Nineteen-Day Fast

The Nineteen-Day Fast is a nineteen-day period of the year, during which members of the Bahá'í Faith adhere to a sunrise-to-sunset fast. Along with obligatory prayer, it is one of the greatest obligations of a Bahá'í, and its chief purpose is spiritual; to reinvigorate the soul and bring the person closer to God. The fast was instituted by the Báb, and accepted by Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, who stated its rules in his book of laws, the Kitáb-i-Aqdas. The nineteen days of fasting occur immediately before the beginning of the Bahá'í New Year, on the vernal equinox (around March 1/2 to March 19/20).

History[edit]

The Báb, the founder of the Bábí Faith, instituted the Badí‘ calendar with 19 months of 19 days in his book the Persian Bayán, and stated that the last month would be a period of fasting.^[1] The Báb stated that the true significance of the fast was abstaining from all except the love of the Messengers from God. The Báb also stated that the continuation of the fast was contingent of the approval of a messianic figure, Him Whom God Shall Make Manifest.^[1] Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, who claimed to be the one foretold by the Báb, accepted the fast, but altered many of its details and regulations.^[1]^[2]

The Bahá'í fast resembles fasting practices of several other religions. Lent is a period of fasting for Christians, Yom Kippur and many other holidays for Jews, and the fast of Ramadan is practiced by Muslims. The Bahá'í fasting most resembles the fast of Ramadan, except that the period of fasting is defined as a fixed Bahá'í month, whereas Muslims fast during a lunar month, whose specific Gregorian dates vary from year to year.^{[citation needed]}

Definition[edit]

Bahá'u'lláh established the guidelines of the fast in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, his book of laws.^[2] Fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset during the Bahá'í month of `Ala' (between March 1/2nd through March 19th/20th) and it is the complete abstention from food, drink and smoking. Observing the fast is an individual obligation, and is binding on all Bahá'ís who have reached the age 15 until the age of 70;^[2] it is not enforceable by the Bahá'í administrative institutions.^[1] Various exemptions are given to the sick, the travelling, and others (see below).^[2]

While Bahá'ís are allowed to fast at other times during the year, fasting at other times is not encouraged and is rarely done; Bahá'u'lláh permitted the making of vows to fast, which was a Muslim practice, but he stated that he preferred that such vows be "directed to such objectives as will profit mankind."^[1]^[3]

In the Northern Hemisphere the fast occurs at a time before the equinox that is coming out of the winter months where the days are shorter than the night and approach parity. In the Southern hemisphere the fast occurs at a time also before the equinox and come out of the summer months where the days are longer than the nights and approach parity of length.^{[citation needed]}

Spiritual nature[edit]

Along with obligatory prayer, it is one of the greatest obligations of a Bahá'í and is intended to bring the person closer to God.^[2] Shoghi Effendi, the head of the Bahá'í Faith in the first half of the 20th century, explains that the fast "is essentially a period of meditation and prayer, of spiritual recuperation, during which the believer must strive to make the necessary readjustments in his inner life, and to refresh and reinvigorate the spiritual forces latent in his soul. Its significance and purpose are, therefore, fundamentally spiritual in character. Fasting is symbolic, and a reminder of abstinence from selfish and carnal desires."^[4]

Laws concerning fasting[edit]

There are laws and practices associated with the Nineteen Day Fast that were established by Bahá'u'lláh in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas, his book of laws.^[2]

The period of fasting begins with the termination of the Intercalary Days and ends with the festival of Naw-Rúz.^[2]
Abstinence from food, drink and smoking from sunrise to sunset.^[1]
Fasting is obligatory for men and women once they attain the age of 15.^[2]
If one eats unconsciously during the fasting hours, this is not breaking the fast as it is an accident.^[5]
In regions of extremely high latitude where the duration of days and nights vary considerably, the times of the fast are fixed by the clock.^[2]^[5]

Exemptions from fasting[edit]

There are various exemptions provided in the Kitáb-i-Aqdas to the obligation of fasting. One meeting the exemptions may, however, still choose to fast if they so wish. Those not fasting are asked to be discreet, and eat frugally and in private.^[1]^[2]

Those who are ill.
Those who are younger than 15 or older than 70.
Those who are engaged in heavy labour.
Women who are pregnant.
Women who are nursing.
Women who are menstruating (instead they must perform an ablution and recite the verse Glorified be God, the Lord of Splendour and Beauty 95 times a day).^[1]

Exemptions are also given to those travelling during the fast. Exemptions are given when the travel is longer than 9 hours (or 2 hours if travelling by foot).^[2] If the traveller breaks their journey for more than nineteen days, they are only exempt from fasting for the first three days. Also if they return home, they must begin fasting right away.^[1]

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Walbridge, John (2004-07-11). "Fasting". Bahá'í Library. Retrieved 2008-09-17.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Smith, Peter (2000). "fasting". A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. p. 157. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.
^ Bahá'u'lláh (1992) [1873]. The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 128. ISBN 0-85398-999-0.
^ Effendi, Shoghi (1973). Directives from the Guardian. Hawaii Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 28.
^ ^a ^b Compilations (1983). Hornby, Helen (Ed.), ed. Lights of Guidance: A Bahá'í Reference File. Bahá'í Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. pp. 234–235. ISBN 81-85091-46-3.