best tennis doubles teams, Grosvenor became the President of the National Geographic Society. Grosvenor married Elsie May Bell, the daughter of Alexander Graham Bell, Grosvenors health deteriorated following the death of his wife and he died peacefully in his sleep at the age of 90 on February 4,1966. Grosvenor was hired in 1899 as the first full-time employee of the National Geographic Society by Alexander Graham Bell and he eventually was named Director, and later President of the Society, and remained Editor of the magazine until 1954. Grosvenor advocated policies of neutrality and positive, upbeat journalism through two wars, the Great Depression, and the beginning of the Cold War. This style was seen as innovative in the years of the 20th century. However, by the 1950s, Grosvenors style was criticized as being ossified and dated and he and his staff were criticized as being conservative, complacent, and unwilling to modernize, and the National Geographics subscription base fell as a consequence. After 50 years at the helm, he stepped down in 1954 at the age of 78, Grosvenor first traveled to the western United States in 1915 to hike with Stephen Mather in the Sierra Mountains and what is now Sequoia National Park. Following his return, Grosvenor provided funding to buy Giant Forest, for years, opposition in Congress had prevented creation of a national system of parks. In late 1915 and 1916, Grosvenor met with Stephen Mather, Horace Albright, and others to draft the Organic Act, which would create a National Park Service. He then created an issue of National Geographic entitled The Land of the Best to promote the importance of parks. He and Albright made sure that every member of Congress had a copy of the issue and their efforts worked, and that year legislation finally passed that would establish the National Park Service. Grosvenor continued involvement with the National Parks over the years and he became very involved in protecting the Katmai volcanic crater and Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes from mining exploitation, and helped to establish Katmai National Monument in 1918. Grosvenor is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery alongside his wife and members of the Bell family, Grosvenor Arch, a sandstone double arch located in southern Utah, is named after Gilbert Grosvenor. In 1931 Grosvenor bought a property in Coconut Grove, Florida next door to his brother-in-law and he called this estate Hissar after the small town in Turkey where he was born. After Fairchilds estate, The Kampong, was acquired by the National Tropical Botanical Garden they bought Hissar also, Grosvenor served on the Board of Trustees of the University of Miami from 1944 to 1960
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Melville Bell Grosvenor
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Melville Bell Grosvenor was the president of the National Geographic Society and editor of The National Geographic Magazine from 1957 to 1967. He was the son of the magazines first editor Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, a photography enthusiast, he increased the size of printed photographs in the magazine, and initiated the practice, that continues to this day, of opening articles with a two-page photo feature. He reduced the name of the publication from The National Geographic Magazine to National Geographic, under Grosvenors tenure, National Geographic also began to branch out from land expeditions to cover investigations into space and the deep sea. Grosvenor expanded the scope of the operations, branching into the production of documentaries bearing the National Geographic name. Four of these were produced per year, among the features produced during Grosvenors presidency were documentaries covering the first American expedition to Mount Everest and Jacques Cousteaus underwater exploits. His son Gilbert Melville Grosvenor was editor of National Geographic from 1970 to 1980 before becoming president of the National Geographic Society and his two other sons were Capt. Alexander G. B. Grosvenor, an officer, and Edwin S. Grosvenor. Grosvenor was born in Washington, D. C. on November 26,1901, the following year, in his grandfathers arms, he helped to lay the cornerstone of the National Geographic Societys first building, Hubbard Hall. His mother, the former Elsie May Bell, was the daughter of Alexander Graham Bell, Grosvenor enrolled in the U. S. Naval Academy in 1919. On June 8,1923, he graduated from the Academy with the Class of 1923, Grosvenor was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy and shortly after married Helen Rowland of Washington, D. C. In 1924, Grosvenor resigned from the Navy and joined the staff of the National Geographic Society as a picture editor. Grosvenor is credited with taking the first color aerial photograph when he took a shot of the Statue of Liberty by circling the monument in a Navy Airship ZM C2. The photograph was published in the September 1930 issue, leading the Society to adopt the Finlay process and he also took early aerial color photographs of Washington, D. C. which appeared in the magazine. Grosvenors second wife, Anne Revis, whom he married in 1950, was a photographer for National Geographic.1 million to 5.5 million. He added or promoted new editorial staff including Wilbur Garrett and Joseph Judge, dr. Grosvenor did not dramatically modify the magazines traditional tone of gentlemanly detachment from the ugliness, misery and strife in the world. He also commissioned articles on space, polar and undersea research, Grosvenor sharply increased grants for research and exploration. The Society gave one of the first grants to oceanographer Jacques-Yves Cousteau, and supported anthropologists Louis S. B. and Mary Leakey, primatologist Jane Goodall, Grosvenor also campaigned to save the California redwoods before conservation became a popular cause. Grosvenor oversaw construction of the Societys new headquarters in Washington in 1963, mcDowell, Bart, Melville Bell Grosvenor, a Decade of Innovation, a Lifetime of Service
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Gardiner Greene Hubbard
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Gardiner Greene Hubbard was an American lawyer, financier, and philanthropist. One of his daughters, Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, also became the wife of Alexander Graham Bell, Hubbard was born in Boston, Massachusetts to Samuel Hubbard, a Massachusetts Supreme Court justice, and Mary Greene. Hubbard was a grandson of Boston merchant Gardiner Greene, Gardiner Hubbard attended Phillips Academy, Andover and later graduated from Dartmouth in 1841. He then studied law at Harvard, and was admitted to the bar in 1843, Hubbard married Gertrude Mercer McCurdy and had six children, Robert Hubbard, Gertrude Hubbard, Mabel Gardiner Hubbard, Roberta Hubbard, Grace Hubbard, and Marian Hubbard. Gardiner Hubbards daughter Mabel became deaf at the age of five from scarlet fever and she later became a student of Alexander Graham Bell, who taught deaf children, and they eventually married. Hubbard also played a role in the founding of Clarke School for the Deaf. Hubbard argued for the nationalization of the system under the U. S. During the late 1860s, Gardiner Hubbard had lobbied Congress to pass the U. S. Postal Telegraph Bill that was known as the Hubbard Bill, the bill would have chartered the U. S. Postal Telegraph Company that would be connected to the U. S. The Hubbard bill did not pass, to benefit from the Hubbard Bill, Hubbard needed patents which dominated essential aspects of telegraph technology such as sending multiple messages simultaneously on a single telegraph wire. This was called the telegraph or acoustic telegraphy. Hubbard organized the Bell Telephone Company on July 9,1877, with himself as president, Thomas Sanders as treasurer, Hubbard also became the father-in-law of Bell when his daughter Mabel Hubbard married Bell on July 11,1877. The American Bell Telephone Company would, at the end of 1899, evolve into AT&T. Hubbard also became an investor in the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company. C. Hubbard devoted considerable donations and attention to the advancement of education and was president of Clarke School for the Deaf for ten years. He died on December 11,1897, Gardiner Hubbards life is detailed in the book One Thousand Years of Hubbard History, by Edward Warren Day. In 1890, Mount Hubbard on the Alaska-Yukon border was named in his honour by an expedition co-sponsored by the National Geographic Society while he was president, the main school building at the Clarke School for the Deaf, Hubbard Hall, is named after him in his honor. Hubbards house on Brattle Street in Cambridge no longer stands, but a large beech tree from its garden still remains. After he moved to Washington, D. C. from Cambridge in 1873, on Hubbard Park Road and Mercer Circle he built large houses designed for Harvard faculty
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Chris Johns (photographer)
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Chris Johns is a photographer who was the editor-in-chief for National Geographic Magazine from January 2005 to April 2014. After a reorganization, in April 2014, Johns was named chief content officer of National Geographic Magazine and he spent many years in Africa for the magazine and is the first photographer to have been named its editor-in-chief. He started his career at daily newspapers. Born in Medford, Oregon, Johns studied technical journalism at Oregon State University, Johns began his photography career as a staff member at The Topeka Capital-Journal. He was named Newspaper Photographer of the Year by the National Press Photographers Association in 1979 at age 28, after joining National Geographic, he contributed extensively, shooting two cover articles before becoming an editor. Johns has photographed extensively in Africa, the foreword to Johns photography book Valley of Life, Africas Great Rift was written by Nelson Mandela. Johns was named Editor of the Year in October 2008 by Advertising Age magazine at the American Magazine Conference, during his tenure as its editor-in-chief, National Geographic twice received the General Excellence prize in the National Magazine Awards. Johns was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Indiana University Bloomington in 2009 and he lives in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia with his wife Elizabeth, his daughters Noel and Louise, and his son Tim
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Mark Shelley
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Mark Shelley was the Senior Series Producer for National Geographic Television & Film. About Mark Shelley Mark Shelley is the founder and the director of photography for Sea Studios Foundation and he has created many award-winning exhibit and television programs for aquariums, zoos, and natural history visitor centers around the world. Television clients were National Geographic Television & Film, Turner Broadcasting, marks underwater filmmaking skills are well-known internationally. Mark is a diver and U. S. Navy certified submersible co-pilot. His deep-sea work has seen on such National Geographic Specials as Lost Fleet of Guadalcanal, Lusitania, Roman Wrecks. Mark received his B. S. from Stanford University with honors in Biology, now he lives with his family and runs Tassajara Natural Meats. S. In partnership with National Geographic Society, Sea Studios Foundation has created award-winning film series that focus on the Earth and its biodiversity. Strange Days on Planet EarthStrange Days is an initiative in collaboration with The National Geographic Society and it raises public understanding about how individuals are personally interconnected to our planet’s life systems. The inaugural four-part television series in 2005, hosted by Academy-award nominated actor Edward Norton earned 14 major film festival honors, the Shape of LifeThe Shape of Life is an eight-hour special, developed in partnership with National Geographic Society. It is a primer for understanding the evolution of the animal kingdom and it integrates science-based content and pioneering techniques in underwater and deep-sea filmmaking. Oceans in GlassOceans in a Glass is a look at the Monterey Bay Aquarium, one of the worlds leading centers for marine research
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John Verano
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John Verano is a professor of anthropology at Tulane University. He received his B. A. from Stanford University in 1977 in anthropology and he then went on to the University of California, Los Angeles to receive his M. A. in 1980 and his Ph. D. in 1987. John Verano does field research in Peru, one notable discovery was of a female warrior from the Moche culture. He has aided National Geographic in producing documentaries on the sacrifices of the Moche people
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National Geographic
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National Geographic is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society. It has been published continuously since its first issue in 1888 and it primarily contains articles about science, geography, history, and world culture. The magazine is known for its thick square-bound glossy format with a rectangular border. The magazine is published monthly, and additional map supplements are also included with subscriptions and it is available in a traditional printed edition and through an interactive online edition. On occasion, special editions of the magazine are issued and this includes a US circulation of 3.5 million. From the 1970s through about 2010 the magazine was printed in Corinth, Mississippi, the current Editor-in-Chief of the National Geographic Magazine is Susan Goldberg. Goldberg is also Editorial Director for National Geographic Partners, overseeing the print and she is responsible for News, Books, National Geographic Traveler magazine, National Geographic History magazine, Maps, and all digital content with the exception of National Geographic Kids. Goldberg reports to Declan Moore, CEO of National Geographic Partners, the first issue of National Geographic Magazine was published on September 22,1888, nine months after the Society was founded. The June 1985 cover portrait of the presumed to be 12-year-old Afghan girl Sharbat Gula, shot by photographer Steve McCurry, in the late 1990s, the magazine began publishing The Complete National Geographic, a digital compilation of all the past issues of the magazine. It was then sued over copyright of the magazine as a work in Greenberg v. National Geographic and other cases. The magazine eventually prevailed in the dispute, and in July 2009 it resumed publishing a compilation containing all issues through December 2008. The compilation was updated to make more recent issues available. National Geographic Kids, the version of the magazine, was launched in 1975 under the name National Geographic World. The January 2017 issue of National Geographic has a nine-year-old transgender girl on the cover, the magazine printed articles on Berlin, de-occupied Austria, the Soviet Union, and Communist China that deliberately downplayed politics to focus on culture. In its coverage of the Space Race, National Geographic focused on the scientific achievement while largely avoiding reference to the connection to nuclear arms buildup. There were also articles in the 1930s, 40s and 50s about the individual states and their resources. Many of these articles were written by longtime staff such as Frederick Simpich, there were also articles about biology and science topics. In later years articles became outspoken on issues such as issues, deforestation, chemical pollution, global warming
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National Geographic Adventure (magazine)
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National Geographic Adventure was a magazine started in 1999 by the National Geographic Society in the United States. The first issue was published in Spring 1999, regular publication of the magazine ended in December 2009, and the name was reused for a biannual newsstand publication. The last issue was December 2009/January 2010, the magazine covered adventure travel, environmental issues, natural science, and other topics related to the outdoors. Next Weekend, that featured good weekend trips from all across the U. S, where Next, that featured vacation destinations across the world Annually, a slate of adventurers were named National Geographic Adventure Adventurer of the Year, in a variety of categories. For example, the December 2008/January 2009 issue named Fourteen people who dreamed big, pushed their limits, john Rasmus served as the editor-in-chief of the magazine from its inception to its closure
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National Geographic Traveler
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National Geographic Traveler is a magazine published by the National Geographic Society in the United States. A UK edition launched in December 2010, keith Bellows was the editor-in-chief until October 2014. Executive editor Norie Quintos was named acting editor-in-chief before Maggie Zackowitz was appointed editor-in-chief in May 2015, longtime contributor George Stone was named editor-in-chief on January 27,2016. Other contributors include Christopher Elliott, Deena Guzder, Carl Hoffman, Boyd Matson, Official website Official National Geographic Traveller website
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National Geographic Kids
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National Geographic Kids is the child-focused brand of National Geographic Partners. National Geographic Kids magazine and Little Kids magazine are photo-driven publications and are available on newsstands or by subscription in print, the award-winning website natgeokids. com excites kids about the planet through games, videos, contests, photos, quizzes and blogs about cultures, animals and destinations. National Geographic Kids Books is the leading nonfiction publisher with as many as 125 nonfiction titles each year, National Geographic Kids games and apps engage kids to learn through play, the online virtual animal world of Animal Jam and the Weird But True app being a few examples. National Geographic Kids is a magazine published by National Geographic Partners. The magazine is headquartered in Washington DC, the publication, which launched in 1975 as National Geographic World, adopted its current name in 2001. Designed for kids ages 6 to 14, Nat Geo Kids features stories about animals, science, technology, archaeology, geography, and pop culture, plus jokes, games, it’s also the only children’s magazine with a scientific organization at its core. National Geographic Kids puts out ten issues a year, and has 1.2 million subscribers and 4 million readers in the United States, the magazine has won several awards, including Folio Eddie and Parent’s Choice awards. Popular departments in the include, Weird But True Amazing Animals Cool Inventions Bet You Didn’t Know Guinness World Records Destination Space Wild Vacation All About Money. National Geographic Little Kids is a children’s preschool magazine published by National Geographic Partners, National Geographic Little Kids puts out six issues a year, and has a circulation of 370,000. The magazine has won the Parents’ Choice Gold Award every year its been published, National Geographic Kids Books is the leading children’s nonfiction publisher and the only publisher with the world’s leading scientific, education, and research organization at its core. By giving kids access to National Geographic scientists, explorers, photographers, and experts, the children’s books also reflect the organization’s larger purpose, to inspire kids to learn about the planet and empower them to make it a better place. Nat Geo Kids has a history of producing high-quality books for the classroom, library. Genres include illustrated reference, atlases, photography, narratives, guidebooks, biographies, subjects include history, science, nature, conservation, healthy living, exploration, and travel. PreK–12 books align with and support the Common Core State Standards, Next Generation Science Standards, National Geographic Kids books are published in 32 languages around the world. Colorful graphics, beautiful photography, and rich content are hallmarks of Nat Geo Kids products, National Geographic Kids video content ranges from reality shows starring tweens and teens to fun, animated series and animal documentaries and shorts. These smart, funny, and engaging non-fiction videos inspire curiosity, promote learning about how the world works, short form video series include,50 Birds,50 States Amazing Animals Awesome Animals Mission Animal Rescue Moment of Real or Fake. National Geographic Kids videos can be found on the National Geographic Kids website, YouTube, Roku, NabiTab, MishMosh, ToonsTV, and Animal Jam. A television bloc under the name Nat Geo Kids is also licensed to broadcast exclusive children-focused National Geographic programs dubbed to Arabic on Majid TV in the MENA region
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National Geographic Abu Dhabi
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National Geographic Abu Dhabi is a free-to-air documentary channel that started broadcasting on July 1,2009. It is the official Arabic language edition of the National Geographic Channel, the channel broadcasts via Arabsat Badr 6, Nilesat 102, and Nilesat 103. The channel is based in Abu Dhabi, U. A. E, but is aimed to be broadcast for a pan-Arabian audience in the Middle East and North Africa. The channel is available in Arabic, with no possible methods of switching audio language to English or any other language. The channel features broadcasts of non-fictional, documentary series, all original National Geographic shows dubbed from English, the lineup of shows was initially not up-to-date with the original English channel, but overtime the scheduling improved heavily. National Geographic Abu Dhabi is considered as an alternative to the subscription variants offered and available via OSN. It is co-owned by the National Geographic Society/Fox Networks Group & Abu Dhabi Media Company, the latter is also responsible for launching the Arabic version of the National Geographic magazine
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Nat Geo People
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Nat Geo People, formerly known as Adventure One and National Geographic Adventure, is a subscription TV channel part of National Geographic Channels International and 21st Century Fox. Targeted at female audiences, with programming focusing on people and cultures, Adventure One launched on January 1,1994, being rebranded on May 1,2007 as National Geographic Adventure, strengthening the overall Nat Geo presence. All countries adopted the change, except in Europe which instead changed A1 to Nat Geo Wild, Nat Geo Adventure is also a global adventure travel video and photography portal, which launched worldwide in 2009. Nat Geo Adventure was aimed at audiences, providing programming based around outdoor adventure, travel. In early 2008, National Geographic Adventure Channel Australia and National Geographic Adventure Channel Italy launched a new video sharing feature on their website called Blognotes, in 2010, Nat Geo Adventure launched their High Definition channel in Asia via AsiaSat 5. It launched in HDTV on SKY Italia channel 410 from February 1,2012, at the time of launch the Standard Definition version of the channel was closed down. On September 30,2013 it was announced that in early 2014 Nat Geo Adventure would be replaced by Nat Geo People and this would see Nat Geo People launch in HD where currently available, as well as in linear and non-linear formats, in 50 countries internationally. The change will see the channel become more focused, with programming to focus on people
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National Geographic Farsi
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National Geographic Farsi was a free-to-air documentary channel that started broadcasting on October 15,2011 and was shut down on May 1,2013. It was the official Persian language edition of the National Geographic Channel, the channel broadcast via Eutelsat W3A. Whilst the channel was aimed to be broadcast for a Persian audience in Iran and other Persian speakers in the Middle East and it was co-owned by the National Geographic Society/Fox International Channels. Despite the channels shutdown, the Persian edition of the National Geographic magazine, the channel was shut down on May 1,2013 on a short notice in Persian that was published on the channels Facebook page. We hope that in the future we will be able to join you again, although the channel is shutdown, its official and social media sites remain online, albeit inactive
