1.
Sabah
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Sabah, nicknamed Malay, Negeri Di Bawah Bayu, is one of the two Malaysian states on the island of Borneo. Sabah has a level of autonomy in administration, immigration. It is situated in northern Borneo, bordering the state of Sarawak to the southwest, Kalimantan of Indonesia to the south, Sabah shares maritime borders with Vietnam in the west and the Philippines to the north and east. Kota Kinabalu is the city, the economic centre of the state. Other major towns in Sabah include Sandakan and Tawau, as of the 2015 census in Malaysia, the states population is 3,543,500. Sabah has a climate with tropical rainforests and abundant animal. The state has long mountain ranges on the west side which form part of the Crocker Range National Park, Kinabatangan River, second longest river in Malaysia runs through Sabah and Mount Kinabalu is the highest point of Sabah as well of Malaysia. The earliest human settlement in Sabah can be traced back to 20, the state had a trading relationship with China from the 14th century AD. Sabah came under the influence of the Bruneian Empire in the 15th century, the state was subsequently acquired by the North Borneo Chartered Company in the 19th century. During World War II, Sabah was occupied by the Japanese for three years and it became a British Crown Colony in 1946. On 31 August 1963, Sabah was granted self-government by the British, following this, Sabah became one of the founding members of the Federation of Malaysia alongside Sarawak, Singapore, and the Federation of Malaya. Sabah exhibits notable diversity in ethnicity, culture and language, the head of state is the Governor, also known as the Yang di-Pertua Negeri, while the head of government is the Chief Minister. The government system is modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and has one of the earliest state legislature system in Malaysia. Sabah is divided into divisions and districts. Malay is the language of the state, and Islam is the official religion. Sabah is known for its musical instrument, the sompoton. Sabah is the state in Malaysia to celebrate the Kaamatan festival. Sabah has abundant natural resources, and its economy is strongly export-oriented, the primary exports include oil, gas, timber and palm oil
2.
Flag of Sabah
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The current flag of the state of Sabah, in Malaysia, was adopted on 16 September 1988. It is red, white and three different shades of blue, the mountain is in the canton as in the 1963 flag, but now in dark blue on a light blue background. The field is blue over white over red. The mountain shown on the flag is Mount Kinabalu, the five different colours represent the five divisions in Sabah. A silhouette of Mount Kinabalu represents the state of Sabah, zircon blue represents peace and calmness. Icicle blue represents unity and prosperity, royal blue represents strength and harmony. Chilli red represents courage and determination, on 31 August 1963, Sabah adopted a four-striped flag with a green canton and a brown mountain. The meaning of the flag created in 1963 is very similar to the current flag adopted in 1988, the second flag design was created in 1981 by the BERJAYA state government. It was formally adopted on 1 January 1982 and it had a completely different design from the previous one, blue over white with a red triangle on the hoist. It is similar to the Trisakti flag used by the state of Sarawak until 31 August 1988. This flag should not be confused with the flag of the Czech Republic, coats of arms of Sabah Sabah State Government Official Website Flagspot. net, About Sabah Jongandhi. wordpress. com, The Flags of Sabah
3.
States and federal territories of Malaysia
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The states and federal territories of Malaysia are the principal administrative divisions of Malaysia. Malaysia is a federation comprising thirteen states and three federal territories, eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula, collectively called Peninsular Malaysia or West Malaysia. Two states are on the island of Borneo, and the remaining one federal territory consists of islands offshore of Borneo, out of the 13 states in Malaysia,9 of the states are hereditary monarchies. The governance of the states is divided between the government and the state governments, while the federal territories are directly administered by the federal government. The specific responsibilities of the federal and the governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia. Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states, however, legal scholars generally view this as a paupers bequest because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, the Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states, land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government. Nine of the states, based on historical Malay kingdoms, are known as the Malay states. Each Malay state has a ruler as titular head of state. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, Negeri Sembilans elective ruler holds the title of Yamtuan Besar, whereas the ruler of Perlis is titled Raja. The federal head of state, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term and they have separate immigration policies and controls and a unique residency status. Each state has a legislature called Dewan Undangan Negeri. Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on population, the state leader of the majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, however, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in withholding consent to dissolve the DUN. Each state sends two senators elected by the DUN to the Dewan Negara, the house of the federal parliament. The law in question must also be passed by the assembly as well. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations. Each state is divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim
4.
Malaysia
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Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy located in Southeast Asia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia and a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. The capital city is Kuala Lumpur, while Putrajaya is the seat of the federal government, with a population of over 30 million, Malaysia is the 44th most populous country. The southernmost point of continental Eurasia, Tanjung Piai, is in Malaysia, located in the tropics, Malaysia is one of 17 megadiverse countries on earth, with large numbers of endemic species. Malaysia has its origins in the Malay kingdoms present in the area which, from the 18th century, the first British territories were known as the Straits Settlements, whose establishment was followed by the Malay kingdoms becoming British protectorates. The territories on Peninsular Malaysia were first unified as the Malayan Union in 1946, Malaya was restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, and achieved independence on 31 August 1957. Malaya united with North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore on 16 September 1963 to become Malaysia, less than two years later in 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation. The country is multi-ethnic and multi-cultural, which plays a role in politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Malaysian Chinese, Malaysian Indians. The constitution declares Islam the state religion while allowing freedom of religion for non-Muslims, the government system is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is the king, known as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and he is an elected monarch chosen from the hereditary rulers of the nine Malay states every five years. The head of government is the prime minister, since its independence, Malaysia has had one of the best economic records in Asia, with its GDP growing at an average of 6. 5% per annum for almost 50 years. The economy has traditionally been fuelled by its resources, but is expanding in the sectors of science, tourism, commerce. Today, Malaysia has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked third largest in Southeast Asia, the name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malay and the Latin-Greek suffix -sia/-σία. The word melayu in Malay may derive from the Tamil words malai and ur meaning mountain and city, land, malayadvipa was the word used by ancient Indian traders when referring to the Malay Peninsula. Whether or not it originated from these roots, the word melayu or mlayu may have used in early Malay/Javanese to mean to steadily accelerate or run. This term was applied to describe the current of the river Melayu in Sumatra. The name was adopted by the Melayu Kingdom that existed in the seventh century on Sumatra
5.
Hari Merdeka
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Hari Merdeka, also known as Hari Kebangsaan, refers to the day when the Federation of Malayas independence from the British Empire was officially declared. To commemorate the event, Hari Merdeka was declared a holiday in Malaysia. Once it became clear that the Communist threat posed during the Malayan Emergency was petering out, agreement was reached on 8 February 1956, the announcement of the day was set months earlier by the Tunku in a Melaka meeting of the Alliance. On the night of 30 August 1957, crowds gathered at the Dataran merdeka Padang in Kuala Lumpur to witness the handover of power from the British. Prime Minister-designate Tunku Abdul Rahman arrived at 11,58 p. m. on the stroke of midnight, the lights were switched back on, and the Union Flag in the square was lowered. The new Flag of Malaya was raised as the national anthem Negaraku was played and this was followed by seven chants of Merdeka by the crowd. Tunku Abdul Rahman later gave a speech hailing the ceremony as the greatest moment in the life of the Malayan people. Before giving the address to the crowd, he was given a necklace by representatives of the Alliance Party youth in honour of this occasion in history. The event ended at one in the morning the next day, on the morning of 31 August 1957, the festivities moved to the newly completed Merdeka Stadium. More than 20,000 people witnessed the ceremony, which began at 9,30 a. m and those in attendance included rulers of the Malay states, foreign dignitaries, members of the federal cabinet, and citizens. The Queens representative, the Duke of Gloucester presented Tunku Abdul Rahman with the instrument of independence, Tunku then proceeded to read the Proclamation of Independence, which culminated in the chanting of Merdeka. Seven times with the crowd joining in, sports events and other events marked the birth of the new nation. However, it was postponed to 16 September 1963, mainly due to Indonesian, nevertheless, North Borneo and Singapore declared sovereignty on 31 August 1963. Indonesian opposition later escalated to a military conflict, indonesia considered Malaysia as a new form of colonisation on the provinces of Sarawak and North Borneo in the island of Borneo. However, they did not lay claim upon the two territories, unlike Philippines claim on the part of Sabah. Their eventual findings which indicated substantial support for Malaysia among the peoples of Sabah and Sarawak, the formation of the Federation of Malaysia was then announced on 16 September 1963, as Malaysia Day. The nationwide Independence Day celebration is held on 31 August. However, this has caused minor discontent among East Malaysians in particular since it has been argued that celebrating the national day on 31 August is too Malaya-centric
6.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
7.
British Military Administration (Borneo)
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The British Military Administration was the interim administrator of British Borneo between the end of World War II and the establishment of the Crown Colony of Sarawak and North Borneo in 1946. Specifically, the entity lasted from 12 September 1945 to 15 July 1946, Labuan also were placed under a temporary British military rule and the headquarters located there. The headquarters was mostly managed by the Australian Imperial Force, the area under this administration comprises today of Labuan, Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei. British Military Administration Japanese occupation of Malaya Japanese occupation of Singapore Lists of Archival Materials from Public Record Office, British military administration British Borneo, Monthly Reports
8.
North Borneo Chartered Company
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The North Borneo Chartered Company or British North Borneo Company was a chartered company assigned to administer North Borneo in August 1881. The company also administered the island of Labuan for a period in 1890 before it became part of the Straits Settlements. North Borneo became a protectorate of the British Empire with internal affairs administered by the company until 1946 when it became the Crown Colony of British North Borneo, the main motto was Pergo et Perago, which means I undertake and I achieve. The first chairman of the company was Alfred Dent, in 1882, the North Borneo Chartered Company established a settlement on Pulau Gaya, one year after the Chartered Company was given the mandate to rule Sabah. However, in 1897, this settlement was burnt to the ground during the raid led by Mat Salleh and this company is also known as Syarikat Borneo Utara British and was criticised by the locals for the taxes it collected. H. Treacher, British Borneo - Sketches of Brunai, Sarawak, Labuan and North Borneo, Singapore, Government print department,1891 K. G. Tregonning, A History Of Modern Sabah,2
9.
North Borneo
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North Borneo also described as the State of North Borneo was a state that existed from 1882 until 1946. The state came about owing to the grant by the Sultans of Brunei, the country was placed under British protection in 1888 under an agreement between the Company and the British government concluded on 12 May 1888. From 1942 to 1945, North Borneo was occupied by Japanese military forces and this transfer of administration was completed under a past treaty signed between the United Kingdom and the United States. Today, the former North Borneo is part of Malaysia as the state of Sabah, a free port was then established here which was of importance for the interest of Britain in the east Asia region, namely, trade with China. The port however failed to become a long term due to constant pirate attacks as well as other reasons. In 1865, the United States Consul to Brunei, Charles Lee Moses, Torrey began a settlement at the Kimanis River mouth, which he named Ellena. Attempts to find backing for the settlement were futile, and disease, death. Harris died in 1866 and Torrey returned to America in 1877 and he died in Boston, Massachusetts, in March 1884. With the imminent termination of the lease at hand in January 1875, Torrey managed to sell his rights to the Consul of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Hong Kong, Baron Gustav von Overbeck. Von Overbeck managed to get a 10-year renewal of the lease from the Temenggong of Brunei, to finance his plans for North Borneo, Overbeck found financial backing from the Dent brothers. However, he was unable to interest his government in the territory, after efforts to sell the territory to Italy for use as a penal colony, von Overbeck withdrew in 1880, leaving Alfred Dent in control. Dent was supported by Sir Rutherford Alcock, and Admiral Sir Harry Keppel, in July 1881, Alfred Dent and his brother formed the British North Borneo Provisional Association Ltd and obtained an official Royal Charter 1 November the same year. In May 1882, the North Borneo Chartered Company replaced the Provisional Association, Sir Rutherford Alcock became the first President, and Alfred Dent became Managing director. In spite of some protests by the Dutch, Spanish and Sarawak governments. The company also established a foundation for growth in North Borneo by restoring peace to a land where piracy. It abolished slavery and set up transport, health and education services for the people, chinese immigrants were wooed to boost the small population of less than 100,000. Through the combined effort of the locals and immigrants, towns, farms, from 1890 to 1905 the British government placed the colony of Labuan under the administration of North Borneo. The Companys rule in North Borneo had great impact on the development of the region, although was generally peaceful, the local population occasionally resented the imposition of taxes and the loss of land to European plantations
10.
Edward Twining
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Edward Francis Twining, Baron Twining GCMG MBE KStJ, known as Sir Edward Twining from 1949 to 1958, was a British diplomat, formerly Governor of North Borneo and Governor of Tanganyika. He was a member of the Twining tea family, in 1960 he published a book titled A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe, at over 700 pages it is probably the most extensive book on the subject. Twining was born in 1899 in Westminster to William Henry Greaves Twining and his wife, Agatha Georgina and his brother Stephan Twining became the managing director of the tea merchants, Twinings. He attended Lancing before training at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst and he married Helen Mary, daughter of Arthur Edmund Du Buisson, in 1928 and they had two sons. He served in Dublin with the Worcestershire Regiment between 1919 and 1922, inadvertently capturing Éamon de Valera in 1921 and he was appointed MBE for his services in Ireland. He then entered the administrative service following two tours of Uganda with the 4th Kings African Rifles, returning there in 1929 as an assistant district commissioner. He moved to Mauritius as director of labour in 1939, before becoming administrator in St Lucia in 1943, he was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael, Twining served as Governor of North Borneo from November 1946. In 1949 he was promoted to KCMG and became Governor of Tanganyika and he was promoted to GCMG in 1953 and following his retirement, he became a life peer as Baron Twining, of Tanganyika and of Godalming in the County of Surrey, on 22 August 1958. He was appointed a Knight of the Venerable Order of Saint John in 1950 and he also served as Honorary Colonel to 6th Battalion Kings African Rifles from 1955 to 1958. A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe, hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by Mr Francis Twining
11.
Ralph Hone
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Major-General Sir Herbert Ralph Hone KCMG KBE MC was a British Army officer, barrister and colonial administrator. Ralph Hone was born in Hove, Sussex, and was educated at Varndean Grammar School, Hones mother died while he was in his teens, his father, a man of character, went on to become mayor of Brighton in 1937. His family, the Hones, were distant relations to Nathaniel Hone the Elder of the painting, writing, cricket. However, Ralphs upbringing was far removed from that of his forebears, in April 1915 Hone passed the British civil service examination. He then joined the Inns of Court Regiment and was commissioned in July 1915 in the London Irish Rifles and he was posted to the 1/18th battalion and was involved in the Battle of Loos in autumn 1915. Hone served in the Notre Dame de Lorette sector and then at Vimy Ridge, during this time Hone was hospitalised with acute trench fever and impetigo. On 21 March 1918 the Germans opened their Spring Offensive with 6000 guns, Hones company halted the Germans first infantry assault, capturing 25 German prisoners. Hone was awarded the Military Cross for his actions when the Germans attempted to enfilade the British lines and he was repatriated to England, and by the end of the war had been promoted to a captain. The day after the Armistice he married Elizabeth Matthews, with whom he later had two children, a son and daughter, in 1920 Hone left the army and joined the colonial service in Uganda. The next year he was appointed Zanzibars registrar to the high court and his legal career continued with an appointment as crown counsel in Tanganyika, followed by Attorney General of Gibraltar. While he was in Gibraltar the Spanish Civil War broke out, from Gibraltar he was posted to Uganda from 1937 to 1943, as Attorney-General. Hone was made commandant of the Uganda Defence Force following the outbreak of the Second World War, in 1941 he was transferred to General Headquarters Middle East, first as legal advisor to advise on law in the conquered Italian territories and later as chief political officer. In March 1943 he was promoted to major-general, to ease his command over the Brigadiers under him and this was followed by a period in the War Office in London, dealing with the war situation in South-East Asia. While working at South East Asia Command headquarters he got to know Louis Mountbatten, in August 1945 Hone was sent to Malaya, to oversee the handover to civilian rule, and was present at the Japanese surrender at Singapore on 12 September. Hone married again in 1945, and had a son by his second wife Sybil, Hone was awarded the KBE in 1946. Hone was considered a success as Governor of North Borneo, encouraging the countrys recovery from the ravages of the Japanese occupation. He was appointed KCMG in 1951, Hone was head of the legal division of the Commonwealth Relations Office from 1954 to 1961, when he retired from the civil service, and resumed practice at the bar. Hone was Vice President of the Royal Commonwealth Society and he was also an active freemason, a member of the higher degree of freemasonry, the Ancient and Accepted Rite 33º
12.
William Allmond Codrington Goode
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Sir William Allmond Codrington Goode GCMG was a British colonial officer who served as governor and Colonial Secretary to various Far Eastern colonies in the 20th century. Goode was the last Governor of the Crown Colony of Singapore, Goode was born in Twickenham, Middlesex and attended Oakham School and Worcester College, Oxford. Goode joined the Malayan Civil Service in 1931, studying law in his spare time and he was admitted to the Bar by Grays Inn in 1936. From 1936 to 1939 he served as District Officer, Raub and he was appointed Assistant Commissioner for Civil Defence, Singapore in 1940, serving in the Singapore Volunteer Corps as a Lance Corporal during the Second World War. After the colonys capitulation in 1942, he was prisoner by the Japanese. He remained in Malaya after the war, and in 1948 became Deputy Economic Secretary to the Federation, in 1949 he was posted to Aden as Chief Secretary, where he also acted as Governor from 1950-1951. He returned to Singapore as Colonial Secretary in 1953 and became the colonys last British Governor in 1957, in 1959, as part of transitional arrangements, he was made Yang di-Pertuan Negara of the State of Singapore from June to December, and United Kingdom Commissioner. From 1960 to 1963 he was Governor and Commander-in-Chief of North Borneo and he was made GCMG in the 1963 New Year Honours shortly before his retirement to Berkshire, England. In 1938, Goode married Mary Harding and she died in 1947 and three years later he married Ena Mary McLaren. Goode died in Goring-on-Thames in 1986, aged 79, gullick, J. M. Goode, Sir William Allmond Codrington
13.
Federation of Malaya
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The Federation of Malaya was a federation of 11 states that existed from 1 February 1948 until 16 September 1963. The Federation became independent on 31 August 1957, and in 1963 Malaysia was formed with the Singapore, North Borneo, the combination of states that formerly made up the Federation of Malaya is currently known as Peninsular Malaysia. From 1946 to 1948, the 11 states formed a single British crown colony known as the Malayan Union, due to opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states. Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang, like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, despite its traditional connections with Malaya. The Federation achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957, Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent republic on 9 August 1965. The Federation of Malaya Agreement was formulated by the British–Malay Pleno Conference between June and December 1946, at the end of the meeting, the Pleno Conference produced a 100-page Blue Book. The Federation of Malaya Agreement was signed on 1 April 1946 at King House by the Malay rulers, the Agreement superseded the Agreement creating the Malayan Union, and prepared for the establishment of the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948. The position of the Malay rulers was also restored, as with the Malayan Union, the Federation excluded Singapore, despite its traditional links to Malaya. The Federation of Malaya Executive Council comprised 7 official and 7 unofficial members, additionally,9 State Council Yang Di Pertua, Chief Ministers and 2 representatives from the Straits Settlements became unofficial members. The Malay Conference of Rulers would advise the High Commissioner on immigration issues, the British Resident was replaced with a Chief Minister in each state of the federation. The conditions of citizenship of the Federation of Malaya were further tightened using law enforcement, the federation agreement set the powers of the federal and state governments. Financial matters must be handled by the respective states, the Sultan was given full power on religious issues and Malay customs. Foreign policy and defence continued to be administered by the British government, the federation agreement was made the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and officially declared on 1 February 1948. The Federation of Malaya Legislative Council held its first meeting in the Tuanku Abdul Rahman Hall and it was opened by the British High Commissioner Sir Edward Gent. Attendees included the British Minister of State for Colonial Affairs, Lord Listowel, the membership of the Council was structured to include, the British High Commissioner,3 ex officio members,11 State and Settlement Members 11 official members, and 34 appointed unofficial members. The unofficial members were required to be either Federation citizens or British subjects, at this first Council meeting, several minor committees were formed, the Standing Committee on Finance, the Election Committee, and the Committee of Privileges. The first session passed the Kuala Lumpur City Bill, the Transfer of Power Bill, in 1950, the Federation of Malaya Government rejected the registration of the Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya as a legitimate political party. PKMM had two wings, namely Angkatan Pemuda Insaf and Angkatan Wanita Sedar, initially, PKMM did not have communist leanings
14.
Ahmad Shabery Cheek
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Dato Sri Ahmad Shabery bin Cheek is a Malaysian politician. He is the Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry in the Barisan Nasional coalition government and he represents the United Malays National Organisation. He was elected to the Supreme Council of UMNO in 2009, Ahmad Shabery was born in Kijal, Kemaman, Terengganu, on 10 December 1958, and received his early education at the Sekolah Sungai Lembing and Sekolah Datuk Abdul Razak in Seremban. In 1983, he pursued a course in economics at the Universiti Malaya, during this period, he was also elected as the president of the universitys Muslim Students Association. In 1986, he obtained his Bachelors degree from the University of Leeds and that same year, he was appointed the Secretary of the Malaysian Social Science Association. In 1990, he became a lecturer in the University Malayas Faculty of Economics and he has also served as a Research Fellow at the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore. In 2004, he was elected as the Member of Parliament for Kemaman, in 2008, he retained the seat after beating PKRs Fariz Musa by 12,682 votes, and won again in 2013, defeating Kamaaruddin Chik by 12,306 votes. In April 2009, the newly installed Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak appointed him as the Minister for Youth, after the 13th General Election, he was appointed as Minister of Communication and Multimedia. In 2015, he was appointed as the Minister of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry in a cabinet reshuffle
15.
Sarawak Day
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Sarawak Self-government Day is a self-government day celebrated on 22 July every year by the state of Sarawak in Malaysia. The holiday has received widely by the Sarawak state government and citizens only since 2012. Originally, the Kingdom of Sarawak was granted independence by the Sultanate of Brunei in 1841, however, at this time, Sarawak was not fully granted independence. After the end of World War II, the territory was administered by the British Military Administration, the transferring of the territory to colonial administration has led to the major protest by Sarawakian citizens who wanted the independence of Sarawak to be restored. This led to the assassination of Duncan Stewart, the governor of the Colony, by Rosli Dhobi. The position of the Governor was succeeded by Anthony Abell, who became one of the members for the Cobbold Commission which brought Sarawak. Sarawak was granted self-government on 22 July 1963, on the condition that it would join to form the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September the same year, before he left, the Governor appointed Stephen Kalong Ningkan as the first Chief Minister of Sarawak. In 2016, Chief Minister Adenan Satem announced 22 July a public holiday in Sarawak starting from 2016 in view of Sarawak Day
16.
Malaysia Day
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Malaysia Day is held on 16 September every year to commemorate the establishment of the Malaysian federation on the same date in 1963. It marked the joining together of Malaya, North Borneo, Singapore, the formation of the new federation was planned to occur on 1 June 1963, but was later postponed to 31 August 1963, to coincide with the sixth Hari Merdeka. Several issues related to objections of neighbouring Indonesia and the Philippines to the formation of Malaysia delayed the declaration to 16 September of the same year. The postponement was also done to allow the United Nations team time to conduct fact-finding mission in North Borneo, contrary to popular beliefs, no referendum was ever conducted in both North Borneo and Sarawak. The Malaysia Agreement 1963 set out the terms and conditions for the component States to be federated under a new constitution into one new nation called Malaysia. It is under this Agreement that the Malaysia Bill, the constitutions of Sarawak, Sabah, through the introduction of the Malaysia Bill to the Malayan Parliament on 9 July 1963, and consent from Tuanku Syed Putra, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, on 29 August 1963. Since 2010, Malaysia Day has been a public holiday, Prime Minister Najib Razak made the decision after a question-and-answer session at Parliament on 19 October 2009, giving Malaysians two celebrations related to the countrys independence. Malaysia Forever was a song composed by Bobby Gimby to celebrate the Formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963, Bobby Gimby received the nickname The Pied Piper of Canada after the Prime Minister nicked Gimby as the Pied Piper from Canada. The song was recorded in Kuala Lumpur and Singapore and it is a folk song with a length of 2 minutes sung by the Choir of the Marymount Vocational School. On the days before the merger, it was taught to school prior to merger. Merdeka Day Sarawak Self-government Day North Borneo Self-government Day 20-point agreement 18-point agreement History of Malaysia Singapore in Malaysia Malaysia Forever
17.
New Sabah Times
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The New Sabah Times is a newspaper in Sabah, Malaysia. It was first known as the Sabah Times when it was founded in 1949 by Donald Stephens and he later became Sabahs first Chief Minister when Sabah gained independence from the United Kingdom. He was also awarded the title Tun as a reward for his service, in 1954, the Sabah Times combined with the North Borneo News and became the North Borneo News & Sabah Times. The paper changed its name again in 1969 to Kinabalu Sabah Times, publication of the Sabah Times ended on 24 March 1995. On 8 March 1998, the newspaper was resurrected as the New Sabah Times by Inna Kinabalu Sdn Bhd. Tun Mohd Fuad Stephens founded Sabah Times in 1949 when he was known as Mr. Donald Stephens. Initially, he joined the North Borneo News as a reporter, Stephens saw a need for a good newspaper, which subsequently led to the birth of Sabah Times. He moulded Sabah Times into a newspaper and eventually, he became the first Chief Minister when Sabah gained its independence from British. He was awarded the title of Tun in recognition for his service, headed by Tun Mohd Fuad Stephens and managed by a team of professional and journalists, Sabah Times soon attracted a loyal following which carries on until today. However, the publication of Sabah Times came to an end on 24 March 1995, Sabah Times was given a new lease of life again on 8 March 1998. When it was bought over by the publishing company Inna Kinabalu Sdn, to signify a change from the old management and format, the newspaper was accordingly given a new name, New Sabah Times, incorporating the old identity and image with the new. The newspaper is distributed by subscription but is also circulated to hotels for free distribution to guests to promote Sabah, list of newspapers in Malaysia Official website
18.
Daily Express (Malaysia)
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The Daily Express is an English-language newspaper in Sabah, Malaysia and the sister newspaper of the Overseas Chinese Daily News. It was founded by Tan Sri Yeh Pao Tzu and it was first issued on 1 March 1963 and it is published in English, Malay and Kadazan. It is promoted as the Independent National Newspaper of East Malaysia and it is the largest daily newspaper in Sabah with an average circulation of 23,790 copies daily. List of newspapers in Malaysia Official website
19.
Malay Mail
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It is a free lunchtime paper with 100,000 copies circulated around the Klang Valley. Main target audience are Professionals, Managers, Executives and Businessmen, the newspaper was an afternoon edition which focuses on the local happenings and was promoted as “The Paper That Cares”. It was common to find local community news making the headlines, the paper also had featured a “Page 3 Girl” and was not taken too seriously as it had the image of a tabloid with the printing of many unsubstantiated news articles. The newspaper had a presence in classified ads and in the 1990s it was common to find almost half the newspapers comprising classified ads. In 1997, the Malay Mail was the NSTP Berhads single most profitable unit through its grip on classifieds which, in the nature of a virtuous cycle, actually intensified its popularity. When the Asian financial crisis broke from 1997 to 1998, another newspaper, The Star offered huge discounts to property agents. The Malay Mail could not, or would not, offer such rebates –, once readers moved, The Star′s massive circulation ensured that they would stay, and the Malay Mail′s circulation plummeted. The Malay Mail was linked to another newspaper, the New Straits Times via its holding company. During the turn of the millennium, the New Straits Times was facing increasing competition from another daily newspaper, a strategic decision was made to focus on only one English newspaper, which was the New Straits Times. On 1 September 2004, the New Straits Times introduced the publishing of two versions of the newspaper – a tabloid-size daily along with the broadsheet format and this signalled their intention to go head-on with The Star which printed tabloid-sized newspapers. The more senior reporters from the Malay Mail were transferred to the New Straits Times, in early 2005, plans were unveiled to change the direction of the paper and has offered voluntary separation scheme to senior writers and journalists of the Malay Mail. Its former weekend edition, The Sunday Mail, published its last edition on 8 May 2005, after some experiments that went awry in 2006 and 2007, the NSTP decided to sell the paper to Media Prima Berhad. The newspaper’s circulation has slid from its peak of over 60,000 in the mid-1980s, advertising revenue has kept in step, plummeting to RM10 million annually from its peak of RM70 million in 1997. Advertising revenue has since been declining and the business has been reporting losses, Media Prima Berhad relaunched the Malay Mail on 5 May 2008 as a free afternoon paper but still failed to turn around the losses. The Malay Mail was then sold in 2009 by Media Prima Berhad to the Redberry Group. Under a new management, it was re-launched as a mainstream and it had a cover price of RM1. On 8 November 2005, the Weekend Mail was suspended by the Internal Security Ministry for breaching guidelines and conditions under the Printing Presses and this was because the reports and photographs in the papers November 4–5 issue focusing on sex and sexual issues were contrary to values practised by Malaysians. List of newspapers in Malaysia Official website Malay Mail on Facebook
20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
21.
The Borneo Post
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The Borneo Post, established in 1978, is the largest and widest read English newspaper daily in East Malaysia. The Borneo Post is established in 1978, in 2007, the news portal website was launched to capture a larger pool of younger readers. The newspaper has five printing plants located throughout Sarawak and Sabah, for the same period, the Sabah edition of the newspaper reached a circulation of 22,971 copies. The Borneo Post has two publications, Utusan Borneo and See Hua Daily News. Utusan Borneo is a Malay-Iban newspaper published by Harian Borneo Post Sdn Bhd, based on audited circulation figures by Audit Bureau of Circulations Malaysia for January-June 2015, daily circulation for the Utusan Borneo of 36,251 copies in Sarawak. It is the highest circulated Malay newspaper in Sarawak, the Borneo Post Seeds- a section to cater issues related to youth readers. BAT5 - Borneo Post Adventure Team, the team travels across Sarawak and share with the readers on interesting places that they have encountered. List of newspapers in Malaysia Official website The Borneo Post on Facebook
22.
History of Malaysia
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Malaysia is a Southeast Asian country located on strategic sea-lane that exposes it to global trade and foreign culture. Although Muslims had passed through the Malay Peninsula as early as the 10th century, the adoption of Islam in the 14th century saw the rise of a number of sultanates, the most prominent of which was the Sultanate of Malacca. Islam had a influence on the Malay people, but has also been influenced by them. The Portuguese were the first European colonial powers to themselves on the Malay Peninsula and Southeast Asia, capturing Malacca in 1511. However, it was the British who, after initially establishing bases at Jesselton, Kuching, Penang and Singapore, the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 defined the boundaries between British Malaya and the Netherlands East Indies. A fourth phase of influence was immigration of Chinese and Indian workers to meet the needs of the colonial economy created by the British in the Malay Peninsula. Japanese invasion during World War II ended British domination in Malaysia, the subsequent occupation of Malaya, North Borneo and Sarawak from 1942 to 1945 unleashed nationalism. In the Peninsula, the Malayan Communist Party took up arms against the British, a tough military response was needed to end the insurgency and bring about the establishment of an independent, multi-racial Federation of Malaya on 31 August 1957. On 31 August 1963, the British territories in North Borneo and Singapore were granted independence, approximately two years later, the Malaysian parliament passed a bill without the consent of signatory of Malaysia Agreement 1963 to separate Singapore from the Federation. A confrontation with Indonesia occurred in the early-1960s, race riots in 1969 led to the imposition of emergency rule, and a curtailment of political life and civil liberties which has never been fully reversed. Since 1970 the National Front coalition headed by United Malays National Organisation has governed Malaysia, Economic growth dramatically increased living standards by the 1990s. This growing prosperity helped minimise political discontent, stone hand-axes from early hominoids, probably Homo erectus, have been unearthed in Lenggong. They date back 1.83 million years, the oldest evidence of habitation in Southeast Asia. The earliest evidence of human habitation in Malaysia is the 40, 000-year-old skull excavated from the Niah Caves in todays Sarawak. It was excavated from a trench uncovered by Barbara and Tom Harrisson in 1958. This is also the oldest modern human skull in Southeast Asia, the skull probably belongs to a 16-to 17-year-old adolescent girl. The first foragers visited the West Mouth of Niah Caves 40,000 years ago when Borneo was connected to the mainland of Southeast Asia, the landscape around the Niah Caves was drier and more exposed than it is now. Prehistorically, the Niah Caves were surrounded by a combination of closed forests with bush, parkland, swamps, the foragers were able to survive in the rainforest through hunting, fishing, and gathering molluscs and edible plants
23.
East Malaysia
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East Malaysia, also known as Sabah, Sarawak and Labuan or Malaysian Borneo, is the part of Malaysia located on the island of Borneo. It consists of the Malaysian states of Sabah, Sarawak, and it lies to the east of Peninsular Malaysia, which is located on the Malay Peninsula. The two are separated by the South China Sea, while East Malaysia is less populated and less developed than West Malaysia, its land mass is larger and it has notably more natural resources, chiefly oil and gas reserves. Some parts of present-day East Malaysia, especially the regions, were once part of the thalassocracy of the Sultanate of Brunei. However, most parts of the region consisted of independent tribal societies. In 1658, the northern and eastern coasts of Sabah were ceded to the Sultanate of Sulu while the west coast of Sabah, beginning in the mid 19th century, Sabah and Sarawak became British protectorates, and, in 1946, they became separate British colonies. Sabah and Sarawak were separate British colonies from Malaya, and did not become part of the Federation of Malaya in 1957, however, each voted to become part of the new Federation of Malaysia along with the Federation of Malaya and Singapore in 1963. Previously, there were efforts to unite Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak under the North Borneo Federation, Sabah and Sarawak retained a higher degree of local government and legislative autonomy than other states in West Malaysia. For example, both states have their own immigration controls, requiring Malaysian citizens from West Malaysia to carry passports or identity cards when visiting East Malaysia, the islands of Labuan were once part of North Borneo in 1946 before becoming a Federal Territory in Malaysia on 1984. It was used to establish a centre for finance in 1990. The consensus seems to be that Sabah and Sarawak are merely states of the federation with a higher degree of autonomy compared to states in Peninsular Malaysia. There are also separate laws governing Sabah and Sarawak, as opposed to the National Land Code. With regard to the administration of justice, the courts in East Malaysia are part of the court system in Malaysia. The Constitution of Malaysia provides that there shall be two High Courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction – The High Court in Malaya and the High Court in Sabah, the current Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak is Richard Malanjum from Sabah. His office is the fourth highest in the Malaysian judicial system, in 1976, all the Sabah and Sarawak MPs supported the Malaysian parliament bill which downgraded both the states from equal partners to one of the 13 states in the federation. Political parties in Sarawak and Sabah evolved independently of each other, party switching and party leadership tussle are common in both the states. The landscape of East Malaysia is mostly rain forests with areas of mountain rain forest towards the interior regions. The total area of East Malaysia is 200,565 km2, representing approximately 61% of the land area of Malaysia
24.
Bruneian Empire
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The Bruneian Empire or Empire of Brunei /bruːˈnaɪ/, also known as Sultanate of Brunei, was a Malay sultanate, centred in Brunei on the northern coast of Borneo island in Southeast Asia. The kingdom was founded in the early 7th century, started as a small seafaring trading kingdom ruled by a pagan or Hindu king known by the Chinese as Po-Li or Po-Ni. Understanding the history of the Bruneian Empire is quite difficult since it is mentioned in contemporary sources of its time. No local or indigenous sources exist to provide evidence for any of this, as a result, Chinese texts have been relied on to construct the history of early Brunei. Boni in Chinese sources most likely refers to Borneo as a whole, while Poli 婆利, the earliest diplomatic relations between Boni and China are recorded in the Taiping Huanyu Ji. In 1225, a Chinese official, Zhao Rugua, reported that Boni had 100 warships to protect its trade, in the 14th century, Brunei seems to be subjected to Java. The Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Prapanca in 1365, mentioned Barune as the state of Majapahit. In 1369, the Sulus attacked Po-ni, looting it of treasure, a fleet from Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulus, but Po-ni was left weaker after the attack. A Chinese report from 1371 described Po-ni as poor and totally controlled by Majapahit, after the death of its emperor, Hayam Wuruk, Majapahit entered the state of decline and was unable to control its overseas possessions. This opened the opportunity for Bruneian kings to expand their influence, Chinese Ming emperor Yongle, after ascending to throne in 1403, immediately dispatched envoys to various countries inviting them to pay tribute to Chinese court. Brunei immediately got involved in the tributary system with China. It controlled most of northern Borneo, and it became an important hub for the East, the Bruneian kings seems to cultivated alliance with regional seafaring peoples of Orang Laut and Bajau that formed their naval armada. The Dayaks, native tribes of interior Borneo however, were not under their control, the earliest recorded documentation by the West about Brunei was by an Italian known as Ludovico di Varthema. Ludovico was at the time on a route to the Maluku Islands when he landed in Borneo, the record of his documentation dates back to 1550. We arrived at the island of Bornei, which is distant from the Maluch about two hundred miles, and we found that it was larger than the aforesaid and much lower. The people are pagans and are men of goodwill and their colour is whiter than that of the other sort. in this island justice is well administered. During the rule of Bolkiah, the fifth Sultan, the empire controlled over coastal areas of northwest Borneo and reached Seludong, Ma-i, in the 16th century, the Brunei empires influence also extended as far as Kapuas River delta in West Kalimantan. The Malay Sultanate of Sambas in West Kalimantan and Sultanate of Sulu in Southern Philippines in particular has developed relations with the royal house of Brunei
25.
Japanese occupation of British Borneo
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Because of its oil resources, Borneo was a prime target for Japan, and a very poorly guarded one. Chronically short of resources, Japan needed an assured supply, particularly of oil. In 1941, the Americans and British had placed an embargo on exports of raw materials to Japan because of its aggression in China. Borneo was strategically important to Japan as it is located on the sea routes between Java, Sumatra, Malaya and Celebes. Control of these routes was vital to securing the territory, the Japanese invasion plan called for the British territories to be taken and held by the Imperial Japanese Army and the southern Dutch territory to be taken and held by the Imperial Japanese Navy. The IJA unit that invaded northern Borneo was the 35th Infantry Brigade, the Brigade was led by Major General Kiyotake Kawaguchi and consisted of units previously stationed at Canton, southern China. Ten transport ships carried the Japanese 35th Infantry Brigade HQ under the command of Major-General Kiyotake Kawaguchi, the Support Force—commanded by Rear-Admiral Takeo Kurita—consisted of the cruisers Kumano and Suzuya and the destroyers Fubuki and Sagiri. The Japanese forces intended to capture Miri and Seria, while the rest would capture Kuching, the convoy proceeded without being detected and, at dawn on 16 December 1941, two landing units secured Miri and Seria with little resistance from British forces. A few hours later, Lutong was captured, after securing the oilfields, on 22 December, the main Japanese forces moved westwards to Kuching. The Japanese airforce bombed Singkawang airfield to prevent a Dutch attack, after escorts drove off a lone Dutch submarine, the Japanese task force entered the mouth of the Santubong river on 23 December. The convoy arrived off Cape Sipang, and the troops in twenty transports, commanded by Colonel Akinosuke Oka, the 2nd Battalion of the 15th Punjab Regiment, which was stationed in Kuching, was the sole Allied infantry unit on the entire island. Although they resisted the Japanese attack on the airfield, they were outnumbered and retreated up the Santubong river. At about 16,40 on 25 December, Japanese troops successfully captured Kuching airfield, the Punjab Regiment retreated through the jungle to the Singkawang area. On 31 December 1941, a force under Lieutenant Colonel Watanabe moved northward to occupy the remainder of Brunei, Jesselton was defended by the North Borneo Armed Constabulary, with only 650 men. They hardly provided any resistance to slow down the Japanese invasion, on 3 January 1942, the Japanese army invaded Labuan Island. On 18 January 1942, using fishing boats, the Japanese landed at Sandakan. On the morning of the 19 January, Governor Charles Robert Smith surrendered British North Borneo and was interned with other staff, the occupation of British Borneo was thus completed. Southern and central Borneo were taken by the Japanese Navy, following its attacks from east and west, after ten weeks in the jungle-covered mountains, Allied troops surrendered on 1 April 1942
26.
Borneo campaign (1945)
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The Borneo Campaign of 1945 was the last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific Area during World War II. In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July, the Australian I Corps, under Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead, attacked Imperial Japanese forces occupying the island. Allied naval and air forces, centred on the U. S. 7th Fleet under Admiral Thomas Kinkaid, the Australian First Tactical Air Force, thirteenth Air Force also played important roles in the campaign. The plans for the Allied attacks were known collectively as Operation Oboe, Borneo in particular was considered at the time a strategic location for its natural resources, oil. The Borneo campaign was criticized in Australia at the time and in subsequent years, modern historians such as Max Hastings have said that attacking these forces, already cut off from Japan, was a waste of resources. Any rational strategic judgment would have them to their own devices screened by token allied forces until their nations defeat enforced their surrender. In the end only the operations against Tarakan, Balikpapan and British Borneo—at Labuan, the campaign opened with Oboe 1 by a landing on the small island of Tarakan, off the north east coast on 1 May 1945 using Australian built MKIII folboats. Small parties paddled in the Tarakan region to obtain useful information, on the 10th June 1945 Oboe 6 subsequently followed with simultaneous assaults on the island of Labuan and the coast of Brunei, in the north west of Borneo. A week later, the Australians followed up with attacks on Japanese positions around Weston on the part of Brunei Bay. The attention of the Allies then switched back to the central east coast, the last major amphibious assault of World War II was at Balikpapan on 1 July 1945. These operations ultimately constituted the last campaigns of Australian forces in the war against Japan. 1 May –21 June 1945, Battle of Tarakan 10 June –15 August 1945, Battle of North Borneo and Battle of Labuan 1–21 July 1945, Battle of Balikpapan Japanese occupation of British Borneo Dennis, the Oxford Companion to Australian Military History. Commando Kayak, The Australian Folboat in the Pacific Campaign, hirschbooks. net & ozatwar. com/hoehn. ISBN 978-3-033-01717-7 Last Battles, The Landings, WW2 Australia Borneo campaign at AWM London Borneo Campaign at WW2 Database
27.
Malaysia Agreement
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Singapore later ceased to be a part of Malaysia, becoming an independent state on 9 August 1965. It came into being in 1946, through a series of agreements between the United Kingdom and Malayan Union, the Malayan Union was superseded by the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948, and achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957. The committee is also a successor to the former Committee on Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories and it stated that all people have a right to self-determination and proclaimed that colonialism should be brought to a speedy and unconditional end. Under the Malaysia Agreement signed between Great Britain and the Federation of Malaya, Britain would enact an Act to relinquish control over Singapore, Sarawak. The issue of self-determination with respect to the peoples of North Borneo, Sarawak and it has accordingly been decided to set up a Commission to carry out this task and to make recommendations. The five-man team, which comprised two Malayans and three British representatives, was headed by Lord Cobbold. In Singapore, the Peoples Action Party sought merger with Malaysia on the basis of the mandate it obtained during the general elections of 1959 when it won 43 of the 51 seats. However, this mandate became questionable when dissension within the Party led to a split, in July 1961, following a debate on a vote of confidence in the government,13 PAP Assemblymen were expelled from the PAP for abstaining. They went on to form a new party, the Barisan Sosialis. More defections occurred until the PAP had a majority of just one seat in the Assembly, given this situation, it would have been impossible to rely on the mandate achieved in 1959 to move forth with merger. A new mandate was necessary, especially since the Barisan argued that the terms of merger offered were detrimental to the Singapore people. While Brunei sent a delegation to the signing of the Malaysia Agreement, United Nations General Assembly 18th Session - the Question of Malaysia Malaysia Timeline by the BBC News Channel. Allen, J. de V. Stockwell, Anthony J. Wright, a collection of treaties and other documents affecting the states of Malaysia 1761-1963
28.
History of Sabah
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The history of Sabah can be traced back to about 23–30,000 years ago when evidence suggests the earliest human settlement in the region existed. The history is interwoven with the history of Brunei and the history of Malaysia, the earliest recorded history of Sabah being part of any organised civilisation began in the early 15th century during the thriving era of the Sultanate of Brunei. Prior to this, early inhabitants of the lived in predominantly tribal societies. The eastern part of Sabah was ceded to the Sultan of Sulu by the Sultan of Brunei in 1658 for the former helping a victory over Brunei enemies, but many sources stated it had not been ceded at all. By the late 19th century, both territories previously owned by Sultan of Brunei and Sultan of Sulu was granted to British syndicate. Sabah became a protectorate of the United Kingdom in 1888 and subsequently became a colony until 1963. On 16 September 1963, Sabah merged with Malaya, Sarawak, during the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago, Sabah and the rest of Borneo island was connected to mainland Asia in a landmass known as the Sundaland. Subsequent deglaciation, which caused sea level to rise, resulted in the Sundaland being submerged. Earliest human settlement in the region is believed to have dated back about 20 and these early humans are believed to be Australoid or Negrito people. The tools found there were considered advanced for its period, there was evidence of human cave-dwellings around 15, 000–6,000 years ago. These recent findings suggests that human settlement in Sabah and Malaysia have existed earlier than previously thought. The earliest ascertained wave of migration, believed to be Austronesian Mongoloids. Another kingdom which was suspected to have existed according to Chinese records beginning the 9th century was Po-ni and it was believed that Po-ni existed at the mouth of Brunei River and was the predecessor to the Sultanate of Brunei. This is consistent with the recent discovery of timber coffins in the Agop Batu Tulug cave in the Kinabatangan Valley. The coffins, adorned with carvings believed to resemble similar cultural practices in China, from the 14th century, the Majapahit empire expanded its influence towards Brunei and most of the coastal region of Borneo. The Sultanate of Brunei began after the ruler of Brunei embraced Islam, some sources indicate that this had occurred around 1365 CE after the ruler, Awang Alak Betatar, converted into Islam and became known as Muhammad Shah. Other sources suggests that the conversion occurred much later around 1514 to 1521 CE, albeit, during the same period, trade relations flourished, and intermarriages among the native peoples of Borneo with Chinese and Arab traders became common. The intermixing of blood resulted in a distinct breed both in stature and features
29.
Brunei Civil War
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The Brunei Civil War was a civil war fought in Brunei from 1660 to 1673. His defeat was jeered by Pengiran Muda Alam, in his rage, Bongsu killed Pengiran Muda Alam and escaped from the scene. In revenge, Abdul Mubin and his followers garroted Sultan Muhammad Ali, Abdul Mubin then made himself the fourteenth Sultan and took the title of Sultan Hakkul Abdul Mubin. He tried to appease the previous Sultans followers by appointing Muhammad Alis grandson, after a while, however, Muhammad Alis supporters took revenge by convincing Bendahara Muhyiddin to stand up against Abdul Mubin. Bendahara Muhyddin initially refused, but then agreed to do so. His supporters started making disturbances in the form of poking spears into palaces and homes, Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin then moved his palace to Pulau Chermin under the advice of Muhyiddin with the intent to wait the crisis out. After he left, however, Muhyiddin declared himself the fifteenth sultan, a battle between the two competing Sultans then ensued. Thus, the war of Brunei started. During the Civil War, Abdul Mubin fled to Kinarut, Malaysia where, he stayed there for ten years and they returned to Brunei after a final attack by Muhyiddins forces in which they failed to defeat Abdul Mubin. Muhyiddin was concerned that the war was dragging on too long. He reportedly promised the land of eastern Sabah as a reward for the Sulus assistance, Abdul Mubin was killed in the civil war. It is not clear to historians whether Muhyiddin asked for Sulu’s help in the civil war, the Sultan of Sulu at that time on his part, however, claimed that he was asked by Brunei to help and was promised eastern Sabah as a reward. As promised, the Sultan of Sulu received eastern Sabah as a gift from the Sultan of Brunei. Sabah Brunei Sultanate of Sulu History of Brunei History of Sabah Sultan of Brunei Cockfighting
30.
Sultanate of Sulu
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The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim state that ruled the islands in the Sulu Archipelago, parts of Mindanao, certain portions of Palawan and north-eastern Borneo. The sultanate was founded on 17 November 1405, by a Johore-born explorer and religious scholar Sharif ul-Hashim. Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan Sharif ul-Hashim became his full regnal name, after the marriage of Abu Bakr and a local dayang-dayang Paramisuli, he founded the sultanate. The Sultanate gained its independence from the Bruneian Empire in 1578, at its peak, it stretched over the islands that bordered the western peninsula of Mindanao in the east to Palawan in the north. It also covers the area in northeastern side of Borneo, stretching from Marudu Bay, while another source stated the area stretching from Kimanis Bay which also overlaps with the boundaries of the Bruneian Sultanate. In 1962, Philippine Government under the leadership of President Diosdado Macapagal officially recognised the existence of the Sultanate of Sulu. On 24 May 1974, Sultan Mohammad Mahakuttah Kiram, was the last officially recognized Sulu Sultan in the Philippines, the present area of the Sultanate of Sulu was once under the influence of the Bruneian Empire before it gained its own independence in 1578. Later, the earliest known settlement in this soon to be occupied by the sultanate who was in Maimbung. During these times, Sulu was called Lupah Sug, the Principality of Maimbung, populated by Buranun people, was first ruled by a certain rajah who assumed the title Rajah Sipad the Older. According to Majul, the origins of the title rajah sipad originated from the Hindu sri pada, the Principality was instituted and governed using the system of rajahs. Sipad the Older was succeeded by Sipad the Younger, during the reign of Sipad the Younger, a mystic named Tuan Mashā′ikha arrived in Jolo in 1280 AD. Other reports, however, insisted that Tuan Mashā′ikha together with his parents, Jamiyun Kulisa, however, Saleeby dismisses this claim by concluding that Jamiyun Kulisa and Indra Suga were mythical names. According to tarsila, during the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the people of Maimbung worshipped tombs, after he preached Islam in the area, he married Sipad the Youngers daughter, Idda Indira Suga and bore three children, Tuan Hakim, Tuan Pam and Aisha. Tuan Hakim, in turn, begot five children, from the genealogy of Tuan Mashā′ikha, another titular system of aristocracy called tuanship started in Sulu. Apart from the Idda Indira Suga, Tuan Mashā′ikha also married into another unidentified woman, Tuan Mashā′ikha died in 710 A. H. and was buried in Bud Dato near Jolo, with an inscription of Tuan Maqbālū. A descendant of Tuan Mashā′ikha named Tuan May also begot a son named Datu Tka, the descendants of Tuan May did not assume the title tuan, instead, they started to use datu. It is the first time datu was used as a political institution, during the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha, the Tagimaha people coming from Basilan and several places in Mindanao, also arrived and settled in Buansa. After the Tagimaha came the Baklaya people, believed to be originated from Sulawesi, after these came the Bajau people from Johor
31.
Austrian colonial policy
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Due to pressures by the other European colonial powers and a monarchy that could not afford full support, all attempts eventually failed. Technically, however, the Austrians had the largest colonial empire at the time Emperor Charles V was the crown of both the Spanish Empire and Holy Roman Empire. Austria, being one of the Holy Roman Empire states, received funds from the spoils of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, ostend Company was a merchants company made to trade with the East Indies, chartered by 1722 in the Austrian Netherlands. International political pressures had ended its extraordinary growth and in 1727 the charter was suspended, colonization of the Nicobar Islands was a short-lived and unsuccessful attempted colony on the archipelago in the eastern Indian Ocean. The colony was established in 1778 and this had previously been a Danish colony, and Austria established it after Denmark-Norway had abandoned the islands, although not its claim. By 1783, due to a lack of support from the Habsburg Monarchy, during the Boxer rebellion and its aftermath 1899-1901, Austria-Hungary participated in the Eight-Nation Alliance and helped in suppressing the rising. However, Austria sent by far the smallest force of any of the combatant nation. Only one warship and a force of only 75 marines were dispatched Even so, on 7 September 1901, the Austrian concession zone was 150 acres in area, slightly larger than the Italian, but smaller than the Belgian zone. The self-contained concession had its own prison, school, barracks and it also contained the Austro-Hungarian consulate and its citizens were under Austrian, not Chinese, rule. If they committed a crime on Chinese soil, they could be tried in their own courts, though it was provided with a small garrison, Austria proved unable, due to World War I, to maintain control of its concession. The concession zone was occupied by China at the Chinese declaration of war on the Central Powers. Austria finally abandoned all claim to it on 10 September 1919, Hungary made a similar recognition in 1920. However, despite its relatively short life-span of 16 years, the Austrians left their mark on that area of the city, individual actions and expeditions would not change this state of affairs. In 1873, an Austrian expedition was sent to the North pole and discovered an arctic archipelago and it was not habitable, and no other country formally claimed it until the Soviet Union annexed the islands in 1926. A trader based in Hong-Kong sold his rights to North Borneo to Baron von Overbeck and he received a 10-year renewal of the lease from the Temenggong of Brunei, and a similar treaty from the Sultan of Sultanate of Sulu on 22 January 1878. To finance his development plans there, Overbeck acquired financial backing from the British Dent Brothers, however, he was unable to get investments from Austria-Hungary for the territory. After attempts to sell it to Italy for use as a colony failed, Overbeck left in 1880. In 1885, despite Austria-Hungary not being a power, it was invited to the Berlin conference to regulate colonial policy among the powers of Europe
32.
Antanum
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Antanum or Antanom was a famous and influential Murut warrior from North Borneo, Malaysia who according to local oral history claimed to have supernatural powers. Running out of tolerance, Ontoros Antonom gathered nearly a thousand of Murut warriors from Tenom, Keningau, the British officers were totally shocked when hundreds of Murut flooded their administration building and attacked them. Ontoros Antonom built a few strongholds with underground tunnels and houses, in April 1915, the British sent 400 soldiers equipped with firearms to counterattack. Though the Muruts were only using their primitive weapons such as blowpipes, swords and spears, therefore, they set a trap by offering a peace talk at Rundum. When Ontoros Antonom and his followers were on their way to the venue, hundreds of British soldiers surrounded them and arrested them
33.
Mat Salleh rebellion
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The Mat Salleh Rebellion was a series of major armed disturbances against the colonial British North Borneo Chartered Company administration in North Borneo, now the Malaysian state of Sabah. It was instigated by Datu Muhammad Salleh, a chief from the Lingkabo district. He led the rebellion between 1894 until his death in Tambunan in 1900, the resistance then continued on for another 5 years until 1905. His revolts were supported by the local communities and affected a large geographical area from Sandakan, across Gaya Island, including the interior. His most notable uprising occurred at midnight on 9 July 1897, Mat Salleh was born in Inanam. His father was Datu Balu, a leader in Inanam. His mother was of Bajau descent and he had three siblings, Ali, Badin and Bolong. There, Datu Bulu assumed a leadership position along part of the Sugut River on the eastern coast of North Borneo. Later in his life, Mat Salleh married a Sulu princess named Dayang Bandang and she was related to the Sultan of Sulus family and her village was at Penggalaban, Paitan. He later inherited his father’s local leadership position as the chieftain in the Lingkabau district. Mat Salleh was often described as slender and tall, with pockmarked features. He was also known as a mysterious and intelligent man, with a commanding personality. He was well-respected and his tactical skills were renowned among the local communities. His mixed parentage and role as a local leader which he had inherited from his father contributed to his significant Bajau. Also, his marriage to Dayang Bandang, who was related to the family in Sulu helped him win more supporters. However, his wide support not only came from his family affiliations and connections and he was also able to garner supporters from Kadazandusun communities spread over a sizeable geographical area in Sabah and had the Tagahas communities as allies, among others. He was skilled at connecting with and uniting other communities, making him a great personage among the indigenous people. This also implied that he and his army had ample mobility between forts and bases, which explains their successful repeated evasions of the Company’s troops
34.
Madrid Protocol of 1885
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Under the agreement, Spain relinquishes all claim to Borneo. Another important point regarding the agreement relates to Article IV which guarantees of no restriction on trade to the parties of the protocol within the Archipelago, North Borneo dispute Leigh R. Wright. Historical Notes on the North Borneo Dispute, the Journal of Asian Studies, Vol.25, No. Modern Asian Studies, Vol.10, No,1, pp. 149–154 Leigh R. Wright. The Anglo-Spanish-German Treaty of 1885, A Step in the Development of British Hegemony in North Borneo, australian Journal of Politics & History 18, 62–75 British North Borneo,1885 Sabah Law
35.
Jesselton Revolt
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After the revolt, the Japanese forces initiated a massacre against civilians of those participating in the revolt as punishment. The Kinabalu Guerrillas were led by Albert Kwok in the west, the Kinabalu Guerillas, consisting of 300 Chinese and islanders people like the Suluk and Bajau. The Dusun and Sikhs, started an uprising against the Japanese on 9 October 1943, Albert Kwok was a supporter of the Kuomintang government of the Republic of China. Kwok was forced to launch the revolt ahead of schedule because the forced conscription of the native Chinese was approaching, imam Marajukim, a Muslim cleric from Sulu in the Philippines, was involved in the resistance against Japan in the Philippines and helped supply Kwok and the Kinabalu guerillas. The Suluks were described as strongly displeased to be anti-Japanese, the rank of 3rd Lieutenant within the Sulu guerrillas was granted to Kwok after he joined the resistance movement. The Chinese and Suluks started the insurrection with a combined land, Mantanani and other islands contributed ships to the Suluk flotilla, headed by Suluk Island leader Orang Tuah Panglima Ali and Oudar Island leader Orang Tuah Arshad. Panglima Ali was the leader of the naval part of the uprising. Dusun-Murut and Sikh Indians joined the guerillas in the attack on the Japanese, the Japanese suffered 60-90 deaths, but the guerillas were armed only with parangs and spears, so they were forced to withdraw. This led to the defeat of the uprising, other figures for the Japanese death toll are 40 and 50. After the revolt, the Japanese punished civilian populations for siding with the rebels, the Suluks were selected for eradication by the Japanese. Hundreds of civilians were tortured after being arrested and most Suluk men were slaughtered and it was described as a systematic massacre of the Suluks. The Tokyo war crimes trial index described Japanese atrocities as a systematic attempt to exterminate the Suluk race between February and June 1944. The Suluks on the Mantanani Islands were subjected to massacres and atrocities by the Japanese Kempeitai. After the Japanese searched the islands for Chinese resistance members in February 1944, the Suluk women and children were rounded up and lashed onto a mosque with rope, then shot to death with automatic weapons. Only 125 of the 430 Suluks on Mantanani survived while only 54 of the 120 in the Suluk population of Dinawan survived, mangolun, Sulug and Udar islands were also targeted by the Japanese for massacres. The Japanese slaughtered 54 people out of the Suluk population of 114 on Sulug Island as punishment for aiding the resistance, the Suluks houses were also burned down after they were machine gunned. The Suluks were described as virtually wiped out, around 3, 000–4,000 indigenous Suluks on the western coastal islands were slaughtered by the Japanese. The Kinabalu Guerrilla movement ended when the Japanese murdered Kwok, Panglima Ali, the Japanese also carried out widespread murders of the Suluk and Bajau civilian populations, to the point of virtually wiping out the entire Suluk population
36.
Sandakan camp
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The Sandakan camp, also known as Sandakan POW Camp, was a prisoner-of-war camp established during World War II by the Japanese in Sandakan in the Malaysian state of Sabah. This site has gained notoriety as the Sandakan Death Marches started from here, now, part of the former site houses the Sandakan Memorial Park. After a large-scale military success during the Second World War, the Japanese had captured numbers of Allied soldiers as a prisoners of war. In 1943, another 770 British and 500 Australian soldiers were sent to the camp, at the height of 1943, about 2,500 prisoners of war were located in the camp. In October 1944, when the Japanese increasingly became defensive towards the end of the war, by January 1945, the damage was so great, and the Japanese no longer able to repair the runway, that on 10 January 1945 work on the airstrip was completely stopped. Also in the month, a group of about 455 prisoners were sent on forced marches by the Japanese. In May 1945, the Japanese finally decided to close the POW camp, Takakuwa Takuo took over command of the camp on 17 May. On 29 May, he ordered the 536 prisoners to march to Ranau, almost all records about the site were destroyed by fire. Other prisoners were marched into the jungle where they perished or were shot by the Japanese guards, on 10 June 1945 –30 prisoners had died in the meantime – a final group march of 75 prisoners towards Ranau was set in motion. The remaining prisoners who were stranded on the area either died of malnutrition. By 15 August 1945, none of them remained alive, the camp was located about 1.5 kilometres southwest of the present-day Sandakan Airport. According to records, the site are once a farm for the North Borneo Chartered Company. The camp produced its own electricity with a vessel, coupled to an alternator. The power house originally was part of the research station. The wood fired steam vessel propelled the alternator which produced a voltage of 110 V for the illumination of the camp, the power house also played an important role for the operation of the clandestine transmitter of the camp underground organisation. From 1942 up to its discovery in July 1943, the voltage was raised secretly in the hours to provide sufficient voltage for the transmission equipment. The Great Tree – a huge specimen of a Mengarisbaumes – was the dominant structure of the POW camp, not far away from the Australian part of the camp was a provisions depot and a kitchen for the Japanese, operated by the Japanese quartermaster. Still today, a baseplate as well as a water reservoir of this facility is left
37.
Sandakan Death Marches
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By the end of the war, of all the prisoners who had been incarcerated at Sandakan and Ranau, only six Australians survived, all of whom had escaped. It is widely considered to be the single worst atrocity suffered by Australian servicemen during the Second World War, as on the Burma Railway the prisoners were forced to work at gunpoint, and were often beaten whilst also receiving very little food or medical attention. In August 1943, with the intention of controlling the men by removing any commanders. Conditions for the prisoners deteriorated sharply following the officers removal. Any rations given were further reduced, and sick prisoners were forced to work on the airstrip. After construction was completed the prisoners remained at the camp. In January 1945, with only 1,900 prisoners still alive and he claimed that this was an order of Lt Gen Baba Masao, commanding officer of the 37th Japanese Army. The former military airstrip is now known as Sandakan Airport, which serves Sandakan town, the first phase of marches across wide marshland, dense jungle, and then up the eastern slope of Mount Kinabalu occurred between January and March 1945. The Japanese had selected 470 prisoners who were thought to be fit enough to carry baggage, in several groups the POWs, all of whom were either malnourished or suffering serious illness, started the journey originally under the intention of reaching Jesselton. Although the route took nine days, they were given rations for only four days. As on the Bataan Death March, any POWs who were not fit enough or collapsed from exhaustion were either killed or left to die en route, upon reaching Ranau, the survivors were halted and ordered to construct a temporary camp. As one historian later commented, Those who survived, were herded into insanitary and crowded huts to then die from dysentery. By 26 June, only five Australians and one British soldier were still alive, a second series of marches began on 29 May 1945 with approximately 536 prisoners. The new Sandakan camp commander, Captain Takakuwa Takuo, ordered the prisoners towards Ranau in groups of fifty with accompanying Japanese guards. The march lasted for days, with prisoners even less fit than those in the first marches had been, provided with fewer rations. Compound No.1 of the Sandakan camp was destroyed in an attempt to erase any evidence of its existence, only 183 prisoners managed to reach Ranau. Upon their arrival on 24 June 1945, participants of the second marches discovered that only six prisoners from the first series of marches during January were still alive, approximately 250 people were left at Sandakan after the second march departed. Most prisoners were so ill that the Japanese initially intended to let them starve to death forcing many to scavenge in the surrounding forest for food, however, on 9 June 1945 it was decided to send another group of 75 men on a final march
38.
Battle of North Borneo
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The Battle of North Borneo took place during the Second World War between Allied and Japanese forces. Part of the wider Borneo campaign of the Pacific War, it was fought between 10 June and 15 August 1945 in North Borneo. The battle involved a series of landings by Australian forces on various points on the mainland around Brunei Bay. Japanese opposition to the landings was sporadic initially, although as the campaign progressed a number of clashes occurred. Codenamed Operation Oboe Six, the battle was part of the phase of the Allied operations to capture the island of Borneo. Previously in May a brigade-sized force had been put ashore on Tarakan, two United States Army units, the 727th Amphibian Tractor Battalion who manned the LVTs and the 593rd Engineer Boat and Shore Regiments Boat Battalion, were also attached to the Australians. Meanwhile, Allied intelligence estimated there were approximately 31,000 Japanese troops on Borneo. The main Japanese units in the vicinity included units of the 56th Independent Mixed Brigade, consisting of six battalions, two main landings were undertaken by the Australians in North Borneo. The troops that had landed near Brooketon on the mainland advanced on Brunei, having secured its objectives, the 20th Brigade then began patrolling operations, using landing craft to move quickly along the various rivers and streams that punctuated the coastline. During the course of their involvement in the campaign, the casualties were relatively light. For the next five days an intense naval and aerial bombardment was laid down in an effort to reduce the Japanese defences before an attack was put in on 21 June. After the battle 180 Japanese dead were counted, bringing the total killed during the fighting on Labuan to 389, against this the Australians suffered 34 killed and 93 wounded. The second main landing came on 16 June on the mainland at Weston, the 2/32nd Battalion, which had previously been held back as the divisional reserve, forced its way ashore near Padas Bay. After taking Weston, patrols were sent out Beaufort, which was 23 km inland. Due to the lack of roads and the nature of the railway track that led to the town, it was decided to advance along the Klias River. As a part of phase of the operation, minor landings were made at Mempakul on 19 June and at Sabang on 23 June by elements of the 2/43rd Battalion. Kibidang was captured the day by the 2/43rd, while the 2/32nd advanced further along the Padas River. Beaufort was believed to be held by between 800 and 1,000 Japanese troops and on 27 June, the Australians attacked the town, the 2/43rd Battalion was assigned the task of the main assault, while the 2/32nd Battalion was tasked with flank protection
39.
Cobbold Commission
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It was also responsible for the subsequent drafting of the Constitution of Malaysia prior to the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. The Commission was headed by former Bank of England governor, Lord Cobbold, the Commission released its findings, report and recommendations on 1 August 1962. It concluded that the formation of Malaysia should be implemented, however, Lord Cobbold also stressed that all parties enter the federation as equal partners. The remaining third is divided between those who insist on independence before Malaysia is considered and those who would prefer to see British rule continue for some years to come. If the conditions and reservations which they have put forward could be substantially met, moreover once a firm decision was taken quite a number of the third category would be likely to abandon their opposition and decide to make the best of a doubtful job. COMPOSITION OF THE COMMISSION TERM OF REFERENCE INTRODUCTION1, cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah D. Legal Meaning of the Term Native E. North Borneo and Sarawak Governments Papers on Malaysia F
40.
20-point agreement
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The 20-point agreement often serves as a focal point amongst those who argue that Sabahs rights within the Federation have been eroded over time. It was decided to set up a Commission to carry out that task, the five-man team, which comprised two Malayans and three British representatives, was headed by Lord Cobbold. An inter-governmental committee was appointed to work out the details of the Malaysia Agreement. Lord Lansdowne served for Britain and Tun Abdul Razak, Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya served for Malaya. The 20 points were written with a view to safeguarding the interests, rights, a similar proposal, with certain differences in content, was made by Sarawak, and is commonly referred to as the 18-point agreement. Attention is often drawn to these memoranda by those who believe that their principles were not subsequently adhered to after federation, There have been numerous calls for the 20-point memorandum to be reviewed so as to take into account social, economic, and political changes over time. 17 January 1962, The Commission of Enquiry was announced to observe the views of the people of Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei,21 June 1962, The Cobbold Report was completed and submitted to the prime ministers of Britain and Malaya. The Commissions view was - firm support for a federated Malaysia,31 July 1962, The British and Malayan governments decided in principle that the proposed Federation of Malaysia should be brought into being by 31 August 1963. An Inter-Governmental Committee was to be formed to work on future constitutional arrangements, August 1962, The Report was published to all parties. Reportedly, this came as a surprise to North Borneo,13 –14 August 1962, Donald Stephens convened a meeting of political leaders who drew up a 14-point memorandum of minimum demands. 12 &26 September 1962, North Borneo and Sarawak legislative council agreed to the formation of Malaysia on condition that state rights were safeguarded, Malay should be the national language of the Federation b. English should continue to be used for a period of 10 years after Malaysia Day c, english should be an official language of North Borneo for all purposes, State or Federal, without limitation of time. A new Constitution for North Borneo was of course essential, the Head of State in North Borneo should not be eligible for election as Head of the Federation. The Federal Government should not be able to veto the entry of persons into North Borneo for State Government purposes except on strictly security grounds. North Borneo should have unfettered control over the movements of other than those in Federal Government employ from other parts of Malaysia into North Borneo. There should be no right to secede from the Federation, borneanisation of the public service should proceed as quickly as possible. Every effort should be made to encourage British Officers to remain in the service until their places can be taken by suitably qualified people from North Borneo. North Borneo should retain control of its own finance, development and tariff, a) the Prime Minister should be elected by unofficial members of Legislative Council b) There should be a proper Ministerial system in North Borneo
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