1.
Unincorporated area
–
Occasionally, municipalities dissolve or disincorporate, which may happen if they become fiscally insolvent, and services become the responsibility of a higher administration. In some countries, such as in Brazil, Japan, France or the United Kingdom, unlike many other countries, Australia has only one level of local government immediately beneath state and territorial governments. A local government area often contains several towns and even entire cities, thus, aside from very sparsely populated areas and a few other special cases, almost all of Australia is part of an LGA. Unincorporated areas are often in locations, cover vast areas or have very small populations. Postal addresses in unincorporated areas, as in parts of Australia. Thus, there is any ambiguity regarding addresses in unincorporated areas. The Australian Capital Territory has no municipalities and is in some sense an unincorporated area, the territorial government is directly responsible for matters normally carried out by local government. The far west and north of New South Wales constitutes the Unincorporated Far West Region, a civil servant in the state capital manages such matters as are necessary. The second unincorporated area of state is Lord Howe Island. In the Northern Territory,1. 45% of the area and 4. In South Australia, 60% of the area is unincorporated and communities located within can receive services provided by a state agency. Firstly, the remote area that is unincorporated is the Abrolhos Islands. Secondly, the unincorporated areas are A-class reserves either in, or close to. In Canada, depending on the province, a settlement is one that does not have a municipal council that governs solely over the settlement. It is usually, but not always, part of a municipal government. This can range from hamlets to large urbanized areas that are similar in size to towns. In British Columbia, unincorporated settlements lie outside municipal boundaries entirely, Unincorporated settlements with a population of between 100 and 1,000 residents may have the status of designated place in Canadian census data. In some provinces, large tracts of undeveloped wilderness or rural country are unorganized areas that fall directly under the provincial jurisdiction
2.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
U.S. state
–
A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
4.
Texas
–
Texas is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population. Other major cities include Austin, the second most populous state capital in the U. S. Texas is nicknamed the Lone Star State to signify its former status as an independent republic, and as a reminder of the states struggle for independence from Mexico. The Lone Star can be found on the Texan state flag, the origin of Texass name is from the word Tejas, which means friends in the Caddo language. Due to its size and geologic features such as the Balcones Fault, although Texas is popularly associated with the U. S. southwestern deserts, less than 10 percent of Texas land area is desert. Most of the centers are located in areas of former prairies, grasslands, forests. Traveling from east to west, one can observe terrain that ranges from coastal swamps and piney woods, to rolling plains and rugged hills, the term six flags over Texas refers to several nations that have ruled over the territory. Spain was the first European country to claim the area of Texas, Mexico controlled the territory until 1836 when Texas won its independence, becoming an independent Republic. In 1845, Texas joined the United States as the 28th state, the states annexation set off a chain of events that caused the Mexican–American War in 1846. A slave state before the American Civil War, Texas declared its secession from the U. S. in early 1861, after the Civil War and the restoration of its representation in the federal government, Texas entered a long period of economic stagnation. One Texan industry that thrived after the Civil War was cattle, due to its long history as a center of the industry, Texas is associated with the image of the cowboy. The states economic fortunes changed in the early 20th century, when oil discoveries initiated a boom in the state. With strong investments in universities, Texas developed a diversified economy, as of 2010 it shares the top of the list of the most Fortune 500 companies with California at 57. With a growing base of industry, the leads in many industries, including agriculture, petrochemicals, energy, computers and electronics, aerospace. Texas has led the nation in export revenue since 2002 and has the second-highest gross state product. The name Texas, based on the Caddo word tejas meaning friends or allies, was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves, during Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas, La Provincia de Texas. Texas is the second largest U. S. state, behind Alaska, though 10 percent larger than France and almost twice as large as Germany or Japan, it ranks only 27th worldwide amongst country subdivisions by size. If it were an independent country, Texas would be the 40th largest behind Chile, Texas is in the south central part of the United States of America. Three of its borders are defined by rivers, the Rio Grande forms a natural border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south
5.
Austin County, Texas
–
Austin County is a county in the U. S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,417, the county is named for Stephen F. Austin, who facilitated the Anglo American colonization of Texas and is known as the Father of Texas. Austin County is included in the Houston-The Woodlands-Sugar Land, TX Metropolitan Statistical Area, Austin County is not to be confused with the city of Austin, the state capital city that lies in Travis County approximately 110 miles to the northwest. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 656 square miles. The population density was 36 people per square mile, there were 10,205 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 80. 22% White,10. 64% Black or African American,0. 28% Native American,0. 29% Asian,6. 99% from other races,16. 13% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 26. 9% were of German,8. 8% American,8. 0% Czech,6. 4% English and 5. 0% Irish ancestry according to Census 2000. 22. 80% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.67 and the average family size was 3.14. In the county, the population was out with 27. 00% under the age of 18,8. 10% from 18 to 24,26. 40% from 25 to 44,23. 70% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 96.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.90 males, the median income for a household in the county was $38,615, and the median income for a family was $46,342. Males had an income of $32,455 versus $22,142 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,140, about 8. 80% of families and 12. 10% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13. 70% of those under age 18 and 14. 40% of those age 65 or over. District 18, Lois Kolkhorst – first elected in 2006, district 13, Lois Kolkhorst – first elected in 2000. County Judge, Tim Lapham Tax Assessor-Collector, Marcus A. Peña – first elected in 2012. S, Highway 90 State Highway 36 State Highway 159 The TTC-69 component of the once-planned Trans-Texas Corridor went through Austin County
6.
Central Time Zone
–
The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
7.
Daylight saving time
–
Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
8.
UTC-5
–
UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
9.
Geographic Names Information System
–
It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
10.
Bellville, Texas
–
Bellville is a city in the U. S. state of Texas and the seat of Austin County. The citys population was 4,097 at the 2010 census, Bellville was named for Thomas B. Bell, one of Stephen F. Austins earliest colonists, after he, the original county seat was located in San Felipe. Bellville is located at the intersection of State Highway 36 and State Highway 159 as well as FM529, FM1456 and it is home to Trump Cafe, a restaurant named in honor of President Donald Trump. Bellville is located in southern Austin County at 29°56′50″N 96°15′31″W, Sealy, along Interstate 10, is 10 miles to the south, Hempstead is 15 miles to the northeast, and Brenham is 18 miles to the northwest. Downtown Houston is 64 miles to the southeast via Sealy and Interstate 10, according to the United States Census Bureau, Bellville has a total area of 2.7 square miles, all of it land. As of the census of 2000, there were 3,794 people,1,425 households, the population density was 1,452.0 people per square mile. There were 1,566 housing units at a density of 599.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 81. 89% White,11. 68% African American,0. 40% Native American,0. 34% Asian,3. 95% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 97% of the population. 27. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 15. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 3.11. In the city, the population was out with 26. 4% under the age of 18,8. 3% from 18 to 24,25. 3% from 25 to 44,20. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $40,806, and the median income for a family was $49,730. Males had an income of $36,719 versus $21,685 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,671, about 4. 5% of families and 8. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 9% of those under age 18 and 8. 1% of those age 65 or over. Bellville Independent School District serves Bellville, the Köppen Climate System describes the weather as humid subtropical, and uses the abbreviation Cfa
11.
Industry, Texas
–
Industry is a town in Austin County, Texas, United States, at the junction of State Highway 159 and Farm to Market Road 109. The population was 304 at the 2010 census, Industry was the first permanent German settlement in Texas. Friedrich Ernst, Industrys founder, settled here in 1831 and gained Industry the title Cradle of German Settlement in Texas, Industry is located at 29°58′3″N 96°29′50″W at the intersection of east-west running SH159 and FM109 which goes north and south. The county seat at Bellville is 15.6 miles east-southeast on SH159 while Fayetteville is 12.6 miles west-southwest on the same highway. New Ulm is 5.8 miles to the south on FM109, while a trip 13.3 miles to the north and northeast on the road will take one to State Highway 36 in Brenham. West End Elementary School is within the city limits. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 1.08 square miles, of which 1.07 square miles is land and 0.015 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 304 persons,142 households, the population density was 291.0 people per square mile. There were 142 housing units at a density of 135.9 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 41% White,19. 74% African American,9. 21% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 53% of the population. 26. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 16. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 3.11. In the city, the population was out with 26. 0% under the age of 18,9. 5% from 18 to 24,23. 7% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 101.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males, the median income for a household in the city was $30,625, and the median income for a family was $38,750. Males had an income of $25,500 versus $23,542 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,294. About 15. 8% of families and 22. 4% of the population were below the poverty line, Industry is within the Bellville Independent School District. Industry students are zoned to West End Elementary School, Bellville Junior High School, lucas Luetge, major league baseball player City of Industry official website Handbook of Texas Online article
12.
American Civil War
–
The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
13.
Bohemia
–
Bohemia is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic. Bohemia was a duchy of Great Moravia, later an independent principality, a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire, and subsequently a part of the Habsburg Monarchy, after World War I and the establishment of an independent Czechoslovak state, Bohemia became a part of Czechoslovakia. Between 1938 and 1945, border regions with sizeable German-speaking minorities of all three Czech lands were joined to Nazi Germany as the Sudetenland, in 1990, the name was changed to the Czech Republic, which become a separate state in 1993 with the dissolution of Czechoslovakia. Until 1948, Bohemia was a unit of Czechoslovakia as one of its lands. Bohemia was bordered in the south by Upper and Lower Austria, in the west by Bavaria and in the north by Saxony and Lusatia, in the northeast by Silesia, and in the east by Moravia. In the 2nd century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern Italy, the Romans defeated the Boii at the Battle of Placentia and the Battle of Mutina. After this, many of the Boii retreated north across the Alps, much later Roman authors refer to the area they had once occupied as Boiohaemum. The earliest mention was by Tacitus Germania 28, and later mentions of the name are in Strabo. The name appears to include the tribal name Boi- plus the Germanic element *haimaz home and this Boiohaemum was apparently isolated to the area where King Marobods kingdom was centred, within the Hercynian forest. The Czech name Čechy is derived from the name of the Slavic ethnic group, the Czechs, Bohemia, like neighbouring Bavaria, is named after the Boii, who were a large Celtic nation known to the Romans for their migrations and settlement in northern Italy and other places. Another part of the nation moved west with the Helvetii into southern France, to the south, over the Danube, the Romans extended their empire, and to the southeast in Hungaria, were Sarmatian peoples. In the area of modern Bohemia the Marcomanni and other Suebic groups were led by their king Marobodus and he took advantage of the natural defenses provided by its mountains and forests. In late classical times and the early Middle Ages, two new Suebic groupings appeared to the west of Bohemia in southern Germany, the Alemanni, many Suebic tribes from the Bohemian region took part in such movements westwards, even settling as far away as Spain and Portugal. With them were also tribes who had pushed from the east, such as the Vandals, other groups pushed southwards towards Pannonia. These are precursors of todays Czechs, though the amount of Slavic immigration is a subject of debate. The Slavic influx was divided into two or three waves, the first wave came from the southeast and east, when the Germanic Lombards left Bohemia. Soon after, from the 630s to 660s, the territory was taken by Samos tribal confederation and his death marked the end of the old Slavonic confederation, the second attempt to establish such a Slavonic union after Carantania in Carinthia. Other sources divide the population of Bohemia at this time into the Merehani, Marharaii, Beheimare, Christianity first appeared in the early 9th century, but only became dominant much later, in the 10th or 11th century
14.
Post office
–
A post office is a customer service facility forming part of a national postal system. Post offices offer mail-related services such as acceptance of letters and parcels, provision of post office boxes, and sale of stamps, packaging. In addition, many post offices offer services, providing and accepting government forms, processing government services and fees. The chief administrator of a post office is a postmaster, prior to the advent of postal and ZIP codes, postal systems would route items to a specific post office for receipt or delivery. The term post office or post-office has been in use since the 1650s, in early Modern England, post riders – mounted couriers – were placed every few hours along post roads at posting houses or post houses between major cities. These stables or inns permitted important correspondence to travel without delay, in early America, post offices were also known as stations. This term and post house fell from use as horse and coach service was replaced by railways, aircraft, today, post office usually refers to postal facilities providing customer service. The term General Post Office is sometimes used for the headquarters of a postal service. A postal facility that is used exclusively for processing mail is known as sorting office or delivery office. Integrated facilities combining mail processing with railway stations or airports are known as mail exchanges, there is evidence of corps of royal couriers disseminating the decrees of the Egyptian pharaohs as early as 2,400 BC and the service may greatly precede even that date. Similarly, organized systems of posthouses providing swift mounted courier service seems quite ancient, certainly, by the time of the Persian Empire, a system of Chapar-Khaneh existed along the Royal Road. The 2nd-Century BC Mauryan and Han dynasties established similar systems in India, suetonius credited Augustus with regularizing the Roman network, the cursus publicus. Local officials were obliged to provide couriers who would be responsible for their messages entire course, locally maintained post houses privately owned rest houses were obliged or honored to care for them along their way. Diocletian later established two parallel systems, one providing fresh horses or mules for urgent correspondence and another providing sturdy oxen for bulk shipments, procopius, though not unbiased, records that this system remained largely intact was dismantled in the surviving empire by Justinian in the 6th Century. The Princely House of Thurn and Taxis initiated regular mail service from Brussels in the 16th century, the British Postal Museum claims that the oldest functioning post office in the world is on High Street in Sanquhar, Scotland. This post office has functioned continuously since 1712, an era in which horses, in parts of Europe, special postal censorship offices existed to intercept and censor mail. In France, such offices were known as cabinets noirs, in many jurisdictions, mail boxes and post office boxes have long been in widespread use for dropoff and pickup of mail and small packages outside of post offices or when offices are closed. Deutsche Post introduced the Packstation for package delivery in 2001, in the 2000s, the United States Postal Service began to install Automated Postal Centers in many locations both in post offices and in retail locations
15.
United States Geological Survey
–
The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its resources. The organization has four science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology. The USGS is a research organization with no regulatory responsibility. The USGS is a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior, the USGS employs approximately 8,670 people and is headquartered in Reston, Virginia. The USGS also has major offices near Lakewood, Colorado, at the Denver Federal Center, the current motto of the USGS, in use since August 1997, is science for a changing world. The agencys previous slogan, adopted on the occasion of its anniversary, was Earth Science in the Public Service. Prompted by a report from the National Academy of Sciences, the USGS was created, by a last-minute amendment and it was charged with the classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain. This task was driven by the need to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the legislation also provided that the Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler surveys be discontinued as of June 30,1879. Clarence King, the first director of USGS, assembled the new organization from disparate regional survey agencies, after a short tenure, King was succeeded in the directors chair by John Wesley Powell. Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units, Other specific programs include, Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. The National Earthquake Information Center in Golden, Colorado on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines detects the location, the USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the United States under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System. The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and it also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards, USGS has released the UCERF California earthquake forecast. The USGS National Geomagnetism Program monitors the magnetic field at magnetic observatories and distributes magnetometer data in real time, the USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages. Real-time streamflow data are available online, since 1962, the Astrogeology Research Program has been involved in global, lunar, and planetary exploration and mapping. USGS operates a number of related programs, notably the National Streamflow Information Program. USGS Water data is available from their National Water Information System database
16.
Google
–
Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
17.
Google Maps
–
Google Maps is a web mapping service developed by Google. It offers satellite imagery, street maps, 360° panoramic views of streets, real-time traffic conditions, Google maps began as a C++ desktop program designed by Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen at Where 2 Technologies. In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google, which converted it into a web application, after additional acquisitions of a geospatial data visualization company and a realtime traffic analyzer, Google Maps was launched in February 2005. The services front end utilizes JavaScript, XML, and Ajax, Google Maps offers an API that allows maps to be embedded on third-party websites, and offers a locator for urban businesses and other organizations in numerous countries around the world. Google Map Maker allows users to expand and update the services mapping worldwide. Much of the satellite imagery is no more than three years old and is updated on a regular basis. Google Maps uses a variant of the Mercator projection. The current redesigned version of the application was made available in 2013. Google Maps for mobile was released in September 2008 and features GPS turn-by-turn navigation, in August 2013, it was determined to be the worlds most popular app for smartphones, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it at least once. In 2012, Google reported having over 7,100 employees, Google Maps provides a route planner under Get Directions. Up to four modes of transportation are available depending on the area, driving, public transit, walking, in combination with Google Street View, issues such as parking, turning lanes, and one-way streets can be viewed before traveling. China mainland, Hong Kong, Macau, Jordan, Lebanon, only public transit directions are provided for South Korea. All countries of mainland North and Central America are covered contiguously, all countries of mainland South America are covered. All countries including Trinidad and Tobago* are treated contiguously, all inhabited countries and territories in the Caribbean are covered, though in general there are no connections between islands. Like many other Google web applications, Google Maps uses JavaScript extensively, as the user drags the map, the grid squares are downloaded from the server and inserted into the page. When a user searches for a business, the results are downloaded in the background for insertion into the panel and map. Locations are drawn dynamically by positioning a red pin on top of the map images, a hidden IFrame with form submission is used because it preserves browser history. The site also uses JSON for data rather than XML
18.
County seat
–
A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
19.
City
–
A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, a big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas. Once a city expands far enough to another city, this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the world, in terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai. There is not enough evidence to assert what conditions gave rise to the first cities, some theorists have speculated on what they consider suitable pre-conditions and basic mechanisms that might have been important driving forces. The conventional view holds that cities first formed after the Neolithic revolution, the Neolithic revolution brought agriculture, which made denser human populations possible, thereby supporting city development. The advent of farming encouraged hunter-gatherers to abandon nomadic lifestyles and to settle near others who lived by agricultural production, the increased population density encouraged by farming and the increased output of food per unit of land created conditions that seem more suitable for city-like activities. In his book, Cities and Economic Development, Paul Bairoch takes up position in his argument that agricultural activity appears necessary before true cities can form. According to Vere Gordon Childe, for a settlement to qualify as a city, it must have enough surplus of raw materials to support trade and a relatively large population. To illustrate this point, Bairoch offers an example, Western Europe during the pre-Neolithic, when the cost of transport is taken into account, the figure rises to 200,000 square kilometres. Bairoch noted that this is roughly the size of Great Britain, the urban theorist Jane Jacobs suggests that city formation preceded the birth of agriculture, but this view is not widely accepted. In his book City Economics, Brendan OFlaherty asserts Cities could persist—as they have for thousands of years—only if their advantages offset the disadvantages, OFlaherty illustrates two similar attracting advantages known as increasing returns to scale and economies of scale, which are concepts usually associated with businesses. Their applications are seen in more basic economic systems as well, increasing returns to scale occurs when doubling all inputs more than doubles the output an activity has economies of scale if doubling output less than doubles cost. To offer an example of these concepts, OFlaherty makes use of one of the oldest reasons why cities were built, in this example, the inputs are anything that would be used for protection and the output is the area protected and everything of value contained in it. OFlaherty then asks that we suppose the protected area is square, the advantage is expressed as, O = s 2, where O is the output and s stands for the length of a side. This equation shows that output is proportional to the square of the length of a side, the inputs depend on the length of the perimeter, I =4 s, where I stands for the quantity of inputs. So there are increasing returns to scale, O = I2 /16 and this equation shows that with twice the inputs, you produce quadruple the output
20.
Sealy, Texas
–
Sealy is a city in Austin County in southeastern Texas, United States, within the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area. The population was 6,019 at the 2010 census, Sealy is located 50 miles west of the downtown Houston area. Sealy is located at 29°46′27″N 96°9′27″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.5 square miles, of which,13.38 square miles of it is land and 0.16 square miles is water. Sealy is 50 miles west of Downtown Houston, san Felipe, Texas, sold part of its original 22, 000-acre township to the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railroad to create Sealy in 1879. Sealy gets its name after business tycoon and majority stock holder of the GCSF RR, in 1881, Daniel Haynes, a cotton gin builder, filled a request for a cotton-filled mattress which started a company. He named this the Sealy Mattress Company after the town, business grew exponentially, which led to more innovation and several patents, such as a machine that compressed cotton. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,248 people,1,882 households, the population density was 759.3 people per square mile. There were 2,077 housing units at a density of 300.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 75. 1% White,12. 3% African American,0. 30% Native American,0. 55% Asian,12. 88% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 30. 43% of the population. 24. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.75 and the average family size was 3.30. In the city, the population was out with 30. 2% under the age of 18,9. 3% from 18 to 24,28. 9% from 25 to 44,19. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 33 years, for every 100 females there were 91.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.8 males, the median income for a household in the city was $34,277, and the median income for a family was $40,348. Males had an income of $28,720 versus $20,793 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,986, about 11. 2% of families and 15. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18. 9% of those under age 18 and 13. 5% of those age 65 or over. People who live in Sealy are zoned to schools in Sealy Independent School District, the schools in Sealy ISD are Selman Elementary School, Selman Intermediate School, Sealy Junior High School, and Sealy High School. All of the schools are in Sealy, blinn College has a Sealy Campus located along Interstate 10 east of State Highway 36. The Greyhound Bus Lines operates the Sealy Station at Mazac Muffler City AC
21.
Wallis, Texas
–
Wallis is a city in far southeastern Austin County, Texas, United States. The city is located along State Highway 36 and the BNSF Railway between Rosenberg and Sealy, the citys population was 1,252 at the 2010 census. Wallis is located at 29°37′50″N 96°3′46″W, SH36 heads northwest from Wallis to Sealy in Austin County and east-southeast from Wallis to Rosenberg in Fort Bend County. The BNSF Railway runs parallel with SH36 on the side of the highway. State Highway 60 starts in the west part of Wallis and goes south to East Bernard, farm to Market Road 1093 continues northeast to Simonton in Fort Bend County and west-southwest to Eagle Lake in Colorado County. Farm to Market Road 1952 begins in the east part of Wallis and goes south, the Google Maps service shows one Catholic, two Lutheran and one Baptist churches in Wallis. A number of businesses operate in the city including Wallis State Bank, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.5 square miles, of which 0.015 square miles, or 0. 92%, is water. In 1830 the first Anglo-Americans made their homes in the area between the Brazos and San Bernard rivers, when the settlement got a post office in 1873, its name was Bovine Bend. Sometime after 1880, the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway was constructed through the community from Galveston to Brenham, at that time, the town was renamed Wallis Station after J. E. Wallis, the director of the railroad. In 1887 the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway, being built east toward Houston, starting in about 1890, Czech immigrants began moving into the area. By 1904 there were 631 souls living in Wallis, in 1911, the town dropped Station from its name to become Wallis. Seven years later its school had 100 students, between 1925 and 1943 the population grew from 800 to 900. By the latter year the town boasted 39 businesses, after declining to 690 in 1949, the number of inhabitants increased to 1,075 by 1966. A decade later, the city claimed to have a bank, library, in 1991 there were 1,411 people and 15 commercial establishments. The population declined to 1,311 in 2000 and to 1,252 in 2010, in 2013 the BNSF Railway still operated along the one-time Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway right-of-way, while the east-west railroad line no longer existed. As of the census of 2000, there were 1,172 people,422 households, the population density was 767.7 people per square mile. There were 455 housing units at a density of 298. 0/sq mi. The racial makeup of the city was 71. 50% White,13. 74% African American,0. 43% Native American,0. 09% Pacific Islander,10. 92% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 23. 38% of the population
22.
Town
–
A town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size definition for what constitutes a town varies considerably in different parts of the world, the word town shares an origin with the German word Zaun, the Dutch word tuin, and the Old Norse tun. The German word Zaun comes closest to the meaning of the word. An early borrowing from Celtic *dunom, in English and Dutch, the meaning of the word took on the sense of the space which these fences enclosed. In England, a town was a community that could not afford or was not allowed to build walls or other larger fortifications. In the Netherlands, this space was a garden, more specifically those of the wealthy, in Old Norse tun means a place between farmhouses, and is still used in a similar meaning in modern Norwegian. If there was any distinction between toun and burgh as claimed by some, it did not last in practice as burghs, for example, Edina Burgh or Edinburgh was built around a fort and eventually came to have a defensive wall. In some cases, town is a name for city or village. Sometimes, the town is short for township. A places population size is not a determinant of urban character. In many areas of the world, as in India at least until recent times, in the United Kingdom, there are historical cities that are far smaller than the larger towns. Some forms of settlement, such as temporary mining locations, may be clearly non-rural. Towns often exist as governmental units, with legally defined borders. In the United States these are referred to as incorporated towns, in other cases the town lacks its own governance and is said to be unincorporated. Note that the existence of a town may be legally set forth through other means. In the case of planned communities, the town exists legally in the form of covenants on the properties within the town. Australian geographer Thomas Griffith Taylor proposed a classification of towns based on their age, although there is no official use of the term for any settlement. In Albanian qytezë means small city or new city, while in ancient times small residential center within the walls of a castle
23.
San Felipe, Texas
–
San Felipe, also known as San Felipe de Austin, is a town in Austin County, Texas, United States. The town was the social, economic, and political center of the early Stephen F. Austin colony, the population was 747 at the 2010 census. San Felipe is located in eastern Austin County at 29°47′40″N 96°6′17″W, the town limits extend south below Interstate 10, with access at Exit 723. Sealy is 3 miles to the west, and downtown Houston is 46 miles to the east, Stephen F. Austin State Park is located in the northern part of the town. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 8.7 square miles. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, San Felipe has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. San Felipe is served by the Sealy Independent School District, in 1823 John McFarland operated a ferry on the Brazos River near this location. In the fall of same year, the site was chosen by Stephen F. Austin with the help of Baron de Bastrop to be the site in Texas for colonization. Founded in 1824 as San Felipe de Austin, the served as the capital of Stephen F. Austins first colony. It was first governed by James Cummins who was appointed the first alcalde, in 1828, the population numbered about 200. The town had three stores, two taverns, a hotel, a blacksmith shop, and forty to fifty log cabins. By 1835, its population had increased to around 600 and it was home to the first post office and one of the earliest newspapers and land offices in Texas. San Felipe was second only to San Antonio as the center of Texas. The Texas conventions of 1832,1833 and the Consultation of November 3,1835, were held here, San Felipe would act as the capital for the provisional government of Texas until the Convention of 1836. The town was burned in 1836 to prevent the Mexican army from capturing it, and rebuilt a few years later, the oldest post office in Texas is located here. The population was 747 at the 2010 census, as of the census of 2000, there were 868 people,312 households, and 234 families residing in the town. The population density was 103.7 people per square mile, there were 347 housing units at an average density of 41. 5/sq mi. The racial makeup of the town was 60. 83% White,34. 56% African American,0. 35% Native American,3. 00% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 9. 45% of the population
24.
Burleigh, Texas
–
Burleigh is an Unincorporated community in northeast Austin County, in the U. S. state of Texas. The tiny rural community is located amid rolling hills at the junction of Farm to Market Road 529, Burleigh is situated a distance of 6.7 miles southeast of Bellville where eastbound FM529 intersects with northbound FM331. From Burleigh, FM529 goes 33.5 miles east to link with State Highway 6 in the Houston area, FM331 connects with State Highway 36,5.9 miles to the south. For 0.4 miles at Burleigh, FM331 shares the right-of-way with FM529, the Brazos River is 1.6 miles east on FM529, which is also called Crump Ferry Road. The eastern part of Austin County was first settled in the 1820s, a post office began operating out of a general store in Burleigh in 1893 but it closed in 1913. Five years later the Burleigh school counted 62 students, as late as 1968 the population was reckoned at about 150 souls, but in 1972 there were only 69 persons. There were three churches and two schools in Burleigh in the early 1980s
25.
Kenney, Texas
–
Kenney is an unincorporated community in northern Austin County, Texas, United States. It lies along State Highway 36 north of the city of Bellville, although Kenney is unincorporated, it has a post office, with the ZIP code of 77452. The community was originally named Thompson for its first postmaster, after four years under that name, the community was renamed Kenneyville in 1884 in honor of evangelist John Wesley Kenney, the name was shortened to Kenney in 1892. The climate in this area is characterized by high temperatures. The Köppen Climate System describes the weather as humid subtropical, and uses the abbreviation Cfa
26.
New Ulm, Texas
–
New Ulm, Texas is an unincorporated community in Austin County, Texas, United States. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an population of 650 in 2000. It is part of the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown Metropolitan Statistical Area, New Ulm is situated at the junction of Farm Roads 109 and 1094 in western Austin County, approximately 22 miles southwest of Bellville and 16 miles northeast of Columbus. The history of New Ulm dates back to the 1840s and it was founded in 1841 as Duffs Settlement, named for James C. Duff, who purchased the land on which the town was built. This community sat approximately one mile north of the present New Ulm site, by the mid-1840s, the area grew as an influx of German-speaking settlers arrived from nearby communities such as Industry, Shelby, and Nassau Farm. After petitioning the government for a post office, one opened in 1852 under the name New Ulm – in commemoration of the well-known German city of Ulm, during the 1850s, New Ulm had six general stores, five blacksmiths, and three breweries. In 1867, a building that doubled as a schoolhouse was built. The Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad purchased farm land owned by local resident Franz Pille for an extension and it arrived in 1892. An estimated 225 people were living in the community in 1898, at that time, a variety of businesses operated in New Ulm, including five general merchandise stores, a drug store, saddlery, cabinet shops, and a soda water factory. A bank opened in 1906 and a newspaper – the New Ulm Enterprise – began publishing in 1910, on April 11,1916, twenty-one men in the community met for the purpose of securing fire apparatus to protect local property. That led to the formation of the New Ulm Fire Company, a fire engine was purchased at a cost of $137.50. By 1930, New Ulms population stood at around 500 with forty businesses operating in the community, the number of residents had fallen to 390 by 1950, but growth resumed during the 1960s, and in 1968, the population was estimated at 600. That figure had risen to 650 by 1990 and remained at that level through 2000, New Ulm has an active Chamber of Commerce and Lions Club. Although New Ulm is unincorporated, it does have a post office with the zip code of 78950, public education in the community of New Ulm is provided by the Columbus Independent School District, which is headquartered in the Colorado County city of Columbus. The History of the German Settlements in Texas, 1831-1861, Austin, the History of Frelsburg, New Ulm, Texas, Enterprise. Schmidt, C. W. Footprints of Five Generations, New Ulm, Texas, New Ulm Chamber of Commerce U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, New Ulm, Texas New Ulm, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online
27.
Peters, Texas
–
Peters is an Unincorporated community in Austin County in the U. S. state of Texas. No longer marked on maps, the community is situated along State Highway 365.8 miles north of Sealy. The settlement was founded along a line around 1880 but decreased in population after the 1920s. The BNSF Railway still exists but there are only a few homes. The community of Peters is situated at 29°51′36″N 96°11′12″W and this location is 5.8 miles north of Sealy and 7.7 miles south of Bellville on SH36 at Peters San Felipe Road. The location is bracketed by Farm to Market Road 949 which is 1.0 mile north on SH36, the BNSF Railway runs parallel with SH36 between Sealy and Bellville. On the west side of SH36, Peters San Felipe Road goes south-southwest 0.5 miles to end at Trenckmann Road, on the east side of SH36, Peters San Felipe Road heads 6.3 miles southeast to San Felipe. Two places of worship, the All Around Cowboy Church and the Christian City Fellowship are on the east side of SH36 just to the south of Trenckmann Road. Camp Brosig, owned by the Boy Scouts of America, is located nearby at 1893 Trenckmann Road 1.6 miles to the northwest of SH36. A station on the railroad, the community received a post office in 1883 and was named for Albert Peters, the population reached as high as 125 in 1925 but declined to 70 by 1943. The post office closed in the 1940s at a time there were two local businesses. In 1968 there were about 100 in the area, in the early 1980s the community boasted a hospital, three commercial establishments, a church and a clubhouse. From 1990 to 2000, there were approximately 95 persons living in the area
28.
Phillipsburg, Texas
–
Phillipsburg is an Unincorporated community in south Washington County, in the U. S. state of Texas. The very small community is located along State Highway 36 south of Brenham. Aside from the names of two roads, the name Phillipsburg is no longer marked on modern maps. The cemetery and Lutheran church, which is open for worship, are actually slightly to the south in neighboring Austin County. Phillipsburg is situated on SH36 at Old Phillipsburg Road 6.1 miles from downtown Brenham, another source stated that the community is 5 miles south of Brenham. At this point, the BNSF Railway runs roughly parallel with SH36, local roads include Bilski Lane which intersects with SH36 a short distance north of Old Phillipsburg Road and goes a short ways to the east-northeast. New Wehdem Road meets SH36 just south of Old Phillipsburg Road, Phillipsburg Church Road, which approximates the Austin-Washington county line, starts at SH360.7 miles south of Old Phillipsburg Road. Phillipsburg Church Road goes 1.2 miles to the east-northeast before turning sharply to the south-southeast at Wonder Hill Road near St. Paul Lutheran Church of Phillipsburg, there is a state historical marker at the church, which is in Austin County. Phillipsburg Church Road goes 0.7 miles south-southeast to Phillipsburg Cemetery, continuing in a southerly direction, the road intersects with SH36 near Kenney. A business named Artex is located at Bilski Lane and SH36, Phillipsburg attracted mostly residents of German ethnicity. In 1889 a post office opened in the settlement, which was located along the Gulf, Colorado, the following year, the community acquired a station along the railroad. A competing settlement named Pesch was located nearby, but by 1891 Phillipsburg was the important of the two. Phillipsburg became a significant supply point by 1896, St. Paul Church was built in 1901 and was welcomed into the Texas Lutheran synod twenty years later. In 1904 the post office closed, in 1936 there were about 100 persons and one business establishment in the town. The population decreased to 40 in 1952 and no businesses remained in Phillipsburg by 1970, in 2000 there were 40 persons reported as living in the area. Artex Group LLC St. Paul Lutheran of Phillipsburg
29.
Ghost town
–
A ghost town is an abandoned village, town, or city, usually one that contains substantial visible remains. Some ghost towns, especially those that preserve period-specific architecture, have become tourist attractions, visiting, writing about, and photographing ghost towns is a minor industry. The town of Plymouth on the Caribbean island of Montserrat is a ghost town that is the de jure capital of Montserrat and it was rendered uninhabitable by volcanic ash from an eruption. The definition of a ghost town varies between individuals, and between cultures, lindsey Baker, author of Ghost Towns of Texas, defines a ghost town as a town for which the reason for being no longer exists. Some believe that any settlement with visible tangible remains should not be called a ghost town, others say, conversely, whether or not the settlement must be completely deserted, or may contain a small population, is also a matter for debate. Generally, though, the term is used in a sense, encompassing any. The American author Lambert Florins preferred definition of a ghost town was simply a shadowy semblance of a former self, a town can also be abandoned when it is part of an exclusion zone due to natural or man-made causes. Ghost towns may result when the activity or resource that created a boomtown is depleted or the resource economy undergoes a bust. Boomtowns can often decrease in size as fast as they initially grew, sometimes, all or nearly the entire population can desert the town, resulting in a ghost town. The dismantling of a boomtown can often occur on a planned basis, modular buildings can be used to facilitate the process. A gold rush would often bring intensive but short-lived economic activity to a remote village, in other cases, the reason for abandonment can arise from a towns intended economic function shifting to another, nearby place. This happened to Collingwood, Queensland in Outback Australia when nearby Winton outperformed Collingwood as a centre for the livestock-raising industry. The railway reached Winton in 1899, linking it with the rest of Queensland, the Middle East has many ghost towns that were created when the shifting of politics or the fall of empires caused capital cities to be socially or economically unviable, such as Ctesiphon. The rise of condominium investment caused for real estate bubbles also leads to a ghost town, as real estate prices rise, such examples include China and Canada, where housing is often used as an investment rather than for habitation. Railroads and roads bypassing or no longer reaching a town can create a ghost town. This was the case in many of the ghost towns along Ontarios historic Opeongo Line, some ghost towns were founded along railways where steam trains would stop at periodic intervals to take on water. Amboy, California was part of one series of villages along the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad across the Mojave Desert. River re-routing is another factor, one example being the towns along the Aral Sea, Ghost towns may be created when land is expropriated by a government and residents are required to relocate
30.
Rexville, Texas
–
Rexville or Reckville was an unincorporated area in Austin County, in the U. S. state of Texas. The former location of the community, now a ghost town, is in an area between Sealy in Austin County and Eagle Lake in Colorado County. The name Rexville is still used to identify a United States Geological Survey quadrangle map, the one-time community of Rexville was situated at 29°43′35″N 96°12′48″W on a former railroad right-of-way about 0.5 miles north-northwest of the intersection of Rexville and Mieth Roads. This junction is located on Rexville Road 4.9 miles southwest of Sealy and 1.5 miles northwest of Farm to Market Road 3013 on Mieth Road, the disused railroad right-of-way converges with Rexville Road about 0.5 miles to the southwest of Rexville and Mieth. There is a large Wal-Mart distribution center to the northeast at FM3013, Rexville Road starts near U. S. Route 90 in Sealy and crosses Interstate 10 at a bridge near Sealy High School. A short distance southwest of the overpass, the pavement ends, on the 1960 Rexville USGS7.5 Quadrangle, Rexville is marked on a railroad siding beside a gravel pit on the west side of East Bernard Creek. The area was first settled by Anglo-Americans in the 1830s, originally called Reckville, the settlement was founded by German immigrants in the 1870s about 6 miles southwest of Sealy. In the 1880s, a line of the Gulf, Colorado. Though the town became a stop on the railroad, few people moved there. The Rexville community never had a post office but got its mail from Sealy, by the 1950s there was nothing in the area but a triangulation station on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad and a few farms. One source lists Rexville as a ghost town, U. S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Rexville, Texas
