1.
Simon Phipps (programmer)
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Simon Phipps is a computer scientist and web and open source advocate. Phipps was instrumental in IBMs involvement in the Java programming language and he left IBM for Sun Microsystems in 2000, taking leadership of Suns open source programme from Danese Cooper. Under Phipps, most of Suns core software was released open source licenses, including Solaris. Phipps was not hired into Oracle as part of the acquisition of Sun Microsystems, following Sun, he spent a year as Chief Strategy Officer of identity startup ForgeRock before becoming an independent consultant. In 2015 he joined Wipro Technologies as director of their open source advisory practice, Phipps was President of the Open Source Initiative until 2015 when he stepped down in preparation for the end of his Board term in 2016. He is currently a member of the Open Rights Group. He has served on a number of boards for other projects, including as CEO of the MariaDB Foundation, the GNOME Foundation, OpenSolaris, OpenJDK. He appeared as a guest on episodes 39,113 and 337 of FLOSS Weekly and as a regular co-host, simon Phipps personal blog Meshed Insights Business Information
2.
Open-source software
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Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. According to scientists who studied it, open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration, a 2008 report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers. In the early days of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other, eventually the open source notion moved to the way side of commercialization of software in the years 1970-1980. In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar and this source code subsequently became the basis behind SeaMonkey, Mozilla Firefox, Thunderbird and KompoZer. Netscapes act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundations free software ideas, the new term they chose was open source, which was soon adopted by Bruce Perens, publisher Tim OReilly, Linus Torvalds, and others. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term, a Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I cant imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business, IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in todays competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS, the free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the free software should be replaced by open-source software as an expression which is less ambiguous. Software developers may want to publish their software with an open-source license, the Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open-source philosophy, and further defines the terms of usage, modification and redistribution of open-source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition, the open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7,1998 in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscapes January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigators source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the free in English. Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, the Free Software Foundation, started in 1985, intended the word free to mean freedom to distribute and not freedom from cost. Since a great deal of free software already was free of charge, such software became associated with zero cost. The Open Source Initiative was formed in February 1998 by Eric Raymond and they sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to open source as a service mark for the OSI. The Open Source Initiatives definition is recognized by governments internationally as the standard or de facto definition, OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a software license open source
3.
Bruce Perens
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Bruce Perens is an American computer programmer and advocate in the free software movement. He created The Open Source Definition and published the first formal announcement and he co-founded the Open Source Initiative with Eric S. Raymond. In 2005, Perens represented Open Source at the United Nations World Summit on the Information Society and he has appeared before national legislatures and is often quoted in the press, advocating for open source and the reform of national and international technology policy. Perens is also a radio operator, with call sign K6BP. He promotes open radio communications standards and open source hardware, Perens is currently CEO of two companies, Algoram is a start-up which is creating a 50-1000 MHz software-defined radio transceiver. Legal Engineering is a consultancy which specializes in resolving copyright infringement of Open Source software. Perens grew up in Long Island, New York and he developed an interest in technology at an early age, besides his interest in amateur radio, he ran a pirate radio station in the town of Lido Beach and briefly engaged in phone phreaking. Perens worked for seven years at the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab, after that, he worked at Pixar for 12 years, from 1987 to 1999. He is credited as a studio tools engineer on the Pixar films A Bugs Life, Perens founded No-Code International in 1998 with the goal of ending the Morse Code test then required for an amateur radio license. Only then would it be possible for nations to strike all Morse Code requirements from their laws regarding radio amateur licensing. Perens lobbied intensively on the internet, at amateur radio events in the United States, with the possible exception of Russia, all nations have struck their Morse Code requirements. In 1995, Perens created BusyBox, a package of UNIX-style utilities for operating systems including Linux and he stopped working on it in 1996, after which it was taken over by other developers. Starting in 2007, several lawsuits were filed for infringement of BusyBox copyright and these lawsuits were filed by the Software Freedom Law Center, and some of the later managing developers of BusyBox. In 2009, Bruce Perens released a statement about the lawsuits, Perens supports enforcement of the GPL license used on Busybox. From April 1996 to December 1997, while working at Pixar, Perens served as Debian Project Leader. He replaced Ian Murdock, the creator of Debian, who had been the first project leader, in 1997, Perens was a co-founder of Software in the Public Interest, a nonprofit organization intended to serve as an umbrella organization to aid open-source software and hardware projects. It was originally created to allow the Debian Project to accept donations, in 1997, Perens was carbon-copied an email conversation between Donnie Barnes of Red Hat and Ean Schuessler, who was then working on Debian. Schuessler bemoaned that Red Hat had never stated its contract with the Open Source community
4.
Eric S. Raymond
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He wrote a guidebook for the Roguelike game NetHack. In the 1990s, he edited and updated the Jargon File, Raymond was born in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1957 and lived in Venezuela as a child. His family moved to Pennsylvania in 1971 and he has suffered from cerebral palsy since birth, his weakened physical condition motivated him to go into computing. Raymond began his career writing proprietary software, between 1980 and 1985. In 1990, noting that the Jargon File had not been maintained since about 1983, he adopted it, paul Dourish maintains an archived original version of the Jargon File, because, he says, Raymonds updates essentially destroyed what held it together. In 1996 Raymond took over development of the open-source email software popclient, soon after this experience, in 1997, he wrote the The Cathedral and the Bazaar, detailing his thoughts on open-source software development and why it should be done as openly as possible. The essay was based in part on his experience in developing Fetchmail and he first presented his thesis at the annual Linux Kongress on May 27,1997. He later expanded the essay into a book, The Cathedral, hahn would later describe the 1999 book as clearly influential. From the late 1990s onward, due in part to the popularity of his essay and he co-founded the Open Source Initiative in 1998, taking on the self-appointed role of ambassador of open source to the press, business and public. He remains active in OSI, and stepped down as president of the initiative in February 2005, in 1998 Raymond received and published a Microsoft document expressing worry about the quality of rival open-source software. Eric named this document, together with others subsequently leaked, the Halloween Documents, in 2000–2002 he wrote a number of HOWTOs still included in the Linux Documentation Project. His personal archive also lists a number of non-technical and very early non-Linux FAQs, at this time he also created CML2, a source code configuration system, while originally intended for the Linux operating system, it was rejected by kernel developers. Raymond attributed this rejection to kernel list politics, Linus Torvalds on the other hand said in a 2007 mailing list post that as a matter of policy, the development team preferred more incremental changes. His 2003 book The Art of Unix Programming discusses user tools for programming, Raymond is currently the administrator of the project page for the GPS data tool gpsd. Also, some versions of NetHack include his guide and he has also contributed code and content to the free software video game The Battle for Wesnoth. Raymond coined an aphorism he dubbed Linus Law, inspired by Linus Torvalds, Given enough eyeballs and it first appeared in his book The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Raymond has had a number of disputes with other figures in the free software movement. As head of the Open Source Initiative, he argued that advocates should focus on the potential for better products
5.
Netscape
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When it was an independent company, its headquarters were in Mountain View, California. Netscapes web browser was dominant in terms of usage share. The usage share of Netscape had fallen from over ninety percent in the mid-1990s to less than one percent by the end of 2006, Netscape stock traded from 1995 until 1999 when it was acquired by AOL in a pooling-of-interests transaction ultimately worth US $10 billion. Shortly before its acquisition by AOL, Netscape released the code for its browser. The Mozilla Organization rewrote the entire source code based on the Gecko rendering engine. The Gecko engine would later be used to power the Mozilla Foundations Firefox browser, under AOL, Netscapes browser development continued until December 2007 when AOL announced that the company would stop supporting the Netscape browser as of early 2008. As of 2011, AOL has continued to use the Netscape brand to market a discount Internet service provider, Netscape was the first company to attempt to capitalize on the nascent World Wide Web. The first meeting between Clark and Andreessen was never truly about a software or service like Netscape, but more about a product that was similar to Nintendo, Clark recruited other early team members from SGI and NCSA Mosaic. Jim Barksdale came on board as CEO in January 1995, jim Clark and Marc Andreessen originally created a 20-page concept pitch for an online gaming network to Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 console, but a deal was never reached. Marc Andreessen explains, If they had shipped a year earlier, the companys first product was the web browser, called Mosaic Netscape 0.9, released on October 13,1994. Within four months of its release, it had already taken three-quarters of the browser market and it became the main browser for Internet users in such a short time due to its superiority over other competition, like Mosaic. The Mosaic Netscape web browser did not use any NCSA Mosaic code, the internal codename for the companys browser was Mozilla, which stood for Mosaic killer, as the companys goal was to displace NCSA Mosaic as the worlds number one web browser. A cartoon Godzilla-like lizard mascot was drawn by artist-employee Dave Titus, the Mozilla mascot featured prominently on Netscapes web site in the companys early years. However, the need to project a professional image led to this being removed. On August 9,1995, Netscape made an extremely successful IPO, the stock was set to be offered at US$14 per share, but a last-minute decision doubled the initial offering to US$28 per share. The stocks value soared to US$75 during the first day of trading, the stock closed at US$58.25, which gave Netscape a market value of US$2.9 billion. While it was unusual for a company to go public prior to becoming profitable, Netscapes revenues had, in fact, the success of this IPO subsequently inspired the use of the term Netscape moment to describe a high-visibility IPO that signals the dawn of a new industry. During this period, Netscape also pursued a publicity strategy packaging Andreessen as the rock star
6.
Source code
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In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions, possibly with comments, written using a human-readable programming language, usually as ordinary text. The source code of a program is designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers. The source code is often transformed by an assembler or compiler into binary machine code understood by the computer, the machine code might then be stored for execution at a later time. Alternatively, source code may be interpreted and thus immediately executed, most application software is distributed in a form that includes only executable files. If the source code were included it would be useful to a user, programmer or a system administrator, the Linux Information Project defines source code as, Source code is the version of software as it is originally written by a human in plain text. The notion of source code may also be more broadly, to include machine code and notations in graphical languages. It is therefore so construed as to include code, very high level languages. Often there are several steps of program translation or minification between the source code typed by a human and an executable program. The earliest programs for stored-program computers were entered in binary through the front panel switches of the computer and this first-generation programming language had no distinction between source code and machine code. When IBM first offered software to work with its machine, the code was provided at no additional charge. At that time, the cost of developing and supporting software was included in the price of the hardware, for decades, IBM distributed source code with its software product licenses, until 1983. Most early computer magazines published source code as type-in programs, Source code can also be stored in a database or elsewhere. The source code for a piece of software may be contained in a single file or many files. Though the practice is uncommon, a source code can be written in different programming languages. For example, a program written primarily in the C programming language, in some languages, such as Java, this can be done at run time. The code base of a programming project is the larger collection of all the source code of all the computer programs which make up the project. It has become practice to maintain code bases in version control systems. Moderately complex software customarily requires the compilation or assembly of several, sometimes dozens or even hundreds, in these cases, instructions for compilations, such as a Makefile, are included with the source code
7.
Flagship
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A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed. In common naval use, the flagship is fundamentally a temporary designation. Historically, only larger ships could accommodate such requirements, the term was also used by commercial fleets, when the distinction between a nations navy and merchant fleet was not clear. In the age of sailing ships, the flagship was typically a first-rate, non-first rates could serve as flagships, however, the USS Constitution, a frigate, served as flagship for parts of the United States Navy during the early 19th century. In the 20th century, ships became large enough that the types, cruisers and up, could accommodate a commander. Some larger ships may have a flag bridge for use by the admiral. Because its primary function is to coordinate a fleet, a flagship is not necessarily more heavily armed or armored than other ships, during World War II admirals often preferred a faster ship over the largest one. Modern flagships are designed primarily for command and control rather than for fighting, as with many other naval terms, flagship has crossed over into general usage, where it means the most important or leading member of a group, as in the flagship station of a broadcast network. Is used as both a noun and adjective describing the most prominent or highly touted product, brand, location, derivations include the flagship brand or flagship product of a manufacturing company, flagship store of a retail chain, or flagship service of a hospitality or transportation concern. The term flagship may have applications, Auto companies may have a flagship in the form of their leading or highest-priced car. Electronics companies may have a series of products considered to be their flagship, for example, the Samsung Galaxy S series consists of several flagship smartphones that are released on a yearly basis. In rail transport, a service is either the fastest or most luxurious. Often it is also a train or service. In some cases, special service or a class above first class may be available in the service while it is not offered in normal services. Flagship services are used to present the company in advertising or abroad. Most states in the United States provide public university education through one or more university systems, the phrase flagship institution or flagship university may be applied to an individual school or campus within each state system. These schools are often land-grant, sea-grant, or space-grant research universities, the use of the term is seen by some as elitist and boastful
8.
Russ Nelson
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Russell Russ Nelson is an American computer programmer. He was a board member of the Open Source Initiative. Nelson wrote code for programs, In 1983, he co-wrote a MacPaint clone, Painters Apprentice. Nelson was the developer of Freemacs. While attending university, Nelson began developing the collection of drivers later commercially released as the Crynwr Collection, in 1998, Nelson became one of the six first members to serve on the Board of Directors of the Open Source Initiative. In February 2005, he became the President of the Open Source Initiative, Nelson apologized to those who perceived the post as racist, and indicated that he did not believe himself to be politically savvy enough for the role of president. Six years later, in March 2011, he departed the Board due to limits on the position. In July 2010, Nelson worked on monitors to measure water quality, Nelson is the son of Russell Edward Nelson and Gladys Jacobsen Nelson. He used to be a Quaker, He has since disavowed the religion for political reasons, Nelson is a pacifist, and a member of the Libertarian Party of the United States
9.
Michael Tiemann
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Michael Tiemann is Vice President of Open Source Affairs at Red Hat, Inc. and former President of the Open Source Initiative. He was the Chief Technical Officer of Red Hat and he has served on a number of boards, including the Embedded Linux Consortium, the GNOME Foundation Advisory Board, and the Board of Directors of ActiveState Tool Corp. He is also co-owner with Amy Tiemann of Manifold Recording Studios and he co-founded Cygnus Solutions in 1989. His programming contributions to free software include authorship of the GNU C++ compiler and work on the GNU C compiler, Tiemann is featured in the 2001 documentary Revolution OS. Opensource. com profiled him in 2014, calling him one of open sources great explainers and he earned a bachelors degree from the Moore School of Electrical Engineering in 1986 at the University of Pennsylvania
10.
Allison Randal
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Allison Randal is a software developer and author. She is also the developer of Punie, the port of Perl 1 to Parrot. She is co-author of Perl 6 and Parrot Essentials and the Synopses of Perl 6 and she was employed by OReilly Media. From August 2010 till February 2012, Randal was the Technical Architect of Ubuntu at Canonical and she is currently a director of the Open Source Initiative and since May 2015 has been its President. In 2009, Randal was chair of OReillys Open Source Convention, here be unicorns, Allison Randals blog An Interview with Allison Randal by Simon Cozens of perl. com Interview with Allison Randal by The Perl Review The Perl Programming Language
11.
Jon Hall (programmer)
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Jon maddog Hall is the Executive Director of Linux International, a non-profit organization of computer professionals who wish to support and promote Linux-based operating systems. The nickname maddog was given to him by his students at Hartford State Technical College and he now prefers to be called by this name. According to Hall, his nickname came from a time when I had less control over my temper and he has worked for Western Electric Corporation, Aetna Life and Casualty, Bell Laboratories, Digital Equipment Corporation, VA Linux Systems, and SGI. He was the CTO and ambassador of the now defunct computer appliance company Koolu and it was also in this general timeframe that Hall, who lives in New Hampshire, started the Greater New Hampshire Linux Users Group. Hall has UNIX as his New Hampshire vanity license plate, Hall serves or has served on the boards of several companies, and several non-profit organizations, including the USENIX Association. Hall has spoken about Linux and free software at the technology conference Campus Party many times since 2007, most recently in June 2014 in Mexico and in November 2014 in El Salvador. At the UK Linux and Open Source Awards 2006, Hall was honoured with a Lifetime Recognition Award for his services to the open source community. Hall holds a Master of Science in Computer Science from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in September 2015 maddog joined the Board of The Linux Professional Institute, as Chairman of the Board. Hall has used his experience and name recognition to promote a variety of causes, in 2013, Hall came on board as an advocate for the 64-bit porting project being run by the Linaro group. The objective is to port a collection of Linux open-source libraries to the 64-bit ARM architecture, Maddog telling an experience that led to his nickname Jon Maddog Hall, Free and Open Source Software in the developing world at FrOSCon 2010
12.
Debian Free Software Guidelines
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The DFSG is part of the Debian Social Contract. Allowing for modifications and derived works, integrity of the authors source code. No discrimination against persons or groups, no discrimination against fields of endeavor, like commercial use. The license needs to apply to all to whom the program is redistributed, license must not be specific to a product. License must not restrict other software, the GNU GPL, BSD, and Artistic licenses are examples of licenses considered free. The DFSG was first published together with the first version of the Debian Social Contract in July 1997, the Open Source Definition was created by modifying the text of the DFSG soon afterwards. DFSG was preceded by Free Software Foundations Free Software Definition, once the DFSG became the Open Source Definition, Richard Stallman saw the need to differentiate free software from open source and promoted the Free Software Definition. Published versions of FSFs Free Software Definition existed as early as 1986 and it is worth noting that the core of the Free Software Definition is the Four Freedoms, which clearly preceded the drafting and promulgation of the DFSG, but were unknown to its authors. In November 1998, Ian Jackson and others proposed several changes in a draft versioned 1.4, Jackson stated that the problems were loose wording and the patch clause. As of 2011, the document has never been revised, nevertheless, there were changes made to the Social Contract which were considered to affect the parts of the distribution covered by the DFSG. The Debian General Resolution 2004-003, titled Editorial amendments to the social contract, the proposer Andrew Suffield stated, The rule is this resolution only changes the letter of the law, not the spirit. Mostly it changes the wording of the contract to better reflect what it is supposed to mean. This prompted another General Resolution, 2004-004, in which the developers voted overwhelmingly against immediate action, most discussions about the DFSG happen on the debian-legal mailing list. When a Debian Developer first uploads a package for inclusion in Debian, the team sometimes confers with the debian-legal list in difficult cases. Also, the existence of PostScript, executable scripts, sourced documents, thus, to break the confusion, in June 2004 the Debian project decided to explicitly apply the same principles to software documentation, multimedia data and other content. The non-program content of Debian began to comply with the DFSG more strictly in Debian 4.0 and this assertion is the end result of a long discussion and the General Resolution 2006-001. Due to the GFDL invariant sections, content under this license must be contained in an additional non-free repository which is not officially considered part of Debian. The debian-legal mailing list subscribers have created some tests to check whether a license violates the DFSG, the common tests are the following, The Desert Island test
13.
Trademark
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The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, for the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings. A trademark identifies the owner of a particular product or service. The unauthorized usage of trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy, the owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action, the United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks. A trademark may be designated by the symbols, ™ ℠ ® A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image. There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do not fall into these categories, such as those based on colour, smell. Trademarks which are considered offensive are often rejected according to a nations trademark law, the term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service mark, in other words, trademarks serve to identify a particular business as the source of goods or services. The use of a trademark in this way is known as trademark use, certain exclusive rights attach to a registered mark. Different goods and services have been classified by the International Classification of Goods, in trademark treatises it is usually reported that blacksmiths who made swords in the Roman Empire are thought of as being the first users of trademarks. Other notable trademarks that have used for a long time include Löwenbräu. The first trademark legislation was passed by the Parliament of England under the reign of King Henry III in 1266, the first modern trademark laws emerged in the late 19th century. In France the first comprehensive system in the world was passed into law in 1857 with the Manufacture. In Britain, the Merchandise Marks Act 1862 made it an offense to imitate anothers trade mark with intent to defraud or to enable another to defraud. In 1875 the Trade Marks Registration Act was passed which allowed formal registration of marks at the UK Patent Office for the first time. Registration was considered to comprise prima facie evidence of ownership of a trade mark, in the United States, Congress first attempted to establish a federal trademark regime in 1870
14.
Bradley M. Kuhn
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Bradley M. Kuhn is a free software activist from the United States. Kuhn is currently President of the Software Freedom Conservancy, having previously been Executive Director, until 2010 he was the FLOSS Community Liaison and Technology Director of the Software Freedom Law Center. He previously served as the Executive Director of Free Software Foundation from 2001 until March 2005 and he was elected to the FSFs board of directors in March 2010. He is best known for his efforts in GPL enforcement, both at FSF and SFLC, as the creator of FSFs license list, and as author of the Affero General Public License. He has long been a proponent for non-profit structures for FLOSS development and he is a recipient of the 2012 OReilly Open Source Award. Kuhn attended Loyola Blakefield, followed by Loyola College in Maryland, Kuhn attended graduate school in Computer Science at the University of Cincinnati. His graduate adviser was John Franco, Kuhn received a USENIX student grant scholarship for his thesis work. Which focused on dynamic interoperability of free software languages, using a port of Perl to the Java Virtual Machine as an example, larry Wall served on Kuhns thesis committee. Kuhns thesis showed various problems regarding the use of stack-based virtual machines for Perl, Kuhn was an active participant in the Perl6 RFC Process, and headed the perl6-licensing committee during the process. The RFCs on licensing were all written by him, Kuhn taught AP Computer Science at Walnut Hills High School for the 1998-1999 academic year, using a Linux-based lab built by the students themselves. Kuhn volunteered for the Free Software Foundation throughout graduate school, and was hired part-time as Richard Stallmans assistant in January 2000, Kuhn is seen posting to lists in his professional capacity around this time. During his early employment at the FSF, Kuhn suggested the creation of and maintained the FSF license list page, Kuhn was also an early and active member of the Cincinnati Linux User Group during this period, serving on its Board of Directors in 1998 and giving numerous presentations. Bradley Kuhns computer science career briefly involved proprietary software development after high school and his sour experience in this area was one of his motivations for sticking with a career in non-profit work. Since graduate school, Kuhn has worked only for non-profits and he was hired full-time to work at the FSF in late 2000, and was promoted to Executive Director in March 2001. At both the FSF and SFLC, Kuhn has been involved all the major efforts in the United States to enforce the GPL. At SFLC, he assisted Eben Moglen, Richard Stallman, and Richard Fontana in the drafting of the GPLv3, and managed the production of the software system for the GPLv3 Comment Process, called stet. He advocated strongly for inclusion of the Affero clause in GPLv3, prior to 2010 Kuhn was FLOSS Community Liaison and Technical Director of the Software Freedom Law Center and was president of the Software Freedom Conservancy. In October 2010 he became the Conservancys first Executive Director, Kuhn is in fact the Registrant of the Replicant. us domain
15.
Lawrence Rosen (attorney)
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Lawrence Rosen is an attorney and computer specialist. He is a partner of Rosenlaw & Einschlag, a Californian technology law firm, specializing in intellectual property protection, licensing. Rosen was a lecturer in Law at Stanford Law School in Spring 2006 and he is the author of the Academic Free License and the Open Software License. He is a member of the board of the Open Web Foundation, Rosen was a director of the Apache Software Foundation from July 2011 to March 2012. Lawrence Rosens page at Rosenlaw & Einschlag
16.
Danese Cooper
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Danese Cooper is an American programmer, computer scientist and advocate of open source software. In 2009 she worked as Open Source Diva at REvolution Computing and she is a board member of the Drupal Association and the Open Source Hardware Association. She is an observer at Mozilla, and serves as a member of the Apache Software Foundation. She was a member at Open Source Initiative. In February 2014, Cooper joined PayPal as their first Head of Open Source, coopers major work within the open source area of computer software has garnered her the nickname Open Source Diva. She was recruited, while at a bar in Cupertino. Within six months she quit frustrated by the claims of open source development with Java that Sun made, Sun sought to keep Cooper understanding her need to further open source software and re-hired her as their corporate open source officer. Her six years with Sun Microsystems is credited as the key to the opening up its source code and lending support to Suns OpenOffice. org software suite, Oracle Grid Engine. In 2005 Cooper was an author to Open Sources 2.0. Cooper credits the open source community in helping her obtain the position at Wikimedia and she left the organization in July 2011. In June 2011, Cooper started a consultancy, daneseWorks, whose first client was the Gates Foundations shared learning collaborative and she is currently helping numenta/nupic with their open source & machine learning strategy. Danese Cooper obtained her high school diploma from Chadwick School and her B. A. from the University of California, upon graduation she spent time in Morocco as a volunteer in the Peace Corps. She is married to a developer and enjoys knitting, which she often engages in during meetings. Danese Cooper on Twitter Happy campers to test frontiers of new iPhone, Cooper speaks about the iPhone and its capabilities. Open Sources 2.0, The Continuing Evolution, ISBN 978-1-171-64816-1 Cooper serves as a contributor to this book documenting open source technology. Sun Microsystems Guru Gives Talk on Open-Source Software at Maine Conference, Cooper is interviewed about open source software and corporate concerns
17.
Free software movement
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Although drawing on traditions and philosophies among members of the 1970s hacker culture and academia, Richard Stallman formally founded the movement in 1983 by launching the GNU Project. Stallman later established the Free Software Foundation in 1985 to support the movement, the philosophy of the movement is that the use of computers should not lead to people being prevented from cooperating with each other. Stallman notes that this action will promote rather than hinder the progression of technology and this effort can go instead into advancing the state of the art. Members of the free software movement believe that all users of software should have the freedoms listed in The Free Software Definition, while social change may occur as an unintended by-product of technological change, advocates of new technologies often have promoted them as instruments of positive social change. This quote by San Jose State professor Joel West explains much of the philosophy, if it is assumed that social change is not only affected, but in some points of view, directed by the advancement of technology, is it ethical to hold these technologies from certain people. If not to make a change, this movement is in place to raise awareness about the effects that take place because of the physical things around us. A computer, for instance, allows us so many more freedoms than we have without a computer, the debate over the morality of both sides to the free software movement is a difficult topic to compromise respective opposition. Within the free movement, the FLOSS Manuals foundation specialises on the goal of providing such documentation. Members of the free software movement advocate that works which serve a practical purpose should also be free, the core work of the free software movement focused on software development. The free software movement also rejects proprietary software, refusing to install software that does not give them the freedoms of free software, some supporters of the free software movement take up public speaking, or host a stall at software-related conferences to raise awareness of software freedom. The ideas sparked by the GNU associates are an attempt to promote an environment that understands the benefits of having a local community. A lot of lobbying work has been done against software patents, other lobbying focusses directly on use of free software by government agencies and government-funded projects. The Venezuelan government implemented a free software law in January 2006, decree No.3,390 mandated all government agencies to migrate to free software over a two-year period. Congressmen Edgar David Villanueva and Jacques Rodrich Ackerman have been instrumental in introducing free software in Peru, the incident invited the attention of got Microsoft Inc, Peru, whose general manager wrote a letter to Villanueva. His response received worldwide attention and is seen as a piece of argumentation favouring use of free software in governments. In the United States, there have been efforts to pass legislation at the state level encouraging use of software by state government agencies. Like many social movements, the free movement has ongoing internal conflict between the many FOSS organizations and their personalities. For instance there is disagreement about the amount of compromises and pragmatism needed versus the need for strict adherence to values, after this Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens founded the Open Source Initiative, to promote the term open source software as an alternative term for free software
18.
Richard Stallman
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Richard Matthew Stallman, often known by his initials, rms, is an American software freedom activist and programmer. He campaigns for software to be distributed in a such that its users receive the freedoms to use, study, distribute. Software that ensures these freedoms is termed free software, Stallman launched the GNU Project, founded the Free Software Foundation, developed the GNU Compiler Collection and GNU Emacs, and wrote the GNU General Public License. Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to create a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software, with this, he also launched the free software movement. In October 1985 he founded the Free Software Foundation, in 1989 he co-founded the League for Programming Freedom. This has included software license agreements, non-disclosure agreements, activation keys, dongles, copy restriction, proprietary formats, as of 2016, he has received fifteen honorary doctorates and professorships. Stallman was born to Alice Lippman, a teacher, and Daniel Stallman. He was interested in computers at an age, when Stallman was a pre-teen at a summer camp. From 1967 to 1969, Stallman attended a Columbia University Saturday program for school students. Stallman was also a laboratory assistant in the biology department at Rockefeller University. Although he was interested in mathematics and physics, his professor at Rockefeller thought he showed promise as a biologist. His first experience with computers was at the IBM New York Scientific Center when he was in high school. He was hired for the summer in 1970, following his year of high school. He completed the task after a couple of weeks and spent the rest of the writing a text editor in APL. As a first-year student at Harvard University in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his performance in Math 55. He was happy, For the first time in my life, Stallman graduated from Harvard magna cum laude earning a bachelors degree in Physics in 1974. Stallman considered staying on at Harvard, but instead he decided to enroll as a student at MIT. He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year, but left that program to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory
19.
Unix
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Among these is Apples macOS, which is the Unix version with the largest installed base as of 2014. Many Unix-like operating systems have arisen over the years, of which Linux is the most popular, Unix was originally meant to be a convenient platform for programmers developing software to be run on it and on other systems, rather than for non-programmer users. The system grew larger as the system started spreading in academic circles, as users added their own tools to the system. Unix was designed to be portable, multi-tasking and multi-user in a time-sharing configuration and these concepts are collectively known as the Unix philosophy. By the early 1980s users began seeing Unix as a universal operating system. Under Unix, the system consists of many utilities along with the master control program. To mediate such access, the kernel has special rights, reflected in the division between user space and kernel space, the microkernel concept was introduced in an effort to reverse the trend towards larger kernels and return to a system in which most tasks were completed by smaller utilities. In an era when a standard computer consisted of a disk for storage and a data terminal for input and output. However, modern systems include networking and other new devices, as graphical user interfaces developed, the file model proved inadequate to the task of handling asynchronous events such as those generated by a mouse. In the 1980s, non-blocking I/O and the set of inter-process communication mechanisms were augmented with Unix domain sockets, shared memory, message queues, and semaphores. In microkernel implementations, functions such as network protocols could be moved out of the kernel, Multics introduced many innovations, but had many problems. Frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics but not by the aims and their last researchers to leave Multics, Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, M. D. McIlroy, and J. F. Ossanna, decided to redo the work on a much smaller scale. The name Unics, a pun on Multics, was suggested for the project in 1970. Peter H. Salus credits Peter Neumann with the pun, while Brian Kernighan claims the coining for himself, in 1972, Unix was rewritten in the C programming language. Bell Labs produced several versions of Unix that are referred to as Research Unix. In 1975, the first source license for UNIX was sold to faculty at the University of Illinois Department of Computer Science, UIUC graduate student Greg Chesson was instrumental in negotiating the terms of this license. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic circles led to adoption of Unix by commercial startups, including Sequent, HP-UX, Solaris, AIX. In the late 1980s, AT&T Unix System Laboratories and Sun Microsystems developed System V Release 4, in the 1990s, Unix-like systems grew in popularity as Linux and BSD distributions were developed through collaboration by a worldwide network of programmers
20.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
21.
Hacker culture
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The hacker culture is a subculture of individuals who enjoy the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming limitations of software systems to achieve novel and clever outcomes. The act of engaging in activities in a spirit of playfulness, however, the defining characteristic of a hacker is not the activities performed themselves, but the manner in which it is done and whether it is something exciting and meaningful. Therefore, the hacker culture originally emerged in academia in the 1960s around the Massachusetts Institute of Technology s Tech Model Railroad Club, Richard Stallman explains about hackers who program, What they had in common was mainly love of excellence and programming. They wanted to make their programs that they used be as good as they could and they also wanted to make them do neat things. They wanted to be able to do something in an exciting way than anyone believed possible. I bet you didnt believe this could be done, as documented in the Jargon File, these hackers are disappointed by the mass media and general publics usage of the word hacker to refer to security breakers, calling them crackers instead. The word hacker derives from the word of a lusty laborer who harvested fields by dogged. Although the idea of hacking has existed long before the term hacker—with the most notable example of Lightning Ellsworth, in fact, many of the first programmers were from engineering or physics backgrounds. With this definition in mind, it can be clear where the negative implications of the word hacker, some common nicknames among this culture include crackers who are unskilled thieves who mainly rely on luck. Others include phreak—which refers to a type of skilled crackers and warez d00dz—which is a kind of cracker that acquires reproductions of copyrighted software, within all hackers are tiers of hackers such as the samurai who are hackers that hire themselves out for legal electronic locksmith work. Furthermore, there are other hackers who are hired to test security, the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the University of California, Berkeley and Carnegie Mellon University were particularly well-known hotbeds of early hacker culture. Over time, the hacker subculture has tended to become more conscious, more cohesive. The concentration of academic hacker subculture has paralleled and partly driven by the commoditization of computer and networking technology. Many of the values and tenets of the free and open software movement stem from the hacker ethics that originated at MIT. Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race and you can create art and beauty on a computer. Computers can change your life for the better, Hacker ethics are concerned primarily with sharing, openness, collaboration, and engaging in the hands-on imperative. Hack value is the used by hackers to express that something is worth doing or is interesting. This is something that often feel intuitively about a problem or solution
22.
Free Software Foundation
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The FSF was incorporated in Massachusetts, USA, where it is also based. From its founding until the mid-1990s, FSFs funds were used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project. Since the mid-1990s, the FSFs employees and volunteers have worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement. Consistent with its goals, the FSF aims to use free software on its own computers. The Free Software Foundation was founded in 1985 as a non-profit corporation supporting free software development and it continued existing GNU projects such as the sale of manuals and tapes, and employed developers of the free software system. Since then, it has continued these activities, as well as advocating for the free software movement, the FSF is also the steward of several free software licenses, meaning it publishes them and has the ability to make revisions as needed. The FSF holds the copyrights on many pieces of the GNU system, as holder of these copyrights, it has the authority to enforce the copyleft requirements of the GNU General Public License when copyright infringement occurs on that software. From 1991 until 2001, GPL enforcement was done informally, usually by Stallman himself, often with assistance from FSFs lawyer, typically, GPL violations during this time were cleared up by short email exchanges between Stallman and the violator. In the interest of promoting copyleft assertiveness by software companies to the level that the FSF was already doing, in 2004 Harald Welte launched gpl-violations. org. In late 2001, Bradley M. Kuhn, with the assistance of Moglen, David Turner, from 2002-2004, high-profile GPL enforcement cases, such as those against Linksys and OpenTV, became frequent. GPL enforcement and educational campaigns on GPL compliance was a focus of the FSFs efforts during this period. In March 2003, SCO filed suit against IBM alleging that IBMs contributions to free software, including FSFs GNU. While FSF was never a party to the lawsuit, FSF was subpoenaed on November 5,2003, during 2003 and 2004, FSF put substantial advocacy effort into responding to the lawsuit and quelling its negative impact on the adoption and promotion of free software. From 2003 to 2005, FSF held legal seminars to explain the GPL, usually taught by Bradley M. Kuhn and Daniel Ravicher, these seminars offered CLE credit and were the first effort to give formal legal education on the GPL. In 2007, the FSF published the version of the GNU General Public License after significant outside input. In December 2008, FSF filed a lawsuit against Cisco for using GPL-licensed components shipped with Linksys products, Cisco was notified of the licensing issue in 2003 but Cisco repeatedly disregarded its obligations under the GPL. The GNU project The original purpose of the FSF was to promote the ideals of free software, the organization developed the GNU operating system as an example of this. GNU licenses The GNU General Public License is a widely used license for software projects
23.
Free software
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The right to study and modify software entails availability of the software source code to its users. This right is conditional on the person actually having a copy of the software. Richard Stallman used the existing term free software when he launched the GNU Project—a collaborative effort to create a freedom-respecting operating system—and the Free Software Foundation. The FSFs Free Software Definition states that users of software are free because they do not need to ask for permission to use the software. Free software thus differs from proprietary software, such as Microsoft Office, Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides or iWork from Apple, which users cannot study, change, freeware, which is a category of freedom-restricting proprietary software that does not require payment for use. For computer programs that are covered by law, software freedom is achieved with a software license. Software that is not covered by law, such as software in the public domain, is free if the source code is in the public domain. Proprietary software, including freeware, use restrictive software licences or EULAs, Users are thus prevented from changing the software, and this results in the user relying on the publisher to provide updates, help, and support. This situation is called vendor lock-in, Users often may not reverse engineer, modify, or redistribute proprietary software. Other legal and technical aspects, such as patents and digital rights management may restrict users in exercising their rights. Free software may be developed collaboratively by volunteer computer programmers or by corporations, as part of a commercial, from the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal for computer users to have the software freedoms associated with free software, which was typically public domain software. Software was commonly shared by individuals who used computers and by manufacturers who welcomed the fact that people were making software that made their hardware useful. Organizations of users and suppliers, for example, SHARE, were formed to exchange of software. As software was written in an interpreted language such as BASIC. Software was also shared and distributed as printed source code in computer magazines and books, in United States vs. IBM, filed January 17,1969, the government charged that bundled software was anti-competitive. While some software might always be free, there would henceforth be an amount of software produced primarily for sale. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the industry began using technical measures to prevent computer users from being able to study or adapt the software as they saw fit. In 1980, copyright law was extended to computer programs, Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation was founded in October 1985
24.
Brian Behlendorf
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Brian Behlendorf is a technologist, executive, computer programmer, and an important figure in the open-source software movement. Behlendorf served as President of the Foundation for three years, Behlendorf has served on the board of the Mozilla Foundation since 2003, Benetech since 2009 and the Electronic Frontier Foundation since 2013. Behlendorf, raised in Southern California, became interested in the development of the Internet while he was a student at the University of California. One of his first projects was a mailing list and online music resource, SFRaves. Behlendorf was a participant and the chief technology guru for the Burning Man festival. In 1993, Behlendorf, Jonathan Nelson, Matthew Nelson and Cliff Skolnick co-founded Organic, so, Behlendorf patched the open-source code to support HotWireds requirements. By the end of February 1995, eight core contributors to the project started Apache as a fork of the NCSA codebase, working loosely together, they eventually rewrote the entire original program as the Apache HTTP Server. In 1999, the project incorporated as the Apache Software Foundation, Behlendorf was the CTO of the World Economic Forum. He is also a director and CTO of CollabNet, a company he co-founded with OReilly & Associates in 1999 to develop tools for enabling collaborative. CollabNet used to be the corporate sponsor of the open source version control system Subversion. He continues to be involved with electronic music community events such as Chillits, in 2003, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35. Behlendorf was a Managing Director at Mithril Capital, a technology investment firm based in San Francisco from 2014 until he joined the Linux Foundation. In 2016, he was appointed Executive Director of the open source Hyperledger project at the Linux Foundation to advance blockchain technology, revolution OS2001 documentary on Linux, open source, etc. SFRaves History Hyperreal Funding Info Personal homepage Organic, Inc
25.
Ken Coar
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He currently lives in Raleigh, North Carolina. Coar attended the University of Massachusetts Amherst, majoring in computer topics and he worked for the University for several years, and has since been employed by General Dynamics, Digital Equipment Corporation, Process Software Corporation, and IBM. In April 2011 he joined Red Hat as a Principal Application Software Engineer, Coar has been active in open software projects, and lectures internationally about open development methodologies and distributed collaboration. He has addressed local groups, regional conferences, and government organisations and he is co-author with David R. Robinson of RFC3875, the Common Gateway Interface specification. Ken Coar is a member of The Apache Software Foundation and was a Director on its board from its incorporation in 1999 through June 2007 and his involvement with the organisation dates back to late 1996, and his major code contributions have been to the Apache HTTP server project. He is also the primary contributor to the Apache Pulse project, Coar was Vice President and chair of the Apache Conferences project from 1998 to 2007, and was responsible for the ApacheCon shows which have been held in North America and Europe since 2000. He was the chair of the Apache Commons project, which eventually shut down without actually having accomplished much. He helped in the creation of the Apache Incubator project, in October 2005 the ASF board appointed Ken to be the Vice President and chair of the Apache Geronimo Application Server project in an attempt to repair the community dynamics. He voluntarily resigned one year later, returning the now-healthy project to self-governance, a complete and current listing of Apache projects in which he is involved is available here, Committers. In 2004 Coar was invited to join the board of the Open Source Initiative, and served as a director until 1 April 2010, when he resigned. He was instrumental in improving internal organisation, expanding the boards composition internationally and he was involved in expanding OSIs activities beyond software licence certification, and in turning the organisation into a grass roots membership structure. Coar has made contributions to other projects, such as the PHP scripting language, the Habari blogging package. In the late 1990s he was involved in IBMs efforts to get involved with the Apache HTTP Server project, Coar is also casually involved with a few projects at SourceForge. 9 Secure Apache, Out, Damned Bot, enterprise IT Planet Apache Software Foundation Member Ken Coar Interview Coar on Apache Site Defacement Apache Module Development in C ISBN 978-020172162-1
26.
Chris DiBona
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Chris DiBona is the director of open source at Google. In his former work on Googles public sector software, he looked after Google Moderator, before joining Google, he was an editor at Slashdot and co-founded Damage Studios. DiBona has a B. S. in computer science from George Mason University and he also co-edited Open Sources, Voices from the Open Source Revolution and Open Sources 2.0. He formerly co-hosted FLOSS Weekly with Leo Laporte, the show premiered on April 7,2006, and features prominent guests from the free software/open source community. He also appeared on This Week in Tech and CrankyGeeks from time to time and was in the documentary Revolution OS, on July 29,2007, Laporte announced that due to commitment issues, DiBona was stepping down as host of FLOSS Weekly. DiBona runs Science Foo Camp annually with Tim OReilly of OReilly Media and Timo Hannay of Nature on the Google campus in Mountain View, DiBona was a Linux commentator on TechTVs The Screen Savers, during 2004 and parts of 2005. His stories concentrated on fun applications and consumer use of Linux, DiBona formerly served on the board of Our Good Works, a non-profit that looks after the volunteer matching website Allforgood. org. DiBona served on the board of imeem, a San Francisco, Ca. based social networking firm, and advises PicPlz. Hes a visiting scientist at the MIT Sloan School of Management, and he also advises Ingenuitas on their sightmachine project. Hes also an associate in Google Ventures, diBonas Weblog Chris DiBona at the Internet Movie Database Revolution OS at the Internet Movie Database
27.
Rishab Aiyer Ghosh
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Rishab Aiyer Ghosh is a journalist, computer scientist and Open-source software advocate. Ghosh has undertaken several studies on free software, which he terms FLOSS - an alternative term for free software which he is credited with coining, FLOSS emphasizes the essential value of the term libre. Ghoshs work represents an effort to reshape the understanding of FLOSS, including the governmental. Ghosh was a founder of Topsy Labs, a social search, media related to Rishab Aiyer Ghosh at Wikimedia Commons Rishab Aiyer Ghosh at UNU-MERIT Collaborative Creativity Group at UNU-MERIT Grossman, Wendy M. Getting to the root of open source, india sits on the fence in open source debate. Open source is good for the economy, report, a search engine that ranks peoples influence. Jones, K. C. Wikipedia To Learn More About Its Volunteers, Topsy, Interview with Rishab Aiyer Ghosh, Co-Founder
28.
Mike Godwin
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Michael Wayne Godwin is an American attorney and author. He was the first staff counsel of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and he created the Internet adage Godwins law, from July 2007 to October 2010, he was general counsel for the Wikimedia Foundation. In March 2011 he was elected to the Open Source Initiative board, Godwin has served as a contributing editor of Reason magazine since 1994. He is currently general counsel and director of policy at the R Street Institute. Godwin was educated at Lamar High School in Houston, before graduating in 1980 from the University of Texas at Austin with a Bachelor of Arts degree in the Plan II Honors program. Godwin later attended the University of Texas School of Law, graduating with a Juris Doctor degree in 1990, while in law school, Godwin was the editor of The Daily Texan, the student newspaper, from 1988 to 1989. In his last semester of law school, early in 1990, Godwin and his involvement is later documented in the non-fiction book The Hacker Crackdown, Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier by Bruce Sterling. Godwins early involvement in the Steve Jackson Games affair led to his being hired by the Electronic Frontier Foundation in November 1990, when the organization was new. Shortly afterwards, as the first EFF in-house lawyer, he supervised its sponsorship of the Steve Jackson Games, Steve Jackson Games won the case in 1993. As a lawyer for EFF, Godwin was one of the counsel of record for the plaintiffs in the case challenging the Communications Decency Act in 1996, the Supreme Court decided the case for the plaintiffs on First Amendment grounds in 1997 in Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union. He is a Contributing Editor at Reason magazine, where he has published interviews of several science-fiction writers. From 2003 to 2005, Godwin was staff attorney and later director of Public Knowledge. In recent years, Godwin has worked on copyright and technology policy, Godwin was general counsel for the Wikimedia Foundation from July 3,2007, until October 22,2010. Godwin was named a member of the Student Press Law Center Board of Directors in January 2009, Godwin originated Godwins law in 1990, stating, As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Nazis or Hitler approaches 1. Godwin believes the ubiquity of such comparisons trivializes the Holocaust, archived from the original on Jun 2006
29.
Joi Ito
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Joichi Joi Ito is a Japanese activist, entrepreneur, venture capitalist, Director of the MIT Media Lab and Professor of the Practice of Media Arts and Sciences at MIT. Ito has received recognition for his role as a focused on Internet and technology companies and has founded, among other companies, PSINet Japan, Digital Garage. Ito is the chairman of the board of PureTech Health, Ito was born in Kyoto, Japan. Company founder Stanford R. Ovshinsky was impressed with Ito, whom he thought of almost as his son. Ovshinsky helped Ito develop his interests in technology and social movements, Ito and his sister Mizuko Ito, who is called Mimi, spent summers in Japan with their grandmother who taught them traditional Japanese culture. At 14, he returned to Japan when his mother was promoted to president of Energy Conversion Devices Japan and he studied at the Nishimachi International School and for high school, the American School in Japan in Tokyo. Ito also learned street language, street smarts, and computers, One of few Japanese using modems before deregulation of networking reached Japan in 1985, Ito had found The Source and the original MUD by his teens. Ito returned to the United States to attend Tufts University near Boston as a science major. Finding his course work too rigid and believing that learning computer science in school was stupid, Ovshinsky encouraged him to return to school. Ito is one of Timothy Learys godsons—a close non-traditional family-like relationship, Itos sister is Mizuko Ito, a cultural anthropologist studying media technology use, and the musician Cornelius is his second cousin. Ito currently lives in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with his wife Mizuka Ito, Ito became a disk jockey working in nightclubs in Chicago such as The Limelight and The Smart Bar and to work with Metasystems Design Group to start a virtual community in Tokyo. Later, Ito ran a nightclub in Roppongi, Japan called XY Relax with help from Joe Shanahan of Metro Chicago/Smart Bar and he helped bring industrial music from Chicago and later the rave scene, including importing Anarchic Adjustment to Japan. Ito was the Chairman of Creative Commons from December 2006 until 2012 and he is on the board of Digital Garage, Culture Convenience Club, Tucows, and EPIC, and is on the advisory boards of Creative Commons and WITNESS. He is the founder and CEO of the capital firm Neoteny Co. Ltd. In October 2004, he was named to the board of ICANN for a term starting December 2004. In August 2005, he joined the board of the Mozilla Foundation and he served on the board of the Open Source Initiative from March 2005 until April 2007. He currently serves as a Board Emeritus for OSI and he was a founding board member of Expression College for Digital Arts as well as the Zero One Art and Technology Network. In 1999, he served as the Associate to Mr. Mount on the film The Indian Runner, Ito also served as a Board Member of Energy Conversion Devices from 1995 to 2000
30.
Jim Jagielski
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Jim Jagielski is an American software engineer, who specializes in web, cloud and open source technologies. Jagielski graduated from the Johns Hopkins University in 1983 with a BES in Electrical/Computer Engineering and he was hired by NASAs Goddard Space Flight Center immediately after graduation. In 1994, Jagielski founded jaguNET Access Services, a Web Host and he has served as CTO for Zend Technologies, CTO for Covalent Technologies, Chief Architect for SpringSource/VMware and under the Office of CTO at Red Hat, Inc. as a Consulting Software Engineer. Director at Capital One in the Tech Fellows program, hes been a speaker at various conferences and seminars such as ApacheCon, Forresters IT Gigaworld, and OReilly Open Source Convention. He has written on topics, and was the editor of the Apache section on Slashdot. His first recognition on the Internet was as editor of the A/UX FAQ and system administrator for Jagubox, in addition to his involvement with the ASF, Jagielski has been involved with other open-source projects. Jagielski is one of the members of The Apache Software Foundation. Jagielski has served as Director on the ASFs board since its incorporation in 1999, after having served eight years as Executive Vice President and Secretary, and three years as Chairman, Jagielski served for several years as President of the ASF. He is currently the ASFs VP of Legal Affairs, Jagielski is the original Chair of the Apache Incubator project, in which he is still involved. He was one of the original co-mentors for the Geronimo project, Jagielski is an active developer on many open source projects, ASF and otherwise. After doing some development on the NCSA HTTPd web server, he started with Apache in early-to-mid 1995, in 2005, Jagielski was asked to serve on the Advisory Board of the Open Source Software Institute. Open Source Software Institute is an organization of corporate, government. Its mission is to promote the development and implementation of software solutions within U. S. federal, state and municipal government agencies. In 2010, Jagielski was appointed to the Board of Directors of the CodePlex Foundation, as well as Director, Jagielski serves as President for Outercurve. In 2011, Jagielski was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Open Source Initiative, based on his long involvement in the FOSS community, Jagielski was one of the recipients of the OReilly Open Source Awards at OSCON2012. In 2012, Jagielski was appointed as a new Council member of the MARSEC-XL Foundation, Jagielski has contributed to Sendmail, xntpd, BIND, PHP, Perl and FreeBSD, among other projects
31.
Martin Michlmayr
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Martin Michlmayr is a free and open source software advocate and Debian developer. Michlmayr joined the Debian project in 2000, in 2003, Michlmayr was elected as Debian Project Leader, he was re-elected to that position one year later, in 2004. Michlmayr contributed to Debians New Member process, participating in the recruitment of over 120 new members, additionally, Michlmayr made various contributions to Debians quality assurance effort. He identified the problem of packages with inactive maintainers and implemented processes to address this problem systematically and he also became involved in identifying inactive maintainers whose packages should be reassigned, created overviews of bugs in Debian, and coordinated keysigning to improve Debians web of trust. He also contributed to Debians ports to the ARM and MIPS platforms, by porting Debian to several embedded devices and he used snapshots of the GCC compiler to build the entire Debian archive. This work resulted in the identification of bugs as well as build errors in many open source packages. Michlmayr completed a doctorate in management at the University of Cambridge in 2007. The focus of research was on quality improvement in free software and open source projects. Between 2008 and 2014 Michlmayr served on the board of directors of the Open Source Initiative and he is a member of Software Freedom Conservancys evaluation committee, which evaluates projects that apply to Conservancy for membership. Michlmayr acted as an advisor to Software in the Public Interest in the past
32.
Ian Murdock
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Ian Ashley Murdock was an American software engineer, known for being the founder of the Debian project and Progeny Linux Systems, a commercial Linux company. Although Murdocks parents were both from southern Indiana, he was born in Konstanz, West Germany on 28 April 1973, where his father was pursuing postdoctoral research. The family returned to the United States in 1975, and Murdock grew up in Lafayette, Murdock graduated from Harrison High School in 1991, and then earned his bachelors degree in computer science from Purdue in 1996. While a college student, Murdock founded the Debian project in August 1993, Murdock conceived Debian as a Linux distribution that embraced open design, contributions, and support from the free software community. He named Debian after his then-girlfriend Debra Lynn, and himself and they later married, had three children, and divorced in January 2008. In January 2006, Murdock was appointed Chief Technology Officer of the Free Standards Group and he continued as CTO of the Linux Foundation when the group was formed from the merger of the Free Standards Group and Open Source Development Labs. From March 2007 to February 2010, he was Vice President of Emerging Platforms at Sun, until the merged with Oracle. From 2011 until 2015 Murdock was Vice President of Platform and Developer Community at Salesforce Marketing Cloud, from November 2015 until his death Murdock was working for Docker, Inc. Murdock died on 28 December 2015 in San Francisco, though initially no cause of death was released, in July 2016 it was announced his death had been ruled a suicide. The police confirmed that the cause of death was due to asphyxiation caused by hanging himself with a vacuum cleaner electrical cord, the last tweets from Murdocks Twitter account first announced that he would commit suicide, then said he would not. He reported having been assaulted by police, and having assaulted a police officer and his Twitter account was taken down shortly afterwards. The San Francisco police confirmed he was detained, saying he matched the description in a reported attempted break-in, the police stated that he became violent and was ultimately taken to jail on suspicion of four misdemeanor counts. They added that he did not appear to be suicidal and was medically examined prior to release, later, police returned on reports of a possible suicide. The city medical examiner’s office confirmed Murdock was found dead, list of Debian project leaders Official website Murdock, Ian, Overview Of The Debian GNU/Linux System, LinuxJournal. Interview, tlltsarchive. org, The Linux Link Tech Show,11 May 2005 Interview, jeffratliff. org, The Linux Link Tech Show,4 July 2006
33.
Nnenna Nwakanma
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Nnenna Nwakanma is a FOSS activist, community organizer, development adviser and development consultant originally from Nigeria in Africa. She is the co-founder of The Free Software and Open Source Foundation for Africa which she also co-chairs and she was elected as a board member of the Open Source Initiative in April 2007. She also co-founded The Africa Network of Information Society Actors, and she is also a Vice President of the Digital solidarity fund. Previously, she served as the Information Officer for Africa of the Helen Keller Foundation, fluent in English, French and a handful of African languages, based in Abidjan, Côte dIvoire, having lived in at least 5 different African countries, she normally introduces herself as African
34.
Guido van Rossum
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Guido van Rossum is a Dutch programmer who is best known as the author of the Python programming language. In the Python community, Van Rossum is known as a Benevolent Dictator For Life, meaning that he continues to oversee the Python development process and he was employed by Google from 2005 until 7 December 2012, where he spent half his time developing the Python language. In January 2013, Van Rossum started working for Dropbox, Van Rossum was born and raised in the Netherlands, where he received a masters degree in mathematics and computer science from the University of Amsterdam in 1982. Guido van Rossum is the brother of Just van Rossum, a designer and programmer. Just van Rossum designed the typeface that is used in the Python Powered logo, Guido lives in Belmont, California with his wife, Kim Knapp, and their son, Orlijn. While working at the Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Guido van Rossum wrote and he also created the early Grail web browser which was written in Python and engaged in discussions about the HTML standard. About the origin of Python, Van Rossum wrote in 1996, Over six years ago, in December 1989, would be closed, but I had a home computer, and not much else on my hands. I decided to write an interpreter for the new scripting language I had been thinking about lately, I chose Python as a working title for the project, being in a slightly irreverent mood. In 2000 he further wrote, Pythons predecessor, ABC, was inspired by SETL – Lambert Meertens spent a year with the SETL group at NYU before coming up with the final ABC design. As of November 2011, it was the 3rd most popular language on the GitHub social coding website, according to a programming language popularity survey it is consistently amongst the top 10 most mentioned languages in job postings. Furthermore, Python is consistently in the top 10 most popular languages according to the TIOBE Programming Community Index, while working for Google, Van Rossum developed Mondrian, a web-based code review system written in Python and used within the company. He named the software after the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian and he named another related software project after Gerrit Rietveld, a Dutch designer. In December 2012, Van Rossum joined the cloud storage company Dropbox. At the 2002 FOSDEM conference in Brussels, Van Rossum received the 2001 Award for the Advancement of Free Software from the Free Software Foundation for his work on Python, Van Rossum received a NLUUG Award in May 2003. In 2006, Van Rossum was recognized as a Distinguished Engineer by the Association for Computing Machinery
35.
Luis Villa
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Luis Villa is an American attorney and programmer who worked as Deputy General Counsel and then as Senior Director of Community Engagement at the Wikimedia Foundation. Previously he was an attorney at Mozilla, where he worked on the revision of the Mozilla Public License and he continued that work in his next job at Greenberg Traurig where he was part of the team defending Google against Oracles claims concerning Android. Prior to graduating from Columbia Law School in 2009, he was an employee at Ximian and he spent a year as a senior geek in residence at Harvards Berkman Center for Internet & Society working on StopBadware. org. He has been elected four times to the board of the GNOME Foundation and he was editor-in-chief of the Columbia Science and Technology Law Review, and blogs regularly. He was a director of the Open Source Initiative from April 2012 to March 2015, interview with Red Hat magazine Villas Blog
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Tony Wasserman
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Wasserman is an American computer scientist. As a special faculty member at Carnegie Mellon University, Wasserman teaches classes in cloud computing, open source software and he is a frequent speaker at Open Source conferences around the world including the Open World Forum. He was the chair of the tenth international conference on Open Source systems, OSS2014. He then became president of Bluestone Software before its acquisition by Hewlett Packard. In 1996 he was elected as a fellow of the IEEE for contributions to engineering, including the development of computer-aided software engineering tools. In the same year he became a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for technical and professional contributions to the field of software engineering
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Sanjiva Weerawarana
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Sanjiva Weerawarana is a CEO, software developer and open source evangelist. He is known for, His work on the Web Services standards including WSDL, BPEL, founding WSO2, an Open Source middleware company. His involvement with the Apache Software Foundation, including work on Apache SOAP, Apache Axis, setting up the Lanka Software Foundation. Involvement with the Sahana FOSS Disaster Management System, advisory Board Member 24/7 Techies He is currently Chairman and CEO of WSO2 Inc. He lives in Colombo, Sri Lanka and he is a visiting professor and lecturer at the University of Moratuwa and a board alumnus of the Open Source Initiative. Weerawarana attended Kent State University, majoring in applied mathematics / computer science and he then joined IBM Research working in Hawthorne, New York, until he left to found the startup WSO2. Weerawarana has been involved with the Apache Software Foundation since 2000 when he worked on the original Apache SOAP project, Weerawarana is an elected Member of the Foundation and is a committer on several projects. A complete and current listing of Apache projects in which he is involved is available here, in 2004 he founded the Lanka Software Foundation to encourage involvement in Open Source from Sri Lankans. And he is a director there, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list Maria E. Orlowska, Sanjiva Weerawarana, Michael P. Papazoglou, Jian Yang. Service-Oriented Computing -- ICSOC2003, First International Conference, Trento, Italy, December 15–18,2003, Proceedings
