1.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
2.
History of Argentina
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Prehistory in the present territory of Argentina began with the first human settlements on the southern tip of Patagonia around 13,000 years ago. Written history began with the arrival of Spanish chroniclers in the expedition of Juan Díaz de Solís in 1516 to the Río de la Plata, which marks the beginning of Spanish domination in this region. With the declaration of independence on July 9,1816 and the defeat of the Spanish Empire in 1824. The area now known as Argentina was relatively sparsely populated until the period of European colonization, the earliest traces of human life are dated from the Paleolithic period, and there are further signs in the Mesolithic and Neolithic. However, large areas of the interior and Piedmont were apparently depopulated during a dry period between 4000 and 2000 B. C. The second group could be found in the Pampa and south of Patagonia, and the one included the Charrúas and Minuane people. The Guaraníes had expanded across large areas of South America, the Toba nation and the Diaguita which included the Calchaqui and the Quilmes lived in the North and the Comechingones in what is today the province of Cordoba. The Charrua, yaros, Bohanes and Chanás were located in the territory of Entre Ríos. Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 Portuguese voyage of Gonçalo Coelho and they also traveled as far south as the Gulf of San Matias at 42ºS, on the northern shores of Patagonia. The Spanish, led by Juan Díaz de Solís, visited the territory which is now Argentina in 1516, in 1536 Pedro de Mendoza established a small settlement at the modern location of Buenos Aires, which was abandoned in 1541. A second one was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay and those regions were part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, whose capital was Lima, and settlers arrived from that city. Unlike the other regions of South America, the colonization of the Río de la Plata estuary was not influenced by any gold rush, the Spanish raised the status of this region by establishing the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. This viceroyalty consisted of todays Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, the viceroyalty was, however, short-lived due to lack of internal cohesion among its many regions and lack of Spanish support. Ships from Spain became scarce again after the Spanish defeat at the battle of Trafalgar, the British tried to invade Buenos Aires and Montevideo in 1806 and 1807, but were defeated both times by Santiago de Liniers. Those victories, achieved without help from mainland Spain, boosted the confidence of the city, the beginning of the Peninsular War in Spain and the capture of the Spanish king Ferdinand VII created great concern all around the viceroyalty. It was thought that, without a King, people in America should rule themselves and this idea led to multiple attempts to remove the local authorities at Chuquisaca, La Paz, Montevideo and Buenos Aires, all of which were short-lived. A new successful attempt, the May Revolution of 1810, took place when it was reported all of Spain, with the exception of Cádiz. The May Revolution ousted the viceroy, other forms of government, such as a constitutional monarchy or a Regency were briefly considered
3.
Avenida Santa Fe
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Avenida Santa Fe is one of the principal thoroughfares in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Upscale Alto Palermo, at Avenida Coronel Díaz, is one of the citys best-known vertical malls, Avenida Santa Fe is also an attraction for its architecture, strongly reminiscent of Paris. Its name pays homage to the province in Argentina. First laid out in colonial Buenos Aires as San Gregorio Street in 1774, following the British invasions of the Río de la Plata in 1806, it was renamed for one of the popular heroes of the invasions defeat, Pío Rodríguez. The declaration of autonomy from the Spanish Empire in 1810 led city officials to rename it Calle Estrecha, a 1967 ordinance made the avenue a one-way thoroughfare, west to east. Santa Fe Avenue officially begins on the end of Plaza San Martín. The avenue affords a view of the Art Deco Kavanagh building and Plaza Hotel and passes by the former Haedo and Paz palaces before leaving the plazas leafy surroundings. It continues westward along the Retiro area, passing by the Brunetta Building and through the massive Avenida 9 de Julio, the Greek Revivalist Argentine Scientific Society and the Art Deco Regina Theatre follow and, past Avenida Callao, Santa Fe Avenue enters its Recoleta stretch. This stretch of the thoroughfare is considered one of the main shopping districts in the city. Just past Callao Avenue, the former Grand Splendid Theatre was converted in 2000 into the El Ateneo Grand Splendid bookstore, past Pueyrredón Avenue, Line of the Buenos Aires Underground was laid out underneath Santa Fe in the 1920s. The availability of frequent subway stations past this point has helped maintain the more residential setting of the stretches of the avenue. Past Coronel Díaz Avenue, the avenue provides access to the Alto Palermo Shopping Center. Entering the Palermo district, it continues past the Buenos Aires Zoo, the Botanical Garden and Plaza Italia, the avenue continues past the Argentine Rural Societys ornate exposition grounds and into the Carranza Viaduct, where it becomes Cabildo Avenue. Shopping and strolling through Avenida Santa Fe
4.
Buenos Aires Botanical Garden
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The Buenos Aires Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located in the Palermo neighborhood of Buenos Aires in Argentina. The garden is triangular in shape, and is bounded by Santa Fe Avenue, Las Heras Avenue, designed by French architect and landscape designer Carlos Thays, the garden was inaugurated on September 7,1898. Thays and his family lived in an English style mansion, located within the gardens, the mansion, built in 1881, is currently the main building of the complex. The park has three distinct landscape gardening styles, the symmetric, the mixed and the picturesque, recreated in the Roman, French and Oriental gardens. This holds species of tree that the first century Roman botanist Pliny the Younger had in his villa in the Apennine mountains, such as cypresses, poplars and this has a symmetric French style of the 17th and 18th century. There are an abundant collection of flora from Argentina and the Southern Cone present in the design, such as Araucaria and Blue Patagonian Spruce, in other sections plant species are systematically ordered by their taxonomic qualification. There are also other plantae from the Americas, such as sequoias from United States and Palo Borracho Chorisia speciosa, also called Floss silk tree from Brazil and Northern Argentina. Within the garden is the Municipal Gardening School Cristóbal María Hicken, the garden also contains 33 artistic works including sculptures, busts and monuments. Among these are Los primeros Fríos by the Catalan sculptor Blay y Fábregas, Sagunto by Querol y Subirats, Figura de mujer by Lola Mora, and Saturnalia made in bronze by Ernesto Biondi. Other attractions include the five winter-houses, the biggest of which is in Art Nouveau style and it has a length of 35 m, a width of 8 metres, contains 2500 tropical plants and is considered to be the only winter-house in that style still conserved in the world. There is also a monument entitled Indicador Meteorológico, designed by José Markovich, the Botanic Library has 1,000 books and 10,000 publications from all parts of the world, which are freely available to visitors. The park also contains a Botanical Museum, in recent years, the Botanical Garden has become home to a large population of cats. The cats are not feral animals born in the Garden, but are all domestic cats abandoned there by owners who wished for reasons to get rid of their household cats. Garden authorities and security personnel have so far unable to check the regular abandonment of unwanted household cats. Projects to remove the cats have been rejected due to objection from neighbors, removal of the existing cats would not solve the problem of the cat population in the Garden, since, in summer, abandonment rates are as high as one cat per day. Thanks to the dedication of volunteers in the animal protection community who formed a voluntary committee, a humane temporary solution became possible
5.
San Telmo, Buenos Aires
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San Telmo is the oldest barrio of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is an area of the Argentine metropolis and is characterized by its colonial buildings. Cafes, tango parlors and antique shops line the cobblestone streets, a street named the Illuminated Block is where many of these important historical buildings can be found. San Telmos attractions include old churches, museums, antique stores, tango-related activities for both locals and tourists are in the area. The bulk of the exports of wool, hides and leather were prepared and stored here in colonial times. Their presence led to the first residential settlements in this area, previously separated from Buenos Aires proper by a ravine, the area was formally incorporated into the city in 1708 as the Ovens and Storehouses of San Pedro. The void left by the Jesuits departure was addressed by the 1806 establishment of the Parish of San Pedro González Telmo and this move failed to replace the lost social institutions, however, and San Telmo languished well after Argentine independence in 1816. San Telmo began to improve despite these challenges, particularly after Rosas removal from power in 1852 and this promising era ended abruptly when an epidemic of yellow fever struck the area in 1871. At first hundreds of properties became vacant, most large homes, though, became tenement housing during the wave of immigration into Argentina from Europe between 1875 and 1930. San Telmo became the most multicultural neighborhood in Buenos Aires, home to communities of British, Galician, Italian. The large numbers of Russians in San Telmo and elsewhere in Buenos Aires led to the consecration of Argentinas first Russian Orthodox Church in 1901, expanding industry to the south also led a German immigrant, Otto Krause, to open a technical school here in 1897. San Telmos bohemian air began attracting local artists after upwardly-mobile immigrants left the area and this soon became one of the citys best-known tango music halls, helping lead to a cultural and economic revival in San Telmo. As most of San Telmos 19th century architecture and cobblestone streets remain, a great number of contemporary art galleries, art spaces and museums are located in this area. In 2005 the gallery and artist-run space Appetite opened and the Argentine public and media immediately noticed the crowds attending its openings, other art galleries began setting up in this neighborhood and it became a Mecca of contemporary art. A few months later the New York Times said that To find Appetite, many media remarked the transformation of San Telmo into a destination for contemporary art lovers, such as the newspaper La Nacion which counted around 30 galleries and art centers in 2008. Later that year, the newspaper published another article that started. San Telmo Art District is born, San Telmo, Buenos Aires Barriada, San Telmo A brief historical description
6.
Juan Manuel de Rosas
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Juan Manuel de Rosas, nicknamed Restorer of the Laws, was a politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation. Although born into a family, Rosas independently amassed a personal fortune. Rosas enlisted his workers in a militia, as was common for rural proprietors. Victorious in warfare, personally influential, and with vast landholdings and he eventually reached the rank of brigadier general, the highest in the Argentine army, and became the undisputed leader of the Federalist Party. In December 1829, Rosas became governor of the province of Buenos Aires, in 1831, he signed the Federal Pact, recognising provincial autonomy and creating the Argentine Confederation. When his term of office ended in 1832, Rosas departed to the frontier to wage war on the indigenous peoples, after his supporters launched a coup in Buenos Aires, Rosas was asked to return and once again took office as governor. Rosas reestablished his dictatorship and formed the repressive Mazorca, an armed parapolice that killed thousands of citizens, elections became a farce, and the legislature and judiciary became docile instruments of his will. Rosas created a cult of personality and his regime became totalitarian in nature, Rosas faced many threats to his power during the late 1830s and early 1840s. Rosas persevered and extended his influence in the provinces, exercising control over them through direct and indirect means. By 1848, he had extended his power beyond the borders of Buenos Aires and was ruler of all of Argentina, Rosas also attempted to annex the neighbouring nations of Uruguay and Paraguay. When the Empire of Brazil began aiding Uruguay in its struggle against Argentina, Rosas declared war in August 1851 and this short conflict ended with the defeat of Rosas and his flight to Britain. His last years were spent in living as a tenant farmer until his death in 1877. Rosas garnered a public perception among Argentines as a brutal tyrant. In 1989, his remains were repatriated by the government in an attempt to promote unity, seeking forgiveness for him. Rosas remains a figure in Argentina in the 21st century. Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas was born on 30 March 1793 at his familys house in Buenos Aires. He was the first child of León Ortiz de Rosas and Agustina López de Osornio, León Ortiz was the son of an immigrant from the Spanish Province of Burgos. A military officer with a career, León Ortiz had married into a wealthy Criollo family
7.
Lezama Park
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Lezama Park is a public park in the San Telmo district of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Historians believe the parks eastern barranca to have been the site of Spanish Conquistador Pedro de Mendozas landing on what became the first, well to the south of the colonial hamlet, the land was first purchased by Manuel Gallego y Valcárcel around 1790. Following his 1894 passing, Lezamas widow sold the 8 hectare estate to the city for a token sum, the Canale Biscuit Company factory, a leading neighborhood employer when it opened in 1910, was converted into an arts and commercial complex in 2006. The 1930s saw the removal of the gates, as well as the addition of monuments such as the one to Pedro de Mendoza. Lezama Park began to show its age in recent decades, a development dramatized by the theft of a number of the parks many decorative urns, mayor Mauricio Macri announced works to restore the park in 2008. The plan included the reintroduction of perimeter gates modeled on the originals, delays in its implementation, coupled with the growing number of street vendors, continued to blight the park, however. Buenosaires. gov Pagina/12, El futuro del Parque Lezama está en su historia
8.
Manuel Belgrano
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Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano, usually referred to as Manuel Belgrano, was an Argentine economist, lawyer, politician, and military leader. He took part in the Argentine Wars of Independence and created the Flag of Argentina and he is regarded as one of the main Libertadores of the country. Belgrano was born in Buenos Aires, the child of Italian businessman Domingo Belgrano y Peri. He came into contact with the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment while at university in Spain around the time of the French Revolution and this rejection led him to work towards a greater autonomy for his country from the Spanish colonial regime. He favoured the May Revolution, which removed the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros from power on 25 May 1810 and he was elected as a voting member of the Primera Junta that took power after the ouster. As a delegate for the Junta, he led the ill-fated Paraguay campaign and his troops were defeated by Bernardo de Velasco at the battles of Campichuelo and Paraguarí. Though he was defeated, the initiated the chain of events that led to the Independence of Paraguay in May 1811. He retreated to the vicinity of Rosario, to fortify it against a possible royalist attack from the Eastern Band of the Uruguay River, while there, he created the flag of Argentina. The First Triumvirate did not approve the flag, but because of communications, Belgrano would only learn of that many weeks later. His counter-offensive at the Battle of Tucumán resulted in a key strategic victory, by then, the Asamblea del Año XIII had approved the use of Belgranos flag as the national war flag. Belgrano then went on a mission to Europe along with Bernardino Rivadavia to seek support for the revolutionary government. He returned in time to part in the Congress of Tucumán. He promoted the Inca plan to create a monarchy with an Inca descendant as Head of State. This proposal had the support of San Martín, Martín Miguel de Güemes, and many provincial delegates, the Congress of Tucumán approved the use of his flag as the national flag. When Buenos Aires was about to be invaded by José Gervasio Artigas and Estanislao López, he moved the Army southwards, Belgrano died of dropsy on 20 June 1820. His last words reportedly were, ¡Ay, Patria mía. Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano was born in Buenos Aires on 3 June 1770, at his fathers house. It was located near the Santo Domingo convent, at Santo Domingo street, though the city was still rather small, the Belgranos lived at one of the wealthiest neighbourhoods. Manuel Belgrano was baptised at the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Cathedral the following day, as he was born in the Americas he was considered a criollo, a social class below the Peninsulars
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