1.
File hosting service
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A file hosting service, cloud storage service, online file storage provider, or cyberlocker is an Internet hosting service specifically designed to host user files. Typically, the services allow HTTP access, and sometimes FTP access, related services are content-displaying hosting services, virtual storage, and remote backup. Personal file storage services are aimed at individuals, offering a sort of network storage for personal backup, file access. Users can upload their files and share them publicly or keep them password-protected, document-sharing services allow users to share and collaborate on document files. These services originally targeted files such as PDFs, word processor documents, however many remote file storage services are now aimed at allowing users to share and sychronize all types of files across all the devices they use. Files placed in this folder also are accessible through a website and mobile apps. Such services have become popular via consumer products such as Dropbox, content providers who potentially encounter bandwidth congestion issues may use services specialized in distributing cached or static content. It is the case for companies with a major Internet presence, some online file storage services offer space on a per-gigabyte basis, and sometimes include a bandwidth cost component as well. Usually these will be charged monthly or yearly, for example, some companies offer the service for free, relying on advertising revenue. Some hosting services do not place any limit on how much space the users account can consume, some services require a software download which makes files only available on computers which have that software installed, others allow users to retrieve files through any web browser. With the increased inbox space offered by services, many users have started using their webmail service as an online drive. Some sites offer free unlimited file storage but have a limit on the file size, some sites offer additional online storage capacity in exchange for new customer referrals. Most such services simply return a URL which can be given to other people, in many cases these URLs are predictable allowing potential misuse of the service. As of 2005 these sites have increased in popularity, and subsequently, many of the smaller. Although one-click hosting can be used for many purposes, this type of file sharing has, to a degree, premium services include facilities like unlimited downloading, no waiting, maximum download speed etc. Many such sites implement a CAPTCHA to prevent automated downloading, several programs aid in downloading files from these one-click hosts, examples are JDownloader, FreeRapid, Mipony, Tucan Manager and CryptLoad. File hosting services may be used as a means to distribute or share files without consent of the copyright owner, in such cases one individual uploads a file to a file hosting service, which others can then download. Legal assessments can be very diverse, as of 2014 the case has not yet been heard
2.
Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office
3.
Office Online
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The offering also includes Outlook. com, People, Calendar and OneDrive, all of which are accessible from a unified app switcher. Office Web Apps was first revealed on October 2008 at PDC2008 in Los Angeles, according to Capossela, Office Web Apps was to become available as a part of Office Live Workspace. Microsofts Business Division President Stephen Elop stated during PDC2008 that a preview of Office Web Apps would become available later in 2008. However, the Technical Preview of Office Web Apps was not released until 2009, Office 2010 beta testers were not given access to Office Web Apps at this date, and it was announced that it would be available for testers during August 2009. However, in August 2009, a Microsoft spokesperson stated that there had been a delay in the release of Office Web Apps Technical Preview, Microsoft officially released the Technical Preview of Office Web Apps on September 17,2009. Office Web Apps was made available to selected testers via its OneDrive service, the final version of Office Web Apps was made available to the public via Windows Live Office on June 7,2010. On October 22,2012, Microsoft announced the release of new features including co-authoring, performance improvements, on November 6,2013, Microsoft announced further new features including real-time co-authoring and an Auto-Save feature in Word. In February 2014, Office Web Apps were re-branded Office Online and incorporated other Microsoft web services, including Calendar, OneDrive, Outlook. com, Microsoft had previously attempted to unify its online services suite under a brand known as Windows Live, first launched in 2005. Critics had also criticized the Windows Live brand for having no clear vision, at the same time, Windows Live Hotmail was re-launched as Outlook. com. Office Online can open and edit documents, spreadsheets and presentations in Office Open XML formats on the web, starting on July 2013, they can render PDF documents or convert them to Microsoft Word documents, although the formatting of the document may deviate from the original. Since November 2013, the apps have supported real-time co-authoring and autosave Word files, Word Online lacks two ribbons that exist in Word 2013, References and Mailings. Mailing allows users to print envelopes and labels, and manage mail merge printing of Word documents, References contains features needed for more advanced documents e. g. table of contents, citations and bibliography, captions, index, and table of authorities. Word Online cannot change the orientation of a document or insert section breaks, Office add-ins only work in the Word desktop app and are not available in Word Online. Other views available in the Word desktop app are not available in Word Online, likewise, the Navigation pane, side-by-side viewing, and split windows are not available in Word Online. Supported web browsers include Internet Explorer 10 or later, the latest versions of Firefox, Google Chrome and Microsoft Edge, as well as Safari for OS X10.8 or later. The Personal edition of Office Online is available to the public free of charge with a Microsoft account through the Office. com website. Enterprise-managed versions are available through Office 365, in February 2013, the ability to view and edit files on SkyDrive without signing in was added. The service can also be installed privately in enterprise environments as a SharePoint app, Microsoft also offers other web apps in the Office suite, such as the Outlook Web App, Lync Web App, and Project Web App
4.
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
5.
BitLocker
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BitLocker is a full disk encryption feature included with Windows Vista and later. It is designed to protect data by providing encryption for entire volumes, by default it uses the AES encryption algorithm in cipher block chaining or XTS mode with a 128-bit or 256-bit key. CBC is not used over the disk, it is applied to each individual sector. BitLocker was briefly called Secure Startup prior to Windows Vista being released to manufacturing, starting with Windows Vista with Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008, volumes other than the operating system volume could be encrypted using the graphical tool. Still, some aspects of the BitLocker had to be managed through a command-line tool called manage-bde. wsf, the latest version of BitLocker, first included in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, adds the ability to encrypt removable drives. On Windows XP or Windows Vista, read-only access to these drives can be achieved through a program called BitLocker To Go Reader, if FAT16, in addition, a new command-line tool called manage-bde replaced the old manage-bde. wsf. In addition, BitLocker can now be managed through Windows PowerShell, finally, Windows 8 introduced Windows To Go in its Enterprise edition, which BitLocker can protect. Windows Mobile 6.5, Windows RT and core edition of Windows 8.1 include device encryption, logging in with a Microsoft account with administrative privileges automatically begins the encryption process. The recovery key is stored to either the Microsoft account or Active Directory, the key used for disk encryption is sealed by the TPM chip and will only be released to the OS loader code if the early boot files appear to be unmodified. The pre-OS components of BitLocker achieve this by implementing a Static Root of Trust Measurement—a methodology specified by the Trusted Computing Group and this mode is vulnerable to a cold boot attack, as it allows a powered-down machine to be booted by an attacker. User authentication mode, This mode requires that the user provide some authentication to the environment in the form of a pre-boot PIN or password. USB Key Mode, The user must insert a USB device that contains a key into the computer to be able to boot the protected OS. Note that this requires that the BIOS on the protected machine supports the reading of USB devices in the pre-OS environment. The key may also be provided by a CCID for reading a cryptographic smartcard, when enabled, TPM and BitLocker can ensure the integrity of the trusted boot path, in order to prevent most offline physical attacks and boot sector malware. BitLocker requires the latter to remain unencrypted—on Windows Vista this volume must be assigned a drive letter, unlike previous versions of Windows, Vistas diskpart command-line tool includes the ability to shrink the size of an NTFS volume so that this volume may be created from already allocated space. The volume is encrypted as a background task, something that may take a considerable amount of time with a large disk as every logical sector is read, encrypted. The keys are only protected after the volume has been encrypted. BitLocker uses a device driver to encrypt and decrypt all file operations
6.
Cloud storage
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These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible, and the physical environment protected and running. People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store user, organization, Cloud computing is believed to have been invented by Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider in the 1960s with his work on ARPANET to connect people and data from anywhere at any time. In 1983, CompuServe offered its users a small amount of disk space that could be used to store any files they chose to upload. In 1994, AT&T launched PersonaLink Services, a platform for personal and business communication. The storage was one of the first to be all web-based, in 2005, Box announced an online file sharing and personal cloud content management service for businesses. Cloud storage services can be utilized from a service or deployed on-premises. Cloud storage typically refers to an object storage service, but the term has broadened to include other types of data storage that are now available as a service. This does not mean that cloud storage is less expensive, only that it incurs operating expenses rather than capital expenses, businesses using cloud storage can cut their energy consumption by up to 70% making them a more green business. Also at the level they are dealing with higher levels of energy so they will be more equipped with managing it in order to keep their own costs down as well. Storage maintenance tasks, such as purchasing additional storage capacity, are offloaded to the responsibility of a service provider, Cloud storage provides users with immediate access to a broad range of resources and applications hosted in the infrastructure of another organization via a web service interface. Cloud storage can be used for copying virtual machine images from the cloud to on-premises locations or to import a virtual machine image from a location to the cloud image library. In addition, cloud storage can be used to move virtual machine images between user accounts or between data centers, Cloud storage can be used as natural disaster proof backup, as normally there are 2 or 3 different backup servers located in different places around the globe. Outsourcing data storage increases the surface area. When data has been distributed it is stored at more locations increasing the risk of unauthorized access to the data. For example, in cloud based architecture, data is replicated and moved frequently so the risk of unauthorized data recovery increases dramatically, the manner that data is replicated depends on the service level a customer chooses and on the service provided. That encrypts data prior to uploading it to the cloud, the number of people with access to the data who could be compromised increases dramatically. Encryption keys that are kept by the user, as opposed to the service provider limit the access to data by service provider employees. And storing these keys requires rather expensive secure storage, to overcome that Key-aggregate cryptosystem can be used
7.
Office 365
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Office 365 is the brand name Microsoft uses for a group of software and services subscriptions, which together provide productivity software and related services to subscribers. For consumers, the allows the use of Microsoft Office apps on Windows and macOS, provides storage space on Microsofts cloud storage service OneDrive. After a beta test that began in October 2010, Microsoft launched Office 365 on June 28,2011, as a successor to Microsoft Business Productivity Online Suite, originally aimed at corporate users. Following the official launch of the service, Business Productivity Online Suite customers were given 12 months to plan, with the release of Office 2013, an updated version of the Office 365 platform was launched on February 27,2013. The server components were updated to their respective 2013 versions, and Microsoft expanded the Office 365 service with new plans, such as Small Business Premium, Midsize Premium, the plan is aimed at mainstream consumers, especially those who want to install Office on multiple computers. A University plan was introduced, targeted towards users going to post-secondary education. The ability to provide a link to a Yammer network from an Office 365 portal was introduced in June 2013, with heavier integration to be introduced in July 2013. On July 8,2013, Microsoft unveiled Power BI, a suite of intelligence and self-serve data mining tools for Office 365. Users will also be able to access and publish reports, in March 2014, Microsoft announced that it would rename the Home Premium plan to Home, and add a new Personal plan for single users, these new options officially launched on April 15,2014. In June 2014, the amount of OneDrive storage offered to Office 365 subscribers was increased to 1 terabyte from 20 GB, on October 27,2014, Microsoft announced that Office 365 subscribers would receive unlimited OneDrive storage. Due to abuse and a reduction in storage options implemented by Microsoft. In June 2016, Microsoft made Planner available for general release and it is considered to be a competitor to Trello and to other agile team collaboration cloud services. The Office 365 service consists of a number of products and services, the email service, task management, calendar application, and contacts manager included with business and enterprise Office 365 subscriptions are under the Outlook on the web brand. It includes Outlook Mail, Outlook Calendar, Outlook People, Microsoft introduced an email feature called Clutter with Office 365. Clutter remembers users preferences as it comes to the relevance and importance of emails and it analyses users pattern of behavior about email topics, if user keeps ignoring emails about a certain topic, Clutter moves those emails to a folder with the same name in Outlook. Users can enable and disable this feature by logging on to Office 365 portal, through SharePoints OneDrive for Business functionality, each user also receives 15 GB of online storage. Some plans for Office 365 also include access to the current versions of the Office desktop applications for both Windows and OS X for the period of the subscription, updates to the software are installed automatically, covering both security updates and major new versions of Office. If an Office 365 subscription lapses, the applications enter a read-only mode where editing functionality is disabled, full functionality is restored once a new subscription is purchased and activated
8.
Groove Music
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Groove Music is a digital music streaming service developed by Microsoft that offers music streaming through subscription or purchase through the Windows Store. The service is web-based and also available via applications for the Microsoft Windows and Xbox product lines, as well as Android, the Groove catalogue has over 38 million tracks. Microsoft had previously ventured into music services with its Zune brand, the Zune Music Marketplace included 11 million tracks.99 per month. Meanwhile, Microsoft had been emphasizing the strength of its Xbox brand because of its appeal to consumers and it had been expanding the multimedia services available through its Xbox Live to include services such as a video store and online game marketplace. It decided to introduce a new service to build upon these existing features. Microsoft introduced the new service at its press conference at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012 on June 4, Xbox Music was launched along with Xbox Video service on October 16,2012. On July 6,2015, Microsoft announced the re-branding of Xbox Music as Groove to tie in with the release of Windows 10. The new brand utilizes the Microsoft-owned Groove trademark formerly used for the unrelated product Microsoft Office Groove, joe Belfiore explained that the re-branding was intended to disassociate the service from the Xbox product line, making it more inclusive to non-Xbox platforms. On 17 September 2015, with an update for the Xbox 360. The Xbox One app had also changed in a previous update, Groove Music Pass is a subscription-based service allowing unlimited streaming of the services catalog. An advertising-supported streaming tier was previously available, but discontinued effective December 1,2014, Music can also be purchased directly from Windows Store. Users purchased music, and playlists consisting of songs available on the service can be synced through OneDrive, songs in a users local library on a Windows 8.1 PC can be matched and made available to other devices if available on Groove Music Pass. Uploading of non-Groove music will become available on Windows 10. Custom radio stations can be generated using songs related to user-selected songs, songs can be downloaded for offline listening on smartphones. Windows 10s Anniversary Update allows users to hide features that require a Groove Music Pass from the interface, Groove Music Pass is a pay subscription service that allows users to listen to their subscription music on any device with the service installed. The pricing in US includes monthly and annual subscriptions, a one-month trial offer is available, but those who previously tried the Zune Music Pass subscription prior to the rebranding are ineligible for this offer. Groove Music lets users create a collection of songs and playlists that roam through the cloud on all the supported devices. The songs can be added from the Groove Music Store or matched to songs either saved locally on the machine or uploaded to the users Microsoft OneDrive account for the country the user is in
9.
Windows Photo Gallery
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Windows Photo Gallery is an image organizer, photo editor and photo sharing app. It is a part of Microsofts Windows Essentials software suite, Microsoft announced that the product will no longer be supported or be available for download after January 10,2017. Windows Photo Gallery provides management, tagging, and searching capabilities for digital photos and it provides an image viewer that can replace the default OS image viewer, and a photo import tool that can be used to acquire photos from a camera or other removable media. Windows Photo Gallery also allows sharing of photos by uploading them to OneDrive, Flickr, Windows Photo Gallery provides the ability to organize digital photo collection in its Gallery view, by adding titles, rating, captions, and custom metadata tags to photos. There is also limited support for tagging and managing video files, Windows Photo Gallery uses the concept of hierarchical tagging to organise photos. Deleting a tag from Windows Photo Gallery will also remove it from all photos in the utility, adobe Systemss Extensible Metadata Platform metadata standard, a descendent of the ubiquitous Exif standard which almost all digital cameras currently support, is also supported. This allows for such as the tags to be stored and edited much more efficiently than EXIF or IPTC. Since Windows Live Photo Gallery 2011, geotagging and people tagging is also supported, for some supported image file types, People Tags can be read and saved using the Microsoft People Tag XMP Schema. Windows Photo Gallery allows photos to be edited for exposure or color correction and it also provides other basic photo editing functions, such as resizing, cropping, and red-eye reduction. Users can view a photos color histogram, which allows them to adjust the photos shadows, highlights, further, Windows Photo Gallery also includes editing tools such as blemish remover and noise reduction. Photo editing technologies developed by Microsoft Research, including Panoramic stitching, Photo Fuse, Windows Photo Gallery also supports the ability to batch resize photos, where multiple photos can be resized in one single action, as well as the ability to rotate videos. Windows Photo Gallerys photo/video import tool provides the ability to view, select, Windows Photo Gallery is based on the PIX engine which uses the Windows Imaging Component library. Windows Photo Gallery uses the Windows Color System, legacy image formats such as PCX and WMF without WIC codec cannot be viewed. For animated GIFs only individual frames are shown, the application started development in December 2001 as a new Photo Library offering that was added to the established Picture It. The combination was released under the name Digital Image Suite and this was the first photo organization and management tool offered by Microsoft. It was released with Digital Image Suite 9 on June 3,2003, the second version was released on June 12,2004 The third and final version branded Photo Library was released April 22,2005. A further Anniversary edition that included Windows Vista compatibility fixes was released August 18,2006, the first version of Windows Photo Gallery was included with all editions of Windows Vista and replaced Windows Picture and Fax Viewer. Themed photo slideshows with smooth transitions were only available in the Home Premium, with the release of Windows 7, Microsoft decided not to bundle Photo Gallery within the operating system
10.
Zip (file format)
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ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression. A. ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed, the. ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms, though DEFLATE is the most common. This format was created in 1989 by Phil Katz, and was first implemented in PKWARE, Inc. s PKZIP utility. The. ZIP format is now supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP, Microsoft has included built-in. ZIP support in versions of Microsoft Windows since 1998. Apple has included built-in. ZIP support in Mac OS X10.3 and later. Most free operating systems have built in support for. ZIP in similar manners to Windows and Mac OS X. ZIP files generally use the file extensions. zip or. ZIP, ZIP is used as a base file format by many programs, usually under a different name. When navigating a file system via an interface, graphical icons representing. ZIP files often appear as a document or other object prominently featuring a zipper. The. ZIP file format was created by Phil Katz of PKWARE and they created the format after PKWARE had a lawsuits filed against them by Systems Enhancement Associates claiming that his archiving products were derivatives of SEAs ARC archiving system. The name zip was suggested by Katzs friend, Robert Mahoney and they wanted to imply that their product would be faster than ARC and other compression formats of the time. The earliest known version of. ZIP File Format Specification was first published as part of PKZIP0.9 package under the file APPNOTE. TXT in 1989, the. ZIP file format was released into the public domain. The. ZIP File Format Specification has its own version number, other companies or organizations support the PKWARE specifications at their own pace. The. ZIP file format specification is formally named APPNOTE -. ZIP File Format Specification, several versions of the specification were not published. Specifications of some such as BZIP2 compression, strong encryption specification. The URL of the specification was changed several times on the PKWARE website. A summary of key advances in various versions of the PKWARE specification,2.0, File entries can be compressed with DEFLATE,2.1, Deflate64 compression 4.5, Documented 64-bit zip format. 4.6, BZIP2 compression 5.0, DES, Triple DES, RC2, RC4 supported for encryption 5.2, AES encryption support, expanded list of supported hash, compression, encryption algorithms. 6.3.1, Corrected standard hash values for SHA-256/384/512,6.3.4, Updates the PKWARE, Inc. office address. WinZip, starting with version 12.1, uses the extension. zipx for. ZIP files that use compression methods newer than DEFLATE, specifically, methods BZip, LZMA, PPMd, Jpeg and Wavpack
11.
Exif
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It is not used in JPEG2000, PNG, or GIF. This standard consists of the Exif image file specification and the Exif audio file specification, the Japan Electronic Industries Development Association produced the initial definition of Exif. Version 2.1 of the specification is dated 12 June 1998, JEITA established Exif version 2.2, dated 20 February 2002 and released in April 2002. Version 2.21 is dated 11 July 2003, but was released in September 2003 following the release of DCF2.0, the latest, version 2.3, released on 26 April 2010 and revised in May 2013, was jointly formulated by JEITA and CIPA. Exif is supported by almost all camera manufacturers, the metadata tags defined in the Exif standard cover a broad spectrum, Date and time information. Digital cameras will record the current date and time and save this in the metadata, a thumbnail for previewing the picture on the cameras LCD screen, in file managers, or in photo manipulation software. The Exif tag structure is borrowed from TIFF files, on several image specific properties, there is a large overlap between the tags defined in the TIFF, Exif, TIFF/EP, and DCF standards. For descriptive metadata, there is an overlap between Exif, IPTC Information Interchange Model and XMP info, which also can be embedded in a JPEG file, the Metadata Working Group has guidelines on mapping tags between these standards. When Exif is employed for JPEG files, the Exif data are stored in one of JPEGs defined utility Application Segments, the APP1, when Exif is employed in TIFF files, the TIFF Private Tag 0x8769 defines a sub-Image File Directory that holds the Exif specified TIFF Tags. Formats specified in Exif standard are defined as structures that are based on Exif-JPEG. When these formats are used as Exif/DCF files together with the DCF specification, their scope shall cover devices, recording media, the Exif format has standard tags for location information. As of 2014 many cameras and most mobile phones have a built-in GPS receiver that stores the information in the Exif header when a picture is taken. Some other cameras have a separate GPS receiver that fits into the connector or hot shoe. The process of adding information to a photograph is known as geotagging. Photo-sharing communities like Panoramio, locr or Flickr equally allow their users to upload geocoded pictures or to add geolocation information online, Exif data are embedded within the image file itself. While many recent image manipulation programs recognize and preserve Exif data when writing to a modified image, many image gallery programs also recognise Exif data and optionally display it alongside the images. The Exif format has a number of drawbacks, mostly relating to its use of file structures. For this reason most image editors damage or remove the Exif metadata to some extent upon saving, the standard defines a MakerNote tag, which allows camera manufacturers to place any custom format metadata in the file
12.
Microsoft Silverlight
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Microsoft Silverlight is a deprecated application framework for writing and running rich Internet applications, similar to Adobe Flash. A plugin for Silverlight is available for some browsers, while early versions of Silverlight focused on streaming media, later versions supported multimedia, graphics, and animation and gave developers support for CLI languages and development tools. Microsoft announced the end of life of Silverlight 5 in 2012, in 2013, Microsoft announced that they had ceased development of Silverlight except for patches and bugfixes. Microsoft has set the end date for Silverlight 5 to be October 2021. Silverlight is no longer supported in Google Chrome since September 2015, since Microsoft Edge does not support plugins, it also does not support Silverlight. Silverlight provides a retained mode graphics system similar to Windows Presentation Foundation, and integrates multimedia, graphics, animations, in Silverlight applications, user interfaces are declared in Extensible Application Markup Language and programmed using a subset of the. NET Framework. XAML can be used for marking up the graphics and animations. Silverlight can also be used to create Windows Sidebar gadgets for Windows Vista, because Windows Media Video 9 is an implementation of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers VC-1 standard, Silverlight also supports VC-1 video. According to the end user license agreement VC-1 and H.264 are only licensed for the personal and non-commercial use of a consumer. Silverlight exposes a Downloader object which can be used to download content, like scripts, media assets, or other data, with version 2, the programming logic can be written in any. NET language, including some derivatives of common dynamic programming languages like IronRuby and IronPython. However, in May 2012, Moonlight was abandoned because of its lack of popularity, according to statowl. com, Microsoft Silverlight had a penetration of 64. 16% on May 2011. Usage on July 2010 was 53. 54%, whereas as of May 2011 market leader Adobe Flash was installed on 95. 26% of browsers, support of these plugins is not mutually exclusive, one system can support all three. Some users complained that Microsoft presented Silverlight repeatedly as a Windows Update even if the user had not it installed before. Over the course of five years Microsoft released five versions with varying platform support, The first version was released in 2007. Silverlight requires an x86 processor with Streaming SIMD Extensions support, supported processors include the Intel Pentium III and up, the AMD Athlon XP and up, and newer AMD Durons. The following table presents an availability and compatibility matrix of Silverlight versions for various operating systems, however, Opera was never officially supported by Silverlight. On Linux and FreeBSD, the functionality is available via Moonlight, Moonlight is available for the major Linux distributions, with support for Firefox, Konqueror, and Opera browsers, provided it was obtained through Novell. Miguel de Icaza has expressed an interest in working with developers from other operating systems, availability of Moonlight version 1.0 for FreeBSD was announced in March 2009, but has since been reported not to actually work
13.
Windows Live Toolbar
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Windows Live Toolbar was a browser extension toolbar for Internet Explorer. Windows Live Toolbar provided a search interface that starts to list results as the user types in a search query. The toolbar also allows users to synchronize their Internet Explorer favorites across multiple computers, Microsoft also added more tools to Windows Live Toolbar by acquiring Onfolio and integrating it into Windows Live Toolbar. Onfolio could be used to download pages for offline viewing, including document files such as Adobe PDF. It could also be used as an RSS reader, users could share the information and feeds collected by Onfolio via email and blogs. After Microsoft acquired Onfolio, it integrated the product with Windows Live Toolbar, as of August 2008 however, Microsoft announced that the Onfolio has been discontinued. Older versions of Windows Live Toolbar also provided a form filler and a highlight viewer, Windows Live Toolbar is included with Windows Live Essentials Wave 3 release. However, it is no longer a part of the Wave 4 version of Windows Live Essentials, according to Microsoft, Windows Live Toolbar was officially discontinued on 31 March 2011. Toolbar Windows Live Toolbar home page Windows Live Toolbar download
14.
Windows Live Mesh
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Windows Live Mesh also enabled remote desktop access via the Internet. Windows Live Mesh was part of the Windows Live Essentials 2011 suite of software, however this application was replaced by SkyDrive for Windows application in Windows Essentials 2012 and later OneDrive in Windows 8/8. 1/10. Microsoft announced on December 13,2012 that Windows Live Mesh would be discontinued on February 13,2013, on November 3,2005, and subsequently made it a part of their Windows Live range of services. On March 10,2008, Microsoft released its first user visible update to the then Windows Live FolderShare and this comprised a rewrite of the FolderShare website and an updated Windows Live FolderShare client. Support for discussion groups and Remote Desktop Search was also removed in the update, the new client had some user interface and branding updates and contained several bug fixes - including official support for Windows Vista and discontinued support for Windows 2000. In the Windows Live Essentials Wave 3 release, Windows Live FolderShare was again rebranded as Windows Live Sync, new UI improvements were also announced to be part of the Wave 3 release, integrating it with other Windows Live services. Windows Live Sync Wave 3 was released on December 11,2008, Live Mesh was based on FeedSync technologies to convey the changes made in each device so that the changes can be synchronized across all devices and the cloud. The information about devices and folders participating in a relationship was not stored locally. The Live Mesh software, called Mesh Operating Environment, was available for Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Mac OS X and it could be used to create and manage the synchronization relationships between devices and data. Live Mesh also included a storage component, called Live Desktop. Live Mesh also provided a remote desktop software called Live Mesh Remote Desktop that could be used to connect to. Live Mesh Remote Desktop allowed users to control their devices from the Live Mesh application, Live Mesh also included a developer component, which consisted of a set of protocols and Application Programming Interfaces known as Live Framework. It was a REST-based API for accessing the Live Mesh services over HTTP, Microsoft had also provided APIs for managed code as well as for Win32 and JavaScript via a developer Software Development Kit. Unlike the Mesh Operating Environment, which was limited to sharing folders, the API encapsulated the data into a Mesh Object—the native synchronization unit of Live Mesh—which was then tracked for changes and synchronized. A Mesh Object consisted of a collection of Data Feeds, which could be represented in Atom, RSS, the data entries within these feeds were synchronized via the FeedSync protocol. The MOE software also created Mesh Objects for each Live Mesh folder in order for them to be synchronized, however, the Live Framework APIs were discontinued on September 8,2010 with the aim of being integrated into Windows Live Messenger Connect in the Wave 4 release. Live Mesh beta was discontinued on March 31,2011. A beta version Windows Live Sync Wave 4 was released on June 24,2010 and this new version, while initially branded Windows Live Sync, was the first version which was built using both FolderShare and Live Mesh technologies
15.
Windows Live Favorites
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Windows Live Favorites was a part of Microsofts Windows Live range of services. It allowed users to access and edit their favorites from any computer and it also allowed users to find favorites more quickly using name, address, folders or tags. Windows Live Favorites allowed a total of 1000 favorites and folders per user account, users were required to sign-in with their Windows Live ID in order to use this service. On April 14,2009, Windows Live Favorites was integrated into Windows Live SkyDrive, all existing favorites were migrated to the Favorites and Shared Favorites folders on Windows Live SkyDrive. This client allowed users to synchronize their favorites between Internet Explorer and Windows Live Favorites, however, this functionality has been removed since Windows Live Toolbar Wave 3 was released. Favorites syncing has since replaced by Windows Live SkyDrive and Windows Live Mesh. Using the Windows Live Favorites module in Windows Live Spaces, users were able to share their favorites to the public, viewers can use the built-in search box to quickly find the favorites the users have shared. A Favorites Star tab was available in Windows Live Messenger for users to access their favorites within the program. It supported folders and real-time search, and allows users to manage their favorites directly from the program, the Live. com Favorites gadget allowed users to access all of their favorites directly from their personalized Live. com page. Using this gadget it is possible to, Access favorites right from the Live
16.
Microsoft Office Live
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Microsoft Office Live is a discontinued web-based service providing document sharing and website creation tools for consumers and small businesses. Office Live consisted of two services, Office Live Workspace, which was superseded by OneDrive, and Office Live Small Business, Office Live Workspace was a free service for storing and sharing documents online. The company claimed it was most commonly used for work, school, the service required web access and a compatible browser, the interface was available in over 25 languages. Certain functionalities were tied to a browser plug-in called Silverlight, reducing the portability of the service in comparison to other providers of online office suites. In order for workspaces to be accessed directly from Office, users of Word, Excel, files couldnt be edited from within a workspace, but clicking on edit would open them up in Microsoft Office. The workspace didnt offer offline collaboration — instead documents were checked out and checked in —, workspaces are password-protected and users can control who views and edits information. If the Office Live update is installed, files and documents may be opened and saved directly from Microsoft Office XP,2003,2007 or 2008 for Mac. Users may also synchronize, contact, task, and event lists with Outlook 2003 and 2007, however please note that the Office Live update is no longer available for download from Microsoft and is not supported.2. x and later. It works with the browsers, Internet Explorer 6.0 or later Firefox 2.0 or later Safari 3.0 or later Office Live Workspace is currently not supported on Office 2010. Office Live Small Business was an Internet-based service designed to assist non-technical users with the creation of a professional-looking website, web site design tools and hosting – Office Live Small Business provides access to free online web design tools and templates for non-technical users website development. Site Designer is a feature used for customizing page layouts, colors, navigation. Users can also add modules such as PayPal buttons, Google Checkout, maps, blogs, advanced web users can upload HTML code to customize their web pages. Microsoft provides free hosting and 500 megabytes of storage space for site files. Customers who already have a name with another provider can redirect it to Office Live Small Business. Users can create up to 100 domain-based e-mail accounts at no charge, additional email accounts can be purchased. Built-in password-protection features are included for Business Applications such as Team Workspace and Document Manager
17.
HTML5
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HTML5 is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide Web. It is the fifth and current version of the HTML standard, HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML4, but also XHTML1 and DOM Level 2 HTML. For the same reasons, HTML5 is also a candidate for cross-platform mobile applications, many new syntactic features are included. To enrich the content of documents, new page structure elements such as <main>, <section>, <article>, <header>, <footer>, <aside>, <nav>. New attributes are introduced, some elements and attributes have been removed, the APIs and Document Object Model are now fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification and HTML5 also better defines the processing for any invalid documents. The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group began work on the new standard in 2004, at that time, HTML4.01 had not been updated since 2000, and the World Wide Web Consortium was focusing future developments on XHTML2.0. In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML2.0 Working Groups charter to expire, W3C and WHATWG are currently working together on the development of HTML5.0. The workshop concluded with a vote—8 for,14 against—for continuing work on HTML, the two specifications were later merged to form HTML5. The HTML5 specification was adopted as the point of the work of the new HTML working group of the W3C in 2007. WHATWG published the First Public Working Draft of the specification on 22 January 2008, while some features of HTML5 are often compared to Adobe Flash, the two technologies are very different. Both include features for playing audio and video within web pages, however, HTML5 on its own cannot be used for animation or interactivity – it must be supplemented with CSS3 or JavaScript. There are many Flash capabilities that have no counterpart in HTML5. See Comparison of HTML5 and Flash, in early November 2011, Adobe announced that it would discontinue development of Flash for mobile devices and reorient its efforts in developing tools using HTML5. On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5, in May 2011, the working group advanced HTML5 to Last Call, an invitation to communities inside and outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification. The W3C developed a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the specification by 2014. In January 2011, the WHATWG renamed its HTML5 living standard to HTML, the W3C nevertheless continued its project to release HTML5. In July 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a degree of separation, W3C will continue the HTML5 specification work, focusing on a single definitive standard, which is considered as a snapshot by WHATWG. The WHATWG organization will continue its work with HTML5 as a Living Standard, the concept of a living standard is that it is never complete and is always being updated and improved
18.
OneDrive Groups
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Office Online provides users with access to the Office Web Apps, and it uses the groups OneDrive storage. Windows Live Family Safety blocks the use of Windows Live Groups for child managed accounts, the owner of the group could choose a group theme, message and a picture. They could also delete the group, manage who joins the group etc, Windows Live Groups was released on December 2,2008. MSN Groups, an offering from Microsoft, has been discontinued on/after February 21,2009. However, contents from MSN Groups could not be migrated over to Windows Live Groups, the Windows Live Groups service is optimized for small groups like clubs or families, whereas MSN Groups caters to a wide variety of group sizes and types, including large public groups. Windows Live Groups was updated to the Wave 4 release on June 7,2010, Windows Live Groups was transitioned to become part of SkyDrive, later called OneDrive. The groups. live. com address redirected to a SkyDrive URL, in May 2014, Microsoft removed the ability to create any new OneDrive groups. Microsoft announced in August 2015 that OneDrive Groups would be closed on October 16,2015, federated Medias BigTent Groups Google Groups Windows Live Yahoo
19.
Windows Vista
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Windows Vista is an operating system by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, tablet PCs and media center PCs. Development was completed on 8 November 2006, and over the three months, it was released in stages to computer hardware and software manufacturers, business customers. On 30 January 2007, it was released worldwide and was available for purchase. It was succeeded by Windows 7, which was released to manufacturing on 22 July 2009, Vista aimed to increase the level of communication between machines on a home network, using peer-to-peer technology to simplify sharing files and media between computers and devices. Windows Vista included version 3.0 of the. NET Framework, Microsofts primary stated objective with Windows Vista was to improve the state of security in the Windows operating system. One common criticism of Windows XP and its predecessors was their commonly exploited security vulnerabilities and overall susceptibility to malware, viruses, Microsoft stated that it prioritized improving the security of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above finishing Windows Vista, thus delaying its completion. While these new features and security improvements have garnered positive reviews, Vista has also been the target of much criticism, as a result of these and other issues, Windows Vista had seen initial adoption and satisfaction rates lower than Windows XP. In May 2010, Windows Vistas market share had a range from 15% to 26%. On 22 October 2010, Microsoft ceased sales of copies of Windows Vista. As of March 2017, Vistas market share was 0. 72%, Microsoft stopped providing mainstream support for Windows Vista on 10 April 2012. Extended support will end on 11 April 2017, Microsoft began work on Windows Vista, known at the time by its codename Longhorn, in May 2001, five months before the release of Windows XP. It was originally expected to ship sometime late in 2003 as a step between Windows XP and Blackcomb, which was planned to be the companys next major operating system release. Gradually, Longhorn assimilated many of the important new features and technologies slated for Blackcomb, in some builds of Longhorn, their license agreement said For the Microsoft product codenamed Whistler. Many of Microsofts developers were also re-tasked to build updates to Windows XP, faced with ongoing delays and concerns about feature creep, Microsoft announced on 27 August 2004, that it had revised its plans. Longhorn became known as Vista in 2005, the early development stages of Longhorn were generally characterized by incremental improvements and updates to Windows XP. After several months of relatively little news or activity from Microsoft with Longhorn, Microsoft released Build 4008 and it was also privately handed out to a select group of software developers. An optional new taskbar was introduced that was thinner than the previous build, the most notable visual and functional difference, however, came with Windows Explorer. The incorporation of the Plex theme made blue the dominant color of the entire application, the Windows XP-style task pane was almost completely replaced with a large horizontal pane that appeared under the toolbars
20.
Windows 7
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Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft. It is a part of the Windows NT family of operating systems, Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on July 22,2009, and became generally available on October 22,2009, less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time, Windows 7 continued improvements on Windows Aero with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows applications to be pinned to it, and new window management features. Other new features were added to the system, including libraries, the new file sharing system HomeGroup. A new Action Center interface was added to provide an overview of system security and maintenance information. Windows 7 also shipped with updated versions of several applications, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player. Windows 7 was a success for Microsoft, even prior to its official release. Originally, a version of Windows codenamed Blackcomb was planned as the successor to Windows XP, major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed Longhorn, was announced for 2003, by the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. Development of Longhorn was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004, a number of features were cut from Longhorn. Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006, as such, adoption of Vista in comparison to XP remained somewhat low. In July 2007, six months following the release of Vista, it was reported that the next version of Windows would then be codenamed Windows 7. Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that Windows 7 would be more user-centric, Gates later said that Windows 7 would also focus on performance improvements. Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP, an estimated 1,000 developers worked on Windows 7. These were broadly divided into core operating system and Windows client experience, in October 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system. The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, at PDC2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar. On December 27,2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent. According to a performance test by ZDNet, Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas, including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents
21.
Windows 8
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Windows 8 is a personal computer operating system developed by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. Development of Windows 8 started before the release of its predecessor, Windows 7 and it was announced at CES2011, and followed by the release of three pre-release versions from September 2011 to May 2012. The operating system was released to manufacturing on August 1,2012, Windows 8 added support for USB3.0, Advanced Format hard drives, near field communications, and cloud computing. Windows 8 was released to a critical reception. Despite these shortcomings,60 million Windows 8 licenses were sold through January 2013, on October 17,2013, Microsoft released Windows 8.1. It addressed some aspects of Windows 8 that were criticized by reviewers and early adopters, Windows 8 was ultimately succeeded by Windows 10 in July 2015. Support for Windows 8 RTM ended on January 12,2016, per Microsoft lifecycle policies regarding service packs, Windows 8.1 must be installed to maintain support, Windows 8 development started before Windows 7 had shipped in 2009. Three milestone releases of Windows 8 leaked to the general public, milestone 1, Build 7850, was leaked on April 12,2011. It was the first build where the text of a window was written centered instead of aligned to the left and it was also probably the first appearance of the Metro-style font, and its wallpaper had the text shhh. Lets not leak our hard work, however, its detailed build number reveals that the build was created on September 22,2010. The leaked copy was Enterprise edition, the OS still reads as Windows 7. Milestone 2, Build 7955, was leaked on April 25,2011, the traditional Blue Screen of Death was replaced by a new black screen, although this was later scrapped. This build introduced a new ribbon in Windows Explorer, Build 7959, with minor changes but the first 64-bit version, was leaked on May 1,2011. The Windows 7 logo was replaced with text displaying Microsoft Confidential. On June 17,2011, build 7989 64-bit edition was leaked and it introduced a new boot screen featuring the same fish as the default Windows 7 Beta wallpaper, which was later scrapped, and the circling dots as featured in the final. It also had the text Welcome below them, although this was also scrapped, on June 1,2011, Microsoft unveiled Windows 8s new user interface, as well as additional features at both Computex Taipei and the D9, All Things Digital conference in California. The Building Windows 8 blog launched on August 15,2011, featuring details surrounding Windows 8s features, Microsoft unveiled more Windows 8 features and improvements on the first day of the Build conference on September 13,2011. Microsoft released the first public build of Windows 8, Windows Developer Preview at the event
22.
MacOS
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Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows. Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems, Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS9 in 1999. An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999, the first desktop version, Mac OS X10.0, followed in March 2001. In 2012, Apple rebranded Mac OS X to OS X. Releases were code named after big cats from the release up until OS X10.8 Mountain Lion. Beginning in 2013 with OS X10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California, in 2016, Apple rebranded OS X to macOS, adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version of macOS is macOS10.12 Sierra, macOS is based on technologies developed at NeXT between 1985 and 1997, when Apple acquired the company. The X in Mac OS X and OS X is pronounced ten, macOS shares its Unix-based core, named Darwin, and many of its frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A heavily modified version of Mac OS X10.4 Tiger was used for the first-generation Apple TV, Apple also used to have a separate line of releases of Mac OS X designed for servers. Beginning with Mac OS X10.7 Lion, the functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store. Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC-based Macs from the time period, Mac OS X10.5 Leopard was released as a Universal binary, meaning the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors. In 2009, Apple released Mac OS X10.6 Snow Leopard, in 2011, Apple released Mac OS X10.7 Lion, which no longer supported 32-bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs, the heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989 and its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, previous Macintosh operating systems were named using Arabic numerals, e. g. Mac OS8 and Mac OS9. The letter X in Mac OS Xs name refers to the number 10 and it is therefore correctly pronounced ten /ˈtɛn/ in this context. However, a common mispronunciation is X /ˈɛks/, consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API, the consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X10.0. Reviews were variable, with praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface
23.
Twitter
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Twitter is an online news and social networking service where users post and interact with messages, tweets, restricted to 140 characters. Registered users can post tweets, but those who are unregistered can only read them, users access Twitter through its website interface, SMS or a mobile device app. Twitter Inc. is based in San Francisco, California, United States, Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams and launched in July. The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, in 2012, more than 100 million users posted 340 million tweets a day, and the service handled an average of 1.6 billion search queries per day. In 2013, it was one of the ten most-visited websites and has described as the SMS of the Internet. As of 2016, Twitter had more than 319 million monthly active users. On the day of the 2016 U. S. presidential election, Twitter proved to be the largest source of breaking news, Twitters origins lie in a daylong brainstorming session held by board members of the podcasting company Odeo. Jack Dorsey, then a student at New York University. The original project name for the service was twttr, an idea that Williams later ascribed to Noah Glass, inspired by Flickr. The developers initially considered 10958 as a code, but later changed it to 40404 for ease of use. Work on the project started on March 21,2006, when Dorsey published the first Twitter message at 9,50 PM Pacific Standard Time, Dorsey has explained the origin of the Twitter title. we came across the word twitter, and it was just perfect. The definition was a short burst of inconsequential information, and chirps from birds, and thats exactly what the product was. The first Twitter prototype, developed by Dorsey and contractor Florian Weber, was used as a service for Odeo employees. Williams fired Glass, who was silent about his part in Twitters startup until 2011, Twitter spun off into its own company in April 2007. Williams provided insight into the ambiguity that defined this early period in a 2013 interview, With Twitter and they called it a social network, they called it microblogging, but it was hard to define, because it didnt replace anything. There was this path of discovery with something like that, where over time you figure out what it is, Twitter actually changed from what we thought it was in the beginning, which we described as status updates and a social utility. It is that, in part, but the insight we eventually came to was Twitter was really more of an information network than it is a social network, the tipping point for Twitters popularity was the 2007 South by Southwest Interactive conference. During the event, Twitter usage increased from 20,000 tweets per day to 60,000, the Twitter people cleverly placed two 60-inch plasma screens in the conference hallways, exclusively streaming Twitter messages, remarked Newsweeks Steven Levy
24.
Outlook.com
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Outlook. com is a web-based suite of webmail, contacts, tasks, and calendaring services from Microsoft. One of the worlds first webmail services, it was founded in 1996 as Hotmail by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith in Mountain View, California, and headquartered in Sunnyvale. Microsoft acquired Hotmail in 1997 for an estimated $400 million and launched it as MSN Hotmail, Microsoft released the final version of Hotmail in October 2011, available in 36 languages. It was replaced by Outlook. com in 2013, Outlook. com follows Microsofts Metro design-language, closely mimicking the interface of Microsoft Outlook. It also features unlimited storage, a calendar, contacts management, Ajax, in May 2015, Microsofts Outlook Team announced the first update, in Preview, in a planned upgrade of Outlook. com to a new Office 365-based infrastructure. Microsoft concluded this preview stage in February 2016, when it began to roll out the new version to users accounts, as of 2015 Outlook. com had 400 million active users. Hotmail service was founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith, and was one of the first webmail services on the Internet along with Four11s RocketMail. It was commercially launched on July 4,1996, symbolizing freedom from ISP-based email, the name Hotmail was chosen out of many possibilities ending in -mail as it included the letters HTML, the markup language used to create web pages. The limit for free storage was 2 MB, Hotmail was initially backed by venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson. By December 1997, it reported more than 8.5 million subscribers, Hotmail was sold to Microsoft in December 1997 for a reported $400 million, and it joined the MSN group of services. Hotmail originally ran on a mixture of FreeBSD and Solaris operating systems, a project was started to move Hotmail to Windows 2000. In June 2001, Microsoft claimed this had completed, a few days later they retracted and admitted that the DNS functions of the Hotmail system were still reliant on FreeBSD. In 2002 Hotmail still ran its infrastructure on UNIX servers, with only the converted to Windows 2000. In 1999, hackers revealed a security flaw in Hotmail that permitted anybody to log in to any Hotmail account using the password eh, at the time it was called the most widespread security incident in the history of the Web. The exploitable vulnerability exposed millions of accounts to tampering between August 7,2001 and August 31,2001, in 2004, Google announced its own mail service, Gmail. Featuring greater storage space, speed, and interface flexibility, this new competitor spurred a wave of innovation in webmail, the main industry heavyweights – Hotmail and Yahoo. Mail – introduced upgraded versions of their services with greater speed, security. Microsofts new email system was announced on November 1,2005, under the codename Kahuna, other webmail enthusiasts also wanting to try the beta version could request an invitation granting access
25.
Android (operating system)
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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions
26.
Google Play
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Google Play is a digital distribution service, including a digital media store, the Google Play Store, operated and developed by Google. Google Play also serves as a digital media store, offering music, magazines, books, movies and it previously offered Google hardware devices for purchase until the introduction of a separate online hardware retailer, Google Store, on March 11,2015. Applications are available through Google Play either free of charge or at a cost and they can be downloaded directly to an Android device through the Play Store mobile app, or by deploying the application to a device from the Google Play website. Applications exploiting hardware capabilities of a device can be targeted to users of devices with specific hardware components, the Google Play store had over 50 billion app downloads in 2013 and has reached over 2.7 million apps published in 2017. Google Play was launched on March 6,2012, bringing together the Android Market, Google Music, and the Google eBookstore under one brand, marking a shift in Googles digital distribution strategy. The services operating under the Google Play banner are, Google Play Books, Google Play Games, Google Play Movies & TV, Google Play Music, as of February 2017, Google Play features over 2.7 million Android applications. Developers in over 150 locations can distribute apps on Google Play, to distribute apps, developers have to pay a one-time $25 registration fee for a Google Play Developer Console account. App developers can control which countries an app is distributed to, Developers receive 70% of the application price, while the remaining 30% goes to the distribution partner and operating fees. Developers can set up sales, with the original price striked out, Google Play allows developers to release early versions of apps to a select group of users, as alpha or beta tests. Developers can also release apps through staged rollouts, in which your update reaches only a percentage of your users, users can pre-order select apps to have the items delivered as soon as they are available. Some network carriers offer billing for Google Play purchases, allowing users to opt for charges in the phone bill rather than on credit cards. Users can request refunds within 48 hours if something you bought isnt working, isnt what you expected, was bought by accident, Apps meeting specific usability requirements can qualify as an Android Wear app. Google Play Games is a gaming service for Android that features real-time multiplayer gaming capabilities, cloud saves, social and public leaderboards. The service was introduced at the Google I/O2013 Developer Conference, Google Play Music is a music and podcast streaming service and online music locker. It features over 40 million songs, and gives users free cloud storage of up to 50,000 songs, as of January 2017, Google Play Music is available in 62 countries. Google Play Books is a digital distribution service. Google Play offers over five million ebooks available for purchase, as of January 2017, Google Play Books is available in 75 countries. Google Play Movies & TV is a video on demand service offering movies and television shows available for purchase or rental, Google Play Newsstand is a news aggregator and digital newsstand service offering subscriptions to digital magazines and topical news feeds
27.
Trash (computing)
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In computing, the trash is temporary storage for files that have been deleted in a file manager by the user, but not yet permanently erased from the file system. Typically, a bin is presented as a special file directory to the user, allowing the user to browse deleted files, undelete those that were deleted by mistake. Within a trash folder, a record is kept of each file and/or directorys original location, on certain operating systems, files must be moved out of the trash before they can be accessed again. Whether or not files deleted by a go to the recycle bin depends on its level of integration with a particular desktop environment. Low-level utilities usually bypass this layer entirely and delete files immediately, a program that includes file manager functionality may or may not send files to the recycle bin, or it may allow the user to choose between these options. A small icon of a container for deleting files was implemented during the development of the Apple Lisa user interface in 1982, where it was called the “Wastebasket. ”The concept carried over to the Apple Macintosh, as the “Trash”, except in the pre-OS9 “International English” localization. Apple lost most of its claims but courts agreed Apples Trash icon was original, non-Apple software may use other metaphors for file deletion, such as Recycle Bin, Smart Eraser, or Shredder. In early versions of the Macintosh Finder, Trash contents were listed in volatile memory, Files moved to the Trash would appear there only until the Finder session ended, then they would be automatically erased. When System 7 was released, the Trash became a folder that retained its contents until the user chose to empty the trash. Microsoft first implemented the trash can concept in MS-DOS6, under the name Delete Sentry, When a file was deleted, Microsoft introduced its current trash system, the Recycle Bin, with Windows 95, as an area to store and review files and folders prior to deletion. In this version, the original record of the file is stored. When a folder is deleted, its containing files are moved into the bin, the directory structure can only be restored if the batch of files are undeleted. The current Recycle Bin allows for subdirectory trees to exist within folders that have moved there. Recycle bin functionality is integrated into a desktop environment and its file manager. The Professional File System added trashcan-esque behavior at the filesystem level, some implementations may contain shredding functionality to counter data remanence. Although the various Linux desktop environments such as GNOME, KDE, some third-party applications, such as trash-cli, provide commands on the command-line to use the trash, compatible with the FreeDesktop. org Trash Specification. Under Mac OS X, when a file is deleted in Finder, it is moved to a. Trashes folder, macOS Sierra empties the Trash every 30 days. Microsofts Recycle Bin is implemented as a folder with columns like Date deleted
28.
Sky UK
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Sky UK Limited is a telecommunications company which serves the United Kingdom. Sky provides television and broadband services, fixed line and mobile telephone services to consumers. It is the UKs largest pay-TV broadcaster with 11 million customers as of 2015 and it was the UKs most popular digital TV service until it was overtaken by Freeview in April 2007. Its corporate headquarters are based in Isleworth, formed in November 1990 by the equal merger of Sky Television and British Satellite Broadcasting, Sky became the UKs largest digital subscription television company. Following Skys 2014 acquisition of Sky Italia and a majority 90. 04% interest in Sky Deutschland in November 2014, the United Kingdom operations also changed the company name from British Sky Broadcasting Limited to Sky UK Limited, still trading as Sky. Sky UK Limited is an owned subsidiary of Sky plc, with its current company directors being Andrew Griffith. Griffith acts as the Chief Financial Officer and the Managing Director for the commercial businesses division, after the two companies merged, subscribers could get access to both channels, and later the sports channel Sky Sports also became encrypted. In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid, Murdoch described sport as a battering ram for pay-television, providing a strong customer base. A few weeks after the deal, ITV went to the High Court to get an injunction as it believed their bid details had been leaked before the decision was taken. ITV also asked the Office of Fair Trading to investigate since it believed Rupert Murdochs media empire via its newspapers had influenced the deal. A few days later neither action took effect, ITV believed BSkyB was telephoned and informed of its £262m bid, and Premier League advised BSkyB to increase its counter bid. BSkyB retained the rights paying £670m 1997–2001 deal, but was challenged by On Digital for the rights from 2001–2004, in May 2006, the Irish broadcaster Setanta Sports was awarded two of the six Premier League packages that the English FA offered to broadcasters. Sky picked up the four for £1. 3bn. In February 2015, Sky bid £4. 2bn for a package of 120 premier league games across the three seasons from 2016 and this represented an increase of 70% on the previous contract and was said to be £1bn more than the company had expected to pay. The move has been followed by staff cuts, increased subscription prices, in September 1993, BSkyB launched Sky Multichannels which was the present digital platforms analogue predecessor. Sky Multichannels was a package that gave access not only to Skys own channels
29.
High Court of Justice
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Her Majestys High Court of Justice in England is, together with the Court of Appeal and the Crown Court, one of the Senior Courts of England and Wales. Its name is abbreviated as EWHC for legal citation purposes and it has three main divisions, the Queens Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division. The jurisdictions overlap in some cases, and cases started in one division may be transferred by order to another where appropriate. Most High Court proceedings are heard by a judge, but certain kinds of proceedings, especially in the Queens Bench Division, are assigned to a Divisional Court. Exceptionally the court may sit with a jury, but in practice only in defamation cases or cases against the police. Litigants are normally represented by counsel, but may be represented by solicitors qualified to hold a right of audience, in principle the High Court is bound by its own previous decisions, but there are conflicting authorities as to what extent. In criminal matters appeals from the Queens Bench Divisional Court are made directly to the Supreme Court, the High Court is based at the Royal Courts of Justice on the Strand in the City of Westminster, London. It has district registries across England and Wales and almost all High Court proceedings may be issued, the High Court is headed by the Lord Chief Justice. The High Court is organised into three divisions, the Queens Bench Division, the Chancery Division, and the Family Division, a list of hearings in the High Courts divisions is published daily. The Queens Bench Division – or Kings Bench Division when the monarch is male – has two roles and it hears a wide range of common law cases and also has special responsibility as a supervisory court. Until 2005, the head of the QBD was the Lord Chief Justice, Sir Igor Judge was the first person to hold this office, appointed in October 2005. A single judge first decides whether the matter is fit to bring to the court, in addition, the Queens Bench Divisional Court hears appeals on points of law from the Magistrates Court and from the Crown Court. These are known as appeals by way of case stated, since the questions of law are considered solely on the basis of the facts found, other specialised courts of the Queens Bench Division include the Technology and Construction Court, Commercial Court, and the Admiralty Court. The specialised judges and procedures of these courts are tailored to their type of business, appeals from the High Court in civil matters are made to the Court of Appeal, in criminal matters appeal from the Divisional Court is made only to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The Chancery Division deals with law, trusts law, probate law, insolvency. It has specialist courts which deal with patents and registered designs, all tax appeals are assigned to the Chancery Division. The head of the Chancery Division was known as the Vice-Chancellor until October 2005, the first Chancellor was Sir Andrew Morritt, who retired in 2013 to be succeeded by Sir Terence Etherton. In 2016, Sir Geoffrey Vos succeeded Sir Terence as Chancellor on the appointment as Master of the Rolls
30.
Gigabyte
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The gigabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 109 in the International System of Units, the unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB. However, the term is used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote 1073741824 bytes. The use of gigabyte may thus be ambiguous, to address this ambiguity, the International System of Quantities standardizes the binary prefixes which denote a series of integer powers of 1024. With these prefixes, a module that is labeled as having the size 1GB has one gibibyte of storage capacity. The term gigabyte is commonly used to mean either 10003 bytes or 10243 bytes, the latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 is approximately 1000, roughly corresponding to SI multiples, in 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote 10003 bytes and gibibyte denote 10243 bytes. By the end of 2007, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, and NIST and this is the recommended definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission. The file manager of Mac OS X version 10.6 and later versions are an example of this usage in software. The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as is the principle of binary computers. This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory and this definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte. Since the first disk drive, the IBM350, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes, with the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as 500 GB. The exact capacity of a given model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of disk drives and flash-memory disk devices continue to define one gigabyte as 1000000000bytes. Some operating systems such as OS X express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers and this discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example,400 GB might be reported by the operating system as 372 GB, meaning 372 GiB. The JEDEC memory standards use IEEE100 nomenclature which quote the gigabyte as 1073741824bytes and this means that a 300 GB hard disk might be indicated variously as 300 GB,279 GB or 279 GiB, depending on the operating system. As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences even more pronounced. Some legal challenges have been waged over this confusion such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital, Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity
31.
PayPal
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PayPal is one of the worlds largest Internet payment companies. The company operates as a payment processor for online vendors, auction sites and other commercial users, established in 1998, PayPal had its IPO in 2002, and became a wholly owned subsidiary of eBay later that year. In 2014, PayPal moved $228 billion in 30 currencies across more than 190 nations, the same year, eBay announced plans to spin-off PayPal into an independent company by mid-2015 and this was completed on July 18,2015. On July 20,2015, PayPal had its second IPO, PayPal was established in December 1998 as Confinity, a company that developed security software for handheld devices founded by Max Levchin, Peter Thiel, Luke Nosek and Ken Howery. PayPal was developed and launched as a transfer service at Confinity in 1999. In March 2000, Confinity merged with X. com, a banking company founded by Elon Musk. Musk was optimistic about the success of the money transfer business Confinity was developing. Musk and then-president and CEO of X. com, Bill Harris, disagreed on this point, in October of that year, Musk made the decision that X. com would terminate its other Internet banking operations and focus on the PayPal money service. The X. com company was then renamed PayPal in 2001, Paypals IPO listed under the ticker PYPL at $13 per share and ended up generating over $61 million. Shortly after PayPals IPO, the company was acquired by eBay in July 2002 for $1.5 billion, more than 70 percent of all eBay auctions accepted PayPal payments, and roughly 1 in 4 closed auction listings were transacted via PayPal. PayPal acquired the VeriSign payment solution in 2005 to expand its e-commerce business, by the end of 2007, the company generated $1.8 billion in revenue. In November 2008, the company acquired Bill Me Later, a payments company offering transactional credit at over 9000 online merchants in the US. PayPal revenues for Q12009 were $643 million, up 11 percent year over year,42 percent of revenues in Q12009 were from international markets. PayPals Total Payment Volume, the value of transactions in Q12009 was nearly $16 billion. By 2010, PayPal had over 100 million active user accounts in 190 markets through 25 different currencies, in July 2011, fourteen alleged members of the Anonymous hacktivist group were charged with attempting to disrupt PayPals operations. The denial of service attacks occurred in December 2010, after PayPal stopped processing donations to Wikileaks, on December 5,2013,13 of the PayPal 14 pleaded guilty to misdemeanor and felony charges related to the attacks. The company continued to focus on growth and growth of its Merchant Services division. In 2011, PayPal announced that it would begin moving its business offline so that customers can make payments via PayPal in stores
32.
Google Drive
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Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service developed by Google. Launched on April 24,2012, Google Drive allows users to store files in the cloud, synchronize files across devices, in addition to a website, Google Drive offers apps with offline capabilities for Windows and macOS computers, and Android and iOS smartphones and tablets. Google Drive encompasses Google Docs, Sheets and Slides, a suite that permits collaborative editing of documents, spreadsheets, presentations, drawings, forms. Files created and edited through the office suite are saved in Google Drive, Google Drive offers users 15 gigabytes of free storage, with 100 gigabytes,1 terabyte,10 terabytes,20 terabytes, and 30 terabytes offered through optional paid plans. Files uploaded can be up to 5 terabytes in size, users can change privacy settings for individual files and folders, including enabling sharing with other users or making content public. On the website, users can search for an image by describing its visuals, the website and Android app offer a Backups section to see what Android devices have data backed up to the service. A Quick Access feature can intelligently predict the files users need, Google Drive is a key component of G Suite, Googles monthly subscription offering for businesses and organizations. As part of select G Suite plans, Drive offers unlimited storage, advanced audit reporting, enhanced administration controls. Following the launch of the service, Google Drive was heavily criticized by members of the media for its privacy. As of October 2014, Google Drive has 240 million active users, Google Drive was introduced on April 24,2012 with apps available for Windows, macOS, and Android, as well as a website interface, with an iOS app under development. The iOS app was released in June 2012, Google Drive is available for PCs running Windows Vista or later, and Macs running OS X Lion or later. Google indicated in April 2012 that work on Linux software was underway, in April 2012, Googles then-Senior Vice President Sundar Pichai said that Google Drive would be tightly integrated with Chrome OS version 20. In October 2016, Google announced that versions 1.27 and earlier of the Drive computer software will be discontinued, going forward after that date, Google will drop support for versions of the software older than 1 year. Later in October 2016, Google announced that starting January 1,2017, the software will continue to work on those platforms, but will not be actively tested and maintained. Google Drive is available for Android smartphones and tablets running Android 4.1 Jelly Bean or later, According to the policy, the app will continue to work for devices running older Android versions, but any app updates are provided on a best-efforts basis. The policy also states a notice will be given for any planned end of service, App versions being shut down include Android versions earlier than 2.4.311 and iOS versions earlier than 4.16. Google Drive has a website that allows users to see their files from any Internet-connected computer, the website received a visual overhaul in 2014 that gave it a completely new look and improved performance. A new update in August 2016 changed several visual elements of the website, the logo was updated, search box design was refreshed, and the primary color was changed from red to blue
33.
Microsoft Word
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Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25,1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems, commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features, in 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC. Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix and MS-DOS in 1983. Its name was simplified to Microsoft Word. Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World and that year Microsoft demonstrated Word running on Windows. Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse and it was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar. However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the six years. In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to Mac OS and this was made easier by Word for DOS having been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac OS added true WYSIWYG features and it fulfilled a need for a word processor that was more capable than MacWrite. After its release, Word for Mac OSs sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years, Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months, Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, after MacWrite Pro was discontinued in the mid-1990s, Word for Mac OS never had any serious rivals. Word 5.1 for Mac OS, released in 1992, was a popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use. Many users say it is the best version of Word for Mac OS ever created, in 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST under the name Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Mac OS and was never updated due to the degree of software piracy on the Atari platform. The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989, with the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers. When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free, as of March 2014, it is still available for download from Microsofts web site. In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up, both the Windows and Mac OS versions would start from the same code base
34.
Microsoft Excel
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Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office, Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, in addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives, Excel was not designed to be used as a database. Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts, the Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsofts Visual Basic for Applications, which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques, programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor, which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder, the Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro, the macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE, advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed. Macro Recorded code may not be compatible between Excel versions, some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible. User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, from its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros and user defined functions.0. Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default, after version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet and these displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change
35.
Microsoft PowerPoint
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Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program currently developed by Microsoft, for use on both Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems. PowerPoint, initially named Presenter, was created by Forethought Inc, Microsofts version of PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22,1990, as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. PowerPoint is useful for helping develop the slide-based presentation format and is one of the most commonly used slide-based presentation programs available. Microsoft has also released the PowerPoint mobile application for use on Apple, originally designed for the Macintosh computer, the initial release was called Presenter, developed by Thomas Rudkin and Dennis Austin of Forethought, Inc. In 1987, it was renamed to PowerPoint due to problems with trademarks, by then some experts believed that desktop presentations, using computers to create flip charts and overhead transparencies, could become as large a market as desktop publishing. That year Forethought was bought by Microsoft for $14 million, and became Microsofts Graphics Business Unit, Microsofts version of PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22,1990, the same day that Microsoft released Windows 3.0. PowerPoint introduced many new changes with the release of PowerPoint 97 and it incorporated the Visual Basic for Applications language, underlying all macro generation in Office 97. PowerPoint 2000 introduced a clipboard that could hold objects at once. PowerPoint 2002 massively overhauled the engine, allowing users to create more advanced. PowerPoint 2011 makes it possible to remove image backgrounds, and provides additional effects for pictures. As of 2012, various versions of PowerPoint claim about 95% of the software market share. Among presenters world-wide, this program is used at a frequency of 350 times per second. PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of pages or slides. The slide analogy is a reference to the slide projector, slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely. The presentation can be printed, displayed live on a computer, for larger audiences the computer display is often a video projector. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts, PowerPoint provides three types of movements, Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint calls Custom Animations. Transitions, on the hand, there are movements between slides. These can be animated in a variety of ways, Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter, exit or move
36.
Microsoft OneNote
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Microsoft OneNote is a computer program for free-form information gathering and multi-user collaboration. It gathers users notes, drawings, screen clippings and audio commentaries, notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the Internet or a network. OneNote is available as a part of Microsoft Office and Windows 10 and it is also available as a free standalone application for Windows, macOS, Windows RT, Windows Phone, iOS and Android. A web-based version of OneNote is provided as part of OneDrive or Office Online, in OneNote, users can enter typed text via keyboard, create tables, and insert pictures. However, unlike a word processor, users can write anywhere on a virtually unbounded document window by just clicking there, also, users do not need to explicitly save their work – OneNote saves data automatically as the user works. OneNote saves information in pages organized into sections within notebooks, the interface provides an electronic version of a tabbed ring-binder, into which the user can directly make notes and gather material from other applications. OneNote notebooks collect, organize, and share possibly unpolished materials – as compared to word processors and wikis, users may add embedded multimedia recordings and web links. OneNote integrates search features and indexing into a graphics and audio repository. It can search images for embedded text-content and it also searches electronic ink annotations as text, and phonetically searches audio recordings on a text key. It can replay audio concurrently with notes taken during the recording and its multi-user capability allows offline paragraph-level editing with later synchronization and merging. This facilitates collaboration among members who are not always online. More than one person can work on the page at the same time—using OneNote as a shared whiteboard environment. On March 17,2014, Microsoft released the OneNote cloud service API that enables third-party application developers to integrate the service into their apps, the API runs on Microsoft’s globally available cloud, and sends data from applications into the users OneDrive. While the service stores the data in the OneNote notebook, it can also do things like running Optical Character Recognition on images, the text in the screenshot is made searchable using Optical Character Recognition. Email to OneNote, It enables users to send emails to the address me@onenote. com from pre-specified email IDs to have the contents of the saved to OneNote. A OneNote Notebook is stored as a folder of section files that have the. one extension, Microsoft upgraded the file format twice after it introduced OneNote 2003—first in OneNote 2007, then again in OneNote 2010. OneNote 2003 files can be opened by both OneNote 2007 and OneNote 2010 in read-only mode, and subsequently upgraded to the versions of the file format. OneNote 2010 can read and write OneNote 2007 file formats and it can also convert back and forth between the 2010 and the 2007 formats
37.
Portable Document Format
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The Portable Document Format is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica, in those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993 and these proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. In 2014, ISO TC171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2, on January 9,2017, the final draft for ISO 32000-2 was published, thus reaching the approval stage. The PDF combines three technologies, A subset of the PostScript page description programming language, for generating the layout, a font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents. A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming such as if. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized, any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file, therefore, the entire PostScript world remains intact. PDF supports graphic transparency, PostScript does not, PostScript is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the appearance of a given page. A PDF file is a 7-bit ASCII file, except for elements that may have binary content. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number, the format is a subset of a COS format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are eight types, Boolean values, representing true or false Numbers Strings, enclosed within parentheses, objects may be either direct or indirect
38.
XML
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In computing, Extensible Markup Language is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The W3Cs XML1.0 Specification and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML, the design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is used for the representation of arbitrary data structures such as those used in web services. Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, hundreds of document formats using XML syntax have been developed, including RSS, Atom, SOAP, SVG, and XHTML. XML-based formats have become the default for many office-productivity tools, including Microsoft Office, OpenOffice. org and LibreOffice, XML has also provided the base language for communication protocols such as XMPP. Applications for the Microsoft. NET Framework use XML files for configuration, apple has an implementation of a registry based on XML. XML has come into use for the interchange of data over the Internet. IETF RFC7303 gives rules for the construction of Internet Media Types for use when sending XML and it also defines the media types application/xml and text/xml, which say only that the data is in XML, and nothing about its semantics. The use of text/xml has been criticized as a source of encoding problems. RFC7303 also recommends that XML-based languages be given media types ending in +xml, further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context appear in RFC3470, also known as IETF BCP70, a document covering many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language. The material in this section is based on the XML Specification and this is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs that appear in XML, it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use. Character An XML document is a string of characters, almost every legal Unicode character may appear in an XML document. Processor and application The processor analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an application, the specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor is often referred to colloquially as an XML parser, Markup and content The characters making up an XML document are divided into markup and content, which may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. Generally, strings that constitute markup either begin with the character < and end with a >, or they begin with the character &, strings of characters that are not markup are content. However, in a CDATA section, the delimiters <. > are classified as markup, in addition, whitespace before and after the outermost element is classified as markup. Tag A tag is a construct that begins with <
39.
LibreOffice
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LibreOffice is a free and open source office suite, a project of The Document Foundation. It was forked from OpenOffice. org in 2010, which was a version of the earlier StarOffice. The LibreOffice suite comprises programs for processing, the creation and editing of spreadsheets, slideshows, diagrams and drawings, working with databases. It is available in 110 languages, LibreOffice uses the international ISO/IEC standard OpenDocument file format as its native format to save documents for all of its applications. LibreOffice also supports the file formats of most other major office suites, including Microsoft Office, LibreOffice is available for a variety of computing platforms, including Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux, as well as in the form of an online office suite. It is the office suite of most popular Linux distributions. It is the most actively developed free and open-source office suite, with approximately 50 times the development activity of Apache OpenOffice, between January 2011 and October 2011, LibreOffice was downloaded approximately 7.5 million times. The project claims 120 million unique downloading addresses from May 2011 to May 2015, excluding Linux distributions, the Document Foundation developers target LibreOffice for Microsoft Windows, Linux and macOS. Community ports for FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD and Mac OS X10.5 PowerPC receive support from contributors to those projects, Libreoffice is also installable on OpenIndiana via SFE. LibreOffice Online will allow for the use of LibreOffice through a web browser by using the element of HTML5. Development was announced at the first LibreOffice Conference in October 2011, LibreOffice announced a collaboration with Icewarp and Collabora to work on the cross-platform interface. A version of the software was shown in a September 2015 conference, on 15 December 2015, Collabora, in partnership with ownCloud, released a technical preview of Libreoffice Online branded as Collabora Online Development Edition. By October 2016, Collabora had released nine updates to CODE, in 2011, developers announced plans to port LibreOffice both to Android and to iOS. A beta version of a document viewer for Android 4.0 or newer was released in January 2015, In May 2015, in January 2015, a LibreOffice Impress remote app was unveiled for the Pebble smartwatch. A detailed 60-page report in June 2015 compared the progress of the LibreOffice project with its cousin project Apache OpenOffice and it showed that OpenOffice received about 10% of the improvements LibreOffice did in the period of time studied. LibreOffice can use the GStreamer multimedia framework in Linux to render multimedia content such as videos in Impress and they are also used on the toolbars and menus by default. LibreOffice also ships with a theme which looks native on GTK-based Linux distributions. It also renders fonts via Cairo on Linux distributions, this means that text in LibreOffice is rendered the same as the rest of the Linux desktop, LibreOffice has a feature similar to WordArt called Fontwork
40.
OpenOffice.org
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OpenOffice. org, commonly known as OpenOffice, is a discontinued open-source office suite. It was a version of the earlier StarOffice, which Sun Microsystems acquired in 1999. OpenOffice included a word processor, a spreadsheet, an application, a drawing application, a formula editor. Its default file format was the OpenDocument Format, an ISO/IEC standard and it could also read a wide variety of other file formats, with particular attention to those from Microsoft Office. Sun open-sourced the OpenOffice in July 2000 as a competitor to Microsoft Office, in 2011 Oracle Corporation, the then-owner of Sun, announced that it would no longer offer a commercial version of the suite and soon after donated the project to the Apache Foundation. Apache renamed the software Apache OpenOffice, other active successor projects include LibreOffice and NeoOffice. OpenOffice. org was primarily developed for Linux, Microsoft Windows and Solaris and it was distributed under the GNU Lesser General Public License version 3, early versions were also available under the Sun Industry Standards Source License. OpenOffice. org originated as StarOffice, an office suite developed by German company StarDivision from 1985 on. In August 1999, StarDivision was acquired by Sun Microsystems for US$59.5 million, the new project was known as OpenOffice. org, and the code was released as open source on 13 October 2000. The first public release was Milestone Build 638c, released in October 2001. OpenOffice. org became the office suite on Linux and spawned many derivative versions. It quickly became noteworthy competition to Microsoft Office, achieving 14% penetration in the enterprise market by 2004. It was made OpenOffice. orgs native format from version 2 on, many governments and other organisations adopted OpenDocument, particularly given there was a free implementation of it readily available. Development of OpenOffice. org was sponsored primarily by Sun Microsystems, developers who wished to contribute code were required to sign a Contributor Agreement granting joint ownership of any contributions to Sun, in support of the StarOffice business model. This was controversial for many years, an alternative Public Documentation Licence was also offered for documentation not intended for inclusion or integration into the project code base. After acquiring Sun in January 2010, Oracle Corporation continued developing OpenOffice. org and StarOffice, oracles lack of activity on or visible commitment to OpenOffice. org had also been noted by industry observers. TDF released the fork LibreOffice in January 2011, which most Linux distributions soon moved to, in April 2011, Oracle stopped development of OpenOffice. org and fired the remaining StarDivision development team. In June 2011, Oracle contributed the trademarks to the Apache Software Foundation and it also contributed Oracle-owned code to Apache for relicensing under the Apache License, at the suggestion of IBM, as IBM did not want the code put under a copyleft license
41.
WordPerfect
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WordPerfect is a word processing application owned by Corel with a long history on multiple personal computer platforms. The program was developed under contract at Brigham Young University for use on a Data General minicomputer in 1979. The authors retained the rights to the program, forming Satellite Software International to sell it under the name WordPerfect in 1980, a port to MS-DOS followed in 1982 and several greatly updated versions quickly followed. The applications feature list was more advanced than its main competition, WordStar. Despite its comprehensive abilities, it gained praise for its minimalistic look of spareness. WordPerfect rapidly displaced most other systems, especially after the 4.2 release in 1986, by release 5.1 in 1989, WordPerfect had become a standard in the DOS market. At the height of its popularity, in the 1980s, it was a dominant player in the processor market, partly because of extensive, no-cost support. While best known in its DOS and Microsoft Windows versions, its popularity was based partly on its availability for a wide variety of computers. Its dominant position ended after a release for Microsoft Windows. Microsoft Word, having been tuned for some time on the Mac, was introduced at the time in a much superior version. Word rapidly took over the market, helped by aggressive bundling deals that ultimately produced Office, the common filename extension of WordPerfect document files is. wpd. Older versions of WordPerfect also used file extensions. wp. wp7. wp6. wp5. wp4, Bastian and Ashton kept the rights to the WordPerfect software they produced. The two founded Satellite Software International, Inc. of Orem, Utah, to market the program to other Data General users, WordPerfect 1.0 represented a significant departure from the previous Wang standard for word processing. The first version of WordPerfect for the IBM PC was released the day after Thanksgiving,1982 and it was sold as WordPerfect 2.20, continuing the version numbering from the Data General. Over the next months, three more minor releases arrived mainly to correct bugs. The developers had hoped to program WordPerfect in C. Most of the programming languages then available were unsuited for the job. All versions of WordPerfect up to 5.0 were written thus, in addition, WordStar was extremely slow in switching to support for subdirectories
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Plain text
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In computing, plain text is the data that represent only characters of readable material but not its graphical representation nor other objects. It may also include a number of characters that control simple arrangement of text. Plain text is different from formatted text, where information is included. The encoding has traditionally been either ASCII, sometimes EBCDIC, unicode-based encodings such as UTF-8 and UTF-16 are gradually replacing the older ASCII derivatives limited to 7 or 8 bit codes. Files that contain markup or other meta-data are generally considered plain-text, the use of plain text rather than bit-streams to express markup, enables files to survive much better in the wild, in part by making them largely immune to computer architecture incompatibilities. According to The Unicode Standard, Plain text is a sequence of character codes. Styled text, also known as rich text, is any text representation containing plain text completed by such as a language identifier, font size, color. For instance, Rich text such as SGML, RTF, HTML, XML, wiki markup, according to The Unicode Standard, plain text has two main properties in regard to rich text, plain text is the underlying content stream to which formatting can be applied. Plain text is public, standardized, and universally readable, Plain text represents the basic, interchangeable content of text. Plain text represents character content only, not its appearance and it can be displayed in a variety of ways and requires a rendering process to make it visible with a particular appearance. If the same plain text sequence is given to disparate rendering processes, instead, the disparate rendering processes are simply required to make the text legible according to the intended reading. This legibility criterion constrains the range of possible appearances, the relationship between appearance and content of plain text may be summarized as follows, Plain text must contain enough information to permit the text to be rendered legibly, and nothing more. The Unicode Standard encodes plain text, the distinction between plain text and other forms of data in the same data stream is the function of a higher-level protocol and is not specified by the Unicode Standard itself. The purpose of using plain text today is primarily independence from programs that require their own special encoding or formatting or file format. Plain text files can be opened, read, and edited with countless text editors, a command-line interface allows people to give commands in plain text and get a response, also in plain text. Plain text files are almost universal in programming, a code file containing instructions in a programming language is almost always a plain text file. Plain text is commonly used for configuration files, which are read for saved settings at the startup of a program. Plain text is used for much e-mail, a comment, a. txt file, or a TXT Record generally contains only plain text intended for humans to read
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Text file
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A text file is a kind of computer file that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. A text file exists within a file system. The end of a file is often denoted by placing one or more special characters. Such markers were required under the CP/M and MS-DOS operating systems, on modern operating systems such as Windows and Unix-like systems, text files do not contain any special EOF character. Text file refers to a type of container, while plain text refers to a type of content, Text files can contain plain text, but they are not limited to such. At a generic level of description, there are two kinds of files, text files and binary files. Because of their simplicity, text files are used for storage of information. They avoid some of the problems encountered with other formats, such as endianness, padding bytes. Further, when data corruption occurs in a file, it is often easier to recover. A disadvantage of text files is that usually have a low entropy. A simple text file needs no additional metadata to assist the reader in interpretation, and therefore may contain no data at all, the ASCII character set is the most common format for English-language text files, and is generally assumed to be the default file format in many situations. For accented and other characters, it is necessary to choose a character encoding. In many systems, this is chosen on the basis of the locale setting on the computer it is read on. Common character encodings include ISO 8859-1 for many European languages, because many encodings have only a limited repertoire of characters, they are often only usable to represent text in a limited subset of human languages. Unicode is an attempt to create a standard for representing all known languages. On most operating systems the name text file refers to file format that only plain text content with very little formatting. Such files can be viewed and edited on text terminals or in text editors. Text files usually have the MIME type text/plain, usually with additional information indicating an encoding, MS-DOS and Windows use a common text file format, with each line of text separated by a two-character combination, carriage return and line feed
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Batch file
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A batch file is a kind of script file in DOS, OS/2 and Microsoft Windows. It consists of a series of commands to be executed by the command-line interpreter, a batch file may contain any command the interpreter accepts interactively and use constructs that enable conditional branching and looping within the batch file, such as if, for, goto and labels. The term batch is from processing, meaning non-interactive execution. When a batch file is run, the program reads the file and executes its commands. Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux, have a similar, the filename extension. bat is used in DOS and Windows. Windows NT and OS/2 also added. cmd, batch files for other environments may have different extensions, e. g. btm in 4DOS, 4OS2 and 4NT related shells. The detailed handling of batch files has changed, some of the detail in this article applies to all batch files, while other details apply only to certain versions. In DOS, a file can be started from the command-line interface by typing its name, followed by any required parameters. When DOS loads, the file AUTOEXEC. BAT, when present, is automatically executed, a. bat file name extension identifies a file containing commands that are executed by the command interpreter COMMAND. Microsoft Windows was introduced in 1985 as a graphical user interface-based overlay on text-based operating systems and was designed to run on DOS. In order to start it, the WIN command was used, in the earlier versions, one could run a. bat type file from Windows in the MS-DOS Prompt. Windows 3. 1x and earlier, as well as Windows 9x invoked COMMAND. COM to run batch files, the IBM OS/2 operating system supported DOS-style batch files. It also included a version of REXX, a more advanced batch-file scripting language. COM, oS/2s batch file interpreter also supports an EXTPROC command. This passes the file to the program named on the EXTPROC file as a data file. The named program can be a file, this is similar to the #. Unlike Windows 98 and earlier, the Windows NT family of operating systems does not depend on MS-DOS, Windows NT introduced an enhanced 32-bit command interpreter that could execute scripts with either the. CMD or. BAT extension. Cmd. exe added additional commands, and implemented existing ones in a different way, so that the same batch file might work differently with cmd. exe. In most cases, operation is identical if the few unsupported commands are not used, Cmd. exes extensions to COMMAND. COM can be disabled for compatibility
45.
Syntax highlighting
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Syntax highlighting is a feature of text editors that are used for programming, scripting, or markup languages, such as HTML. The feature displays text, especially source code, in different colors and this feature facilitates writing in a structured language such as a programming language or a markup language as both structures and syntax errors are visually distinct. Highlighting does not affect the meaning of the text itself, it is intended only for human readers, syntax highlighting is a form of secondary notation, since the highlights are not part of the text meaning, but serve to reinforce it. Some editors also integrate syntax highlighting with other features, such as spell checking or code folding, syntax highlighting is one strategy to improve the readability and context of the text, especially for code that spans several pages. The reader can easily ignore large sections of comments or code, syntax highlighting also helps programmers find errors in their program. For example, most editors highlight string literals in a different color, consequently, spotting a missing delimiter is much easier because of the contrasting color of the text. Brace matching is another important feature with many popular editors and this makes it simple to see if a brace has been left out or locate the match of the brace the cursor is on by highlighting the pair in a different color. Additionally, data gathered from an eye-tracker during the study suggested that syntax highlighting enables programmers to pay attention to standard syntactic components such as keywords. There are several syntax highlighting libraries or engines that can be used in other applications and this automatic language detection presents potential problems. For example, a user may want to edit a document containing, more than one language, a language that is not recognized, in these cases, it is not clear what language to use, and a document may not be highlighted or be highlighted incorrectly. Most editors with syntax highlighting allow different colors and text styles to be given to dozens of different lexical sub-elements of syntax and these include keywords, comments, control-flow statements, variables, and other elements. Programmers often heavily customize their settings in an attempt to show as much information as possible without making the code difficult to read. Below is a comparison of a snippet of C code, Below is another snippet of syntax highlighted C++ code, In the C++ example, the editor has recognized the keywords auto, const, int, and for. The comment at the beginning is also highlighted in a manner to distinguish it from working code. The ideas of syntax highlighting overlap significantly with those of syntax-directed editors, one of the first such editor for code was Wilfred Hansens 1969 code editor, Emily. It provided advanced language-independent code completion facilities, and unlike modern editors with syntax highlighting, in 1985 Ben Shneiderman suggested color coding of text strings to suggest meaning. The Live Parsing Editor written for the VM operating system for the computerization of the Oxford English Dictionary in 1985 was one of the first to use color syntax highlighting. Its live parsing capability allowed user-supplied parsers to be added to the editor, for text, programs, data file, some text editors and code formatting tools perform syntax highlighting using pattern matching heuristics rather than implementing a parser for each possible language
46.
Autocomplete
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Autocomplete, or word completion, is a feature in which an application predicts the rest of a word a user is typing. In graphical user interfaces, users can press the tab key to accept a suggestion or the down arrow key to accept one of several. Autocomplete speeds up human-computer interactions when it predicts the word a user intends to enter after only a few characters have been typed into a text input field. It works best in domains with a number of possible words. Many autocomplete algorithms learn new words after the user has written them a few times, and can suggest alternatives based on the learned habits of the individual user. The need to speed is noted by the fact that people who use speech generating devices generally produce speech at a rate that is less than 10% as fast as people who use oral speech. But the function is very useful for anybody who writes text. Autocomplete or word completion works so that when the writer writes the first letter or letters of a word, if the word he intends to write is included in the list he can select it, for example by using the number keys. If the word that the user wants is not predicted, the writer must enter the letter of the word. At this time, the choice is altered so that the words provided begin with the same letters as those that have been selected. When the word that the user wants appears it is selected, in another form of word prediction, words most likely to follow the just written one are predicted, based on recent word pairs used. Word prediction uses language modeling, where within a set vocabulary the words are most likely to occur are calculated. Along with language modeling, basic word prediction on AAC devices is often coupled with a recency model, Word prediction software often also allows the user to enter their own words into the word prediction dictionaries either directly, or by learning words that have been written. There are standalone tools that add functionality to existing applications. These programs monitor user keystrokes and suggests a list of words based on first typed letter, letMeType, freeware, is no longer developed, the author has published the source code and allows anybody to continue development. Typingaid, also freeware, is actively developed, Intellicomplete, both a freeware and payware version, works only in certain programs which hook into the intellicomplete server program. Many Autocomplete programs can also be used to create a Shorthand list and this can also quietly fix simple typing errors, such as turning teh into the. Several Autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, the main advantage of context completion is the ability to predict anticipated words more precisely and even with no initial letters
