1.
Nanticoke, Pennsylvania
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Nanticoke is a city in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located within the Wyoming Valley, the population was 10,465 as of the 2010 census. It occupies 3.5 square miles of land, in the late 19th century, Nanticoke was carved out of Hanover Township and Newport Township. The name Nanticoke was derived from Nantego, the Native American tidewater people who moved here when their Maryland lands were spoiled for hunting by the settlement in 1608. Nanticoke was incorporated as a village in 1830, Nanticoke was chartered by the Pennsylvania Legislature as a borough on January 31,1874, Nanticoke experienced its greatest increase in population between 1917 and 1925 and qualified to become a Third Class City. The citizens voted in the fall of 1924 to form a city government, the new city government consisted of a Mayor and four Councilmen who took office in January 1926, which was the official date of becoming a Third Class City. The first mayor of Nanticoke City was Dan Sakowski, samuel H. Kress opened his first store, which grew into the national S. H. Kress & Co. chain, in Nanticoke. The Concrete City, built by the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroads coal division in 1911 to house its workers, is located near the Hanover section of Nanticoke. Abandoned since 1924, it was designated a site in 1998. The original road used to run to the structures has been bulldozed. There is an entrance route that does not appear on maps. Nanticoke faced a projected $700,000 deficit that year, with revenues flat, at its height in the 1930s the city of Nanticoke was home to over 27,000 people. As of the census of 2000, there were 10,955 people,4,850 households, the population density was 3,124.0 people per square mile. There were 5,487 housing units at a density of 1,564.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 98. 84% White,0. 27% African American,0. 10% Native American,0. 26% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 16% from other races, and 0. 37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 45% of the population,35. 7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.21 and the family size was 2.88. In the city, the population was out, with 19. 7% under the age of 18,7. 5% from 18 to 24,25. 8% from 25 to 44,23. 7% from 45 to 64
2.
Beverly Hills, California
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Beverly Hills is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States, surrounded by the cities of Los Angeles and West Hollywood. By 2013, its population had grown to 34,658, sometimes referred to as 90210, one of its primary ZIP codes, it was home to many actors and celebrities throughout the 20th century. The city includes the Rodeo Drive shopping district and the Beverly Hills Oil Field, gaspar de Portolá arrived in the area that would later become Beverly Hills on August 3,1769, travelling along native trails which followed the present-day route of Wilshire Boulevard. The area was settled by Maria Rita Quinteros de Valdez and her husband in 1828 and they called their 4,500 acres of property the Rancho Rodeo de las Aguas. in 1854, she sold the ranch to Benjamin Davis Wilson and Henry Hancock. By the 1880s, the ranch had been subdivided into parcels of 75 acres and was being bought up by anglos from Los Angeles. Henry Hammel and Andrew H. Denker acquired most of it, at this point, the area was known as the Hammel and Denker Ranch. By 1888, Denker and Hammel were planning to build a town called Morocco on their holdings and they did not find enough to exploit commercially by the standards of the time, though. In 1906, therefore, they reorganized as the Rodeo Land and Water Company, renamed the property Beverly Hills, subdivided it, the development was named Beverly Hills after Beverly Farms in Beverly, Massachusetts and because of the hills in the area. The first house in the subdivision was built in 1907, although sales remained slow, Beverly Hills was one of many all-white planned communities started in the Los Angeles area around this time. Restrictive covenants prohibited non-whites from owning or renting property unless they were employed as servants by white residents and it was also forbidden to sell or rent property to Jews in Beverly Hills. Burton Green began construction on The Beverly Hills Hotel in 1911, the hotel was finished in 1912. The visitors drawn by the hotel were inclined to purchase land in Beverly Hills and that same year, the Rodeo Land and Water Company decided to separate its water business from its real estate business. The Beverly Hills Utility Commission was split off from the company and incorporated in September 1914, buying all of the utilities-related assets from the Rodeo Land. In 1919, Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford bought land on Summit Drive and built a mansion, finished in 1921, the glamor associated with Fairbanks and Pickford as well as other movie stars who built mansions in the city contributed to its growing appeal. By the early 1920s the population of Beverly Hills had grown enough to make the water supply a political issue, in 1923 the usual solution, annexation to the city of Los Angeles, was proposed. There was considerable opposition to annexation among such famous residents as Pickford, Fairbanks, Will Rogers, the Beverly Hills Utility Commission, opposed to annexation as well, managed to force the city into a special election and the plan was defeated 337 to 507. In 1925, Beverly Hills approved an issue to buy 385 acres for a new campus for UCLA. The cities of Los Angeles, Santa Monica and Venice also issued bonds to pay for the new campus
3.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
4.
Actor
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An actor is a person who portrays a character in a performance. Simplistically speaking, the person denominated actor or actress is someone beautiful who plays important characters, the actor performs in the flesh in the traditional medium of the theatre, or in modern mediums such as film, radio, and television. The analogous Greek term is ὑποκριτής, literally one who answers, the actors interpretation of their role pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is playing themselves, as in forms of experimental performance art, or, more commonly, to act, is to create. Formerly, in societies, only men could become actors. When used for the stage, women played the roles of prepubescent boys. The etymology is a derivation from actor with ess added. However, when referring to more than one performer, of both sexes, actor is preferred as a term for male performers. Actor is also used before the name of a performer as a gender-specific term. Within the profession, the re-adoption of the term dates to the 1950–1960s. As Whoopi Goldberg put it in an interview with the paper, Im an actor – I can play anything. The U. K. performers union Equity has no policy on the use of actor or actress, an Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the. subject divides the profession. In 2009, the Los Angeles Times stated that Actress remains the term used in major acting awards given to female recipients. However, player remains in use in the theatre, often incorporated into the name of a group or company, such as the American Players. Also, actors in improvisational theatre may be referred to as players, prior to Thespis act, Grecian stories were only expressed in song, dance, and in third person narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called Thespians, the exclusively male actors in the theatre of ancient Greece performed in three types of drama, tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play. Western theatre developed and expanded considerably under the Romans, as the Western Roman Empire fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power shifted to Constantinople and the Byzantine Empire. Records show that mime, pantomime, scenes or recitations from tragedies and comedies, dances, from the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder
5.
Hollywood
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Hollywood is an ethnically diverse, densely populated neighborhood in the central region of Los Angeles, California. It is notable as the home of the U. S. film industry, including several of its studios, and its name has come to be a shorthand reference for the industry. Hollywood was a community in 1870 and was incorporated as a municipality in 1903. It was consolidated with the city of Los Angeles in 1910, in 1853, one adobe hut stood in Nopalera, named for the Mexican Nopal cactus indigenous to the area. By 1870, an agricultural community flourished, the area was known as the Cahuenga Valley, after the pass in the Santa Monica Mountains immediately to the north. According to the diary of H. J. Whitley, known as the Father of Hollywood, along came a Chinese man in a wagon carrying wood. The man got out of the wagon and bowed, the Chinese man was asked what he was doing and replied, I holly-wood, meaning hauling wood. H. J. Whitley had an epiphany and decided to name his new town Hollywood, Holly would represent England and wood would represent his Scottish heritage. Whitley had already started over 100 towns across the western United States, Whitley arranged to buy the 500-acre E. C. Hurd ranch and disclosed to him his plans for the land. They agreed on a price and Hurd agreed to sell at a later date, before Whitley got off the ground with Hollywood, plans for the new town had spread to General Harrison Gray Otis, Hurds wife, eastern adjacent ranch co-owner Daeida Wilcox, and others. Daeida Wilcox may have learned of the name Hollywood from Ivar Weid, her neighbor in Holly Canyon and she recommended the same name to her husband, Harvey. In August 1887, Wilcox filed with the Los Angeles County Recorders office a deed and parcel map of property he had sold named Hollywood, Wilcox wanted to be the first to record it on a deed. The early real-estate boom busted that year, yet Hollywood began its slow growth. By 1900, the region had a post office, newspaper, hotel, Los Angeles, with a population of 102,479 lay 10 miles east through the vineyards, barley fields, and citrus groves. A single-track streetcar line ran down the middle of Prospect Avenue from it, but service was infrequent, the old citrus fruit-packing house was converted into a livery stable, improving transportation for the inhabitants of Hollywood. The Hollywood Hotel was opened in 1902 by H. J. Whitley who was a president of the Los Pacific Boulevard, having finally acquired the Hurd ranch and subdivided it, Whitley built the hotel to attract land buyers. Flanking the west side of Highland Avenue, the structure fronted on Prospect Avenue, the hotel was to become internationally known and was the center of the civic and social life and home of the stars for many years. Whitleys company developed and sold one of the residential areas
6.
American Broadcasting Company
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The network is headquartered on Columbus Avenue and West 66th Street in Manhattan, New York City. There are additional offices and production facilities elsewhere in New York City, as well as in Los Angeles and Burbank. Since 2007, when ABC Radio was sold to Citadel Broadcasting, ABC originally launched on October 12,1943, as a radio network, separated from and serving as the successor to the NBC Blue Network, which had been purchased by Edward J. Noble. It extended its operations to television in 1948, following in the footsteps of established broadcast networks CBS, in the mid-1950s, ABC merged with United Paramount Theatres, a chain of movie theaters that formerly operated as a subsidiary of Paramount Pictures. Leonard Goldenson, who had been the head of UPT, made the new television network profitable by helping develop, in 1996, most of Capital Cities/ABCs assets were purchased by The Walt Disney Company. The television network has eight owned-and-operated and over 232 affiliated television stations throughout the United States, most Canadians have access to at least one U. S. ABC News provides news and features content for radio stations owned by Citadel Broadcasting. In the 1930s, radio in the United States was dominated by three companies, the Columbia Broadcasting System, the Mutual Broadcasting System and the National Broadcasting Company. The last was owned by electronics manufacturer Radio Corporation of America, in 1938, the FCC began a series of investigations into the practices of radio networks and published its report on the broadcasting of network radio programs in 1940. The report recommended that RCA give up control of either NBC Red or NBC Blue, at that time, the NBC Red Network was the principal radio network in the United States and, according to the FCC, RCA was using NBC Blue to eliminate any hint of competition. Once Mutuals appeals against the FCC were rejected, RCA decided to sell NBC Blue in 1941, the newly separated NBC Red and NBC Blue divided their respective corporate assets. Investment firm Dillon, Read & Co. offered $7.5 million to purchase the network, Edward John Noble, the owner of Life Savers candy, drugstore chain Rexall and New York City radio station WMCA, purchased the network for $8 million. Due to FCC ownership rules, the transaction, which was to include the purchase of three RCA stations by Noble, would require him to resell his station with the FCCs approval, the Commission authorized the transaction on October 12,1943. Soon afterward, the Blue Network was purchased by the new company Noble founded, Noble subsequently acquired the rights to the American Broadcasting Company name from George B. Meanwhile, in August 1944, the West Coast division of the Blue Network, both stations were then managed by Don Searle, the vice-president of the Blue Networks West Coast division. The ABC Radio Network created its audience slowly, the network also became known for such suspenseful dramas as Sherlock Holmes, Gang Busters and Counterspy, as well as several mid-afternoon youth-oriented programs. S. From Nazi Germany after its conquest, to pre-record its programming, while its radio network was undergoing reconstruction, ABC found it difficult to avoid falling behind on the new medium of television. To ensure a space, in 1947, ABC submitted five applications for television station licenses, the ABC television network made its debut on April 19,1948, with WFIL-TV in Philadelphia becoming its first primary affiliate
7.
Television program
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It may be a single production, or more commonly, a series of related productions. A limited number of episodes of a show may be called a miniseries or a serial or limited series. Television series are without a fixed length and are divided into seasons or series. While there is no defined length, U. S. industry practice has traditionally favored longer television seasons than those of other countries, a one-time broadcast may be called a special, or particularly in the UK a special episode. A television film is a film that is initially broadcast on television rather than released in theaters or direct-to-video, a program can be either recorded, as on video tape, other various electronic media forms, played with an on-demand player or viewed on live television. Television programs may be fictional, or non-fictional and it may be topical, or historical. They could be primarily instructional or educational, or entertaining as is the case in situation comedy, a drama program usually features a set of actors playing characters in a historical or contemporary setting. The program follows their lives and adventures, except for soap opera-type serials, many shows especially before the 1980s, remained static without story arcs, and the main characters and premise changed little. If some change happened to the characters lives during the episode, because of this, the episodes could be broadcast in any order. Since the 1980s, there are series that feature progressive change to the plot. For instance, Hill Street Blues and St. Elsewhere were two of the first American prime time television series to have this kind of dramatic structure. While the later series, Babylon 5 is an example of such production that had a predetermined story running over its intended five-season run. In 2012, it was reported that television was growing into a component of major media companies revenues than film. Some also noted the increase in quality of television programs. When a person or company decides to create a new series, they develop the elements, consisting of the concept, the characters, the crew. Then they offer it to the networks in an attempt to find one interested enough to order a prototype first episode of the series. They want very much to get the word out on what types of shows they’re looking for, to create the pilot, the structure and team of the whole series must be put together. If the network likes the pilot, they pick up the show to air it the next season, sometimes they save it for mid-season, or request rewrites and further review
8.
The Rebel (TV series)
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The Rebel is a 76-episode American western television series starring Nick Adams that debuted on the ABC network from 1959 to 1961. The Rebel was one of the few Goodson-Todman Productions outside of their game show ventures, beginning in December 2011, The Rebel reruns began to air Saturday mornings on Me-TV. The series portrays the adventures of young Confederate Army veteran Johnny Yuma, haunted by his memories of the American Civil War, Yuma, in search of inner peace, roams the American West, specifically the Texas Hill Country and the South Texas Plains. He keeps a journal of his adventures and fights injustice where he finds it with a revolver, Nick Adams was the star and only regular actor of this series. John Carradine appeared in two episodes as Elmer Dodson, the editor in Johnny Yumas hometown, fictitious Mason City, Texas. John M. Pickard, formerly of the syndicated Boots and Saddles television series appeared three times on The Rebel, including the role of Sheriff Pruett in Run, Killer, Run. Hal Stalmaster played Skinny in the 1959 episode Misfits, including Malcolm Cassell as Billy the Kid, the young Misfits enlist The Rebels help to rob a bank and in their mind live thereafter a life of leisure. Leonard Nimoy was cast as Jim Colburn in the 1960 episode The Hunted, olive Sturgess guest-starred twice on The Rebel, as Jeannie in The Scavengers and as Charity Brunner, a woman in search of her missing miner husband, in The Pit. In the second episode, Sturgesss real-life six-month-old nephew, Leonard Sturgess, the first episode, Johnny Yuma, is set in early 1867. It shows Johnny Yuma returning to his nearly two years after the end of the war. His father, Ned Yuma, the sheriff, had killed by a gang that took control of the town. Dan Blocker of Bonanza fame plays the gang leader and this episode is when Yuma gets his fathers shotgun. Several place names mentioned throughout the episodes clearly place the action in post-Civil War Texas, New Mexico, forts noted in episodes, such as Fort Griffin and Fort Concho, were actual frontier Texas outposts of the late 1860s and are now state historic sites. In a first-season episode, Yuma encounters rag-tag rebel CSA soldiers in the mining town of La Paz. The actual town of La Paz was the seat of Yuma County between 1862 and 1870, it stood in the Confederate Arizona Territory which existed briefly during the Civil War, nothing remains of La Paz but crumbling foundations and a historical marker. In Vicious Circle, Yuma identifies the Confederate unit he served in as the 3rd Texas, other episodes show saddlebags stenciled with CSA and an old uniform jacket with yellow collar and cuffs, indicating his regiment was likely the 3rd Texas Cavalry. After the shows run on ABC finished in June 1961, it was picked up by NBC. The show’s theme song, The Rebel alias The Ballad of Johnny Yuma, was composed by Richard Markowitz, members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time
9.
James Dean
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James Byron Dean was an American actor. The other two roles that defined his stardom were loner Cal Trask in East of Eden and surly ranch hand Jett Rink in Giant, Deans premature death in a car crash cemented his legendary status. He became the first actor to receive a posthumous Academy Award nomination for Best Actor, in 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him the 18th best male movie star of Golden Age Hollywood in AFIs 100 Years.100 Stars list. James Dean was born February 8,1931, at the Seven Gables apartment on the corner of 4th Street and McClure Street in Marion, Indiana and his parents were of mostly English ancestry, with smaller amounts of German, Irish, Scottish, and Welsh. Six years after his father had left farming to become a technician, Dean and his family moved to Santa Monica. He was enrolled at Brentwood Public School in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, the family spent several years there, and by all accounts, Dean was very close to his mother. According to Michael DeAngelis, she was the only capable of understanding him. In 1938, she was struck with acute stomach pain. She died of cancer when Dean was nine years old. Unable to care for his son, Deans father sent him to live with Deans aunt Ortense and her husband, Marcus Winslow, on a farm in Fairmount, Indiana, Deans father served in World War II and later remarried. According to Billy J. Harbin, Dean had a relationship with his pastor. Their alleged sexual relationship was suggested in the 1994 book Boulevard of Broken Dreams, The Life, Times, in 2011, it was reported that Dean once confided in Elizabeth Taylor that he was sexually abused by a minister approximately two years after his mothers death. Other reports on Deans life also suggest that he was sexually abused by DeWeerd as a child or had a sexual relationship with him as a late teenager. Deans overall performance in school was exceptional and he was a popular student and he played on the baseball and varsity basketball teams, studied drama, and competed in public speaking through the Indiana High School Forensic Association. After graduating from Fairmount High School in May 1949, Dean moved back to California with his dog, Max and he enrolled in Santa Monica College and majored in pre-law. He transferred to UCLA for one semester and changed his major to drama and he pledged the Sigma Nu fraternity but was never initiated. While at UCLA, Dean was picked from a group of 350 actors to portray Malcolm in Macbeth, at that time, he also began acting in James Whitmores workshop. In January 1951, he dropped out of UCLA to pursue a career as an actor
10.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
11.
AllMovie
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AllMovie is an online guide service website with information about films, television programs, and screen actors. As of 2013, AllMovie. com and the AllMovie consumer brand are owned by All Media Network, AllMovie was founded by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine, who also founded AllMusic and AllGame. The AllMovie database was licensed to tens of thousands of distributors and retailers for point-of-sale systems, websites, the AllMovie database is comprehensive, including basic product information, cast and production credits, plot synopsis, professional reviews, biographies, relational links and more. AllMovie data was accessed on the web at the AllMovie. com website and it was also available via the AMG LASSO media recognition service, which can automatically recognize DVDs. In late 2007, Macrovision acquired AMG for a reported $72 million, the AMG consumer facing web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in August 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. The buyers also include the founders of SideReel and Ackrell Capital investor Mike Ackrell. All Media Network offices are located in San Francisco, California, AllMusic AllGame SideReel All Media Network Official website
12.
Ukrainians
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Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is by total population the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term Ukrainians to all its citizens, also among historical names of the people of Ukraine Rusyns, Cossacks, etc. can be found. According to some definitions, a descriptive name for the inhabitants of Ukraine is Ukrainian or Ukrainian people. Belarusians and Russians are considered among the bloodline of Ukrainians, while Rusyns are another closely related group, the ethnonym Ukrainians became widely accepted only in the 20th century after their territory obtained distinctive statehood in 1917. People of these territories were usually called Rus or Rusyns, the Ukrainian language appeared in the 14th – 16th centuries, but at that time, it was mostly known as Ruthenian, like its brothers. In the 16th – 17th centuries, with the establishment of the Zaporizhian Sich, however, the ethnonym Ukrainians and the linguonym Ukrainian were used only occasionally, and the people of Ukraine usually continued to call themselves and their language Ruthenian. This official name did not spread widely among the peasantry constituted the majority of the population. Ukrainian peasants still referred to their country as Ukraine and to themselves, in areas outside the control of the Russian/Soviet state until the mid-20th century, Ukrainians were known by their pre-existing names for much longer. The modern name derives from Ukrayina, a name first documented in 1187. Several scientific theories attempt to explain the etymology of the term, according to some new alternative Ukrainian historians such as Hryhoriy Pivtorak, Vitaly Sklyarenko and other scholars, translate the term u-kraine as in-land, home-land or our-country. The name in this context derives from the word u-kraina in the sense of domestic region, in the last few centuries the population of Ukraine experienced periods of Polonization and Russification, but preserved a common culture and a sense of common identity. Most ethnic Ukrainians live in Ukraine, where make up over three-quarters of the population. The inhabitants of the Kuban, for example, have vacillated among three identities, Ukrainian, Russian, and Cossack, approximately 800,000 people of Ukrainian ancestry live in the Russian Far East in an area known historically as Green Ukraine. According to some assumptions, an estimated number of almost 2.1 million people of Ukrainian origin live in North America. Large numbers of Ukrainians live in Brazil, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Poland, Argentina, Belarus, Portugal, there are also Ukrainian diasporas in the UK, Australia, Germany, Latvia, Switzerland, Austria, Italy, Ireland, Sweden and the former Yugoslavia. Today, large ethnic Ukrainian minorities reside in Russia, Canada, Ukrainians have one of the largest diasporas in the world. The East Slavs emerged from the undifferentiated early Slavs with the Slavic migrations in the 6th and 7th centuries CE, the East Slavs were united in the Kievan Rus during the 9th to 13th centuries. East Slavic tribes cited as proto-Ukrainian include the Volhynians, Derevlianians, Polianians, and Siverianians and the less significant Ulychians, Tivertsians, the Gothic historian Jordanes and 6th-century Byzantine authors named two groups that lived in the south-east of Europe, Sclavins and Antes
13.
Coal mining
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Coal mining is the process of extracting coal from the ground. Coal is valued for its content, and, since the 1880s, has been widely used to generate electricity. Steel and cement industries use coal as a fuel for extraction of iron from iron ore, in the United Kingdom and South Africa a coal mine and its structures are a colliery, a coal mine a pit, the above-ground structures the pit head. In Australia, colliery generally refers to a coal mine. In the United States colliery has been used to describe a coal mine operation, Coal mining has had many developments over the recent years, from the early days of men tunnelling, digging and manually extracting the coal on carts, to large open cut and long wall mines. Mining at this scale requires the use of draglines, trucks, conveyors, hydraulic jacks, small-scale mining of surface deposits dates back thousands of years. For example, in Roman Britain, the Romans were exploiting most of the major coalfields by the late 2nd century AD. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the 18th century and later spread to continental Europe, international trade expanded rapidly when coal-fed steam engines were built for the railways and steamships. Until the late nineteenth century coal was mined using a pick and shovel. Coal-cutting machines were introduced in the 1880s, by 1912, surface mining was conducted with steam shovels designed for coal mining. The most economical method of extraction from coal seams depends on the depth and quality of the seams. Coal mining processes are differentiated by whether they operate on the surface or underground, many coals extracted from both surface and underground mines require washing in a coal preparation plant. Surface mining and deep underground mining are the two methods of mining. Coal that occurs at depths of 180 to 300 ft are usually deep mined, for example, some western U. S. coal that occur at depths in excess of 200 ft are mined by the open pit methods, due to thickness of the seam 60–90 feet. Coals occurring below 300 ft are usually deep mined, However, there are open pit mining operations working on coal seams up to 1000–1500 feet below ground level, for instance Tagebau Hambach in Germany. When coal seams are near the surface, it may be economical to extract the coal using open cut mining methods, open cast coal mining recovers a greater proportion of the coal deposit than underground methods, as more of the coal seams in the strata may be exploited. In this mining method, explosives are first used in order to break through the surface or overburden, the overburden is then removed by draglines or by shovel and truck. Once the coal seam is exposed, it is drilled, fractured, the coal is then loaded onto large trucks or conveyors for transport to either the coal preparation plant or directly to where it will be used
14.
Hedda Hopper
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Hedda Hopper was an American actress and gossip columnist, notorious for feuding with her arch-rival Louella Parsons. She had been a successful actress of stage and screen for years before being offered the chance to write the column Hedda Hoppers Hollywood for the Los Angeles Times in 1938. In the McCarthy era she named suspected Communists, Hopper continued to write gossip till the end, her work appearing in many magazines and later on radio. Hopper was born Elda Furry in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania, the daughter of Margaret and David Furry and her siblings included Dora, Sherman, Cameron, Edgar, Frank and Margaret. Her family was of Pennsylvania Dutch descent, the family moved to Altoona when Elda was three. She eventually ran away to New York City and began her career in the chorus on the Broadway stage, Hopper was not successful in this venture, even getting the axe by the renowned Shubert Brothers. Florenz Ziegfeld called the aspiring starlet a clumsy cow and brushed off her pleas for a slot in his lavish Follies, after a few years, she joined the theater company of matinee idol DeWolf Hopper, whom she called Wolfie and would later marry. She remained in the chorus and they toured the country, while in the Hopper company, she realized that chorus and understudy jobs were not acting. She wanted to act, and she knew she would have to prove herself before she could hope to get anywhere in the theater. Hearing that Edgar Selwyn was casting his play The Country Boy for a tour, she went to his office. She was given the role and that show toured for thirty-five weeks through forty-eight states and she studied singing during the summer and, in the fall, toured with The Quaker Girl in the second lead, the prima donna role. In 1913, she became the wife of DeWolf Hopper, whose previous wives were named Ella, Ida, Edna. The similarity in names caused some friction, as he would sometimes call Elda by the name of one of his former wives, consequently, Elda Hopper paid a numerologist $10 to tell her what name she should use, and the answer was Hedda. She began acting in silent movies in 1915 and her motion picture debut was in The Battle of Hearts with William Farnum. She appeared in more than 120 movies over the following twenty-three years, as her movie career waned in the mid-1930s, Hopper looked for other sources of income. In 1937, she was offered the chance of a lifetime and embarked on a career doing something she was adept at. Her gossip column called Hedda Hoppers Hollywood debuted in the Los Angeles Times on February 14,1938, after years of struggling as an actress, she had finally found her niche. She christened the home she purchased in Beverly Hills The House That Fear Built and she maintained a notorious if self-serving rivalry with the longer-established and better-liked Louella Parsons, who had formerly been friendly, sometimes even passing Hopper information
15.
Jersey City, New Jersey
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Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, by 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River and purchased the land from the Lenape and this grant is dated November 22,1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was a landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, during Kiefts War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25,1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands behind Kil van Kull. The first village established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House, the Van Vorst Farmhouse, and the Van Wagenen House. During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York, in the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19,1779. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28,1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23,1829, and again on February 22,1838, on February 22,1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the legislature on April 2,1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated, while a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City
16.
Jersey City Giants
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The Jersey City club played in the International League. They were commonly referred to as the Little Giants, the citys earliest IL team, which played from 1912–1933, was called the Skeeters. But the Jersey Giants were a team because they sent a number of star players across the river to their Major-League namesake. In addition, the color line was broken in Jersey Citys Roosevelt Stadium when Jackie Robinson of the Montreal Royals made his organized baseball debut there as a visitor on April 18,1946. Robinson made a spectacular playing debut with four hits in five at-bats, a decade later, in 1956–1957, Roosevelt Stadium would host select Dodger home games as owner Walter OMalley parried with public officials over a new stadium in Brooklyn. The Dodgers ultimately abandoned New York for California in 1958, although they won league titles in 1939 and 1947, the Jersey Giants usually struggled to reach.500. And, like their neighbors, the Newark Bears, they found it impossible to compete when the three New York MLB teams began mass radio and television broadcasts of their games, Jersey Citys attendance plunged from 337,000 in 1947 to 63,000 in 1950. The franchise moved to Ottawa, Ontario, in 1951 and became the Ottawa Giants, today, the team is known as the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders. The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball,1997 edition
17.
Jack Palance
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Jack Palance was an American actor and singer. He was nominated for three Academy Awards, all for Best Actor in a Supporting Role, winning in 1992 for his role in City Slickers, Palance was born in Lattimer Mines, Pennsylvania, the son of Anna and Ivan Palahniuk, an anthracite coal miner. His parents were Ukrainian immigrants, his father a native of Ivane Zolote in southwestern Ukraine and his mother from the Lviv Oblast, one of six children, he worked in coal mines during his youth before becoming a professional boxer in the late 1930s. Years later he recounted, Then, I thought, you must be nuts to get your head beat in for $200, with the outbreak of World War II, Palances athletic career ended, and his military career began as a member of the United States Army Air Forces. Palances face, which took many beatings in the ring, was said to have become disfigured while bailing out of a burning B-24 Liberator bomber during a training flight over Southern Arizona. His distinctive cheekbones and deep-set eyes were said to have been the result of reconstructive surgery, one flack created the legend that I had been blown up in an air crash during the war, and my face had to be put back together by way of plastic surgery. If it is a face, why didnt they do a better job of it. Palance was honorably discharged from the Army Air Corps in 1944 and his last name was actually a derivative of his original name. In an episode of Whats My Line and he described how no one could pronounce his last name and it was suggested he be called Palanski. From that he decided to just use Palance instead, Palances acting break came as Marlon Brandos understudy in A Streetcar Named Desire, and he eventually replaced Brando on stage as Stanley Kowalski. In 1947, Palance made his Broadway debut and he debuted on television in 1949, and this was followed a year later by his screen debut in the movie Panic in the Streets. The same year he was featured in Halls of Montezuma about the United States Marines in World War II, Palance was quickly recognized for his skill as a character actor, receiving an Oscar nomination for his third film role as Lester Blaine in Sudden Fear. The following year, Palance was nominated for an Oscar for his role as the hired gunfighter Jack Wilson in Shane, several Western roles followed, but he also played varied roles such as Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Dracula and Attila the Hun. I knew that Jack Palance would do the perfect Dracula, in 1957, Palance won an Emmy Award for best actor for his portrayal of Mountain McClintock in the Playhouse 90 production of Rod Serlings Requiem for a Heavyweight. Jean-Luc Godard persuaded Palance to take on the role of Hollywood producer Jeremy Prokosch in the nouvelle vague movie Le Mépris, although the main dialogue was in French, Palance spoke mostly English. Palance provided narration for the 1967 documentary, And Still Champion, later, in 1966, he appeared in the television movie Alice Through the Looking Glass, directed by Alan Handley, in which he played the Jabberwock. He had a role opposite Lee Marvin and Burt Lancaster in the Western adventure The Professionals. In 1969, Palance recorded a music album in Nashville
18.
Marlon Brando
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Marlon Brando, Jr. was an American actor, film director and activist. He is credited with bringing realism to film acting and he helped to popularize the Stanislavski system of acting, studying with Stella Adler in the 1940s. Julius Caesar, The Wild One, Reflections in a Golden Eye, Last Tango in Paris, Brando was also an activist for many causes, notably the Civil Rights Movement and various Native American movements. Brando received Academy Award nominations for playing Emiliano Zapata in Viva Zapata, Mark Antony in Joseph L. Mankiewiczs 1953 film adaptation of Shakespeares Julius Caesar, and Air Force Major Lloyd Gruver in Sayonara, an adaption of James Micheners 1954 novel. Brando was included in a list of Top Ten Money Making Stars three times in the 1950s, coming in at number 10 in 1954, number 6 in 1955, the 1960s proved to be a fallow decade for Brando. The Godfather was then one of the most commercially successful films of all time, Brando took a four-year hiatus before appearing in The Missouri Breaks. After this, he was content with being a highly paid actor in cameo roles, such as in Superman and The Formula. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, Brando was paid a record $3.7 million and 11. 75% of the profits for 13 days work on Superman. Brando was ranked by the American Film Institute as the fourth-greatest movie star among male movie stars whose screen debuts occurred in or before 1950. He was one of three professional actors, along with Charlie Chaplin and Marilyn Monroe, named in 1999 by Time magazine as one of its 100 Most Important People of the Century. He died of respiratory failure on July 1,2004, at age 80, Brando was born on April 3,1924, in Omaha, Nebraska, to Marlon Brando, Sr. a pesticide and chemical feed manufacturer, and Dorothy Julia. Brando had two sisters, Jocelyn Brando and Frances. His ancestry included German, Dutch, English, and Irish and his patrilineal immigrant ancestor, Johann Wilhelm Brandau, arrived in New York in the early 1700s from the Palatinate in Germany. Brando was raised a Christian Scientist, however, she was an alcoholic and often had to be brought home from Chicago bars by her husband. In his autobiography, Songs My Mother Taught Me, Brando expressed sadness when writing about his mother, dodie and Brandos father eventually joined Alcoholics Anonymous. Brando harbored far more enmity for his father, stating, I was his namesake and he enjoyed telling me I couldnt do anything right. He had a habit of telling me I would never amount to anything, Brandos parents moved to Evanston, Illinois, when his fathers work took him to Chicago, but separated when Brando was 11 years old. His mother took the three children to Santa Ana, California, where they lived with her mother, in 1937, Brandos parents reconciled and moved together to Libertyville, Illinois, a small town north of Chicago
19.
A Streetcar Named Desire
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A Streetcar Named Desire is a 1947 play written by American playwright Tennessee Williams that received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1948. The play opened on Broadway on December 3,1947, and closed on December 17,1949, the Broadway production was directed by Elia Kazan and starred Jessica Tandy, Marlon Brando, Karl Malden, and Kim Hunter. The London production opened in 1949 with Bonar Colleano, Vivien Leigh, the drama A Streetcar Named Desire is often regarded as among the finest plays of the 20th century, and is considered by many to be one of Williams greatest. Blanche is in her thirties, and with no money, she has nowhere else to go, Blanche tells Stella that she has taken a leave of absence from her English teaching position because of her nerves. Blanche laments the shabbiness of her sister’s two-room flat and she finds Stanley loud and rough, eventually referring to him as common. Stanley, in return, does not care for Blanches manners, Stanley later questions Blanche about her earlier marriage. Blanche had married when she was young, but her husband died, leaving her widowed. The memory of her dead husband causes Blanche some obvious distress, Stanley, worried that he has been cheated out of an inheritance, demands to know what happened to Belle Reve, once a large plantation and the DuBois family home. Blanche hands over all the documents pertaining to Belle Reve, while looking at the papers, Stanley notices a bundle of letters that Blanche emotionally proclaims are personal love letters from her dead husband. For a moment, Stanley seems caught off guard over her proclaimed feelings, afterwards, he informs Blanche that Stella is going to have a baby. The night after Blanche’s arrival, during one of Stanley’s poker parties, Blanche meets Mitch and his courteous manner sets him apart from the other men. Their chat becomes flirtatious and friendly, and Blanche easily charms him, suddenly becoming upset over multiple interruptions, Stanley explodes in a drunken rage and strikes Stella. Blanche and Stella take refuge with the neighbor, Eunice. When Stanley recovers, he cries out from the courtyard below for Stella to come back by calling her name until she comes down. After Stella returns to Stanley, Blanche and Mitch sit at the bottom of the steps in the courtyard, Blanche is bewildered that Stella would go back with him after such violence. The next morning, Blanche rushes to Stella and describes Stanley as an animal, though Stella assures Blanche that she. Stanley overhears the conversation but keeps silent, when Stanley comes in, Stella hugs and kisses him, letting Blanche know that her low opinion of Stanley does not matter. As the weeks pass, Blanche and Stanley continue to not get along, Blanche has hope in Mitch, and tells Stella that she wants to go away with him and not be anyone’s problem
20.
Tom Sawyer
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Thomas Tom Sawyer is the title character of the Mark Twain novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. He appears in three novels by Twain, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Tom Sawyer Abroad, and Tom Sawyer. Sawyer also appears in at least three unfinished Twain works, Huck and Tom Among the Indians, Schoolhouse Hill and Tom Sawyers Conspiracy. While all three uncompleted works were published, only Tom Sawyers Conspiracy has a complete plot, as Twain abandoned the other two works after finishing only a few chapters. Tom Sawyer is a boy of about 12 years of age, Tom Sawyers best friends include Joe Harper and Huckleberry Finn. In The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Toms infatuation with classmate Becky Thatcher is apparent as he tries to intrigue her with his strength, boldness and he first sees her after he confessed his feelings for Amy Lawrence, one of his classmates. He lives with his half-brother Sid, his cousin Mary, and his stern Aunt Polly in the town of St. Petersburg, there is no mention of Toms father. Tom has another aunt, Sally Phelps, who lives considerably farther down the Mississippi, Twain used to listen to Sawyer tell stories of his youth, Sam, he would listen to these pranks of mine with great interest and hed occasionally take em down in his notebook
21.
Mister Roberts (play)
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Mister Roberts is a 1948 play based on the 1946 Thomas Heggen novel of the same name. The novel began as a collection of stories about Heggens experiences aboard the USS Virgo in the South Pacific during World War II. Broadway producer Leland Hayward acquired the rights for the play and hired Heggen, Mister Roberts opened on Broadway at the Alvin Theatre on February 18,1948, starring Henry Fonda, David Wayne, Robert Keith and Jocelyn Brando who replaced Eva Marie Saint before the show opened. Logans brother-in-law, William Harrigan, played the Captain, the original production also featured Harvey Lembeck, Ralph Meeker, Steven Hill, Lee Van Cleef and Murray Hamilton. Fonda got out of a Hollywood film contract in order to star in the Broadway theatre stage production and he won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play. The production ran for 1,157 performances, Fonda would later reprise his role of Lieutenant Roberts in the 1955 film of the same name. Tyrone Power starred in the London company, john Forsythe appeared in a national touring production. Many actors began their career in productions and touring companies. Fess Parker began his business career in the play, in 1951. Joshua Logans account of his collaboration with Thomas Heggen in the writing of the play is in Logans autobiography, Josh, My Up and Down, In,1948 Tony Award for Best Play History, USNS New Bedford, Sea bird adventure. The Wacky Ship of Mr. Roberts, Sea Classics, USS Virgo, TO Heggen, Author, Found Dead in Bath, The New York Times, May 20,1949. Logan, Joshua, Josh, My Up and Down, In and Out Life, New York, Delacorte Press, Mister Roberts at the Internet Broadway Database Mister Roberts at the Internet Broadway Database 1953 Best Plays radio adaptation of play at Internet Archive
22.
Henry Fonda
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Henry Jaynes Fonda was an American film and stage actor with a career spanning more than five decades. Fonda made his mark early as a Broadway actor and he also appeared in 1938 in plays performed in White Plains, New York, with Joan Tompkins. Throughout six decades in Hollywood, Fonda cultivated a strong, appealing screen image in such classics as The Ox-Bow Incident, Fonda was the patriarch of a family of famous actors, including daughter Jane Fonda, son Peter Fonda, granddaughter Bridget Fonda, and grandson Troy Garity. His family and close friends called him Hank, in 1999, he was named the sixth-Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute. Fondas ancestors from Genoa, Italy, migrated to the Netherlands in the 15th century, in 1642, a branch of the Fonda family immigrated to the Dutch colony of New Netherland on the East Coast of North America. They were among the first Dutch population to settle in what is now upstate New York, establishing the town of Fonda, by 1888, many of their descendants had relocated to Nebraska. Henry Fonda was born in Grand Island, Nebraska, to advertising-printing jobber William Brace Fonda, Fonda was brought up as a Christian Scientist, though he was baptized an Episcopalian at St. Stephens Episcopal Church in Grand Island. He said, My whole damn family was nice and they were a close family and highly supportive, especially in health matters, as they avoided doctors due to their religion. Despite having a background, he later became an agnostic. Fonda was a bashful, short boy who tended to avoid girls, except his sisters, and was a skater, swimmer. He worked part-time in his fathers print plant and imagined a career as a journalist. Later, he worked after school for the phone company, Fonda was active in the Boy Scouts of America, Teichmann reports that he reached the rank of Eagle Scout. When he was about 14, his father took him to observe the lynching of a black man accused of rape. This enraged the young Fonda and he kept a keen awareness of prejudice for the rest of his life, by his senior year in high school, Fonda had grown to more than six feet tall, but remained shy. He attended the University of Minnesota, where he majored in journalism and he took a job with the Retail Credit Company. He was fascinated by the stage, learning everything from set construction to stage production, Fonda decided to quit his job and go East in 1928 to seek his fortune. He arrived on Cape Cod and played a role at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis. A friend took him to Falmouth, MA where he joined and quickly became a member of the University Players
23.
The Dick Powell Show
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The Dick Powell Show is an American anthology series that ran on NBC from 1961 to 1963, primarily sponsored by the Reynolds Metals Company. It was hosted by film star Dick Powell until his death from lung cancer on January 2,1963. The first of these hosts was Gregory Peck, who began the January 8 program with a tribute to Powell, recognizing him as a great, the series was an anthology of various dramas and comedies. It featured many stars, producers and directors early in their careers, including Aaron Spelling, William Friedkin. Blake Edwards wrote and directed a number of episodes including two featuring Robert Vaughn as an Ivy League private eye known as The Boston Terrier. The original pilot episode for Burkes Law, starring Powell as Amos Burke, appeared as the episode of this series. Dick Powells Zane Grey Theater had run on CBS in the late 1950s, the Dick Powell Show was one of the many productions of Four Star Television. The series theme, More Than Love, and the majority of musical compositions heard throughout the series, was the work of Herschel Burke Gilbert, the Dick Powell Show at the Internet Movie Database The Dick Powell Show at TV. com The Dick Powell Show at CVTA
24.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade
25.
Lloyd Bridges
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Lloyd Vernet Bridges Jr. was an American film, stage and television actor who starred in a number of television series and appeared in more than 150 feature films. He was the father of actors Beau Bridges and Jeff Bridges, Bridges was born in San Leandro, California, to Lloyd Vernet Bridges, Sr. who was involved in the California hotel business and once owned a movie theater, and his wife Harriet Evelyn Bridges. His parents were natives of Kansas, and of English ancestry. Bridges graduated from Petaluma High School in 1930 and he then studied political science at UCLA, where he was a member of Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. Bridges made his Broadway debut in 1939 in a production of Shakespeares Othello, in 1941, he joined the stock company at Columbia Pictures, where he played small roles in features and short subjects. He left Columbia Pictures during World War II to enlist in the United States Coast Guard, following his discharge, he returned to acting. In later years he was a member of U. S. Coast Guard Auxiliary, 11th District, because of his support, he was made an honorary commodore. Bridges sons, actors Beau and Jeff, also served in the Coast Guard and he returned to acting after he was cleared by the FBI, achieving his greatest success in television. Bridges gained attention in 1956 for his performance on live anthology program The Alcoa Hour, in an episode titled Tragedy in a Temporary Town. During the performance, Bridges inadvertently used profanity while ad-libbing, although the slip of the tongue generated hundreds of complaints, the episode won a Robert E. Sherwood Television Award, with Bridges slip being defended even by some members of the clergy. Bridges received an Emmy Award nomination for the role, Bridges gained wide recognition as Mike Nelson, the main character in the television series Sea Hunt, created by Ivan Tors, which ran in syndication from 1958–1961. He also wrote a book with a co-author about skin-diving entitled Mask, following that success, he starred in the eponymous CBS anthology series The Lloyd Bridges Show, which included appearances by his sons Beau and Jeff. Producer Gene Roddenberry, who worked with Bridges on Sea Hunt, in addition, he was a regular cast member in the Rod Serling western series The Loner, and in the two NBC failures San Francisco International Airport and a Police Story spin-off Joe Forrester. Later, he appeared in Paper Dolls and Capital News, both for ABC, and again with Harts of the West, this time for CBS, a comedy/western set on a dude ranch in Nevada. Son Beau Bridges co-starred, along with Harley Jane Kozak as Beaus wife, Alison Hart, Bridges played significant roles in several mini-series, including Roots, How the West Was Won and The Blue and the Gray. For more than years, Bridges was a frequent guest star on television series. He received a second Emmy Award nomination four decades after the first when he was nominated in 1998 for his role as Izzy Mandelbaum on Seinfeld and he portrayed Commander Cain in the original Battlestar Galactica television series, in the two-part episode The Living Legend. His fate was left unanswered, spurring fans to call for his return and this popularity led to a radically re-imagined Cain character in the 2004 series
26.
Mickey Rooney
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Mickey Rooney was an American actor, producer, vaudevillian, comedian and radio personality. In a career spanning nine decades and continuing until shortly before his death, a versatile performer, he became a celebrated character actor later in his career. Laurence Olivier once said he considered Rooney the best there has ever been, clarence Brown, who directed him in two of his earliest dramatic roles, National Velvet and The Human Comedy, said he was the closest thing to a genius I ever worked with. Rooney first performed in vaudeville as a child and made his debut at the age of six. At thirteen he played Puck in the play and later the 1935 film adaptation of A Midsummer Nights Dream, critic David Thomson hailed his performance as one of cinemas most arresting pieces of magic. In 1938, he co-starred in Boys Town, at nineteen he was the first teenager to be nominated for an Oscar for his leading role in Babes in Arms, and he was awarded a special Academy Juvenile Award in 1939. At the peak of his career between the ages of 15 and 25, he made films, which made him one of MGMs most consistently successful actors. Rooney was the top box office attraction from 1939 to 1941, and one of the actors of that era. Drafted into the Army during World War II, he served two years entertaining over two million troops on stage and radio and was awarded a Bronze Star for performing in combat zones. Returning from the war in 1945, he was too old for juvenile roles but too short to be a movie star. Nevertheless, Rooneys popularity was renewed with well-received supporting roles in such as Requiem for a Heavyweight, Its a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World. In the early 1980s, he returned to Broadway in Sugar Babies, Rooney made hundreds of appearances on TV, including dramas, variety programs, and talk shows, and won an Emmy in 1964, with another Emmy plus a Golden Globe for his role in Bill. At his death, Vanity Fair called him the original Hollywood train wreck and he struggled with alcohol and pill addiction and married eight times, the first time to Ava Gardner. Despite earning millions during his career, he had to file for bankruptcy in 1962 due to mismanagement of his finances. Shortly before his death in 2014 at age 93, he alleged mistreatment by some members and testified before Congress about what he alleged was physical abuse. By the end of his life, his millions in earnings had dwindled to an estate that was valued at only $18,000 and he died owing medical bills and back taxes, and contributions were solicited from the public. His mother was a chorus girl and a burlesque performer. When Rooney was born, they were appearing in a Brooklyn production of A Gaiety Girl, Rooney later recounted in his memoirs that he began performing at the age of 17 months as part of his parents routine, wearing a specially tailored tuxedo
27.
Edgar Bergen
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Edgar John Bergen was an American actor, comedian and radio performer, best known for his proficiency in ventriloquism and his characters Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd. He is also the father of actress Candice Bergen, Bergen was born in Chicago, Illinois, one of five children and the youngest of two sons of Swedish immigrants Nilla Svensdotter and Johan Henriksson Berggren. He lived on a farm near Decatur, Michigan until he was 4 when his family returned to Sweden where he learned the language and he taught himself ventriloquism from a pamphlet called The Wizards Manual when he was 11 after his family returned to Chicago. He attended Lake View High School, after his father died when he was just 16, he went out to work as an apprentice accountant, a furnace stoke, a player piano operator, and a projectionist in a silent-movie house. The famous ventriloquist Harry Lester was so impressed by Edgar that he gave the teenager almost daily lessons for three months in the fundamentals of ventriloquism. In the fall of 1919, Edgar paid Chicago woodcarver Theodore Mack $36 to sculpt a likeness of a rascally red-headed Irish newspaperboy he knew, the head went on a dummy named Charlie McCarthy, which became Bergens lifelong sidekick. He had created the body himself, using a length of broomstick for the backbone. For college he attended Northwestern University where he was enrolled in the program to please his mother. He switched to Speech & Drama but never completed his degree and he gave his first public performance at Waveland Avenue Congregational Church located on the northeast corner of Waveland and Janssen. He lived across the street from the church and he cut out an R and a G from his family name and went from Berggren to Bergen on the showbills. Between June 1922 and August 1925, he performed every summer on the professional Chautauqua circuit, Bergen had an interest in aviation, becoming a private pilot. His first performances were in vaudeville, at which point he changed his last name to the easier-to-pronounce Bergen. He worked in one-reel movie shorts, but his success was on the radio. He and Charlie were seen at a New York party by Elsa Maxwell for Noël Coward and it was there that two producers saw Bergen and Charlie perform. They then recommended them for a guest appearance on Rudy Vallées program and their initial appearance was so successful that the following year they were given regular cast rolls as part of The Chase and Sanborn Hour. Under various sponsors, they were on the air from May 9,1937 to July 1,1956, the popularity of a ventriloquist on radio, when one could see neither the dummies nor his skill, surprised and puzzled many critics, then and now. Even knowing that Bergen provided the voice, listeners perceived Charlie as a genuine person, thus, in 1947, Sam Berman caricatured Bergen and McCarthy for the networks glossy promotional book, NBC Parade of Stars, As Heard Over Your Favorite NBC Station. Bergens skill as an entertainer, especially his characterization of Charlie, Bergens success on radio was paralleled in the United Kingdom by Peter Brough and his dummy Archie Andrews
28.
Jack Carson
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John Elmer Jack Carson was a Canadian-born American-based film actor. Carson was one of the most popular character actors during the age of Hollywood, with a film career spanning the 1930s, 1940s. Though he was used in supporting roles for comic relief, his work in films such as Mildred Pierce. He worked for RKO and MGM, but most of his work was for Warner Brothers. His trademark character was the wisecracking know-it-all, typically and inevitably undone by his own smug cockiness and he was born in Carman, Manitoba to Elmer and Elsa Carson. In 1914, the moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, which he always thought of as his home town. He attended high school at Hartford School, Milwaukee and St. Johns Military Academy, Delafield, Carson became a U. S. citizen in California in 1949. Because of his size —6 ft 2 in and 220 lb, in the midst of a performance, he tripped and took half the set with him. A college friend, Dave Willock, thought it was so funny he persuaded Carson to team with him in a vaudeville act — Willock and Carson — and a new career was born. This piece of unplanned business would be typical of the sorts of things that tended to happen to Carson in many of his film roles, during the 1930s, as vaudeville declined from increased competition from radio and the movies, Willock and Carson sought work in Hollywood. Carson initially landed bit roles at RKO Radio Pictures in films such as Bringing Up Baby, starring Cary Grant, Radio was another source of employment for the team, starting with a 1938 appearance on the Kraft Music Hall when Bing Crosby hosted the show. This led to a number of other appearances culminating in Carsons own radio show, The New Jack Carson Show, from 1950-51, Jack was one of four alternating weekly hosts of the Wednesday evening NBC Television comedy-variety show Four Star Revue. The second season was his last with the show, when it was renamed All Star Revue and his success in radio led to the start of a lucrative film career. An early standout role for Carson was as a mock-drunk undercover G-Man opposite Richard Cromwell in Universal Picturess anti-Nazi action drama entitled Enemy Agent and this led to contract-player status with Warner Brothers shortly thereafter. While there, he was teamed with Dennis Morgan in a number of films, most of his work at Warner Brothers was limited to light comedy work with Morgan, and later Doris Day. Critics generally agree that Carsons best work was in Mildred Pierce, also in 1945, he played the role of Harold Pierson, the second husband of Louise Randall, played by Rosalind Russell, in Roughly Speaking. Another role which won accolades for him was as publicist Matt Libby in A Star is Born, one of his last film roles was as the older brother Gooper in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. His TV pilot, Kentucky Kid, was under consideration as a series for NBC
29.
Ralph Bellamy
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Ralph Rexford Bellamy was an American actor whose career spanned 62 years on stage, screen and television. During his career, he played leading roles as well as supporting roles, garnering acclaim and awards, ralph Rexford Bellamy was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was the son of Lilla Louise, a native of Canada and he ran away from home when he was 15 and managed to get into a road show. He toured with road shows before landing in New York City. He began acting on stage there and by 1927 owned his own theater company, in 1931, he made his film debut and worked constantly throughout the decade both as a lead and as a capable supporting actor. He co-starred in five films with Fay Wray and his film career began with The Secret Six starring Wallace Beery and featuring Jean Harlow and Clark Gable. By the end of 1933, he had appeared in 22 movies, most notably Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm. He played in seven films in 1934 alone, including Woman in the Dark, based on a Dashiell Hammett story, in which Bellamy played the lead. He portrayed detective Ellery Queen in a few films during the 1940s, but as his career did not progress, he returned to the stage. Bellamy appeared in movies during this time, including Dance, Girl, Dance with Maureen OHara and Lucille Ball. The lead role was taken by Frank Lovejoy in 1956, who starred in NBCs Meet McGraw detective series. Bellamy appeared on television in numerous roles over the following years and he was a regular panelist on the CBS television game show To Tell the Truth during its initial run. Bellamy starred as Willard Mitchell, along with Patricia Breslin and Paul Fix, about this same time, he also appeared on the NBC anthology series, The Barbara Stanwyck Show. In December 1961, he portrayed the part of Judge Quince in the episode Judgement at Hondo Seco on CBSs Rawhide, during the 1963–1964 television season, Bellamy co-starred with Jack Ging in the NBC medical drama The Eleventh Hour, in the role of a psychiatrist in private practice. Wendell Corey had appeared in the first season of the series, Bellamy appeared on Broadway in one of his most famous roles, as Franklin Delano Roosevelt in Sunrise at Campobello. He later starred in the 1960 film version, in the summer of 1961, Bellamy hosted nine original episodes of a CBS Western anthology series called Frontier Justice, a Dick Powell Four Star Television production. In 1950 Bellamy became a member of The Lambs, a club located in New York. Highly regarded within the industry, Bellamy served as a four-term President of Actors Equity from 1952–1964, among many roles in numerous shows, sometimes as a series regular, Bellamy portrayed Adlai Stevenson in the 1974 TV-movie The Missiles of October, a treatment of the Cuban Missile Crisis
30.
Kay Thompson
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Kay Thompson was an American author, composer, musician, actress and singer. She is best known as the creator of the Eloise childrens books, Thompson was born Catherine Louise Fink in St. Thompsons parents were married on November 29,1905, in East St. Louis, St. Clair County, Illinois. Thompsons siblings were, Blanche Margaret Fink, Mrs. Hurd, Leo George Bud Fink, Jr. and Marian Antoinette Fink, Thompson began her career in the 1930s as a singer and choral director for radio. Her first big break was as a singer on the Bing Crosby-Woodbury Show Bing Crosby Entertains. This led to a spot on The Fred Waring-Ford Dealers Show and then, with conductor Lennie Hayton. For her motion picture debut, Kay and her choir performed two songs in the Republic Pictures musical Manhattan Merry-Go-Round, in 1939, she reunited with André Kostelanetz for Tune-Up Time, a show that was produced by radio legend William Spier. On an installment of Tune-Up Time in April 1939, 16-year-old Judy Garland was a guest and it was at this time that Kay first met and worked with Judy, developing a close personal friendship and professional association that lasted the rest of Garlands life. In 1943 Thompson signed a contract with MGM to become the studios top vocal arranger, vocal coach. She served as main vocal arranger for many of producer Arthur Freeds MGM musicals and as coach to such stars as Judy Garland, Lena Horne, Frank Sinatra. She was vocal arranger for Ziegfeld Follies, The Harvey Girls, Till the Clouds Roll By, Good News, after working on The Pirate with Judy Garland and Gene Kelly, she left MGM to create the night club act Kay Thompson and the Williams Brothers. She wrote the songs and Robert Alton did the choreography for the act. As a film actress, Thompson played one major role only, Thompson only acted in one additional feature film, 1970s Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon, because, according to its star Liza Minnelli, Thompson disliked the slow speed of production. Thompson, who lived at the Plaza Hotel in New York City, the four books in the series, illustrated by Hilary Knight, are Eloise, Eloise in Paris, Eloise at Christmastime and Eloise in Moscow. They follow the adventures of the precocious six-year-old girl who lives at The Plaza, all were bestsellers upon release and have been adapted into television projects. Thompson composed and performed a Top 40 hit song, Eloise, a fifth book, Eloise Takes a Bawth, was posthumously published by Simon & Schuster in 2002, culled from Thompsons original manuscripts once slated for 1964 publication by Harper & Row. However, at the time, Thompson was burned out on Eloise, she blocked publication and took all but the first book out of print. As a singer, Thompson made very few records, starting with one side, Take a Number from One to Ten, in 1935, she recorded four sides for Brunswick, and another four sides for Victor. The 4 Brunswick sides are excellent examples of mid-1930s sophisticated New York cabaret singing and she later recorded for Capitol, Columbia, Decca, and, most importantly, for MGM Records, which issued her only complete album of songs, in 1954
31.
Dean Jones (actor)
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Dean Carroll Jones was an American actor best known for his light-hearted leading roles in several Walt Disney films between 1965 and 1977, such as The Love Bug. Jones also originated the role of Bobby in Stephen Sondheims Company, Jones was born in Decatur, near the larger neighboring city of Huntsville, Alabama, to Andrew Guy Jones, a traveling construction worker, and the former Nolia Elizabeth Wilhite. His parents are interred at Roselawn Gardens Of Memory in Decatur, as a student at Riverside High School in Decatur, Jones had his own local radio show, Dean Jones Sings. Jones served in the United States Navy during the Korean War, Jones attended Asbury University in Wilmore near Lexington, Kentucky. A member of its Class of 1953, he did not graduate, on March 4,2011, he later addressed the ceremony for the dedication of Asburys Andrew S. Miller Center for Communications Arts. After appearing in film and television roles, Jones made his Broadway debut in the 1960 play There Was a Little Girl. He stepped into the role in Boston, Massachusetts, at one days notice. In 1960 he also played Dave Manning in the Broadway comedy Under the Yum-Yum Tree, after achieving success in film and television, Jones was set to return to Broadway as the star of Stephen Sondheims musical Company in 1970. Shortly after opening night, Jones withdrew from the show, due to stress that he was undergoing from ongoing divorce proceedings, Director Harold Prince agreed to replace him with Larry Kert if Jones would open the show and record the cast album. Jones agreed, and his performance is preserved on the original cast album, in 1986, Jones, by then having become a Christian, starred in Into the Light, a musical about scientists and the Shroud of Turin, which closed four days after it opened. He had far more success touring in the one-man show St. John in Exile as the last surviving Apostle of Jesus Christ, a performance was filmed in 1986. He made one more Broadway appearance, in 1993, at the Vivian Beaumont Theater and he portrayed a soldier in both Imitation General with Glenn Ford and Never So Few with Frank Sinatra. Jones had a role in an episode of ABCs Stagecoach West. He portrayed Joe Brady, one of two outlaws, with Harold J. Stone as Tanner and they are trapped during a sandstorm in a frontier house with series stars Robert Bray and Richard Eyer as Simon and Davey Kane, respectively. The outlaws are sought by the United States Army for armed robbery, the young woman of the house, Martha Whitlock, played by Diana Millay, was recently deserted by her husband. She becomes attracted to Jones character, who considers himself a failure since he had been orphaned at an early age. In the story line, it is determined that Brady is not guilty of the robbery and shooting of the guards, but is culpable as an accessory after the fact. Jones subsequently starred in the NBC television sitcom Ensign OToole, produced by Four Star Television, portraying an easy-going and his co-stars included Jack Mullaney, Jack Albertson, Jay C
32.
Carolyn Jones
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Carolyn Sue Jones was an American actress. Her film career continued for another 20 years, in 1964, she began playing the role of Morticia Addams, in the television series The Addams Family, receiving a Golden Globe Award nomination for her work. Jones was born in Amarillo, Texas, the daughter of Cloe Jeanette Southern, a housewife, and Julius Alfred Jones, in 1934, her father abandoned the family and her mother moved with her two children to her parents home in Amarillo. In 1935, Carolyn, her younger sister Bette, her mother, and her grandparents were living in Des Moines, Iowa, Carolyn suffered from severe asthma that often restricted her childhood activities. She was a reader, and loved Hollywood magazines. When her condition permitted she loved to go to the movies and she enrolled at the Pasadena Playhouse in California, although at 15 she was still three years under the minimum age, her grandfather agreed to pay her tuition. After being spotted by a talent scout at the Playhouse, Jones secured a contract with Paramount Pictures and made her first film, The Turning Point, in 1953, she married aspiring film-maker Aaron Spelling. In 1954, she played Beth in Shield for Murder, earning $500 per day for playing the role, Jones was cast in the 1953 film From Here to Eternity in the role of Alma Lorene Burke, which was written for her. However, a bout with pneumonia forced her to withdraw, the role earned Donna Reed the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, Jones made her TV debut on the DuMont series Gruen Playhouse in 1952. She appeared in two Rod Cameron syndicated series, City Detective and State Trooper, as Betty Fowler in the 1956 episode and she guest-starred in Ray Millands CBS sitcom, Meet Mr. McNutley. She made five appearances on the drama series Dragnet, starring Jack Webb. In 1956, Jones appeared in Invasion of the Body Snatchers, in 1957, she had the lead in the episode The Girl in the Grass on CBSs Schlitz Playhouse, with once again Ray Milland and Nora Marlowe. In 1959, she played opposite Frank Sinatra in Frank Capras A Hole in the Head, Dean Martin in Career, and Anthony Quinn and Kirk Douglas in Last Train from Gun Hill. In 1960, she guest-starred with James Best and Jack Mullaney in the episode Love on Credit of CBSs anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson, in the 1962-1963 season, Jones guest-starred on CBSs The Lloyd Bridges Show, which Spelling created. While married to Spelling, she appeared on the NBC program Heres Hollywood, in the epic 1963 Western, How The West Was Won, she played the role of Sheriff Jeb Rawlings wife. She appears with Peppard and Debbie Reynolds in the last speaking/singing scenes of the film and she guest-starred on the 1960s TV series Batman, playing Marsha, the Queen of Diamonds, and in 1976 appeared as the title characters mother, Hippolyta, on the Wonder Woman TV series. During her occasional absences, veteran actress Marla Adams subbed for her and her acting career declined after The Addams Family ended in 1966. Sporadic roles in the 1970s included that of Mrs. Moore, Jones landed the role of the power-driven political matriarch Myrna Clegg in the CBS daytime television soap opera Capitol in 1981
33.
Dick Powell
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Richard Ewing Dick Powell was an American singer, actor, film producer, film director and studio head. Though he came to stardom as a comedy performer, he showed versatility. He was the first actor to portray the private detective Philip Marlowe on screen, Powell was born in Mountain View, the seat of Stone County in northern Arkansas. The family moved to Little Rock in 1914, where Powell sang in choirs and with local orchestras. Powell attended the former Little Rock College, before he started his entertainment career as a singer with the Royal Peacock Band which toured throughout the Midwest. During this time, he married Mildred Maund, a model, later, he joined the Charlie Davis Orchestra, based in Indianapolis. He recorded a number of records with Davis and on his own, Powell moved to Pittsburgh, where he found great local success as the Master of Ceremonies at the Enright Theater and the Stanley Theater. In April 1930, Warner Bros. bought Brunswick Records, which at that time owned Vocalion, Warner Bros. was sufficiently impressed by Powells singing and stage presence to offer him a film contract in 1932. He made his debut as a singing bandleader in Blessed Event. Powell desperately wanted to expand his range, but Warner Bros. would not allow him to do so, as a result, he bought his release from Warner Bros. in 1940. They did cast him in A Midsummer Nights Dream, but as Lysander, another youthful romantic character and this was to be Powells only Shakespearean role and one he did not want to play, feeling that he was completely wrong for the part. By 1944, Powell felt he was too old to play romantic leading men anymore and he lost out to Fred MacMurray, another Hollywood nice guy. MacMurrays success, however, fueled Powells resolve to pursue projects with greater range, Powell starred in the musical program Campana Serenade, which was broadcast on NBC radio and CBS radio. In 1944, Powells career changed dramatically when he was cast in the first of a series of films noir, as private detective Philip Marlowe in Murder, My Sweet, the film was a big hit, and Powell had successfully reinvented himself as a dramatic actor. He was the first actor to play Marlowe – by name – in motion pictures, later, Powell was the first actor to play Marlowe on radio, in 1944 and 1945, and on television, in a 1954 episode of Climax. Powell also played the slightly less hard-boiled detective Richard Rogue in the radio series Rogues Gallery, in 1945, Dmytryk and Powell reteamed to make the film Cornered, a gripping, post-WWII thriller that helped define the film noir style. He became a tough guy lead appearing in movies such as Johnny OClock. But in 1948, he stepped out of the type when he starred in Pitfall
34.
Actors' Equity Association
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However, performers appearing on live stage productions without a book or through-storyline may be represented by the American Guild of Variety Artists. As of 2010, Equity represented over 49,000 theatre artists, actor’s Equity Association is currently under the direction of President Kate Shindle. AEA represents more than 50,000 actors and stage managers nationwide, the AEA works to negotiate and provide performers and stage managers quality living conditions, livable wages, and benefits. In order to become a member of Equity, the performer must generate a number of Equity Membership Candidacy Points and they do this by securing a position at an Equity theatre and then registering as a candidate for Equity. Performers are required to maintain a minimum of 50 weeks of EMC work along with an initial payment in order to become an official Equity member. A person may become a member of Equity if they have been offered a position under an AEA contract. Leading up to the Actors and Producers strike of 1929, Hollywood, Hollywood was producing what was considered the 3 most important IWA/WIR films in the post-Kruse era. The films The Passaic Textile Strike, The Miners’ Strike and The Gastonia Textile Strike, gave audience and producers insight into the effect and accomplishments of labor unions and these films were set apart by being current documentaries and not melodramas produced for glamour. In 1896 the first Actors Union Charter was recognized by the American Federation of Labor as an attempt to create a minimum wage for actors being exploited and it wasnt until January 13,1913 that the Union Charter failed. It later re-emerged as the Actors Equity Association with more than 111 actors with Frances Wilson as its board president. A bronze plaque commemorates the room in which The Players met to establish Actors Equity, members included Frank Gillmore, who from 1918 to 1929 was the Executive Secretary of Actors Equity and its eventual President, a position he held from 1929 to 1937. Actors Equity joined the American Federation of Labor in 1919, the strike ended the dominance of the Producing Managers Association, including theater owners and producers like Abe Erlanger and his partner, Mark Klaw. The strike increased membership from under 3,000 to approximately 14,000, the Chorus Equity Association, which merged with Actors Equity in 1955, was founded during the strike. Equity represented directors and choreographers until 1959, when they broke away, the Actors Equality Strike was a series of walkouts that started in 1927, which started out in smaller local theaters in Los Angeles but quickly grew to the Motion Picture stage. The theater strikes combined with freelance contracts fueled the need for actors and stagehands to strike for better working conditions and pay. On July 20,1929, the Actors Equality would gain its first victory and this would also give all power and representation to one organization in order to create a more organized equality strike. Starting June 5,1929, Frank Gillmore flew and attended meetings in New York with the Heads of Broadway. After the meeting Mr. Anyone else who is involved in the production of pictures was also encouraged to attend
35.
Pearl Bailey
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Pearl Mae Bailey was an American actress and singer. After appearing in vaudeville she made her Broadway debut in St. Louis Woman in 1946 and she won a Tony Award for the title role in the all-black production of Hello, Dolly. in 1968. In 1986, she won a Daytime Emmy award for her performance as a fairy godmother in the ABC Afterschool Special, Cindy Eller and her rendition of Takes Two to Tango hit the top ten in 1952. She received the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award in 1976, Bailey was born in Southampton County in southeastern Virginia, to the Reverend Joseph James and Ella Mae Ricks Bailey. She was raised in the Bloodfields neighborhood of Newport News, Virginia and she made her stage-singing debut when she was 15 years old. Her brother Bill Bailey was beginning his own career as a tap dancer, Bailey won and was offered $35 a week to perform there for two weeks. However, the theatre closed during her engagement and she was not paid and she later won a similar competition at Harlems famous Apollo Theater and decided to pursue a career in entertainment. Bailey began by singing and dancing in Philadelphias black nightclubs in the 1930s, in 1941, during World War II, Bailey toured the country with the USO, performing for American troops. After the tour, she settled in New York and her solo successes as a nightclub performer were followed by acts with such entertainers as Cab Calloway and Duke Ellington. In 1946, Bailey made her Broadway debut in St. Louis Woman, for her performance, she won a Donaldson Award as the best Broadway newcomer. Bailey continued to tour and record albums in between her stage and screen performances, Baileys most important Broadway role was as Dolly Levi in the all-black version of Hello Dolly. Early in the medium, Bailey guest starred on CBSs Faye Emersons Wonderful Town. She hosted her own variety series on ABC, The Pearl Bailey Show and her support of female impersonator Lynne Carter led him to credit Bailey with launching his career. In 1967, Bailey and Cab Calloway headlined an all-black cast version of Hello, the touring version was so successful, producer David Merrick took it to Broadway where it played to sold-out houses and revitalized the long running musical. Bailey was given a special Tony Award for her role and RCA Victor made an original cast album. That is the recording of the score to have an overture which was written especially for that recording. She also sang the anthem prior to game 1 of the 1981 World Series between the New York Yankees and Los Angeles Dodgers at Yankee Stadium. During the 1970s she had her own show, and she also provided voices for animations such as Tubby the Tuba and Disneys The Fox
36.
Western Union
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The Western Union Company is an American financial services and communications company. Its North American headquarters is in Meridian, Colorado, though the designation of nearby Englewood is used in its mailing address. Up until it discontinued the service in 2006, Western Union was the best-known U. S. company in the business of exchanging telegrams, Western Union has several divisions, with products such as person-to-person money transfer, money orders, business payments and commercial services. They offered standard Cablegrams, as well as more products such as Candygrams, Dollygrams. Western Union, as a monopoly, dominated the telegraph industry in the late 19th century. It was the first communications empire and set a pattern for American-style communications businesses as they are known today, meanwhile, Ezra Cornell had bought back one of his bankrupt companies and renamed it the New York & Western Union Telegraph Company. Originally fierce competitors, by 1856 both groups were convinced that consolidation was their only alternative for progress. The merged company was named the Western Union Telegraph Company at Cornells insistence, Western Union bought out smaller companies rapidly, and by 1860 its lines reached from the East Coast to the Mississippi River, and from the Great Lakes to the Ohio River. In 1861 it opened the first transcontinental telegraph, in 1865 it formed the Russian–American Telegraph in an attempt to link America to Europe, via Alaska, into Siberia, to Moscow. The company enjoyed phenomenal growth during the few years. Under the leadership of presidents Jeptha Wade and William Orton its capitalization rose from $385,700 in 1858 to $41 million in 1876. However it was top-heavy with stock issues, and faced growing competition from several firms, in 1881 Gould took control of Western Union. It introduced the first stock ticker in 1866, and a time service in 1870. The next year,1871, the company introduced its money transfer service, in 1879, Western Union left the telephone business, having lost a patent lawsuit with Bell Telephone Company. As the telephone replaced the telegraph, money transfer would become its primary business, when the Dow Jones Transportation Average stock market index for the New York Stock Exchange was created in 1884, Western Union was one of the original eleven all-American companies tracked. By 1900, Western Union operated a million miles of telegraph lines, the company continued to grow, acquiring more than 500 smaller competitors. Its monopoly power was almost complete in 1943 when it bought Postal Telegraph, in 1914, Western Union offered the first charge card for consumers, in 1923 it introduced teletypewriters to join its branches. Singing telegrams followed in 1933, intercity fax in 1935, in 1958, it began offering Telex service to customers in New York City
37.
George Seaton
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George Seaton was an American screenwriter, playwright, film director and producer, and theatre director. Seaton was born George Stenius in South Bend, Indiana, of Swedish descent and he grew up in a Detroit Jewish neighborhood, and described himself as a Shabas goy. So he went on to learn Hebrew in an Orthodox Jewish Yeshiva and was bar mitzvahed. Seaton moved to Detroit after graduating from college to work as an actor on radio station WXYZ. John L. Barrett played The Lone Ranger on test broadcasts of the series in early January 1933, in later years he claimed to have devised the cry Hi-yo, Silver because he couldnt whistle for his horse as the script required. Seaton, along with writer and friend Robert Pirosh, joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a contract writer in 1933. His first major credit was the Marx Brothers comedy A Day at the Races in 1937. But Not Goodbye, Seatons 1944 Broadway debut as a playwright, closed after only 23 performances, in 1967 he returned to Broadway to direct the Norman Krasna play Love in E Flat, which was a critical and commercial flop. The musical Heres Love, adapted from his screenplay for Miracle on 34th Street by Meredith Willson, Seaton won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay twice, for Miracle on 34th Street and The Country Girl, and was nominated for Oscars three additional times. He received The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award in 1961 and he directed 1970s blockbuster hit Airport, which earned 10 Oscar nominations, including one for Seatons screenplay. Seaton died of cancer in Beverly Hills, California in 1979, Airport Showdown George Seaton at the Internet Movie Database George Seaton Papers at the Wisconsin Center for Film and Theater Research
38.
Screen Actors Guild
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The Screen Actors Guild was an American labor union which represented over 100,000 film and television principal and background performers worldwide. On March 30,2012, the leadership announced that the SAG membership voted to merge with the American Federation of Television. The Screen Actors Guild was associated with the Associated Actors and Artistes of America, AAAA is affiliated with the AFL–CIO. Internationally, the SAG was affiliated with the International Federation of Actors. C, since 1995, the guild annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards. This award is continued by SAG-AFTRA, in 1925, the Masquers Club was formed by actors discontent with the grueling work hours at the Hollywood studios. This was one of the concerns which led to the creation of the Screen Actors Guild in 1933. A meeting in March 1933 of six led to the guilds foundation. Aubrey Smith, Charles Starrett, Richard Tucker, Arthur Vinton, Morgan Wallace, many high-profile actors refused to join SAG initially. This changed when the producers made an agreement amongst themselves not to bid competitively for talent, a pivotal meeting, at the home of Frank Morgan, was what gave SAG its critical mass. Cantors participation was critical, particularly because of his friendship with the recently elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after several years and the passage of the National Labor Relations Act, the producers agreed to negotiate with SAG in 1937. Robinson, Edwin Stanley, Gloria Stuart, Lyle Talbot, Franchot Tone, Warren William, Ten of those summoned, dubbed the Hollywood Ten, refused to cooperate and were charged with contempt of Congress and sentenced to prison. The president of SAG – future United States President Ronald Reagan – also known to the FBI as Confidential Informant T-10, testified before the committee but never publicly named names. He felt that lacking a definite stand on the part of the government, subsequently, a climate of fear, enhanced by the threat of detention under the provisions of the McCarran Internal Security Act, permeated the film industry. On November 17,1947, the Screen Actors Guild voted to force its officers to take a non-communist pledge, none of those blacklisted were proven to advocate overthrowing the government – most simply had Marxist or socialist views. The Waldorf Statement marked the beginning of the Hollywood blacklist that saw hundreds of people prevented from working in the film industry, unfortunately, there are no credits to restore, nor any other belated recognition that we can offer our members who were blacklisted. They could not work under assumed names or employ surrogates to front for them, an actors work and his or her identity are inseparable. The Screen Actors Guild Ethnic Minorities Committee was co-founded in 1972 by actors Henry Darrow, Edith Diaz, Ricardo Montalban, the Screen Actors Guild Womens Committee was founded in 1972. In 1998, Naomi Marquez filed suit against SAG and Lakeside Productions claiming they had breached their duty of fair representation, the claim was denied by the Supreme Court
39.
Arthur Kennedy
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Kennedy was born John Arthur Kennedy on 17 February 1914 in Worcester, Massachusetts, the son of Helen and J. T. Kennedy, a dentist. He attended South High School, Worcester and Worcester Academy, at Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh he studied drama, graduating with a B. A. in 1934. Kennedy moved to New York and, billed as John Kennedy and he then toured with a classical repertory company. In September 1937, he made his Broadway debut as Bushy in Maurice Evans Richard II at the St. James Theatre, in 1939 he played Sir Richard Vernon in Evans Henry IV, Part 1. Kennedy got his break when he was discovered by James Cagney and his first film role was of Cagneys younger brother in City for Conquest in 1940. He was equally adept as hero or villain, and was noted for his mastery of complex and he appeared in many Western films and police dramas. During World War II, Kennedy served from 1943 to 1945 in the United States Army Air Forces making aviation training films, many of those films today serve as an historical record of not only how aviators were trained but also how the equipment was operated. Of Kennedys film work, he is perhaps best-remembered for his collaborations with director Anthony Mann and co-star James Stewart on Bend of the River, in both films he played sympathetic villains. He also enjoyed a stage career over the same period. Kennedy also inaugurated three other characters in Miller plays, Chris Keller in All My Sons, John Proctor in The Crucible. In 1961 he played the role in Becket, opposite Laurence Olivier as Henry II. On February 5,1959, Kennedy appeared on the episode Make It Look Good of CBSs Dick Powells Zane Grey Theatre, Kennedy plays Sam Carter, a former Confederate hired as a bank teller in an otherwise all-Union community by the banker Clem Doud, portrayed by Parley Baer. It is revealed that Carter, widely disliked in the town, had for a time been a prisoner of war at Elmira, New York. Carter becomes the partner to two brothers, played by Ed Nelson and Richard Rust, who rob the bank, but he changes his mind. Carter must confront Russ Bowen, one of the brothers who had vowed to harm Carters wife, Jenny, Robert F. Simon plays Sheriff John Hanley. In 1974, Kennedy was a regular in the cast of the short-lived ABC police drama Nakia, with the death of his wife in 1975, failing eyesight, alcoholism, and thyroid cancer, Kennedy was reported as having lost interest in film-making. After Covert Action, his film was Signs of Life. In 1949, Kennedy won a Tony Award for best supporting actor as Biff in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman at the Morosco Theatre, the New York Film Critics named him best actor for Bright Victory
40.
Port of Long Beach
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The Port of Long Beach, also known as the Harbor Department of the City of Long Beach, is the second-busiest container port in the United States, after the Port of Los Angeles, which it adjoins. Acting as a gateway for US–Asian trade, the port occupies 3,200 acres of land with 25 miles of waterfront in the city of Long Beach. The Port of Long Beach is located less than two miles southwest of downtown Long Beach and approximately 25 miles south of downtown Los Angeles, the seaport generates approximately US$100 billion in trade and employs more than 316,000 people in Southern California. San Pedro Breakwater was started in 1899 and over time was expanded to protect Port of Long Beach, the Port of Long Beach was founded on 800 acres of mudflats on June 24,1911, at the mouth of the Los Angeles River. In 1917, the first Board of Harbor Commissioners was formed to supervise harbor operations, due to the booming economy, Long Beach voters approved a $5 million bond to improve the inner and outer harbor in 1924. By 1926 more than one million tons of cargo were handled, the old Municipal Pier was rebuilt into the Municipal Wharf in 1925. In 1925 construction started on Pier A and Pier B, with opening of Pier A in 1930, in 1921, oil was discovered at the Long Beach Oil Field on and around Signal Hill. In 1932, the fourth-largest oil field in the United States, Wilmington Oil Field, was discovered, much of field was underneath Long Beach. The hundreds of oil wells from Wilmington Oil Field provided oil revenues to the City, the first offshore oil well in the harbor was brought online in 1937, shortly after the discovery that the oil field far extended into the harbor. In the mid-1930s, the port was expanded, largely due to the need to oil to foreign markets. The extraction of hundreds of millions of barrels of oil caused concern for subsidence, engineers and geologists were promptly assigned to the problem, building dikes for flood control at high tide. On July 3,1930 the Federal River and Harbor Act authorizes expanding the San Pedro Bay breakwater by 3. 5-mile completed in 1949, Long Beach became a home port for the The United States Navys Pacific Fleet in 1932. In 1940 the navy purchased 105 acres on Terminal Island built the Long Beach Naval Shipyard there, in 1946, after World War II, the Port of Long Beach was established as America’s most modern port with the completion of the first of nine clear-span transit sheds. Pier E was completed and Pier B was expanded to two times its size in 1949, pierpoint Landing completed on Pier F in 1948, becoming a large sport fishing spot. Concerns regarding subsidence increased until Operation Big Squirt, a water injection program, in 1971 Pier J expansion is complete with a 55-acre container and car import terminal, becoming Toyotas Western distribution center. In 1972 International Transportation Service completes a 52-acre container terminal on Pier J with a 1, 200-foot wharf, maersk Line Pacific completes on Pier G a 29-acre container terminal. Port of Long Beach is the largest container terminal in America, with the rapid expansion of the port pollution also increased. The Port of Long Beach instituted programs to prevent and control oil spills, contain debris, due to its efforts, the port was awarded the American Association of Port Authorities Environmental E Award
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John Ford
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John Ford was an American film director. His four Academy Awards for Best Director remain a record, one of the films for which he won the award, How Green Was My Valley, also won Best Picture. In a career spanned more than 50 years, Ford directed more than 140 films and he is widely regarded as one of the most important. Fords work was held in regard by his colleagues, with Orson Welles. Ford made frequent use of shooting and long shots, in which his characters were framed against a vast, harsh. Ford was born John Martin Jack Feeney in Cape Elizabeth, Maine to John Augustine Feeney and Barbara Abbey Curran and his father, John Augustine, was born in Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland in 1854. Barbara Curran had been born in the Aran Islands, in the town of Kilronan on the island of Inishmore, John A. Feeneys grandmother, Barbara Morris, was said to be a member of a local gentry family, the Morrises of Spiddal. John Augustine and Barbara Curran arrived in Boston and Portland respectively in May and they married in 1875 and became American citizens five years later on September 11,1880. John Augustine lived in the Munjoy Hill neighborhood of Portland, Maine with his family, and would try farming, fishing, working for the gas company, running a saloon, and being an alderman. Feeney attended Portland High School, Portland, Maine, where he was a successful fullback and he earned the nickname Bull because of the way he would lower his helmet and charge the line. A Portland pub is named Bull Feeneys in his honor and he later moved to California and in 1914 began working in film production as well as acting for his older brother Francis, adopting Jack Ford as a professional name. In addition to credited roles, he appeared uncredited as a Klansman in D. W. Griffiths 1915 The Birth of a Nation and he married Mary McBride Smith on July 3,1920, and they had two children. His daughter Barbara was married to singer and actor Ken Curtis from 1952 to 1964, what difficulty was caused by the two marrying is unclear as the level of John Fords commitment to the Catholic faith is disputed. A strain would have been Fords many extramarital relationships, John Ford began his career in film after moving to California in July 1914. He followed in the footsteps of his older brother Francis Ford, twelve years his senior. John Ford started out in his brothers films as an assistant, handyman, stuntman and occasional actor, frequently doubling for his brother, Francis gave his younger brother his first acting role in The Mysterious Rose. Despite an often combative relationship, within three years Jack had progressed to become Francis chief assistant and often worked as his cameraman, by the time Jack Ford was given his first break as a director, Francis profile was declining and he ceased working as a director soon after. One notable feature of John Fords films is that he used a company of actors
42.
James Cagney
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James Francis Cagney Jr. was an American actor and dancer, both on stage and in film, though he had his greatest impact in film. Known for his energetic performances, distinctive vocal style, and deadpan comic timing, he won acclaim. He is best remembered for playing multifaceted tough guys in movies such as The Public Enemy, Angels with Dirty Faces, and White Heat, and was typecast or limited by this view earlier in his career. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked him eighth among its list of greatest male stars of Classic Hollywood Cinema. Orson Welles said of Cagney, maybe the greatest actor who appeared in front of a camera. In his first professional acting performance, Cagney danced costumed as a woman in the line of the revue Every Sailor. He spent several years in vaudeville as a dancer and comedian and he secured several other roles, receiving good notices, before landing the lead in the 1929 play Penny Arcade. After rave reviews, Warner Bros. signed him for an initial $500-a-week, three-week contract to reprise his role, Cagneys seventh film, The Public Enemy, became one of the most influential gangster movies of the period. Notable for a scene in which Cagney pushes a grapefruit against Mae Clarkes face. He became one of Hollywoods biggest stars and one of Warner Bros. biggest contracts, in 1938, he received his first Academy Award for Best Actor nomination, for Angels with Dirty Faces, for his subtle portrayal of the tough guy/man-child Rocky Sullivan. In 1942, Cagney won the Oscar for his portrayal of George M. Cohan in Yankee Doodle Dandy. He was nominated a third time in 1955 for Love Me or Leave Me, Cagney retired from acting and dancing in 1961 to spend time on his farm with his family. He exited retirement,20 years later, for a part in the movie Ragtime, Cagney walked out on Warner Bros. several times over the course of his career, each time returning on much improved personal and artistic terms. In 1935, he sued Warner for breach of contract and won and this was one of the first times an actor prevailed over a studio on a contract issue. In reference to Cagneys refusal to be pushed around, Jack L, Warner called him the Professional Againster. Cagney also made numerous morale-boosting troop tours before and during World War II and was president of the Screen Actors Guild for two years, Cagney was born on the Lower East Side of Manhattan in New York City. His biographers disagree as to the location, either on the corner of Avenue D. His father, James Francis Cagney, Sr. was of Irish descent, at the time of his sons birth, he was a bartender and amateur boxer, though on Cagneys birth certificate, he is listed as a telegraphist
43.
Mister Roberts (1955 film)
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Based on the 1946 novel and 1948 Broadway play, the film was nominated for the Best Picture and Best Sound, Recording Oscars, Jack Lemmon received the 1955 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In the waning days of World War II, the United States Navy cargo ship Reluctant, the executive officer/cargo chief, Lieutenant Junior Grade Douglas A. Doug Roberts, tries to shield the dispirited crew from the harsh and unpopular captain, Lieutenant Commander Morton. Eager to join the fighting, Roberts repeatedly requests a transfer, Morton is forced by regulation to forward his requests, but refuses to endorse them, which means they are always rejected. Roberts shares quarters with Ensign Frank Thurlowe Pulver, Pulver spends most of his time idling in his bunk and avoids the captain at all costs, so much so, that Morton is actually unaware Pulver is part of the crew. Roberts surreptitiously requests, and is granted crew liberty from one of Morton’s superiors, the liberty is supposed to be at their next resupply stop, but when the ship reaches an idyllic South Pacific island, Morton denies the crew their much-needed shore leave. Ashore, the crew lets loose after months of pent-up frustration, many crewmen are arrested and hauled back to the ship by the military police and the shore patrol. The next morning, Morton is reprimanded by the port captain, Morton is almost speechless with rage at the black mark on his sterling record. Meanwhile, the crewmen are mystified by Robertss new strictness, Morton deceives them into thinking that Roberts is trying to get a promotion. When a crew member informs Roberts of a new Navy policy which might assist him in getting a transfer despite the captains opposition, news of the Allied victory in Europe depresses Roberts further, knowing the war may end soon without his ever seeing combat. Inspired by a radio speech celebrating VE Day, Roberts throws Mortons prized palm tree overboard. The captain demands the identity of the culprit, but no one steps forward and he eventually realizes that Roberts is the only person aboard with the nerve to do it. Morton summons him to his quarters and accuses him of the deed, an open microphone reveals to the crew what changed Roberts. Weeks later, Roberts receives an unexpected transfer, Doc, the ships doctor and Roberts friend, confides to him that the crew risked court-martial by submitting a transfer request with Mortons forged imprimatur. Before he leaves, the crew presents Roberts with a handmade medal, several weeks later, Pulver, who has been appointed cargo officer, receives a couple of letters. The first is from Roberts, who speaks enthusiastically about his new assignment aboard the destroyer USS Livingston during the Battle of Okinawa and he goes on to say that he would rather have the Order of the Palm than the Medal of Honor. Incensed, Pulver throws the captain’s replacement palm tree overboard and he then marches into Mortons cabin, openly bragging about it and brazenly demanding to know why Morton has cancelled the showing of a film that night. Morton slowly shakes his head, realizing that his problems have not gone away, Fonda was not the original choice to star in the film version, Warner Bros. was considering William Holden or Marlon Brando for the lead role. The studio thought Fonda had been on stage and off the screen so long that he was no longer a movie box office draw, in addition, when filming began he was 49, much older than the average lieutenant junior grade
