1.
Scituate, Massachusetts
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Scituate is a seacoast town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States, on the South Shore, midway between Boston and Plymouth. The population was 18,133 at the 2010 census, for geographic and demographic information on the village of North Scituate, which is a part of Scituate, please see the article North Scituate, Massachusetts. Scituate was settled by a group of people from Plymouth about 1627 and they were initially governed by the General Court of Plymouth, but on October 5,1636, the town incorporated as a separate entity. The name Scituate is derived from satuit, the Wampanoag term for cold brook, in 1710, several residents emigrated to Rhode Island and founded Scituate, Rhode Island, naming it after their previous hometown. The William-Barker House, which remains near the harbor, was built in 1634. Twelve homes and a sawmill were destroyed in King Philips War in 1676, in 1717, the western portion of the original land grant was separated and incorporated as the town of Hanover, and in 1788, a section of the town was ceded to Marshfield. In 1849, another section became the town of South Scituate. Since then, the borders have remained essentially unchanged, fishing was a significant part of the local economy in the past, as was the sea mossing industry. A small fishing fleet is based in Scituate Harbor, although today the town is mostly residential. In 1810, a lighthouse was erected on the edge of Scituate Harbor. This lighthouse is now known as Old Scituate Light, during the War of 1812, a British naval raiding party was deterred by the two daughters of the lighthouse keeper playing a fife and drum loudly. The girls and this incident became known as the American Army of Two or Lighthouse Army of Two, another notable lighthouse, Minots Ledge Light, stands approximately one mile off Scituate Neck. Samuel Woodworths Old Oaken Bucket house is located in Scituate, the town is also home to the Lawson Tower, a water tower surrounded by a wooden façade, with an observation deck with views of most of the South Shore from the top. During World War II the Fourth Cliff Military Reservation defended the Scituate area with a battery of two 6-inch guns and it is now a recreation area for Hanscom Air Force Base. Scituate used to be the site of international broadcasting radio station WNYW, which broadcast on the shortwave bands in the late 1960s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 31.8 square miles, of which 17.6 square miles is land and 14.2 square miles. The town is 19 miles northeast of Brockton and 25 miles southeast of Boston, Scituate is considered a South Shore community, located just south of the mouth of greater Boston Harbor. The town is not contiguous, Humarock is a part of Scituate which can only be reached from Marshfield
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Light characteristic
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The graphic indicates how the real light may be identified when looking at its actual light output type or sequence. Different lights use different colours, frequencies and light patterns, so mariners can identify which light they are seeing, while light characteristics can be described in prose, e. g. Flashing white every three seconds, lists of lights and navigation chart annotations use abbreviations. The abbreviation notation is different from one light list to another, with dots added or removed. An abbreviation of the type of light, e. g. Fl. for flashing, the color of the light, e. g. W for white, G for green, R for red, Y for yellow. If no color is given, a light is generally implied. The cycle period, e. g. 10s for ten seconds, additional parameters are sometimes added, The height of the light above the chart datum for height. The range in which the light is visible, e. g. 10M for 10 nautical miles, an example of a complete light characteristic is Gp Oc W 10s 15m 10M. A fixed light, abbreviated F, is a continuous and steady light and it is most commonly used for a single-flashing light which exhibits only single flashes which are repeated at regular intervals, in which case it is abbreviated simply as Fl. It can also be used with a group of flashes which are regularly repeated, in which case the abbreviation is Fl. or Gr Fl. for a group of two flashes. Another possibility is a group, in which successive groups in the period have different numbers of flashes. A specific case sometimes used is when the flashes are longer than two seconds, such a light is sometimes denoted long flashing with the abbreviation L. Fl. If the frequency of flashes is large the light is denoted as a quick light, an occulting light is a rhythmic light in which the duration of light in each period is longer than the total duration of darkness. In other words, it is the opposite to a flashing light where the duration of darkness is longer than the duration of light. It has the appearance of flashing off, rather than flashing on, an isophase light, abbreviated Iso, is a light which has dark and light periods of equal length. The prefix derives from the Greek iso- meaning same, a quick light, abbreviated Q, is a special case of a flashing light with a large frequency. If the sequence of flashes is interrupted by regularly repeated eclipses of constant and long duration, group notation similar to flashing and occulting lights is also sometimes used. Another distinction sometimes made is between quick, very quick and ultra quick. This can be combined with notations for interruptions, e. g. I. U. Q. for interrupted ultra quick, or grouping, e. g. V. Q. for a very quick group of nine flashes
4.
United States Coast Guard
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The United States Coast Guard is a branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the countrys seven uniformed services. This has happened twice, in 1917, during World War I, created by Congress on 4 August 1790 at the request of Alexander Hamilton as the Revenue Marine, it is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States. As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton headed the Revenue Marine, by the 1860s, the service was known as the U. S. Revenue Cutter Service and the term Revenue Marine gradually fell into disuse, the modern Coast Guard was formed by a merger of the Revenue Cutter Service and the U. S. Life-Saving Service on 28 January 1915, under the U. S. Department of the Treasury. As one of the five armed services, the Coast Guard has been involved in every U. S. war from 1790 to the Iraq War. As of 2014 the Coast Guard had over 36,000 men and women on duty,7,350 reservists,29,620 auxiliarists. In terms of size, the U. S. Coast Guard by itself is the worlds 12th largest naval force. Because of its authority, the Coast Guard can conduct military operations under the U. S. Department of Defense or directly for the President in accordance with Title 14 USC 1–3. The Coast Guards enduring roles are maritime safety, security, to carry out those roles, it has 11 statutory missions as defined in 6 U. S. C. §468, which include enforcing U. S. law in the worlds largest exclusive economic zone of 3.4 million square miles, the Coast Guards motto is the Latin phrase, Semper Paratus. In a 2005 article in Time magazine following Hurricane Katrina, the author wrote, the Coast Guards most valuable contribution to may be as a model of flexibility, and most of all, spirit. Wil Milam, a swimmer from Alaska told the magazine, In the Navy. Practicing for war, training for war, in the Coast Guard, it was, take care of our people and the mission will take care of itself. The Coast Guard carries out three basic roles, which are subdivided into eleven statutory missions. Both agencies maintain rescue coordination centers to coordinate this effort, and have responsibility for military and civilian search and rescue. The two services jointly provide instructor staff for the National Search and Rescue School that trains SAR mission planners and coordinators, previously located on Governors Island, New York, the school is now located at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown at Yorktown, Virginia. The NRC also takes Maritime Suspicious Activity and Security Breach Reports, details on the NRC organization and specific responsibilities can be found in the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan. The Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement database system is managed and used by the Coast Guard for tracking pollution, the five uniformed services that make up the U. S
5.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
6.
Lighthouse
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Lighthouses mark dangerous coastlines, hazardous shoals, reefs, and safe entries to harbors, and can assist in aerial navigation. Once widely used, the number of operational lighthouses has declined due to the expense of maintenance, before the development of clearly defined ports, mariners were guided by fires built on hilltops. Since raising the fire would improve the visibility, placing the fire on a platform became a practice that led to the development of the lighthouse. In antiquity, the lighthouse functioned more as a marker to ports than as a warning signal for reefs and promontories. The most famous lighthouse structure from antiquity was the Pharos of Alexandria, coins from Alexandria, Ostia, and Laodicea in Syria also exist. The modern era of lighthouses began at the turn of the 18th century, advances in structural engineering and new and efficient lighting equipment allowed for the creation of larger and more powerful lighthouses, including ones exposed to the sea. The function of lighthouses shifted toward the provision of a warning against shipping hazards. The Eddystone Rocks were a major hazard for mariners sailing through the English Channel. The first lighthouse built there was a wooden structure, anchored by 12 iron stanchions secured in the rock. His lighthouse was the first tower in the world to have been exposed to the open sea. The civil engineer, John Smeaton, rebuilt the lighthouse from 1756–59, his tower marked a step forward in the design of lighthouses. He modelled the shape of his lighthouse on that of an oak tree and he pioneered the use of hydraulic lime, a form of concrete that will set under water, and developed a technique of securing the granite blocks together using dovetail joints and marble dowels. This profile had the advantage of allowing some of the energy of the waves to dissipate on impact with the walls. His lighthouse was the prototype for the lighthouse and influenced all subsequent engineers. One such influence was Robert Stevenson, himself a figure in the development of lighthouse design. His greatest achievement was the construction of the Bell Rock Lighthouse in 1810 and this structure was based upon Smeatons design, but with several improved features, such as the incorporation of rotating lights, alternating between red and white. Stevenson worked for the Northern Lighthouse Board for nearly fifty years during which time he designed and oversaw the construction and he also invented the movable jib and the balance crane as a necessary part for lighthouse construction. Alexander Mitchell designed the first screw-pile lighthouse – his lighthouse was built on piles that were screwed into the sandy or muddy seabed, construction of his design began in 1838 at the mouth of the Thames and was known as the Maplin Sands lighthouse, and first lit in 1841
7.
War of 1812
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Historians in the United States and Canada see it as a war in its own right, but the British often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars. By the wars end in early 1815, the key issues had been resolved, the view was shared in much of New England and for that reason the war was widely referred to there as Mr. Madison’s War. As a result, the primary British war goal was to defend their North American colonies, the war was fought in three theatres. Second, land and naval battles were fought on the U. S. –Canadian frontier, Third, large-scale battles were fought in the Southern United States and Gulf Coast. With the majority of its land and naval forces tied down in Europe fighting the Napoleonic Wars, early victories over poorly-led U. S. armies demonstrated that the conquest of the Canadas would prove more difficult than anticipated. Despite this, the U. S. was able to inflict serious defeats on Britains Native American allies, both governments were eager for a return to normality and peace negotiations began in Ghent in August 1814. This brought an Era of Good Feelings in which partisan animosity nearly vanished in the face of strengthened American nationalism, the war was also a major turning point in the development of the U. S. military, with militia being increasingly replaced by a more professional force. The U. S. also acquired permanent ownership of Spains Mobile District, the government of Canada declared a three-year commemoration of the War of 1812 in 2012, intended to offer historical lessons and celebrate 200 years of peace across the border. At the conclusion of the commemorations in 2014, a new national War of 1812 Monument was unveiled in Ottawa. The war is remembered in Britain primarily as a footnote in the much larger Napoleonic Wars occurring in Europe, historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812. This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States, as Risjord notes, a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake–Leopard Affair. The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights, but it was also vindication of American identity. Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States Second War of Independence, in 1807, Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via a series of Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France, with which Britain was at war. The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law, the American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810, making it by far the largest neutral fleet. Britain was the largest trading partner, receiving 80% of U. S. cotton, the British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition. The United States view was that Britains restrictions violated its right to trade with others, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall, requiring 140,000 sailors to man. The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U. S. citizens and this meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters, it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment. Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and it was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805
8.
Fife (instrument)
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A fife /ˈfaɪf/ is a small, high-pitched, transverse flute, that is similar to the piccolo, but louder and shriller due to its narrower bore. The fife originated in medieval Europe and is used in military. Someone who plays the fife is called a fifer, the word fife comes from the German Pfeife, or pipe, which comes from the Latin word pipare. The fife is an instrument usually consisting of a tube with 6 finger holes. Some have 10 or 11 holes for added chromatics, the fife also has an embouchure hole, across which the player blows, and a cork or plug inside the tube just above the embouchure hole. Some nineteenth-century fifes had a key pressed by the finger of the right hand in place of a seventh finger hole. Fifes are made mostly of wood, grenadilla, rosewood, mopane, pink ivory, cocobolo, boxwood and other woods are superior, maple and persimmon are inferior. Some Caribbean music makes use of bamboo fifes, Military and marching fifes have metal reinforcing bands around the ends to protect them from damage. Fifes used in strenuous conditions sometimes have a lathe-turned, knob-like decoration at the ends for similar reasons. Some fifes are entirely made of metal or plastic, some modern fifes are of two-piece construction with a sliding tuning joint similar to some recorders. The standard fife is an A-flat transposing instrument, meaning that prevailing scoring conventions dictate that the C position on a fife-part staff should correspond to a concert A-flat, the standard fife sounds a minor sixth above written. Fifes pitched in the keys of D and of C are also common, fifes in various other keys are sometimes played in musical ensembles. A common convention specific to fife music and contradictory to those above is for music to be written in the key of D regardless of the key in which the fife in question sounds. Like the Irish flute and the tinwhistle, the fife is a simple system flute. These flutes are unable to play all chromatic pitches, while many of the pitches they can play are grossly out of tune. This tuning irregularity is part of the sound of the fife. An experienced fife player can play 3 full octaves although the fingering patterns necessary for playing in the octave can be daunting to a beginner. Marching bands typically play only in the second and third octave since these are the loudest and most penetrating, in medieval Europe, the fife was used in some folk music traditions to accompany dancing by all social classes
9.
Minot's Ledge Light
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Minots Ledge Light, officially Minots Ledge Light, is a lighthouse on Minots Ledge, one mile offshore of the towns of Cohasset and Scituate, Massachusetts, to the southeast of Boston Harbor. It is a part of the Town of Cohasset, in Norfolk County, the current lighthouse is the second on the site, the first having been washed away in a storm after only a few months of use. The most dramatic incident was the sinking of a ship with ninety-nine Irish immigrants and it was initially proposed to build a lighthouse similar to John Smeatons pioneering Eddystone Lighthouse, situated off the south-west coast of England. However Captain William H. Swift, put in charge of planning the tower, instead he successfully argued for an iron pile light, a spidery structure drilled into the rock. The first Minots Ledge Lighthouse was built between 1847 and 1850, and was lighted for the first time on January 1,1850, one night in April 1851, the new lighthouse was struck by a major storm which caused damage throughout the Boston area. The following day only a few bent pilings were found on the rock, two assistant keepers who were tending the lighthouse at the time perished. However, the Chief Engineer of the Army Corps of Engineers was Joseph G. Totten, tottens design was as simple as it was effective. Totten, who had experience building fortifications, had a full appreciation of permanency. He designed the lighthouse so the first 40 feet of lighthouse would be a solid base weighing thousands of tons. To secure the lighthouse to the ledge he had several massive iron pins emplaced so that the lighthouse would be pinned to the ledge by its own weight. This idea necessitated working on the ledge on the few times when the sea was calm. The lighthouse is built of large and heavy dovetailed granite blocks, the lighthouse was equipped with a third-order Fresnel lens. The light signal, a 1-4-3 flashing cycle adopted in 1894, is referred to as “I LOVE YOU” and is often cited as such by romantic couples within its range. Between 1832 and 1841 there were 40 wrecks on this and neighboring reefs, between 1817 and 1847, it was estimated that 40 lives and $364,000 in property had been lost in shipwrecks in the vicinity of Minots Ledge, off Cohasset, Massachusetts. The ledge was barely 20 feet wide and was exposed at low tide, on this narrow rock construction was begun in the spring of 1847 of a 75-foot open-work iron light structure. The men could work on very calm days when the tide was at its ebb. The work was conducted from a schooner which remained near the ledge, unless the sea was rough, if a storm threatened, the schooner put into Cohasset Harbor until it was over. Nine holes were drilled into the rock, each 12 inches wide and 5 feet deep
10.
Fresnel lens
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A Fresnel lens is a type of compact lens originally developed by French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel for lighthouses. The design allows the construction of lenses of large aperture and short focal length without the mass, a Fresnel lens can be made much thinner than a comparable conventional lens, in some cases taking the form of a flat sheet. A Fresnel lens can capture more light from a light source. The idea of creating a thinner, lighter lens by making it with separate sections mounted in a frame is attributed to Georges-Louis Leclerc. The Marquis de Condorcet proposed grinding such a lens from a thin piece of glass. French physicist and engineer Augustin-Jean Fresnel is most often given credit for the development of the lens for use in lighthouses. According to Smithsonian magazine, the first Fresnel lens was used in 1823 in the Cordouan lighthouse at the mouth of the Gironde estuary, scottish physicist Sir David Brewster is credited with convincing the United Kingdom to adopt these lenses in their lighthouses. The Fresnel lens reduces the amount of material required compared to a lens by dividing the lens into a set of concentric annular sections. An ideal Fresnel lens would have many such sections. In each section, the thickness is decreased compared to an equivalent simple lens. This effectively divides the surface of a standard lens into a set of surfaces of the same curvature. In some lenses, the surfaces are replaced with flat surfaces. Such a lens can be regarded as an array of prisms arranged in a fashion, with steeper prisms on the edges. In the first Fresnel lenses, each section was actually a separate prism, single-piece Fresnel lenses were later produced, being used for automobile headlamps, brake, parking, and turn signal lenses, and so on. In modern times, computer-controlled milling equipment might be used to more complex lenses. Fresnel lenses are made of glass or plastic, their size varies from large to medium to small. In many cases they are thin and flat, almost flexible. Modern Fresnel lenses usually consist of all refractive elements, however many of the lighthouses have both refracting and reflecting elements, as shown in the photographs and diagram
11.
Marshfield, Massachusetts
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Marshfield is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States, on Massachusettss South Shore. The population was 25,132 at the 2010 census, see also, Green Harbor, Marshfield, Marshfield Hills, and Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock. Marshfield is located on the South Shore, about where Cape Cod Bay meets Massachusetts Bay, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 31.74 square miles. 28.46 square miles of it is land and 3.28 square miles of it is water. Marshfield is bordered by Massachusetts Bay to the east, Duxbury to the south and southeast, Pembroke to the west, Norwell to the northwest, Marshfield is 18 miles east of Brockton and 29 miles southeast of Boston. Marshfield is named for the salt marshes which border the salt. There are three rivers, the North, South and the Green Harbor River, the South River divides a peninsula from the rest of the town, where Rexhame village and the Humarock and Fourth Cliff neighborhoods of the town of Scituate lie. The Scituate neighborhoods can be reached by land by two bridges, by boat, or by foot along Rexhame Beach, the Rexhame-Humarock peninsula is a barrier beach with an 84-foot-high moraine, one of only two barrier beach moraines on the east coast of the United States. The town of Marshfield has six separate zip codes, Marshfield, Brant Rock, Ocean Bluff, North Marshfield, Marshfield Hills, and Green Harbor. There are eight villages in the town, Marshfield Center, Fieldston, Ocean Bluff, Rexhame, Brant Rock, Green Harbor, Marshfield Hills, and North Marshfield. The following beaches comprise Marshfields 5-mile-long public seashore, Rexhame, Fieldston, Sunrise, Ocean Bluff, Brant Rock, Blackmans Point, Blue Fish Cove, Burkes, Marshfield is a popular summer beach destination. Tourists and vacationers cause the population to nearly double from Memorial Day through Labor Day weekend. Only full-time residents can vote on tax matters. As of the census of 2000, there were 24,324 people,8,905 households, the population density was 854.8 people per square mile. There were 9,954 housing units at a density of 349.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 92. 69% White,3. 54% Black or African American,0. 11% Native American,0. 37% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,0. 52% from other races, and 0. 76% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2. 67% of the population,20. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the family size was 3.20
12.
National Park Service
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It was created on August 25,1916, by Congress through the National Park Service Organic Act and is an agency of the United States Department of the Interior. As of 2014, the NPS employs 21,651 employees who oversee 417 units, the National Park Service celebrated its centennial in 2016. National parks and national monuments in the United States were originally individually managed under the auspices of the Department of the Interior, the movement for an independent agency to oversee these federal lands was spearheaded by business magnate and conservationist Stephen Mather, as well as J. Horace McFarland. With the help of journalist Robert Sterling Yard, Mather ran a publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior and they wrote numerous articles that praised the scenic and historic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational, inspirational, and recreational benefits. This campaign resulted in the creation of a National Park Service, Mather became the first director of the newly formed NPS. On March 3,1933, President Herbert Hoover signed the Reorganization Act of 1933, the act would allow the President to reorganize the executive branch of the United States government. It wasnt until later that summer when the new President, Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Roosevelt agreed and issued two Executive orders to make it happen. In 1951, Conrad Wirth became director of the National Park Service, the demand for parks after the end of the World War II had left the parks overburdened with demands that could not be met. In 1952, with the support of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, he began Mission 66, New parks were added to preserve unique resources and existing park facilities were upgraded and expanded. In 1966, as the Park Service turned 50 years old, emphasis began to turn from just saving great and wonderful scenery, Director George Hartzog began the process with the creation of the National Lakeshores and then National Recreation Areas. Since its inception in 1916, the National Park Service has managed each of the United States national parks, Yellowstone National Park was the first national park in the United States. In 1872, there was no government to manage it. Yosemite National Park began as a park, the land for the park was donated by the federal government to the state of California in 1864 for perpetual conservation. Yosemite was later returned to federal ownership, at first, each national park was managed independently, with varying degrees of success. In Yellowstone, the staff was replaced by the U. S. Army in 1886. Due to the irregularities in managing these national treasures, Stephen Mather petitioned the government to improve the situation. In response, Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane challenged him to lobby for creating a new agency, Mather was successful with the ratification of the National Park Service Organic Act in 1916. Later, the agency was given authority over other protected areas, the National Park System includes all properties managed by the National Park Service
13.
Annisquam Harbor Light
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Annisquam Harbor Light Station is a historic lighthouse on Wigwam Point in the Annisquam neighborhood of Gloucester, Massachusetts. It can be viewed from nearby Wingaersheek Beach, Gloucester and it lies on the Annisquam River and is one of the four oldest lighthouses to surround the Gloucester peninsula as well as, Eastern Point Light, Ten Pound Island Light, and Thacher Island Light. The first light station, a 40-foot wooden tower, was established in 1801, the original building was 32 feet tall, made of wood with a light resting 40 feet above the water. The building fell into disrepair and, in 1851, was replaced by a wooden tower of the same height. The original lighthouse keepers house was repaired and, with alterations, has remained to this day, its plan resembles those at Race Point Light. It is a two-story, gabled roofed, wood-framed building, in 1869, a covered walkway was built between the house and the tower. In 1897, the current brick lighthouse was built on the foundation as the previous two constructions. Some time after 1900, the walkway, added in 1867. In 1931, a foghorn was installed, but until 1949, but was activated in the summer of 1949 only during day hours. The lighthouses fourth-order Fresnel lens and foghorn was automated in 1974, the fog signal was first removed by the Coast Guard, but after complaints by fishermen and local boaters, it was re-activated and eventually automated as well. In August 2000 Matty Nally and his crew completed the replacement of 3,000 bricks in efforts of restoration, the interior of the lighthouse is equipped with a circular cast-iron staircase that leads to the top. The lighthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, the original wooden keepers house from 1801 is still used as a housing for United States Coast Guard personnel who manage the site. In 2000, a restoration of the tower was conducted by the Coast Guard. In 2008, the made a appearance, supposedly as a lighthouse in Maine. National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester, Massachusetts National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts 98
14.
Bakers Island Light
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Bakers Island Light is a historic lighthouse on Bakers Island in Salem, Massachusetts. The station was established in 1791, with a daymark. This was replaced in 1798 by two lights atop a house, one at each end. After storm damage in 1815, a stone tower was constructed. The current round stone tower was added in 1820, the 1820 tower was taller, leading to the names Ma and Pa. The two remained in service until 1926, when the older, shorter tower was removed, the light was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Bakers Island Light Station in 1976. The City of Salem, the Coast Guard, and NOAA spell the name without an apostrophe, the name is always written with the s. National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Massachusetts List of lighthouses in the United States, Massachusetts
15.
Billingsgate Island Light
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Billingsgate Island Light was located on what is still called Billingsgate Islandt though it is underwater at high tide, at the entrance to the harbor in Wellfleet, Massachusetts. The Billingsgate Island Light was a historic landmark located on what was once an inhabited island in Cape Cod. When the island was habitable, the Billingsgate Island light was an important landmark to all fisherman and seaman, the light was constructed in 1822, but its light was not lit until 1858 due to construction. The Billingsgate Island Light stood tall at 41 feet, since modern building technology was not yet integrated in architecture, the Island light had a base foundation of granite and wall construction made of brick and mortar. Since electric lights were not invented until 1879 by Thomas Edison, the preferred lens used by the Island light was called a Fresnel lens. At this time in history, Fresnel lenses were the most advanced in lighthouse lens technology, Fresnel lenses used a series of prisms and patterns within the glass itself which acted like a diamond. Fresnel lenses weighed roughly five to eight tons based on their size, the Fresnel lens was capable of reaching visible distances of 12-26 nautical miles. ]Billingsgate Island was a large fishing village located in Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. Billingsgate became its own town with its own team, a school. Before the construction of the Billingsgate Island light, there was another lighthouse, in the storm that destroyed the light in 1915, all residents fled Billingsgate before the storm came, floating all of their homes and personal belongings across the bay. The only two left on the island as the storm passed were the lighthouse keeper and the shellfish keeper who ended up dying in the flood. What is left of Billingsgate Island is only visible at low tide, most of what is left on Billingsgate Island was either later torn down in the 1930s and 1940s or destroyed by coastal erosion. Billingsgate Island is commonly referred to as Mini-Atlantis because it was once a community where people lived but is now underwater, the Billingsgate fishing community was known for fishing and capturing Sea Bass, Tuna and whale fishing. Currently Billingsgate is only accessible by boat and at low tide, today, it is used as a picnic area and for shell-fishing. Billingsgate Island was originally a public use land shared by Native Americans, on July 2,1822, the U. S. government purchased four acres of the original 60 acres of land on the island including the Billingsgate Island light for only $100. After the first wall was built, the ground beneath quickly eroded, after the Island split in half, the government decided to build another wall, this time towering 100 feet tall. Instead of being beneficial to the lighthouse and the community of Billingsgate, it did the opposite, the Billingsgate Island light was in operation from 1858 to 1915, when it was destroyed in a storm in 1915. The Billingsgate storm of 1915 was strong enough to not only destroy the lighthouse, the only thing left of the Billingsgate Island is the granite foundation of the Island Light. The tower shape was square, which was unusual for lighthouse architecture
16.
Bird Island Light
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Bird Island Light is a historic lighthouse at the entrance to Sippican Harbor, Marion, Massachusetts. The current 37 feet tower was built when the light was first established in 1819, three months after it was first lit, with William Moore as the keeper, it was badly damaged by a storm. It was again damaged on September 8,1869 and, again. It was deactivated by the USCG in 1933, all of the buildings except the tower were destroyed in the hurricane of 1938. In 1940 the island passed into hands and was acquired by the Town of Marion in 1966. The light was lit in 1976. The Bird Island Preservation Society was formed in 1994 and on July 4,1997, the island, but not the tower, is open to visitors except during the May through August nesting season of the endangered roseate tern. The island was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Bird Island Light on September 28,1987, National Register of Historic Places listings in Plymouth County, Massachusetts
17.
Borden Flats Light
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Borden Flats Light is a historic lighthouse on the Taunton River in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is a type known as a sparkplug lighthouse. The light was built in 1881, and added to the National Register of Historic Places as Borden Flats Light Station on June 15,1987, reference number 87001528. By the mid-19th century, the city of Fall River had become a bustling town, with regularly scheduled steamboat service to Providence, Rhode Island. The city is located at the mouth of the Taunton River where it meets Mount Hope Bay, prior to the lighthouse, an unlit day beacon was constructed to mark the spot of a dangerous reef near the center of the relatively shallow Mount Hope Bay. In June 1880, $25,000 was appropriated for the construction of a new lighthouse on Borden Flats, the light went into service on October 1,1881, with a fourth-order Fresnel lens producing a fixed red light 47-foot above mean high water. Rainwater was collected in gutters and stored in a cistern in the basement level. The lighthouse, which sits in open to the south, was battered in the hurricane of 1938. The storm left the structure with a tilt, which it still has. A new wider caisson was later added around the one for additional protection. In 1957 the lighthouse was electrified, in 1977, its Fresnel lens was removed and replaced with a modern Vega VRB-25 lens. The fog bell remained in use until 1983 when it was replaced by an electronic foghorn, under auspices of the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act of 2000, the lighthouse was auctioned privately through the General Services Administration. Nick Korstad, Cindy Korstad and Craig Korstad, of Portland and they have plans of fully restoring the light station and making it available for public tours and overnight accommodations. National Register of Historic Places listings in Fall River, Massachusetts
18.
Boston Light
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Boston Light is a lighthouse located on Little Brewster Island in outer Boston Harbor, Massachusetts. The first lighthouse to be built on the dates back to 1716. The structure was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, the first keeper of Boston Light was George Worthylake, who drowned, along with his wife and daughter, when returning to the island in 1718. During the American Revolution, the lighthouse was held by British forces and was attacked. As the British forces withdrew in 1776, they blew up the tower, the lighthouse was eventually reconstructed in 1783, to the same 75-foot height as the original tower. In 1856 it was raised to its present height of 98 feet, the lighthouse established in America was on Little Brewster Island in Boston Harbor and was first lit September 14,1716. A tonnage tax of 1 penny per ton on all vessels, except coasters, moving in or out of Boston Harbor, the first keeper, George Worthylake, with a salary of £50 a year, also acted as pilot for vessels entering the harbor. In 1718 he and his wife and daughter, with two men, were drowned when the boat capsized as they were returning to the island from Boston. Young Benjamin Franklin, then a printer in Boston, wrote a ballad about the incident entitled Lighthouse Tragedy and sold it on the streets of Boston. In 1719 he asked That a great Gun may be placed on Said Island to answer Ships in a Fogg, the gun is shown on a mezzo-tint engraving of Boston Light made by Burgess in 1729. Hayes’ successor in 1734 was Robert Ball who petitioned the court for preference in piloting vessels into the harbor. The court designated him as established pilot of the harbor for the three years. In 1751 the lighthouse was damaged by fire so that only the walls remained. In 1774 the British took over the island and in 1775 the harbor was blocked, on July 20,1775, a small detachment of American troops under Major Voss visited the island and burned the wooden parts of the lighthouse. They were intercepted on leaving by British small boats and attacked, a direct hit on one of the British boats by an American field piece on Nantasket Head caused the British to retire to their boats with comparatively heavy losses. Major Tupper and his men were commended by General Washington, when the British left Boston, March 17,1776, a number of their ships remained in the harbor. On June 13,1776, American soldiers landed on Long Island, Boston Harbor, before sailing away, the British sent a boat ashore at Boston Light and left a time charge which blew up the lighthouse. The top of the old lighthouse was used to supply ladles for American cannon, in 1783 the Massachusetts Legislature supplied £1,450 to erect a new lighthouse on the site of the old
19.
Brant Point Light
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Brant Point Light is a lighthouse located on Nantucket Island. The station was established in 1746, automated in 1965, and is still in operation. The current tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28,1987, it has the distinction of being the light on the point. Four of the others burned or blew down, two were condemned, two were unsatisfactory, and the remaining one stands unused, the wood 1746 tower burned in 1758. Town meeting authorized a new light, which was completed in 1759 and it seemed to come in a narrow Vein, and in its progress blew down. And totally destroyed the Light-House on that Island, besides several Shops, Barns, had the Gust continued fifteen Minutes it is thought it would not have left more than half the Buildings standing, in the Course that it passed. But we don’t hear of any Persons receiving much hurt, nor much Damage done, town meeting promptly agreed to rebuild the lighthouse for the third time as High as the former one that blew down lately at the Town’s Expense. The first three lighthouses had been built more of eye to economy than quality, but the fourth had no quality at all. It was simply a lantern with glass windows hoisted between two spars. This was wrecked in a storm in 1788. In August 1789 Congress voted to transfer the colonial lights to the Federal Government, between then and 1795, another tower was erected on Brant Point. This building, the sixth to be erected on site, was also cheaply built and was condemned in 1825. A small tower framework, the light, was built on top of the keeper’s dwelling in 1825. This had eight lamps arranged in a row, six in the lower series. Behind each of these lamps were 12’ 2-inch reflectors, on November 9,1853, C. A. Ogden, Major, Topographical Engineers, recommended to the Lighthouse Board that they build a tower for a second-class lens light which would cost $15,000. The dwelling house is much decayed, but has a new roof and weather boarding on it. A similar recommendation to the Board dated October 22,1853, on August 3,1854, Congress appropriated $15,000 for rebuilding the lighthouse at Brandt’s Point, Nantucket, State of Massachusetts. The tower was described, The foundation of the tower is of concrete cement two feet thick, and 18 feet in diameter, the base is of hammered granite, laid in courses two feet thick to the height of 12 feet
20.
Broad Sound Channel Inner Range Lights
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The Broad Sound Channel Inner Range Lights were a pair of lighthouses in Boston Harbor. They were removed around 1950 when the channel they helped to mark was superseded by a channel to the north. The range marked by these formed part of a three-leg channel leading from the ocean. The outermost leg of this route, the Broad Sound Channel, was divided into the North Channel. The last consisted of a pair of wooden, conical towers, also on the portion of Spectacle Island adjacent to the Spectacle Island range. A new frame house was built. Given the proximity of the two sets of lights, they were all tended by the keeper, with the other house occupied by his assistant. The towers were red at first but were repainted white by the next year, unsurprisingly, with four lights in such a small area they were often confused with one another. By 1913 it was decided that the Spectacle Island range was unneeded and this was met by complaints from shipping interests who mistakenly believed that the Broad Sound range was being removed. Removal proceeded and the 1903 lights were left standing alone, by this time a new North Channel was being dredged, and it came to be the preferred route. The lights were discontinued and removed around 1950. Fill from the Big Dig has been used to expand and raise the island, eliminating every trace of the old lights
21.
Butler Flats Light
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Butler Flats Light is a sparkplug lighthouse located in the outer harbor of New Bedford, Massachusetts, at the mouth of the Acushnet River. Built in 1898 by the United States Lighthouse Board, it is the only known caisson lighthouse designed by a marine architect, the light was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Butler Flats Light Station on June 15,1987. Automated in 1978, it is now operated by the city as an aid to navigation. The Butler Flats Light is located outer reaches of New Bedford Harbor, off the shore of Clarks Point. The light was placed to assist navigation into the inner harbor and it is a caisson tank light with a total height of 53 feet, and is set on a concrete foundation set on the muddy bottom of the harbor. Atop the caisson is a brick structure, with a wide fog deck encircling it at the lowest level. The fog deck is wider than the caisson, which is flared outward just below the deck to minimize the effects of wave action. An open deck circles the structure at the top of the section, where it transitions to the smaller iron lantern house. The interior was divided into living and dining quarters, and office. Access to the structure is via a ladder that descends from the fog deck, the light was built in 1898 to a design by F. Abraham Smith, and also included a fog signal, the light was rendered functionally obsolete after completion of the New Bedford Hurricane Barrier about 0.5 miles further north, which included a small dike light. The light was automated by the United States Coast Guard in 1978. After campaigning by local preservationists, the light was turned over to the city, the lighthouse is not open to the public, but is easily visible from the shore along East Rodney French Boulevard in New Bedford as well as other points along the citys waterfront. National Register of Historic Places listings in New Bedford, Massachusetts
22.
Cape Ann Light Station
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The current pair of lighthouses were built in 1861. They were both equipped with first order Fresnel lenses, which stood approximately 10 feet high and weighed several tons. After being decommissioned in the early 1980s, the lens from the tower was moved to the U. S. Coast Guard Museum at the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London. In 2013 a joint effort by the Cape Ann Museum and the Thacher Island Association brought the lens back to Cape Ann, the first order lens is now on display at the Cape Ann Museum in Gloucester, Massachusetts. When these lights were built, there was no way to produce a light and. The only way to create a distinction was to more than one light. There were two lights at Plymouth and three at Nauset Beach and it was relighted as a Private Aid to Navigation in 1989. Both lights are now owned by the Town of Rockport and managed by the Thacher Island Association, the station was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Twin Lights Historic District—Cape Ann Light Station on October 7,1971, reference number 71000355. In 2001 they became the 9th light station to be recognized as a National Historic Landmark, Cape Ann Light is the southern lighthouse that comprise the station. Thacher Island North Light is the northern most lighthouse that comprise the station, the south lights official name in the US Coast Guard Light List is Cape Ann Light, number 1-295. The north lights official name is Thacher Island North Light, number 1-305, the National Historic Landmark listing name is Twin Lights Historic District—Cape Ann Light Station. The lights are known locally as the Twin Lights or Thacher Island Lights, National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
23.
Cape Poge Light
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Cape Poge Light, sometimes called Cape Pogue Light, is at the northeast tip of Chappaquiddick Island that is part of Marthas Vineyard, off the coast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. At least four towers have been built on Cape Poge, with many moves, in 1801 the first 35-foot wooden Cape Poge Lighthouse was built for $2,000. During the War of 1812 the light was extinguished for a few months and this first lighthouse was moved in 1825 and again in 1838 due to an eroding bluff. In 1844 a new tower was built for $1,600, however, in 1878 it was reported that the keepers house would probably fall into the sea within two years. A third lighthouse was built in 1880. Finally, in 1893 the current, 35-foot, white conical tower was constructed,40 feet inland from the previous one. The current tower has been moved four times, in 1907,1922,1960, the light was automated in 1943. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, the current light is a 12-inch solar powered beacon that flashes white every 6 seconds and is visible for 9 nautical miles. The lights focal plane is 65 feet above high water. The lighthouse can be reached via a 3. 5-mile hike from the Dike Bridge or by four-wheel drive vehicle. The Cape Poge Lighthouse can be seen in the two shots in the film Jaws, off to the right as Roy Scheider and Richard Dreyfuss swim back to shore. Westron, Asst, J. E. Barrus, Asst, J. E. Barrus, Charles H. MacKay, Asst, E. H. King, Asst, Albert S. Smith Asst, / In 1921, Cape Pogue Light becomes one-man station, Henry L. Thomas, Marcus Pieffer, National Register of Historic Places listings in Dukes County, Massachusetts
24.
Chatham Light
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Chatham Lighthouse, known as Twin Lights prior to 1923, is a lighthouse in Chatham, Massachusetts, near the elbow of Cape Cod. The original station, close to the shore, was built in 1808 with two towers that were replaced in 1841 in spite of questions as to why a single tower would not be adequate. In 1877, two new towers, made of cast iron rings, replaced those, one of the towers was moved to the Eastham area and became Nauset Light in 1923. The station was established in 1808, it was the light station on Cape Cod. To distinguish it from Highland Light, the first Cape Cod light and they were on skids so that they could be moved to keep them in line with the entrance channel as it shifted. Samuel Nye was appointed as the first Keeper of the Chatham Lights by President Jefferson on October 7,1808, the light had an interesting history afterwards. The following individuals were the light keepers over the years. Today, the keepers house is an active U. S. Coast Guard station. Search and Rescue, maritime law enforcement, and Homeland Security missions are carried out here, flotilla 11-01 of the U. S. Coast Guard Auxiliary operates from this station. The Chatham Lighthouse is featured in the film The Finest Hours depicting the US Coast Guard’s rescue of the SS Pendleton in 1952 off the coast of Chatham, all four of the Coast Guard crew received the Coast Guard’s Gold Lifesaving Medal. National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
25.
Clarks Point Light
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The Clarks Point Light is located in New Bedford, Massachusetts. Originally constructed as a tower, it was replaced with a stone tower in 1804. This in turn was replaced by a structure on the parapets of Fort Rodman which was deactivated in 1898, after restoration in the early 1970s, it was relit again in 2001 by the city as a private aid. The first light at this location was erected in 1797 by a group of local merchants and this tower lasted somewhat longer, apparently destroyed by lightning in 1803. The following year a 38 feet stone tower was erected, this was somewhat in 1818. Various upgrades to the tower were performed over the years including new lamps, there was no keepers dwelling at the site until 1842. Starting in 1857, construction on Fort Taber begin adjacent to the lighthouse, the fort became obsolete following the civil war, and construction was finally halted in 1871, though the stone superstructure was essentially complete by the end of the war. The walls were found to obscure the lighthouse beacon from some quarters and this was a small wooden structure with the lantern set on its hipped roof. Special swinging frames were provided for the lantern to minimize the risk of damage when the cannons were fired. The old tower was abandoned and was demolished in 1906. It remained perched on the fort, however, and in the early 1970s it was restored along with the remains of the fort, nonetheless it was badly damaged by vandals. In the late 1990s the city restored the area around the fort as a park and it continues in operation as a private aid to navigation
26.
Cleveland East Ledge Light
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Cleveland East Ledge Light is a historic lighthouse in Falmouth, Massachusetts. It marks the east side of the beginning of the channel leading to the Cape Cod Canal and is the first fixed mark when going northbound through the canal. As it is an important mark in a subject to fog. The lighthouse is built atop a caisson 52 feet in diameter, the first two floors of the lighthouse serve as living and working space, on top of which sits the cylindrical concrete tower which is another 50 feet tall. The state of Massachusetts began the project, but in 1941 turned it over to the Coast Guard, which, after delays caused by the war, completed it in 1943. In 1978, the laying of a cable to the lighthouse allowed its automation. The lighthouse was sealed and would remain unoccupied for much of the next 3 decades and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Cleveland Ledge Light Station in 1987. Without regular maintenance, the fell into disrepair. After putting the lighthouse on the market in 2007 generated very little interest, the winning party purchased the lighthouse for $190,000. It is now owned by the Cleveland Ledge Lighthouse, LLC, National Register of Historic Places listings in Barnstable County, Massachusetts
27.
Cuttyhunk Light
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Cuttyhunk Light was a lighthouse at the west end of Cuttyhunk Island, Massachusetts. First established in 1823, it was several times. The last lighthouse was built in 1891, with a 5th order Fresnel Lens in a 45-foot tower and this was heavily damaged in the Great Atlantic Hurricane of 1944 and was torn down in 1947 and replaced by a skeleton tower. The keepers house was also destroyed, the skeleton tower was discontinued in 2005. Only a stone oil house remains from the station, missing its door. Terpeny, Eugene - Family History Terpeny, Alice - Interview
28.
Deer Island Light
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Deer Island Light is a lighthouse in Boston Harbor, Boston, Massachusetts. The actual light is 53 feet above Mean High Water and its alternating white and red light is visible for 9 nautical miles. The light is at the end of a reef extends about 1,500 feet south from Deer Island. The location first had a beacon in 1832. The first light, a sparkplug type light, was lit in 1890 and it included a three story dwelling, a veranda with boat davits, and a circular parapet. The water supply was a cistern in the base of the structure, a spiral staircase ran from the cellar to the top floor. It had a white light, which was changed to flashing red every thirty seconds and then to the present alternating red. The old light gradually deteriorated and was replaced in 1982 by a fiberglass tower. A brown fiberglass tower was installed immediately thereafter, while the Spark plug light was interesting, it was much more expensive to maintain than the fiberglass structure. Imported from England, the light was the first of its kind in the United States. Between October 2015 and May 2016, the tower was dismantled. The new light uses LED technology and sits on a skeletal tower
29.
Derby Wharf Light
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Derby Wharf Light Station is a historic lighthouse on Derby Wharf in Salem, Massachusetts that is within the Salem Maritime National Historic Site. It was built in 1871 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, the United States Coast Guard Light List description is White square tower. Maintained by the U. S. Park Service, the actual light is 25 feet above Mean High Water. Its red light is visible for 4 nautical miles, the Light Station was originally built in 1871 and used an oil lamp shining through a Fresnel lens. For many years, Derby Wharf Light had one of only 17 sixth-order Fresnel lenses in the United States, today, the light is solar powered, and the light is a red flash every six seconds. In 2008, Eagle Scout Thomas Croteau of Troop 59, from nearby Peabody, Mass, Derby Waterfront District National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Massachusetts National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
30.
Duxbury Pier Light
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Duxbury Pier lighthouse also called Duxbury Light is a lighthouse located in Plymouth Harbor, Massachusetts. Duxbury Pier Light was built in 1871 on the side of the main channel in Plymouth Harbor to mark the dangerous shoal off Saquish Head. The unusual coffeepot-shaped lighthouse is known as Bug Light or simply The Bug. It was the first so-called sparkplug lighthouse in the United States, application was made to list the lighthouse on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The lighthouse stands 47 feet tall, and contains three levels that were used as living quarters and a watchroom, the lantern room held a fourth order Fresnel lens, first lighted on September 15,1871. To protect the structure,100 tons of stones were placed around the base in 1886, a 700-US-gallon water cistern was added in 1900. The lighthouse was automated in 1964 and the keepers were removed, a modern optic replaced the Fresnel lens. Over the next two decades the light fell victim to vandalism and seabirds made themselves a home in the interior. It was refurbished in the 1980s and in 2001, and continues to serve as an aid to navigation, Bug Light survived the Hurricane of 1944 when 30-foot waves battered the isolated station. Heavy seas on the east side destroyed the fog bell mechanism, the lightkeepers’ boat, in 1983 Duxbury Pier Light was slated by the Coast Guard to be replaced by a fiberglass tower much like the one that had replaced Boston Harbors old Deer Island Lighthouse. The Coast Guard had estimated that a renovation of the current structure would have cost $250,000, a group of concerned local residents formed Project Bug Light. A five-year lease was granted to the preservation committee, the Coast Guard sandblasted and painted the structure and did some repair work in 1983, the work was completed in 1985. The Coast Guard spent $100,000 to refurbish the lower half of the lighthouse, Project Bug Light raised $20,000 from local businesses, as well as sales of T-shirts and bumper stickers, a fashion show, baseball games, and raffling a painting. They used this money to restore the upper parts and the interior, including the rebuilding of the roof, at the same time solar power replaced the older battery system. The fog signal was converted to solar power. In the late 1980s, vandals broke into the lantern room, the weather deteriorated the wood interior so much that all the wood had to be removed, leaving bare iron walls. After a few years Project Bug Light virtually dissolved as an organization, in 1993, the Coast Guard again talked of replacing the lighthouse with a fiberglass pole, or at least removing the lantern room. This time, Dr. Don Muirhead of Duxbury, an avid sailor, the Coast Guard again refurbished the lighthouse in 1996
31.
East Chop Light
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East Chop Light is a historic lighthouse standing on a bluff overlooking Vineyard Haven Harbor and Vineyard Sound, located along East Chop Drive in the town of Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts. It is one of five lighthouses located on the island of Marthas Vineyard, the East Chop Light was built in 1878 and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. In the early 1800s the location was occupied by a semaphore station - thus the origin of the name Telegraph Hill, circa 1869 a marine merchant named Captain Silas Daggett constructed a privately owned lighthouse on the property. To pay for construction and maintenance, Daggett collected fees from merchants, maritime insurance agencies. Daggetts 1869 lighthouse was the last of the six lighthouses to be constructed on Marthas Vineyard, the oil-fired East Chop Light burned down in 1871. The light was rebuilt by Daggett in 1872 as a house with a lantern room - similar in concept to the first Edgartown Harbor Light. Daggetts new East Chop Light produced a red signal and had three 21-inch reflectors fueled by kerosene lamps, in 1875 the United States Congress purchased the property for $6,000 and removed the lighthouse and other buildings constructed by Daggett. In 1878 the present day cast-iron conical tower with a fourth-order Fresnel lens was constructed along with an adjacent two-story gabled roof keepers house, the lighthouse was originally painted white, but was repainted as a brown-red color in the 1880s. The brown-red color was maintained until 1988, when the light was painted white by Vineyard Environmental Research, many people in the East Chop community and elsewhere still harbor fond memories of their Chocolate Lighthouse. In 1933 the East Chop Light was automated, at the time, the United States Coast Guard offered to rent the Keepers dwelling to longtime keeper, George Walter Purdy. Purdy, who had one arm, served as the East Chop Lights principal keeper for thirty-two years, Purdy refused the offer, and shortly afterwards, the keepers dwelling, fuel oil shed, and other outbuildings were torn down. Without a keeper on the grounds, the USCG closed the East Chop Light to public access. From 1878 through the early 1980s, the East Chop Light was maintained by the United States Coast Guard, due to U. S. Coast Guard Congressional funding shortages through the 1970s and early 1980s, various lighthouses around the United States were destroyed or designated for destruction. Such designation was due to the high cost of maintaining the structures and this obsolete status of the lighthouses was facilitated by enhanced satellite GPS and other electrical maritime navigation aids. In fact, according to the 2012 Doomsday List published by Lighthouse Digest, due to such funding shortages, the East Chop Light and two other Marthas Vineyard lighthouses were designated for destruction in the early 1980s. During and after the Congressional hearings, this effort received support from Congressman Gerry Studds, shortly after the Congressional hearings, the United States Coast Guard issued a 35-year license for the three lights to VERI in 1985. This was the first time in U. S. history that control of active lighthouses was transferred to a civilian organization. On similar note, this was the first time in the history of Marthas Vineyard that control of any of its five lighthouses was in the hands of an island organization, the proceeds from the lighthouse benefits were applied to a major restoration of the East Chop Light
32.
Eastern Point Light
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Eastern Point Light is an historic lighthouse on Cape Ann, in northeastern Massachusetts. The lighthouse was planned in 1829 and was erected by 1832 on the east side of the Gloucester Harbor entrance. It was first lit on January 1,1832, the tower was rebuilt in 1848 and again in 1890. The third and current conical brick tower stands 36 feet tall, the lighthouse has an attached two-story keepers quarters, built in 1879. The actual light is 57 feet above Mean High Water and its white light is visible for 20 nautical miles. In 1880, the lighthouse was occupied by American landscape painter Winslow Homer and it was automated by September 1985 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. The lighthouse is operated by the United States Coast Guard and is closed to the public. A distinctive rock known as Mother Ann is located along the shore near the lighthouse. National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester, Massachusetts National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
33.
Edgartown Harbor Light
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Edgartown Harbor Light is a lighthouse located in Edgartown, Massachusetts, United States, where it marks the entrance to Edgartown Harbor and Katama Bay. It is one of five lighthouses on the island of Marthas Vineyard, the first lighthouse, a two-story wooden structure that also served as the keepers house, was constructed in 1828. It was demolished, and replaced by the current cast-iron tower, the Edgartown Harbor Light was the first lighthouse constructed at the Edgartown Harbor entrance. The necessity for a lighthouse at this location was precipitated by the number of vessels frequenting the harbor during the whaling boom of the late 1700s. The original Edgartown Light was a wooden, Cape Cod Style, for the first two years of service, this offshore location required the Keeper to row a short distance. In 1830 Congress approved $2,500 for a causeway to be constructed. This wooden causeway was colloquially known as the Bridge of Sighs, a term that reflected the emotions of island people as they stood on the walkway watching whaling ships depart for voyages that lasted up to five years. The initial Edgartown lighthouse featured a glass lantern room protruding from the middle of the roof of the Keepers residence. This lantern room contained a white light that was visible for about 14 miles. In 1850 Congress appropriated $5,000 for construction of a new causeway with a walkway on top, in 1856, after the Keepers house was damaged by fire, the house was rebuilt, and the light replaced with a fourth-order Fresnel lens. In the 1890s, the fuel and storehouse were built, a new oil house was constructed, a fence was built around the pier, and this first Edgartown Light was destroyed in the Hurricane of 1938. In 1939, the United States Coast Guard demolished the existing buildings, when reconstructed at the mouth of Edgartown Harbor, the relocated conical tower was fitted with the fourth-order Fresnel lens, electrified, and automated. From 1939 through to the early 1980s, the automated Edgartown Harbor Light was maintained by the United States Coast Guard. Due to U. S. Coast Guard Congressional funding shortages through the 1970s and early 1980s, such designation was due to the high expense of maintaining the structures, and because the lights no longer served as vital aids to navigation. This obsolete status of the lighthouses was facilitated by enhanced satellite GPS, documentation of lighthouses destroyed in recent history is available from Lighthouse Digest, which maintains a record of destroyed lighthouses as well as a Doomsday List of threatened lights. According to the 2012 Doomsday List published by Lighthouse Digest, there are currently 43 lighthouses in the U. S. listed for destruction in the near future. Due to such funding shortages, the Edgartown Harbor Light and two other Marthas Vineyard lighthouses were designated for destruction by the government in the early 1980s. During and after the Congressional hearings, VERIs effort to save the three iconic lighthouses received support from Congressman Gerry Studds, and Senator Ted Kennedy
34.
Egg Rock Light (Massachusetts)
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Egg Rock Light was first established in 1856 after a schooner went down with the loss of five lives. The original structure was a lantern on top of a dwelling built from granite cut on the island. After the wreck of the schooner Shark the characteristic was changed to fixed red because the captain of the Shark was said to have confused it with Long Island Head Light in Boston Harbor, following a fire in 1897 it was rebuilt with a square tower attached to the house. The light was operated at reduced intensity during World War I because of concerns over German submarines and it was automated in 1919 when a gas beacon replaced the oil light. The structure was sold for $160 with a clause requiring the purchaser to remove it from the island, while moving the house down to the water, a cable snapped and the house slid into the water. The tower was destroyed in 1927, the island is now a bird sanctuary
35.
Gay Head Light
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Gay Head Light is a historic Marthas Vineyard lighthouse located on the islands westernmost point off of Lighthouse Road in Aquinnah, Massachusetts. For the next years, design and construction of new lighthouses were authorized by Congress. The location, size, design, and construction of lighthouse was considered of such vital importance. As the state representative for Nantucket, Peleg Coffin also had the whaling industry interests of Nantucket in mind, the Gay Head lighthouse was authorized in 1798 by the United States Congress during the Presidency of John Adams. This authorization was to facilitate safe passage for vessels passing through the hazardous Vineyard Sound waters near the Gay Head cliffs. In 1799 The Commonwealth of Massachusetts deeded two acres and four rods to the Federal Government for the purpose of building a lighthouse overlooking the clay cliffs and this wooden octagonal lighthouse is illustrated in the c1800 woodcut shown below left. The planned 1799 installation of a Gay Head lighthouse, along with a full-time lighthouse Superintendent and his family, during the planning process of designing and building the first Gay Head lighthouse in 1799, there was some concern expressed about the impact of a Whiteman settlement in Gay Head. William Rotch, a supplier of oil, wrote a letter to Congress on September 28,1799. Rotchs letter recommended that Captain Owen Hillman, of Marthas Vineyard, most of the letter, however, discussed the subject of how a certain aspect of Whitemans culture may negatively impact the indigenous Wampanoag community. In the fall of 1799, Congress chose not to appoint Owen Hillman as Keeper, instead, Congress chose Ebenezer Skiff as the islands first Principal Keeper. Skiff became the first white man of European descent to live in the town of Gay Head, on 18 November 1799, Ebenezer Skiff ignited the spider lamp inside the towers lighting room, officially illuminating the Gay Head Light for the first time as an aide to navigation. The light was projected from lamp wicks fueled by whale oil. Spider lamps were the source of light in U. S. lighthouses in the late eighteenth. They consisted of a pan of oil with a system that was first used in Boston Light in 1790. Spider lamps were known to produce fumes that burned the Keepers eyes, the Keeper was often obliged to wear a veil while in the tower, and the cleansing of the smudge on the glass lantern was no small part of his job. Gay Head Light was one of several early U. S. lighthouses to use a so-called Revolving Illuminating Apparatus to generate a Flashing White Light signal, the Revolving Illuminating Apparatus consisted of sperm whale oil lamps placed on circular service tables attached to a Pedestal rotated by wooden clockwork. At times, Keeper Skiff hired local Aquinnah Indians at $1.00 per day to help maintain, Ebenezer Skiff also became involved with teaching Gay Head Wampanoag children. Ebenezer Skiffs original salary as Principal Keeper in 1799 was $200 per year, after a few years as Keeper of the Gay Head Light, Ebenezer Skiff realized that the job of keeping the sperm-oil-fired light was more arduous and time consuming than anticipated
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The Graves Light
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The Graves Light is a lighthouse located on The Graves, the outermost island of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area, and 9 miles offshore of downtown Boston, Massachusetts, USA. At 113 feet, it is the tallest lighthouse in the approaches to the Port of Boston and it was built at the same time that the North Channel into Boston Harbor was dredged to become the principal entrance for large vessels. The Graves are the outermost rocks near the end of the North Channel. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Graves Light Station on September 28,1987, the lighthouse was built in 1905, to a conical design using granite blocks on a granite foundation, and equipped with one of the few first-order Fresnel lens used. The lens assembly stands about 12 ft tall and is now at the Smithsonian Institution, the light was the setting for the climactic storm in the 1948 film Portrait of Jennie. Operated by the United States Coast Guard, the light was automated in 1976 and has a characteristic of two flashes every 12 seconds. Various sources agree that the ledges were named for a Thomas Graves, the USCG history web site shows both. The Graves Island Light Station was put up for auction on June 10,2013, the tenth and winning bid was a record $933,888, the highest price ever paid for a U. S. lighthouse. A Massachusetts couple, David and Lynn Waller, were the buyers of the lighthouse, the lighthouse includes two bedrooms, a kitchen, and a study, but landing is difficult and entering the building requires traversing a 40-foot ladder. A former caretaker described it like living in a pipe, as of 2014, the Wallers were undertaking a major restoration project costing hundreds of thousands of dollars. The lighthouse is still being used for navigation using solar panels since 2001 and these replaced a severed underwater cable that supplied electricity from the town of Hull. The cable had replaced the original oil-fired lamp, fueled with oil stored in an adjacent building, the walkway to the oil house washed away in 1991
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Great Point Light
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Great Point Light, officially, Nantucket Light is a lighthouse located on the northernmost point of Nantucket Island. First built in 1784, the wooden tower was destroyed by fire in 1816. The following year a stone tower was erected which stood until toppled in a storm in March 1984, rebuilt again in 1986, the stone tower was built to replicate the old one, and still remains in operation today. Modern additions include solar panels to recharge the batteries. The lighthouse sits on a spit of beach where the currents of the Atlantic Ocean. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 as Nantucket Light, lightship Nantucket Great Point Light History
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Highland Light
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The Highland Light is an active lighthouse on the Cape Cod National Seashore in North Truro, Massachusetts. The current tower was erected in 1857, replacing two earlier towers that had built in 1797 and 1831. It is the oldest and tallest lighthouse on Cape Cod, the grounds are open year-round, while the light is open to the public from May until late October, with guided tours available. The United States Coast Guard operates the light itself as an aid to navigation, the United States Navy ship USS Highland Light was named after the light. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Highland Light Station, in 1797, a station authorized by George Washington was established at this point on the Cape, with a wood lighthouse to warn ships about the dangerous coastline between Cape Ann and Nantucket. It was the first light on Cape Cod, in 1833, the wood structure was replaced by a brick tower and in 1840 a new lantern and lighting apparatus was installed. In 1857 the lighthouse was declared dangerous and demolished, and for a total cost of $17,000, on June 6,1900, the light was changed from a fixed beam to flashing, with a new. While the new lens was being installed, the light from a lens was exhibited atop a temporary tower erected near the lighthouse. The Highland Light was then the most powerful on the East Coast, a new fog signal was installed in 1929, an electrically operated air oscillator, for greater distance range. The lighthouse was converted to operation in 1932 with a 1000-watt beacon. Unfortunately, the Fresnel lens was damaged when it was removed. The light was automated by 1986 with a Crouse-Hinds DCB-224 rotating beacon. Finally, in 1998, a VRB-25 optical system was installed, the current location of the lighthouse is not the original site. It was in danger of falling down the cliff due to beach erosion, the government funding to do so was supplemented by money raised through fund raising by the Truro Historical Society. The move was accomplished by International Chimney Corp. of Buffalo, New York, the move left the light station on Cape Cod National Seashore property, bordering the Highland Golf Course. After an errant golf ball broke a window, they were replaced with unbreakable material, in 1998, the keepers house was modified to be a gift shop and museum. The lighthouse grounds are open year-round on Highland Light Road in Truro, with tours, painter Edward Hopper, who owned a summer house in Truro, painted this lighthouse in his work Highland Light, North Truro. Although the light was moved, the landscape still resembles the vista painted by Hopper
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Hospital Point Range Front Light
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Hospital Point Range Front Light is a historic lighthouse at the end of Bayview Avenue in Beverly, Massachusetts. It forms the front half of a range which guides vessels toward Salem Harbor, the tower was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Hospital Point Light Station on September 28,1987. Established in 1871, the marks the deep water channel to Beverly, Salem. One plaque honors Beverly men who manned a fort at the site during the Revolutionary War, and the second describes the lighthouse, the lighthouse was first lit in 1872 and was automated in 1947. The Fresnel lens was replaced in 1976, and an acrylic optic was installed in 1981, the square pyramidal light tower is 45 feet tall, made of white painted brick and is topped with a 10-sided lantern. There are five windows in the tower, with the doorway facing the keepers house. A small brick oil house stands nearby, the keepers house is an example of Queen Anne style architecture, although its historic detailing are obscured by a major addition to the building in 1968. Hospital Point Light is owned and operated as a navigation aid by the United States Coast Guard, the light is paired with a second light installed in the steeple of Beverlys First Baptist Church in 1927. Vessels are able to use the two lights to align themselves with the middle of the channel, avoiding the rocky shores, tours are offered to the public each August for Beverly Homecoming celebrations and include 40 winding stairs and a ladder to the top of the light. Hospital Point Range Rear Light National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Massachusetts
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Hospital Point Range Rear Light
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The Hospital Point Range Rear Light is part of a pair of range lights in Beverly, Massachusetts. It is located in the steeple of the First Baptist Church of Beverly, the Hospital Point Light was established to help guide ships through Salem Sound. It was originally established as a light, but in 1927 the beacon from a lightship was used to create a range. The church was destroyed in a fire in 1975, but the steeple survived, the light continues in active service. First Baptist Church of Beverly website
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Hyannis Rear Range Light
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The Hyannis Rear Range Light, also known as the Hyannis Harbor Light, was a lighthouse and, for part of its life, one of a pair of range lights adjacent to Hyannis Harbor. The Range Rear tower was built in 1849 and equipped with a 5th order Fresnel lens in 1856, in 1863 the original birdcage lantern was replaced with a new cast iron one. In 1885, a front range light was added on the Old Colony Railroad Wharf, the 20 foot Range Rear tower is shorter than most lighthouses, as its purpose was just to guide ships to the wharf. Over time, as the channel into the adjacent Lewis Bay was dredged deeper, there was a shift of traffic into Lewis Bay and Hyannis inner harbor, and the wharf fell into disuse. The lights were discontinued in 1929 and the front range light has disappeared along with the wharf, the lantern was removed from the rear light before it was sold. In 1987 a new, much larger room was added to the top of the tower. The lighthouse is now privately owned but can be seen on Google Street view or directly from Harbor Road in Hyannis, daniel Snow Hallett James Bearse Almoran Hallett Franklin Baker John Lothrop Alonzo Lothrop John Peak Waldo Leighton
