1.
Noob Saibot
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Noob Saibot, is a fictional character from the Mortal Kombat fighting game series. His name consists of the surnames of Mortal Kombat creators Ed Boon, originally, Noob Saibot shared moves and graphics with the various ninja characters in the games before being given his own unique moveset and appearance. The character has featured in other Mortal Kombat media such as the 1998 television series Mortal Kombat, Konquest, general and critical reception has been mainly positive, particularly in regard to his Fatality finishing moves. Noob Saibot allies with evil Outworld emperor Shao Kahn, but he observes the emperor at the behest of the Brothers of the Shadow. Although early versions of Mortal Kombat 4 featured him as a playable character, in Mortal Kombat 4 he serves Shinnok. Mortal Kombat, Tournament Edition featured Noob Saibot once again as a playable character, in Mortal Kombat, Deception, Noob Saibot is free to command his own group of assassins, who serve him. He makes the cyborg Smoke his servant, with characters appearing as early bosses, under the name Noob Smoke. Here it was revealed that Noob Saibot was the form of the original Sub-Zero who appeared in the first Mortal Kombat tournament and was killed by his enemy Scorpion. This revelation is explored further in Mortal Kombat, Shaolin Monks when Noob Saibot is pursued by his brother during one of the cut-scenes. Mortal Kombat, Armageddon featured Noob Saibot as a playable character, in the games story mode, he and Smoke invade the Lin Kuei ninja clans castle, assimilating most of the defending Lin Kuei ninja and turning them into their own subordinate warriors. Noob Saibot and Smoke are eventually defeated by the warrior Taven, raiden then tries to force Noob Saibot to recall his past identity. Noob Saibots latest appearance is in the 2011 Mortal Kombat video game, after being killed by Scorpion, he is subsequently resurrected by Quan Chi and serves as one of his enforcers. He supports Quan Chi and Shao Kahn, although he first appears during the second Mortal Kombat tournament, fighting against Liu Kang and Kung Lao, he does not receive an important role until Outworlds invasion. He is sent to defend Quan Chis Soulnado from Earthrealms protectors, however, in a climactic battle, Earthrealm warrior Nightwolf kicks Saibot into the Soulnado, dispelling it. It is left unrevealed whether Saibot is killed in the explosion, the characters name comes from the last names of the creators of the Mortal Kombat franchise, Ed Boon and John Tobias, spelled in reverse. During his first appearances, Noob Saibots design was focused around an all-black exterior and they found difficulties in making some versions, without him appearing to look into bondage. For Mortal Kombat, Deception, Noob Saibot was the first character drawn, Beran attempted to make him a more-distinctive character, focusing less on his all-black exterior. One design was removed due to its similarities with a tuxedo, another wore a hood, but the idea was later moved to the new character Havik
2.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
3.
Linux
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Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17,1991 by Linus Torvalds, the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy. Linux was originally developed for computers based on the Intel x86 architecture. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all operating systems. Linux is also the operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers. It is used by around 2. 3% of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs on Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux also runs on embedded systems – devices whose operating system is built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions, many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free, the underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed—commercially or non-commercially—by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a known as a Linux distribution for both desktop and server use. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, first released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie, the availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, as a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs, freed of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, the GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, has the goal of creating a complete Unix-compatible software system composed entirely of free software. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation, by the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time, although not released until 1992 due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Torvalds has also stated that if 386BSD had been available at the time, although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2000
4.
United States Armed Forces
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President
5.
Leet
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Leet, also known as eleet or leetspeak, is an alternative alphabet for many languages that is used primarily on the Internet. It uses some characters to others in ways that play on the similarity of their glyphs via reflection or other resemblance. For example, leet spellings of the word leet include 1337 and l33t, the term leet is derived from the word elite. The leet alphabet is a form of symbolic writing. Leet may also be considered a substitution cipher, although many dialects or linguistic varieties exist in different online communities, the term leet is also used as an adjective to describe formidable prowess or accomplishment, especially in the fields of online gaming and in its original usage—computer hacking. Leet originated within bulletin board systems in the 1980s, where having elite status on a BBS allowed a user access to file folders, games, and special chat rooms. The Cult of the Dead Cow hacker collective has been credited with the coining of the term. Creative misspellings and ASCII-art-derived words were also a way to attempt to indicate one was knowledgeable about the culture of computer users, once the reserve of hackers, crackers, and script kiddies, leet has since entered the mainstream. It is now used to mock newbies, or newcomers, on web sites. Some consider emoticons and ASCII art, like smiley faces, to be leet, more obscure forms of leet, involving the use of symbol combinations and almost no letters or numbers, continue to be used for its original purpose of encrypted communication. It is also used as a script language. Leet symbols, especially the number 1337, are Internet memes that have spilled over into popular culture, signs that show the numbers 1337 are popular motifs for pictures and shared widely across the Internet. One of the hallmarks of leet is its approach to orthography, using substitutions of other characters, letters or otherwise. For more casual use of leet, the strategy is to use homoglyphs. The choice of symbol is not fixed—anything that the reader can make sense of is valid. e, anything that the average reader cannot make sense of is valid, a valid reader should himself try to make sense, if deserving of the underlying message. Another use for Leet orthographic substitutions is the creation of paraphrased passwords, limitations imposed by websites on password length and the characters permitted require less extensive forms of Leet when used in this application. Some examples of leet include B1ff and n00b, a term for the newbie, the l33t programming language, and the web-comic Megatokyo. Text rendered in leet is often characterized by distinctive, recurring forms, the -xor suffix The meaning of this suffix is parallel with the English -er and -r suffixes, in that it derives agent nouns from a verb stem
6.
Independent school (United Kingdom)
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For example, pupils do not have to follow the National Curriculum. Seven of the older, expensive and more schools catering for the 13–18 age-range in England. The term public being derived from the fact that they were open to pupils regardless of where they lived or their religion, prep schools, educate younger children up to the age of 13 to prepare them for entry to the public schools and other independent schools. Some former grammar schools converted to an independent fee paying model following the 1965 Circular 10/65 which marked the end of their state funding, others converted into comprehensive schools. There are around 2,500 independent schools in the UK, in addition to charging tuition fees, many also benefit from gifts, charitable endowments and charitable status. Many of these schools are members of the Independent Schools Council and these schools were founded as part of the church and were under their complete dominion. However, it was during the late 14th & early 15th centuries that the first schools, winchester & Oswestry were the first of their kind and paved the way for the establishment of the modern Public school. These were often established for scholars from poor or disadvantaged backgrounds, however, English law has always regarded education as a charitable end in itself. For instance, the Queens Scholarships founded at Westminster in 1560, are for the sons of decayd gentlemen, also, facilities already provided by the charitable foundation for a few scholars could profitably be extended to further paying pupils. After a time, such fees would eclipse the original charitable income, in 2009 senior boarding schools were charging fees of between £16,000 and nearly £30,000 per annum. However, majority of the independent schools today are still registered as a charity, christs Hospital in Horsham is one of the examples, large proposition of its students are funded by its charitable foundation or by various benefactors. Most public schools developed significantly during the 18th and 19th centuries, under a number of forward-looking headmasters leading public schools created a curriculum based heavily on classics and physical activity for boys and young men of the upper and upper middle classes. They were schools for the elite of Victorian politics, armed forces. Often successful businessmen would send their sons to a school as a mark of participation in the elite. More recently heads of schools have been emphasising that senior pupils now play a much reduced role in disciplining. To an extent, the school system influenced the school systems of the British Empire. Until 1975 there had been a group of 179 academically selective schools drawing on both private and state funding, the direct grant grammar schools, the Direct Grant Grammar Schools Regulations 1975 required these schools to choose between full state funding as comprehensive schools and full independence. As a result,119 of these schools became independent, pupil numbers at independent schools fell slightly during the mid-1970s recession
7.
Vietnam War
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It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam. The war is considered a Cold War-era proxy war. As the war continued, the actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role. U. S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces, artillery, in the course of the war, the U. S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam and they viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U. S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam and this was part the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina, U. S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. Regular U. S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965, despite the Paris Peace Accord, which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U. S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture, the war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs, and altered North–South relations. Direct U. S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973, the capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities, estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.8 million. Some 240, 000–300,000 Cambodians,20, 000–62,000 Laotians, and 58,220 U. S. service members died in the conflict. Various names have applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English and it has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict. As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese, the war is known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ. It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam, France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the seven decades
8.
Usenet
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Usenet is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers. It was developed from the general-purpose UUCP dial-up network architecture, tom Truscott and Jim Ellis conceived the idea in 1979, and it was established in 1980. Users read and post messages to one or more categories, known as newsgroups, Usenet resembles a bulletin board system in many respects and is the precursor to Internet forums that are widely used today. Discussions are threaded, as with web forums and BBSs, though posts are stored on the server sequentially, the name comes from the term users network. One notable difference between a BBS or web forum and Usenet is the absence of a server and dedicated administrator. Usenet is distributed among a large, constantly changing conglomeration of servers that store, individual users may read messages from and post messages to a local server operated by a commercial usenet provider, their Internet service provider, university, employer, or their own server. Usenet has significant cultural importance in the world, having given rise to, or popularized, many widely recognized concepts and terms such as FAQ, flame. The name Usenet emphasized its creators hope that the USENIX organization would take a role in its operation. The articles that users post to Usenet are organized into topical categories called newsgroups, for instance, sci. math and sci. physics are within the sci. * hierarchy, for science. Or, talk. origins and talk. atheism are in the talk. * hierarchy, when a user subscribes to a newsgroup, the news client software keeps track of which articles that user has read. In most newsgroups, the majority of the articles are responses to some other article, the set of articles that can be traced to one single non-reply article is called a thread. Most modern newsreaders display the articles arranged into threads and subthreads, when a user posts an article, it is initially only available on that users news server. Each news server talks to one or more servers and exchanges articles with them. In this fashion, the article is copied from server to server, the later peer-to-peer networks operate on a similar principle, but for Usenet it is normally the sender, rather than the receiver, who initiates transfers. Usenet was designed under conditions when networks were much slower and not always available, many sites on the original Usenet network would connect only once or twice a day to batch-transfer messages in and out. This is largely because the POTS network was used for transfers. The format and transmission of Usenet articles is similar to that of Internet e-mail messages, today, Usenet has diminished in importance with respect to Internet forums, blogs and mailing lists. The groups in alt. binaries are still used for data transfer
9.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985
10.
Korean language
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It is also one of the two official languages in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of the Peoples Republic of China. Approximately 80 million people worldwide speak Korean and this implies that Korean is not an isolate, but a member of a small family. There is still debate on whether Korean and Japanese are related with each other, the Korean language is agglutinative in its morphology and SOV in its syntax. A relation of Korean with Japonic languages has been proposed by linguists like William George Aston, Chinese characters arrived in Korea together with Buddhism during the pre-Three Kingdoms period. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in hanja, however, today, the hanja are largely unused in everyday life, but in South Korea they experience revivals on artistic works and are important in historic and/or linguistic studies of Korean. Since the Korean War, through 70 years of separation, North–South differences have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation, verb inflection, the Korean names for the language are based on the names for Korea used in North Korea and South Korea. In South Korea, the Korean language is referred to by names including hanguk-eo Korean language, hanguk-mal, Korean speech and uri-mal. In hanguk-eo and hanguk-mal, the first part of the word, hanguk, refers to the Korean nation while -eo and -mal mean language and speech, Korean is also simply referred to as guk-eo, literally national language. This name is based on the same Chinese characters meaning nation + language that are used in Taiwan and Japan to refer to their respective national languages. In North Korea and China, the language is most often called Chosŏn-mal, or more formally, the English word Korean is derived from Goryeo, which is thought to be the first dynasty known to Western countries. Korean people in the former USSR refer to themselves as Koryo-saram and Goryeo In, the majority of historical and modern linguists classify Korean as a language isolate. Such factors of typological divergence as Middle Mongolians exhibition of gender agreement can be used to argue that a relationship with Altaic is unlikely. Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin found about 25% of potential cognates in the Japanese–Korean 100-word Swadesh list, a good example might be Middle Korean sàm and Japanese asa, meaning hemp. Also, the doublet wo meaning hemp is attested in Western Old Japanese and it is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. Among ancient languages, various relatives of Korean have been proposed. Some classify the language of Jeju Island as a distinct modern Koreanic language, Other famous theories are the Dravido-Korean languages theory and the mostly unknown southern-theory which suggest an Austronesian relation. Korean is spoken by the Korean people in North Korea and South Korea and by the Korean diaspora in countries including the Peoples Republic of China, the United States, Japan. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of cultural assimilation into host countries, Korean is the official language of South Korea and North Korea
11.
FNG syndrome
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Usually, but not always, the term referred to recruits fresh from the United States who joined pre-existing units in Vietnam. Every unit had a FNG, and the term was used across all types, from front line combat through to support. The term was not gender specific, female personnel could be FNGs as well, the FNG phenomenon grew out of the U. S. Armed Forcess individual rotation policy during the Vietnam War, under which individual troops were rotated in, in other modern American wars before and since, military units have been maintained and have deployed as a whole. During this period, because of the Cold War, the United States faced the need of maintaining a presence of troops not only in Southeast Asia. Lacking sufficient ground combat units to sustain a unit-based rotation strategy, FNGs were an important part of the group dynamic of U. S. units in Vietnam and their treatment had at its core an overall sense of us and them. As one soldier said, FNGs were still shitting stateside chow and it was in combat units that the FNG was truly ignored and hated by his colleagues. An FNG in a unit was treated as a non-person. On the surface, such treatment of new members in the unit happened for simple survival reasons, new recruits had a higher attrition rate than experienced troops, and the small units of veteran jungle warfare troops simply saw them as a liability. An Christ, they even got homesick, beyond mere survival though, there were deeper reasons for veterans to hate the newcomers. On one level, the FNG represented those men who were still in America, as one popular marching song of the era went, Aint no use in lookin back, Jodys got your Cadillac, Aint no use in going home, Jodys got your girl and gone. Until they set foot in Vietnam, every FNG was a Jody, within a combat unit, the FNG was seen as a grunt. The term is used today in law enforcement, the United States military, Wildland Firefighters, the Canadian Military. Several specific studies have been undertaken into the FNG phenomenon, prominent military psychiatrists warned that the individual replacement system was having catastrophic consequences on unit cohesion. Dr. Charles Figley has also written on the effects of being an FNG as part of the development of post traumatic stress disorder in combat veterans. The term FNG and the group associated with it have been addressed on some level in several major motion pictures in the last couple of decades and is still used in the US military. Oliver Stones film Platoon traces the experiences of young recruit Private Chris Taylor during the Vietnam War, in Robert Zemeckiss film Forrest Gump, the titular character and his best friend Bubba are called FNGs by their commanding officer Lt Dan Taylor when they first arrive in Vietnam. Donald Bodey has written an account of the FNG experience in his novel titled simply FNG
12.
Charles Scribner's Sons
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The firm published Scribners Magazine for many years. More recently, several Scribner titles and authors have garnered Pulitzer Prizes, National Book Awards, in 1978 the company merged with Atheneum and became The Scribner Book Companies. In turn it merged into Macmillan in 1984, Simon & Schuster bought Macmillan in 1994. By this point only the book and reference book operations still bore the original family name. The former imprint, now simply Scribner, was retained by Simon & Schuster, as of 2012, Scribner is a division of Simon & Schuster under the title Scribner Publishing Group which also includes the Touchstone Books imprint. The president of Scribner as of 2017 is Susan Moldow, the firm was founded in 1846 by Charles Scribner I and Isaac D. Baker as Baker & Scribner. After Bakers death, Scribner bought the remainder of the company, in 1865, the company made its first venture into magazine publishing with Hours at Home. In 1870, the Scribners organized a new firm, Scribner and Company, after the death of Charles Scribner I in 1871, his son John Blair Scribner took over as president of the company. His other sons Charles Scribner II and Arthur Hawley Scribner would also join the firm and they each later served as presidents. When the other partners in the sold their stake to the family. The company launched St. Nicholas Magazine in 1873 with Mary Mapes Dodge as editor and Frank R. Stockton as assistant editor, when the Scribner family sold the magazine company to outside investors in 1881, Scribner’s Monthly was renamed the Century Magazine. The Scribners brothers were enjoined from publishing any magazine for a period of five years, in 1886, at the expiration of this term, they launched Scribners Magazine. The firms headquarters were in the Scribner Building, built in 1893, on lower Fifth Avenue at 21st Street, both buildings were designed by Ernest Flagg in a Beaux Arts style. The childrens book division was established in 1934 under the leadership of Alice Dalgliesh and it published works by distinguished authors and illustrators including N. C. Wyeth, Robert A. Heinlein, Marcia Brown, Will James, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, as of 2011 the publisher is owned by the CBS Corporation. Simon & Schuster reorganized their adult imprints into four divisions in 2012, Scribner became the Scribner Publishing Group and would expand to include Touchstone Books which had previously been part of Free Press. The other divisions are Atria Publishing Group, Simon & Schuster Publishing Group, the new Scribner division would be led by Susan Moldow as president. Scott Fitzgerald Thomas Wolfe Simon & Schuster has published thousands of books from thousands of authors and this list represents some of the more notable authors from Scribner since becoming part of Simon & Schuster
13.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
14.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
15.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
16.
Internet slang
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Internet slang refers to a variety of slang languages used by different people on the Internet. An example of Internet slang is LOL meaning laugh out loud and it is difficult to provide a standardized definition of Internet slang due to the constant changes made to its nature. However, it can be understood to be a type of slang that Internet users have popularized, such terms often originate with the purpose of saving keystrokes or to compensate for small character limits. Many people use the abbreviations in texting and instant messaging. Acronyms, keyboard symbols and abbreviations are common types of Internet slang, New dialects of slang, such as leet or Lolspeak, develop as ingroup internet memes rather than time savers. Internet slang originated in the days of the Internet with some terms predating the Internet. Internet slang is used in rooms, social networking services, online games, video games. Since 1979, users of communications networks like Usenet created their own shorthand, in Japanese, the term moe has come into common use among slang users to mean something extremely cute and appealing. Aside from the more frequent abbreviations, acronyms, and emoticons, regular words can also be altered into something with a similar pronunciation but altogether different meaning, or attributed new meanings altogether. Phonetic transcriptions of words, such as the transformation of impossible into impossibru in Japanese and then back to English. In places where languages are used, such as China. The primary motivation for using a unique to the Internet is to ease communication. However, while Internet slang shortcuts save time for the writer, on the other hand, similar to the use of slang in traditional face-to-face speech or written language, slang on the Internet is often a way of indicating group membership. Internet slang provides a channel which facilitates and constrains our ability to communicate in ways that are different from those found in other semiotic situations. Many of the expectations and practices which we associate with spoken and written language are no longer applicable, the Internet itself is ideal for new slang to emerge because of the richness of the medium and the availability of information. Slang is also motivated for the “creation and sustenance of online communities”. These communities in turn play a role in solidarity or identification or an exclusive or common cause, david Crystal distinguishes among five areas of the Internet where slang is used- The Web itself, email, asynchronous chat, synchronous chat, and virtual worlds. The electronic character of the channel has an influence on the language of the medium
17.
Cyberbullying
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Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic forms of contact. Cyberbullying has become common, especially among teenagers. Awareness in the United States has risen in the 2010s, due in part to high-profile cases, Bullying or harassment can be identified by repeated behavior and an intent to harm. Harmful bullying behavior can include posting rumors about a person, threats, sexual remarks, disclose victims personal information, several US states and other countries have laws specific to regulating cyberbullying. These laws are designed to specifically target teen cyberbullying, while others use laws extending from the scope of physical harassment, in cases of adult cyberharassment, these reports are usually filed beginning with local police. Research has demonstrated a number of consequences of cyberbullying victimization. Victims may have lower self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and a variety of responses, retaliating, being scared, frustrated, angry. Individuals have reported that cyberbullying can be more harmful than traditional bullying, Internet trolling is a common form of bullying over the Internet in an online community in order to elicit a reaction, disruption, or for their own personal amusement. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic communications to stalk a victim may pose a threat to the safety of the victim. Components such as the repetition of the behavior and the imbalance between the bully and victim, and their applicability to electronic harassment, are debated. Cyberbullying is often similar to traditional bullying, although there are some distinctions, victims of cyberbullying may not know the identity of their bully, or why the bully is targeting them. The victim is sometimes exposed to the harassment whenever they use technology. The terms cyberharassment and cyberbullying are sometimes used synonymously, though some people use cyberbullying specifically to refer to harassment among minors or in a school setting, cyberstalking is a form of online harassment in which the perpetrator uses electronic communications to stalk a victim. Cyberstalking is considered more dangerous than other forms of cyberbullying because it involves a credible threat to the safety of the victim. Cyberstalkers may send repeated messages intended to threaten or harass their victim and they may encourage others to do the same, either explicitly or by impersonating their victim and asking others to contact them. Internet trolls intentionally try to provoke or offend others in order to elicit a reaction, trolls and cyberbullies do not always have the same goals, while some trolls engage in cyberbullying, others may be engaged in comparatively harmless mischief. A troll may be either for their own amusement or because they are genuinely a combative person. Manuals to educate the public, teachers and parents summarize, Cyberbullying is being cruel to others by sending or posting harmful material using a phone or the internet
18.
Doxing
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Doxing, or doxxing, is the Internet-based practice of researching and broadcasting private or identifiable information about an individual or organization. The methods employed to acquire this information include searching publicly available databases and social websites, hacking. It is closely related to internet vigilantism and hacktivism, doxing may be carried out for various reasons, including to aid law enforcement, business analysis, extortion, coercion, harassment, online shaming, and vigilante justice. Doxing is a neologism that has evolved over its brief history and it comes from a spelling alteration of the abbreviation docs and refers to compiling and releasing a dossier of personal information on someone. Essentially, doxing is openly revealing and publicizing records of an individual, the term dox derives from the slang dropping dox, which, according to Wired writer Mat Honan, was an old-school revenge tactic that emerged from hacker culture in 1990s. Hackers operating outside the law in that era used the breach of an opponents anonymity as a means to expose opponents to harassment or legal repercussions, as such, doxing often comes with a negative connotation, because it can be a vehicle for revenge via the violation of privacy. Doxware is a cryptovirology attack invented by Adam Young and further developed with Moti Yung that carries out doxing extortion via malware and it was first presented at West Point in 2003. The attack is rooted in game theory and was originally dubbed non-zero sum games, the attack is summarized in the book Malicious Cryptography as follows, The attack differs from the extortion attack in the following way. Doxware is the converse of ransomware, in a ransomware attack the malware encrypts the victims data and demands payment to provide the needed decryption key. In the doxware cryptovirology attack, the attacker or malware steals the victims data, hackers, police officers and amateur detectives alike can harvest the information from the internet about individuals. There is no structure in place for doxing, meaning a hacker may seek out any kind of information related to the target. A basic Web search can yield results, social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, and Linkedin offer a wealth of private information, because many users have high levels of self-disclosure, but low levels of security. It is also possible to extrapolate a persons name and home address from a cell-phone number, social engineering has been used to extract information from government sources or phone companies. In addition to these, a hacker may use methods to harvest information. These include information search by name and location searching based on an individuals IP address. Once people have been exposed through doxing, they may be targeted for harassment through methods such as harassment in person, fake signups for mail and pizza deliveries and it is important to note that a hacker may obtain an individuals dox without making the information public. A hacker may harvest a victims information in order to break into their internet accounts, the victim may also be shown their details as proof that they have been doxed in order to intimidate them. Doxing is therefore a standard tactic of online harassment, and has been used by associated with 4chan
19.
Flaming (Internet)
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Flaming is a hostile and insulting interaction between persons over the internet, often involving the use of profanity. It can also be the swapping of insults back and forth or with many people teaming up on a single victim. Deliberate flaming, as opposed to flaming as a result of discussions, is carried out by individuals known as flamers. These users specialize in flaming and target specific aspects of a controversial conversation, in a modern Internet lexicon this term has been almost entirely superseded by trolling. Many social researchers have investigated flaming, coming up several different theories about the phenomenon. Jacob Borders, in discussing participants internal modeling of a discussion, says, Mental models are fuzzy, incomplete, furthermore, within a single individual, mental models change with time, even during the flow of a single conversation. The human mind assembles a few relationships to fit the context of a discussion, as debate shifts, so do the mental models. Even when only a topic is being discussed, each participant in a conversation employs a different mental model to interpret the subject. Fundamental assumptions differ but are never brought into the open, goals are different but left unstated. It is little wonder that compromise takes so long, and even when consensus is reached, the underlying assumptions may be fallacies that lead to laws and programs that fail. The human mind is not adapted to understanding correctly the consequences implied by a mental model, a mental model may be correct in structure and assumptions but, even so, the human mind—either individually or as a group consensus—is apt to draw the wrong implications for the future. Thus, online conversations often involve a variety of assumptions and motives unique to individual user. Without social context, users are often helpless to know the intentions of their counterparts, in addition to the problems of conflicting mental models often present in online discussions, the inherent lack of face-to-face communication online can encourage hostility. When social identity and ingroup status are salient, computer mediation can decrease flaming because individuals focus their attention on the context rather than themselves. Generally, then, a lack of social context creates an element of anonymity, Flaming incidents usually arise in response to a perception of one or more negotiation partners being unfair. Evidence of debates which resulted in insults being exchanged quickly back, arguments over the ratification of the United States Constitution were often socially and emotionally heated and intense, with many attacking one another through local newspapers. Such interactions have always been part of literary criticism, for example, Ralph Waldo Emersons contempt for Jane Austens works often extended to the author herself, with Emerson describing her as without genius, wit, or knowledge of the world. In turn, Thomas Carlyle called Emerson a hoary-headed toothless baboon, Internet flaming was mostly observed in Usenet newsgroups although it was known to occur in the WWIVnet and FidoNet computer networks as well
20.
Griefer
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A griefer is a player in a multiplayer video game who deliberately irritates and angers other players within the game, often using aspects of the game in unintended ways. The term was applied to online, multiplayer games by the year 2000 or earlier. The player is said to cause grief in the sense of giving someone grief, julian Dibbells 1993 article A Rape in Cyberspace analyzed the griefing events in a particular MUD, LambdaMOO, and the staffs response. Behaviors other than griefing which can cause players to be stigmatized as white-eyed include cursing, cheating, stealing, methods of griefing differ from game to game. What might be considered griefing in one area of a game may even be a function or mechanic in another area. Actions undertaken to waste other players time, for example, when losing in a turn-based game, a player may play as slowly as possible. In other games, they may hide from an enemy when there is no benefit in doing so. Impersonation of server administrators or other players through similar screen names, any method of reversing another players progress, such as destroying or modifying other players creations in sandbox games like Minecraft and Terraria. Faking extreme incompetence with the intent of hurting teammates or failing an in-game objective, written or verbal insults, including false accusations of cheating or griefing. Often directed at the server administrator, purposeful violation of server rules or guidelines. Kill stealing, denying another player the pleasure or gain of killing a target that should have been theirs, spamming a voice or text chat channel to inconvenience, harass or annoy other players. Uploading offensive or explicit images to profile pictures, in-game sprays or to game skins, camping at a corpse or spawn area to repeatedly kill players as they respawn, preventing them from being able to play. Acting out-of-character in a setting to disrupt the serious gameplay of others. Luring many monsters or one big one to chase the griefer, the line of monsters in pursuit looks like a train, and hence this is sometimes called training. Training or aggroing, i. e. baiting large groups of enemies or very strong enemies into attacking players who are not prepared to battle those enemies, blocking another players way so they cannot move to or from a particular area, or access an in-game resource. Using in-game bugs, for example - out of map, going underground, deliberately blocking shots from a players own team or blocking a players view by standing in front of them so they cannot damage the enemy. Intentionally attempting to crash a server, in order to cause interference among players, intentionally using glitches or exploits to halt the progress of a co-op or multiplayer game. Intentionally lagging a server through various means, such as spawning large amounts of resource-demanding objects, trapping teammates in inescapable locations by use of physics props, special abilities, or teleporting them to inescapable locations
21.
Security hacker
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A security hacker is someone who seeks to breach defenses and exploit weaknesses in a computer system or network. The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the computer underground, there is a longstanding controversy about the terms true meaning. The black-hat meaning still prevails among the general public, in computer security, a hacker is someone who focuses on security mechanisms of computer and network systems. While including those who endeavor to strengthen such mechanisms, it is often used by the mass media. That is, the media portrays the hacker as a villain, nevertheless, parts of the subculture see their aim in correcting security problems and use the word in a positive sense. White hat is the given to ethical computer hackers, who utilize hacking in a helpful way. White hats are becoming a part of the information security field. Accordingly, the term bears strong connotations that are favorable or pejorative, the subculture around such hackers is termed network hacker subculture, hacker scene or computer underground. It initially developed in the context of phreaking during the 1960s and it is implicated with 2600, The Hacker Quarterly and the alt.2600 newsgroup. In 1980, an article in the August issue of Psychology Today used the term hacker in its title and it was an excerpt from a Stanford Bulletin Board discussion on the addictive nature of computer use. In the 1982 film Tron, Kevin Flynn describes his intentions to break into ENCOMs computer system, CLU is the software he uses for this. By 1983, hacking in the sense of breaking computer security had already been in use as computer jargon, but there was no public awareness about such activities. However, the release of the film WarGames that year, featuring a computer intrusion into NORAD, the Newsweek article appears to be the first use of the word hacker by the mainstream media in the pejorative sense. Pressured by media coverage, congressman Dan Glickman called for an investigation, as a result of these laws against computer criminality, white hat, grey hat and black hat hackers try to distinguish themselves from each other, depending on the legality of their activities. These moral conflicts are expressed in The Mentors The Hacker Manifesto, use of the term hacker meaning computer criminal was also advanced by the title Stalking the Wily Hacker, an article by Clifford Stoll in the May 1988 issue of the Communications of the ACM. Later that year, the release by Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. of the so-called Morris worm provoked the popular media to spread this usage, the popularity of Stolls book The Cuckoos Egg, published one year later, further entrenched the term in the publics consciousness. Several subgroups of the underground with different attitudes use different terms to demarcate themselves from each other. Eric S. Raymond, author of The New Hackers Dictionary, yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as a wider hacker culture, a view that Raymond has harshly rejected
22.
Keystroke logging
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Keylogging can also be used to study human–computer interaction. Numerous keylogging methods exist, they range from hardware and software-based approaches to acoustic analysis and these are computer programs designed to work on the target computers software. Keyloggers are used in IT organizations to troubleshoot problems with computers. Families and business people use keyloggers legally to monitor network usage without their users direct knowledge, however, malicious individuals can use keyloggers on public computers to steal passwords or credit card information. Most keyloggers are not stopped by HTTPS encryption because that only protects data in transit between computers, thus the threat being from the users computer and it effectively becomes a virtual machine. Blue Pill is a conceptual example, kernel-based, A program on the machine obtains root access to hide itself in the OS and intercepts keystrokes that pass through the kernel. This method is both to write and to combat. Such keyloggers reside at the level, which makes them difficult to detect. They are frequently implemented as rootkits that subvert the system kernel to gain unauthorized access to the hardware. A keylogger using this method can act as a device driver, for example. API-based, These keyloggers hook keyboard APIs inside a running application, the keylogger registers keystroke events, as if it was a normal piece of the application instead of malware. The keylogger receives an event each time the user presses or releases a key, Windows APIs such as GetAsyncKeyState, GetForegroundWindow, etc. are used to poll the state of the keyboard or to subscribe to keyboard events. A more recent example simply polls the BIOS for pre-boot authentication PINs that have not been cleared from memory, Form grabbing based, Form grabbing-based keyloggers log web form submissions by recording the web browsing on submit events. This happens when the user completes a form and submits it and this type of keylogger records form data before it is passed over the Internet. Javascript-based, A malicious script tag is injected into a web page. Scripts can be injected via a variety of methods, including scripting, man-in-the-browser, man-in-the-middle. Memory injection based, Memory Injection -based keyloggers perform their function by altering the memory tables associated with the browser and other system functions. By patching the memory tables or injecting directly into memory, this technique can be used by authors to bypass Windows UAC
23.
Malware
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Before the term malware was coined by Yisrael Radai in 1990, malicious software was referred to as computer viruses. The first category of malware propagation concerns parasitic software fragments that attach themselves to some existing executable content, the fragment may be machine code that infects some existing application, utility, or system program, or even the code used to boot a computer system. Malware is defined by its malicious intent, acting against the requirements of the computer user and it can take the form of executable code, scripts, active content, and other software. Malware is often disguised as, or embedded in, non-malicious files, as of 2011 the majority of active malware threats were worms or trojans rather than viruses. In law, malware is sometimes known as a computer contaminant, Software such as anti-virus and firewalls are used to protect against activity identified as malicious, and to recover from attacks. Many early infectious programs, including the first Internet Worm, were written as experiments or pranks, today, malware is used by both black hat hackers and governments, to steal personal, financial, or business information. Malware is sometimes used broadly against government or corporate websites to gather guarded information, however, malware is often used against individuals to gain information such as personal identification numbers or details, bank or credit card numbers, and passwords. Left unguarded, personal and networked computers can be at considerable risk against these threats, since the rise of widespread broadband Internet access, malicious software has more frequently been designed for profit. Since 2003, the majority of viruses and worms have been designed to take control of users computers for illicit purposes. Infected zombie computers are used to email spam, to host contraband data such as child pornography. Programs designed to monitor users web browsing, display unsolicited advertisements, spyware programs do not spread like viruses, instead they are generally installed by exploiting security holes. They can also be hidden and packaged together with unrelated user-installed software, ransomware affects an infected computer in some way, and demands payment to reverse the damage. For example, programs such as CryptoLocker encrypt files securely, some malware is used to generate money by click fraud, making it appear that the computer user has clicked an advertising link on a site, generating a payment from the advertiser. It was estimated in 2012 that about 60 to 70% of all active malware used some kind of click fraud, Malware is usually used for criminal purposes, but can be used for sabotage, often without direct benefit to the perpetrators. One example of sabotage was Stuxnet, used to very specific industrial equipment. Such attacks were made on Sony Pictures Entertainment and Saudi Aramco, preliminary results from Symantec published in 2008 suggested that the release rate of malicious code and other unwanted programs may be exceeding that of legitimate software applications. According to F-Secure, As much malware produced in 2007 as in the previous 20 years altogether, malwares most common pathway from criminals to users is through the Internet, primarily by e-mail and the World Wide Web. With the amount of malware currently being distributed, some percentage of computers are currently assumed to be infected, for businesses, especially those that sell mainly over the Internet, this means they need to find a way to operate despite security concerns
24.
Spyware
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Spyware is mostly used for the purposes of tracking and storing Internet users movements on the Web and serving up pop-up ads to Internet users. Whenever spyware is used for malicious purposes, its presence is hidden from the user. Some spyware, such as keyloggers, may be installed by the owner of a shared, corporate, while the term spyware suggests software that monitors a users computing, the functions of spyware can extend beyond simple monitoring. Spyware can collect almost any type of data, including personal information like internet surfing habits, user logins, Spyware can also interfere with a users control of a computer by installing additional software or redirecting web browsers. Some spyware can change computer settings, which can result in slow Internet connection speeds, un-authorized changes in browser settings, sometimes, spyware is included along with genuine software, and may come from a malicious website or may have been added to the intentional functionality of genuine software. In response to the emergence of spyware, an industry has sprung up dealing in anti-spyware software. Running anti-spyware software has become a widely recognized element of security practices. A number of jurisdictions have passed laws, which usually target any software that is surreptitiously installed to control a users computer. In German-speaking countries, spyware used or made by the government is called govware by computer experts, govware is typically a trojan horse software used to intercept communications from the target computer. Some countries, like Switzerland and Germany, have a framework governing the use of such software. In the US, the term policeware has been used for similar purposes, the report stated, Heres how it works. You go to Facebook, you log in, you spend time there. You move on without logging out, lets say the next site you go to is New York Times. Those buttons, without you clicking on them, have just reported back to Facebook and Twitter that you went there, lets say you moved on to something like a site about depression. This one also has a button, a Google widget, and those, too, can report back who you are. The WSJ analysis was researched by Brian Kennish, founder of Disconnect, Spyware does not necessarily spread in the same way as a virus or worm because infected systems generally do not attempt to transmit or copy the software to other computers. Instead, spyware installs itself on a system by deceiving the user or by exploiting software vulnerabilities, most spyware is installed without knowledge, or by using deceptive tactics. Spyware may try to deceive users by bundling itself with desirable software, other common tactics are using a Trojan horse, spy gadgets that look like normal devices but turn out to be something else, such as a USB Keylogger
25.
Phishing
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The word is a neologism created as a homophone of fishing due to the similarity of using a bait in an attempt to catch a victim. According to the 3rd Microsoft Computing Safer Index Report released in February 2014, communications purporting to be from social web sites, auction sites, banks, online payment processors or IT administrators are often used to lure victims. Phishing emails may contain links to websites that are infected with malware, Phishing is an example of social engineering techniques used to deceive users, and exploits weaknesses in current web security. Attempts to deal with the number of reported phishing incidents include legislation, user training, public awareness. Phishing attempts directed at individuals or companies have been termed spear phishing. Attackers may gather information about their target to increase their probability of success. This technique is, by far, the most successful on the internet today, the attachment or link within the email is replaced with a malicious version and then sent from an email address spoofed to appear to come from the original sender. It may claim to be a resend of the original or a version to the original. Several phishing attacks have been directed specifically at senior executives and other high-profile targets within businesses, in the case of whaling, the masquerading web page/email will take a more serious executive-level form. The content will be crafted to target an upper manager and the role in the company. The content of a whaling attack email is often written as a legal subpoena, customer complaint, whaling scam emails are designed to masquerade as a critical business email, sent from a legitimate business authority. The content is meant to be tailored for upper management, whaling phishermen have also forged official-looking FBI subpoena emails, and claimed that the manager needs to click a link and install special software to view the subpoena. Most methods of phishing use some form of technical deception designed to make a link in an email appear to belong to the spoofed organization, misspelled URLs or the use of subdomains are the common tricks used by phishers. Another common trick is to make the text for a link suggest a reliable destination. Many email clients or web browsers will show previews of where a link will take the user in the left of the screen. This behaviour, however, may in some circumstances be overridden by the phisher, phishers have even started using images instead of text to make it harder for anti-phishing filters to detect text commonly used in phishing emails. However, this has led to the evolution of more sophisticated anti-phishing filters that are able to recover hidden text in images and these filters use OCR to optically scan the image and filter it. Once a victim visits the website, the deception is not over
26.
Script kiddie
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In programming and hacking culture, a script kiddie or skiddie is an unskilled individual who uses scripts or programs developed by others to attack computer systems and networks and deface websites. However, the term does not relate to the age of the participant. The term is considered to be pejorative. Script kiddies have at their disposal a number of effective, easily downloadable programs capable of breaching computers. Script kiddies vandalize websites both for the thrill of it and to increase their reputation among their peers, some more malicious script kiddies have used virus toolkits to create and propagate the Anna Kournikova and Love Bug viruses. Script kiddies lack, or are developing, programming skills sufficient to understand the effects. Black hat hacker Exploit Hacker Lamer List of convicted computer criminals Tapeworm
27.
Stealth banning
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Stealth banning is the act of blocking a user from an online community such that the user does not realize that they have been banned. If the user never becomes aware that they were banned, it not occur to them to attempt to circumvent that ban. The Verge describes it as one of the oldest moderation tricks in the book, a 2012 update to Hacker News introduced a system of hellbanning for spamming and abusive behavior. Craigslist has also known to ghost a users individual ads. Reportedly, an ad is placed and confirmation is sent that it has been posted, the ad may be viewed in the users account, ban Block Kill file Plonk Shunning Usenet Death Penalty
28.
Spamming
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Electronic spamming is the use of electronic messaging systems to send an unsolicited message, especially advertising, as well as sending messages repeatedly on the same site. It is named after Spam, a meat, by way of a Monty Python sketch about a menu that includes Spam in every dish. The food is stereotypically disliked/unwanted, so the word came to be transferred by analogy, because the barrier to entry is so low, spammers are numerous, and the volume of unsolicited mail has become very high. In the year 2011, the figure for spam messages is around seven trillion. The costs, such as lost productivity and fraud, are borne by the public and by Internet service providers, Spamming has been the subject of legislation in many jurisdictions. A person who creates electronic spam is called a spammer, the term spam is derived from the 1970 Spam sketch of the BBC television comedy series Monty Pythons Flying Circus. The sketch is set in a cafe where nearly every item on the menu includes Spam canned luncheon meat, as the waiter recites the Spam-filled menu, a chorus of Viking patrons drowns out all conversations with a song repeating Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam… Spammity Spam. In the 1980s the term was adopted to describe certain abusive users who frequented BBSs and MUDs, in early chat rooms services like PeopleLink and the early days of Online America, they actually flooded the screen with quotes from the Monty Python Spam sketch. Sending an irritating, large, meaningless block of text in this way was called spamming and this was used as a tactic by insiders of a group that wanted to drive newcomers out of the room so the usual conversation could continue. It was also used to prevent members of groups from chatting—for instance, Star Wars fans often invaded Star Trek chat rooms. This act, previously called flooding or trashing, later known as spamming. The term was applied to a large amount of text broadcast by many users. It later came to be used on Usenet to mean excessive multiple posting—the repeated posting of the same message, the unwanted message would appear in many, if not all newsgroups, just as Spam appeared in nearly all the menu items in the Monty Python sketch. This use had also become established—to spam Usenet was flooding newsgroups with junk messages, the word was also attributed to the flood of Make Money Fast messages that clogged many newsgroups during the 1990s. There was also an effort to differentiate between types of newsgroup spam, Messages that were crossposted to too many newsgroups at once – as opposed to those that were posted too frequently – were called velveeta. In the late 19th Century Western Union allowed telegraphic messages on its network to be sent to multiple destinations, the first recorded instance of a mass unsolicited commercial telegram is from May 1864, when some British politicians received an unsolicited telegram advertising a dentistry shop. The earliest documented spam was a message advertising the availability of a new model of Digital Equipment Corporation computers sent by Gary Thuerk to 393 recipients on ARPANET in 1978. Rather than send a message to each person, which was the standard practice at the time, he had an assistant, Carl Gartley
29.
Internet troll
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This sense of both the noun and the verb troll is associated with Internet discourse, but also has been used more widely. Media attention in recent years has equated trolling with online harassment, for example, the mass media have used troll to mean a person who defaces Internet tribute sites with the aim of causing grief to families. Application of the troll is subjective. Some readers may characterize a post as trolling, while others may regard the same post as a contribution to the discussion. Like any pejorative term, it can be used as an ad hominem attack, as noted in an OS News article titled Why People Troll and How to Stop Them, The traditional definition of trolling includes intent. That is, trolls purposely disrupt forums, whether someone intends to disrupt a thread or not, the results are the same if they do. Others have addressed the issue, e. g. Claire Hardaker, in her Ph. D. thesis Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication. Regardless of the circumstances, controversial posts may attract a strong response from those unfamiliar with the robust dialogue found in some online, rather than physical. The trollface is an occasionally used to indicate trolling in Internet culture. At times, the word can be abused to refer to anyone with controversial opinions they disagree with, such usages goes against the ordinary meaning of troll in multiple ways. Most importantly, trolls dont actually believe the views they claim. Farhad Manjoo criticises this view, noting that if the person really is trolling, there are competing theories of where and when troll was first used in Internet slang, with numerous unattested accounts of BBS and UseNet origins in the early 1980s or before. The English noun troll in the sense of ugly dwarf or giant dates to 1610. The word evokes the trolls of Scandinavian folklore and childrens tales, antisocial, quarrelsome, early non-Internet slang use of trolling can be found in the military, by 1972 the term trolling for MiGs was documented in use by US Navy pilots in Vietnam. It referred to use of. decoys, with the mission of drawing. fire away, the contemporary use of the term is alleged to have appeared on the Internet in the late 1980s, but the earliest known attestation according to the Oxford English Dictionary is in 1992. The context of the quote cited in the Oxford English Dictionary sets the origin in Usenet in the early 1990s as in the phrase trolling for newbies, as used in alt. folklore. urban. Commonly, what is meant is a relatively gentle inside joke by veteran users, for example, a veteran of the group might make a post on the common misconception that glass flows over time. Long-time readers would recognize the posters name and know that the topic had been discussed a lot, but new subscribers to the group would not realize
30.
Chatspeak
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Once it became popular it took on a life of its own and was often used outside of its original context. SMS language is similar to that used by those sending telegraphs that charged by the word and it seeks to use the fewest number of letters to produce ultra-concise words and sentiments in dealing with space, time and cost constraints of text messaging. This follows from how early SMS permitted only 160 characters and some carriers charge messages by the number of characters sent. It also shares some of these characteristics with Internet slang and Telex speak following from how its evolution is rather symbiotic to the evolution of use of shorthand in Internet chat rooms. Likewise, such a change sought to accommodate the number of characters allowed per message. Faramerz Dabhoiwala wrote in The Guardian in 2016, modern usages that horrify linguistic purists in fact have deep historical roots, OMG was used by a septuagenarian naval hero, admiral of the fleet Lord Fisher, in 1917. Nevertheless, the invention of mobile phone messaging is considered to be the source for the invention of SMS language, in general, SMS language thus permits the sender to type less and communicate more quickly than one could without such shortcuts. One example is the use of tomoz instead of tomorrow, nevertheless, there are no standard rules for the creation and use of SMS languages. Words can also be combined with numbers to make them shorter, some may view SMS language to be a nascent dialect of the English language, that is a dialect strongly if not completely derivative of the English language. Such generalization may have risen from the fact that mobile phones had only been able to support a number of default languages in the early stages of its conception and distribution. Researcher Mohammad Shirali-Shahreza further observes that mobile phone producers offer support of local language of the country within which their phone sets are to be distributed, nevertheless, various factors contribute as additional constraints to the use of non-English languages and scripts in SMS. On the flip side, researcher Gillian Perrett observes the de-anglicization of the English language following its use, the primary motivation for the creation and use of SMS language was to convey a comprehensible message using the fewest number of characters possible. This was for two reasons, one, telecommunication companies limited the number of characters per SMS, and also charged the user per SMS sent, to keep costs down, users had to find a way of being concise while still communicating the desired message. Two, typing on a phone is normally slower than with a keyboard, as a result, punctuation, grammar, and capitalization are largely ignored. In many countries, people now have access to unlimited text options in their plan, although this varies widely from country to country. However, screens are small and the input problem persists. Observations and classifications as to the linguistic and stylistic properties of SMS language have made and proposed by Crispin Thurlow, López Rúa. For words that have no common abbreviation, users most commonly remove the vowels from a word, omission of words, especially function words are also employed as part of the effort to overcome time and space constraints
31.
Emoticon
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An emoticon, is a pictorial representation of a facial expression using punctuation marks, numbers and letters, usually written to express a persons feelings or mood. In Western countries, emoticons are usually written at an angle to the direction of the text. Users from Japan popularized a kind of emoticon called kaomoji that can be understood without tilting ones head to the left and this style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986. As social media has become widespread, emoticons have played a significant role in communication through technology and they offer another range of tone and feeling through texting that portrays specific emotions through facial gestures while in the midst of text-based cyber communication. The word is a word of the English words emotion and icon. In web forums, instant messengers and online games, text emoticons are often replaced with small corresponding images. Emoticons for a face, -) and sad face, - and, - From, Scott E Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c> I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers. Actually, it is more economical to mark things that are NOT jokes. For this, use, - which omits the nose is very popular. The most basic emoticons are relatively consistent in form, but each of them can be transformed by being rotated, with or without a hyphen. There are also some variations to emoticons to get new definitions, like changing a character to express a new feeling. One linguistic study has indicated that the use of a nose in an emoticon may be related to the users age and it is also common for the user to replace the rounded brackets used for the mouth with other, similar brackets, such as ] instead of ). Some variants are more common in certain countries due to keyboard layouts. For example, the smiley =) may occur in Scandinavia, where the keys for = and ) are placed right beside each other, however, the, ) variant is without a doubt the dominant one in Scandinavia, making the =) version a rarity. The letters Ö and Ü can be seen as an emoticon, as the version of, O and. Users from Japan popularized a style of emoticons that can be understood without tilting ones head to the left and this style arose on ASCII NET of Japan in 1986. Similar looking emoticons were used by Byte Information Exchange around the same time and these emoticons are usually found in a format similar to. The asterisks indicate the eyes, the character, commonly an underscore, the mouth, and the parentheses
32.
Emoji
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Emoji are ideograms and smileys used in electronic messages and Web pages. Emoji are used much like emoticons and exist in various genres, including facial expressions, common objects, places and types of weather, apples macOS operating system supports emoji as of version 10.7. Microsoft added monochrome Unicode emoji coverage to the Segoe UI Symbol system font in Windows 8, the first international Emojicon conference was held in San Francisco, California on November 4,2016. Originally meaning pictograph, the word comes from Japanese e + moji. The resemblance to the English words emotion and emoticon is purely coincidental, Emoji were initially used by Japanese mobile operators, NTT DoCoMo, au, and SoftBank Mobile. These companies each defined their own variants of using proprietary standards. The first emoji was created in 1998 or 1999 in Japan by Shigetaka Kurita, the first set of 176 12×12 pixel emoji was created as part of i-modes messaging features to help facilitate electronic communication, and to serve as a distinguishing feature from other services. Kurita created the first 180 emoji based on the expressions that he observed people making, for NTT DoCoMos i-mode, each emoji is drawn on a 12×12 pixel grid. When transmitted, emoji symbols are specified as a sequence, in the private-use range E63E through E757 in the Unicode character space. The basic specification has 1706 symbols, with 76 more added in phones that support C-HTML4.0, Emoji pictograms by Japanese mobile phone brand au are specified using the IMG tag. SoftBank Mobile emoji are wrapped between SI/SO escape sequences, and support colors and animation, DoCoMos emoji are the most compact to transmit while aus version is more flexible and based on open standards. Hundreds of emoji characters were encoded in the Unicode Standard in version 6.0 released in October 2010, the additions, originally requested by Google and Apple Inc. Encoding in the Unicode standard has allowed emoji to become popular outside Japan, regional indicator symbols were defined as part of this set of characters as an alternative to encoding separate characters for national flags. The popularity of emoji has caused pressure from vendors and international markets to add additional designs into the Unicode standard to meet the demands of different cultures, Unicode 7.0 added approximately 250 emoji, many from the Webdings and Wingdings fonts. Some characters now defined as emoji are inherited from a variety of pre-Unicode messenger systems not only used in Japan, including Yahoo and MSN Messenger. Unicode 8.0 added another 41 emoji articles of equipment such as the cricket bat, food items such as the taco, signs of the Zodiac, new facial expressions. Emoji characters vary slightly between platforms within the limits in meaning defined by the Unicode specification, as companies have tried to provide artistic presentations of ideas and objects. For example, following an Apple tradition, the calendar emoji on Apple products always shows July 17 and this led some Apple product users to initially nickname July 17 International Emoji Calendar Day, which is now more commonly referred to as World Emoji Day
33.
Owned
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Owned is a slang word that originated among 1990s hackers, where it referred to rooting or gaining administrative control over someone elses computer. The term eventually spread to gamers, who used the term to mean defeat in gaming, other variations of the word owned include own3d, 0wn3d, pwned, and pooned, terms which incorporate elements of leetspeak. In 2009, Newgrounds described a security vulnerability in ActiveX as leaving Windows XP, some more examples are I owned you and You got owned. Owned, or Ownded a later variant, became common in the late 1990s. By 1997, Owned was regularly used in website defacements, ownage has become a modern equivalent to a Turkey shoot, such as an experienced faction versus a beginner or disadvantaged faction. In slang form, owned can be an adjective, owning can be a verb, and ownage can be a noun
34.
Pwn
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Pwn is a leetspeak slang term derived from the verb own, as meaning to appropriate or to conquer to gain ownership. The term implies domination or humiliation of a rival, used primarily in the Internet-based video game culture to taunt an opponent who has just been soundly defeated. In script kiddie jargon, pwn means to compromise or control, specifically another computer, website, gateway device and it is synonymous with one of the definitions of hacking or cracking, including iOS jailbreaking. The Pwnie Awards are awarded by a group of security researchers, popularity of the term among teenagers rose in the mid-2000s, with the spread from the Internet written form to use in spoken language. Originally, pwn and its variants were pronounced /ˈoʊn/ in the way as the verb own. A notable usage of this pronunciation can be seen in the Internet distributed series Pure Pwnage, Pwnage is online identity of Samuel Anderson-Anderson, the protagonist in Nathan Hills 2017 novel The Nix. Pwnsauce was the identity of a leading hacktivist memebr of LulzSec. The dictionary definition of pwn at Wiktionary
35.
Teh
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Teh is an Internet slang neologism most frequently used as an English article, based on a common typographical error of the. Teh has subsequently developed grammatical usages distinct from the and it is not common in spoken or written English outside technical or leetspeak circles, but when spoken, it is pronounced /tɛ/ or /tə/. Along with pwn, teh is a feature of leetspeak. Originating from the common typo, it has become conventionalized in a variety of contexts and it is often used ironically, and can be used to mock someones lack of techie knowledge or skills, as an insult, or to reinforce a groups elitism, cf. eye dialect. As slang, grammatical usage of the word teh is somewhat fluid, besides being an alternate spelling of the, teh also has grammatical properties not generally applied to the, in general, it is used somewhat like an intensified the. The spelling derived from a typographical mistake seen as the symptom of excitement and it can be used with proper names, as in teh John, compare the usage of the definite article in Greek, ο Ιωάννης, literally The John. Furthermore, teh can be used in front of a verb in a form of gerund, and it has the ability to turn nearly any word into an intensified noun. The best-known example of this is the word suck, thus, the phrase this sucks can be converted into this is teh suck, the word pwn can be similarly converted. The latter phrase is used by the computer gaming community. Teh can be used as an intensifier for the form of adjectives, compare that is teh best. Teh has a use as an intensifier for unmodified adjectives. For example, that is teh lame translates as that is the lamest and this contrasts with the use of the in English to construct mass nouns from adjectives, as in blessed are the meek, where the meek denotes a class of people who are meek. On the other hand, blessed are teh humble would refer to a group or individual who is the most humble
36.
W00t
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The term w00t, or woot, is a slang interjection used to express happiness or excitement, usually over the Internet. The expression is most popular on forums, USENET posts, multiplayer games, IRC chats. The w00t spelling is a variant of woot, alternative spellings include whoot, wOOt, wh00t, wewt, wought. The term woot is of British origin, preceding the internet by several decades, widely used by outdoor pursuits extreme sports participants, being a contraction of, both these songs are in the same year, in the Miami bass genre. The w00t form gained popularity on the internet from 1996, especially in multiplayer online role-playing games. One such incorrect etymology derives w00t as a contraction of a phrase like wow, wondrous loot, and Wonderful Loot, etc. in a MMORPG when a player found large quantities of/or rare valuable items in game, or as an acronym for We Owned the Other Team. These games appeared after w00t was already common, another supposed origin is as an expression used by a cracker who has just broken into a computer system, obtaining root access, woot, I have root. Some people say it was just a parody on a child with a speech trying to say loot. Other etymologies relate it to hoot or toot, as in trains in childrens books, doing so as a statement of victory, or applauding good news. This is also along the line of some use of W00t. As a response to a happy surprise, to repeat, there is scarce evidence for any of these supposed etymologies, and the derivation from the song “Whoot, There It Is” is clear and well-supported. The word was featured on the list of Merriam-Websters Words of the Year for 2007 and they said, it reflects a new direction in the American language led by a generation raised on video games and cell phone text-messaging. Apart from the British digital sales house w00t. media the expression has made it into an URL-shortener. Garaj Mahal named their 2008 album w00t, in 2011, woot was added to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary. The word is recognized in the dictionary without zeroes, and is instead spelled with two Os
37.
LOL
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LOL or lol, an acronym for laugh out loud or lots of laughs, is a popular element of Internet slang. It was first used almost exclusively on Usenet, but has become widespread in other forms of computer-mediated communication. It is one of many initialisms for expressing bodily reactions, in laughter, as text, including initialisms for more emphatic expressions of laughter such as LMAO. Other unrelated expansions include the now mostly obsolete lots of luck or lots of love used in letter-writing and these initialisms are controversial, and several authors recommend against their use, either in general or in specific contexts such as business communications. LOL was first documented in the Oxford English Dictionary in March 2011 and they single out the example of ROFL as not obviously being the abbreviation of rolling on the floor laughing. Haig singles out LOL as one of the three most popular initialisms in Internet slang, alongside BFN and IMHO and he describes the various initialisms of Internet slang as convenient, but warns that as ever more obscure acronyms emerge they can also be rather confusing. Shortis observes that ROFL is a means of annotating text with stage directions, the former is a self-reflexive representation of an action, I not only do something but also show you that I am doing it. Or indeed, I may not actually laugh out loud but may use the locution LOL to communicate my appreciation of your attempt at humor. Franzini concurs, stating there is as yet no research that has determined the percentage of people who are actually laughing out loud when they write LOL. Egan describes LOL, ROFL, and other initialisms as helpful as long as they are not overused, june Hines Moore shares that view. So, too, does Lindsell-Roberts, who gives the advice of not using them in business correspondence. LOL, ROFL, and other initialisms have crossed from computer-mediated communication to face-to-face communication, geoffrey K. Pullum points out that even if interjections such as LOL and ROFL were to become very common in spoken English, their total effect on language would be utterly trivial. The students used few abbreviations, acronyms, and emoticons, the spelling was reasonably good and contractions were not ubiquitous. Out of 2,185 transmissions, there were 90 initialisms in total, only 31 CMC-style abbreviations, out of the 90 initialisms,76 were occurrences of LOL. While LOL and similar acronyms are used a lot in real life speech, on March 24,2011, LOL, along with other acronyms, was formally recognized in an update of the Oxford English Dictionary. In their research, it was determined that the earliest recorded use of LOL as an initialism was for old lady in the 1960s. Gabriella Coleman references lulz extensively in her studies of Anonymous. The past tense of lol is lolled, lul, phonetic spelling of LOL. lolz, Occasionally used in place of LOL. lulz, Often used to denote laughter at someone who is the victim of a prank, or a reason for performing an action
