1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
County (United States)
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A highway sign designating the border between
Nicholas and
Greenbrier counties in
West Virginia along a secondary road.
County (United States)
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County
4.
Cook County, Illinois
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Cook County is a county in the U. S. state of Illinois. It is the second-most populous county in the United States after Los Angeles County, as of 2015, the population was 5,238,216. Its county seat is Chicago, the largest city in Illinois, more than 40% of all residents of Illinois live in Cook County. Cook Countys population is larger than that of 29 individual U. S. states, there are 135 incorporated municipalities partially or wholly within Cook County, the largest of which is Chicago, which is home to approximately 54% of the population of the county. That part of the county which lies outside of the Chicago city limits is divided into 29 townships, geographically, the county is the sixth-largest in Illinois by land area. It shares the states Lake Michigan shoreline with Lake County, including its lake area, the county has a total area of 1,635 square miles, the largest county in Illinois, of which 945 square miles is land and 690 square miles is water. Land-use in Cook County is mainly urban and densely populated, Cook County is included in the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is surrounded by what are known as the five collar counties, Cook County was created on January 15,1831, out of Putnam County by an act of the Illinois General Assembly. It was the 54th county established in Illinois and was named after Daniel Cook and he served as the second U. S. Representative from Illinois and the states first Attorney General, in 1839, DuPage County was carved out of Cook County. Cook County is the home rule county in Illinois. The Cook County Code is the codification of Cook Countys local ordinances, Cook Countys current County Board president is Toni Preckwinkle. The Circuit Court of Cook County, which is a State agency funded, in part, by Cook County, the Cook County Department of Corrections, also known as the Cook County Jail, is the largest single-site jail in the nation. The Cook County Juvenile Detention Center, under the authority of the Chief Judge of the State court, is the first juvenile center in the nation, the Cook County Law Library is the second-largest county law library in the nation. In the 1980s, Cook County was ground zero to an extensive FBI investigation called Operation Greylord, ninety-two officials were indicted, including 17 judges,48 lawyers,8 policemen,10 deputy sheriffs,8 court officials, and a state legislator. The Bureau of Health Services administers the public health services and is the third-largest public health system in the nation. Three hospitals are part of system, John H. Stroger. Hospital of Cook County, Provident Hospital, and Oak Forest Hospital of Cook County, the Cook County Department of Transportation is responsible for the design and maintenance of roadways in the county
Cook County, Illinois
–
The century-old,
neoclassical County and City Hall building (left) in the
Chicago Loop houses the County Board chambers and administrative offices
Cook County, Illinois
Cook County, Illinois
–
Major city
5.
Will County, Illinois
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Will County is a county located in the northern part of the state of Illinois. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 677,560, will County is one of the five collar counties of the Chicago-Naperville-Elgin, IL-IN-WI Metropolitan Statistical Area. The portion of Will County around Joliet uses the 815 and 779 area codes,630 and 331 area code for far northern Will County, will County was formed in 1836 out of Cook and Iroquois. It was named after Dr. Conrad Will, an involved in salt production in southern Illinois. Will was a member of the first Illinois Constitutional Convention and a member of the Illinois Legislature until his death in 1835, on January 12,1836, Will County was formed from Cook County and Iroquois County. It included besides its present area, the part of Kankakee County, will County lost that area when Kankakee County was organized in 1852, but since then its boundaries have been unchanged. Thirty-six locations in Will County are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 849 square miles, of which 837 square miles is land and 12 square miles is water. The Kankakee River, Du Page River and the Des Plaines River run through the county, the Illinois and Michigan Canal and the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal run through Will County. A number of areas are preserved as parks under the Forest Preserve District of Will County, the 17,000 acres Midewin National Tallgrass Prairie is a U. S. Forest Service park in the county on the grounds of the former Joliet Arsenal. Other parks include Channahon State Park and the Des Plaines Fish, average monthly precipitation ranged from 1.58 inches in January to 4.34 inches in July. The population density was 809.6 inhabitants per square mile, there were 237,501 housing units at an average density of 283.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 76. 0% white,11. 2% black or African American,4. 6% Asian,0. 3% American Indian,5. 8% from other races, and 2. 3% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 15. 6% of the population. In terms of ancestry,21. 6% were German,18. 6% were Irish,13. 3% were Polish,11. 1% were Italian,5. 9% were English, and 2. 1% were American. The average household size was 2.97 and the family size was 3.41. The median age was 35.4 years, the median income for a household in the county was $75,906 and the median income for a family was $85,488. Males had an income of $60,867 versus $40,643 for females. The per capita income for the county was $29,811, about 5. 0% of families and 6. 6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9. 0% of those under age 18 and 5. 6% of those age 65 or over
Will County, Illinois
–
Major city
Will County, Illinois
–
Illinois's location in the
U.S.
6.
Civil township
–
A civil township is a widely used unit of local government in the United States, subordinate to a county. The term town is used in New England, New York, specific responsibilities and the degree of autonomy vary based on each state. Civil townships are distinct from survey townships, but in states that have both, the boundaries often coincide and may completely geographically subdivide a county, the U. S. Census Bureau classifies civil townships as minor civil divisions. Currently, there are 20 states with civil townships, Township functions are generally overseen by a governing board and a clerk or trustee. Township officers frequently include justice of the peace, road commissioner, assessor, constable, in the 20th century many townships also added a township administrator or supervisor to the officers as an executive for the board. In some cases townships run local libraries, senior services, youth services, disabled citizen services, emergency assistance. Depending on the state, the government has varying degrees of authority. In the Upper Midwestern states near the Great Lakes, civil townships, are often, the degree to which these townships are functioning governmental entities varies from state to state and in some cases even within a state. Most townships in Illinois also provide such as snow removal, senior transportation. The townships in Illinois each have a board, whose board members were formerly called township trustees. In contrast, civil townships in Indiana are operated in a consistent manner statewide and tend to be well organized, with each served by a single township trustee. Civil townships in these states are not incorporated, and nearby cities may annex land in adjoining townships with relative ease. In Wisconsin, civil townships are known as towns rather than townships, in Minnesota, state statute refers to such entities as towns yet requires them to have a name in the form Name Township. In both documents and conversation, town and township are used interchangeably, Minnesota townships can be either Non-Urban or Urban, but this is not reflected in the townships name. In Ohio, a city or village is overlaid onto a township unless it withdraws by establishing a paper township, where the paper township does not extend to the city limits, property owners pay taxes for both the township and municipality. Ten other states also allow townships and municipalities to overlap, in Kansas some civil townships provide services such as road maintenance and fire protection services not provided by the county. In New England, the states are subdivided into towns, which are fully functioning municipal corporations that provide most local services, while counties exist in New England, for the most part they serve as dividing lines for state judicial systems. With the exception of a few areas of New Hampshire, Vermont and Maine
Civil township
–
Madison Township Hall in
Madison Township,
Richland County,
Ohio
7.
Orland Township, Cook County, Illinois
–
Orland Township is one of 29 townships in Cook County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 97,558, according to the United States Census Bureau, Orland Township covers an area of 36.47 square miles, of this,35.74 square miles is land and 0.73 square miles is water. It includes the village of Orland Hills, almost all of Orland Park. Orland Township is bordered by Harlem Avenue on the east, 135th Street on the north, Will-Cook Road on the west, the Regular Democratic Organization for Orland Township, represents all Democratic candidates. United States Census Bureau 2007 TIGER/Line Shapefiles United States National Atlas Orland Township official website History of Orland, city-Data. com Illinois State Archives Township Officials of Illinois Cook County official site
Orland Township, Cook County, Illinois
–
Location in Cook County
8.
Palos Township, Cook County, Illinois
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Palos Township is one of 29 townships in Cook County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 54,615, in 1850 the small town of Trenton, Illinois, changed its name to Palos. This recommendation was made by M. S, powell, the local postmaster, whose ancestor supposedly sailed with Christopher Columbus from Palos de la Frontera. When it incorporated as a Village in 1914, Palos officially became Palos Park, the neighboring communities of Palos Hills and Palos Heights incorporated at later points. All three municipalities lie within Palos Township, according to Illinois law, Townships are responsible for the maintenance of Township roadways, the governance of the General Assistance program and the assessment of real property. In Cook County, Townships are not responsible for assessing real property as the Cook County Assessor performs that function, some Townships have adopted other duties including the provision of health services. Other services provided by Palos Township include free tax preparation for senior citizens, free fax service, temporary handicapped placards, voter services, speakers bureau, and much more. According to the United States Census Bureau, Palos Township covers an area of 35.37 square miles, Palos Township is bordered by Harlem Avenue on the east, 135th Street on the south, Will-Cook Road on the west and 87th Street on the north. The northwest border with DuPage County is along the Chicago Sanitary, the Town Board consists of five voting members and includes the elected Township Supervisor and four elected Township Trustees. The Town Board is responsible for providing a budget and taxes sufficient to run the operations of the Township Government each year, the Supervisor is a voting member of the Town Board but is also the Chief Executive Officer and the Chief Financial Officer of the Township. The Township Clerk, Assessor and Highway Commissioner are elected officials, however they do not have a vote on the Town Board
Palos Township, Cook County, Illinois
–
Location in Cook County
9.
Bremen Township, Cook County, Illinois
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Bremen Township is one of 29 townships in Cook County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 110,118 and it was organized in 1850 and is located southwest of Chicago in southern Cook County. Bremen Township is bordered by Harlem Avenue on the west, 135th Street on the north, Western Avenue on the east and 183rd Street on the south
Bremen Township, Cook County, Illinois
–
Location in Cook County
10.
Municipal corporation
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A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. A city charter or town charter is a document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages and is considered to be a version of a constitution. Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system, townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often free, in the sense that they were protected by the king or emperor. Today the process for granting charters is determined by the type of government of the state in question, in monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the state authorities acting on behalf of the Crown. In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the level of government such as a state or province. In Brazil, municipal corporations are called municípios and are created by means of legislation at the state level. All municipal corporations must also abide by a municipal law which is passed and amended at the municipal level. In Canada charters are granted by provincial authorities, in Germany, municipal corporations existed since antiquity and through medieval times, until they became out of favour during the absolutism. In order to strengthen the spirit, the city law of Prussia dated 19 November 1808 picked up this concept. It is the basis of municipal law. In India, a Municipal Corporation is a local government body. This standard varies from state to state, according to laws passed by state legislatures, the Corporation of Chennai was the first Municipal Corporation in India. It was established on 29 September 1688 by the British East India Company, the second was Hyderabad Municipal Corporation established in 1869 by the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad State. The third was the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, established in 1876, the Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1888 by the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act. The Delhi Municipal Council was established in 1911 during the Delhi Durbar when New Delhi was proclaimed to be the new Capital of India and it was elevated to Municipal Corporation level on 7 April 1958 by an Act of Parliament which established the Municipal Corporation of Delhi
Municipal corporation
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Dhaka City Corporation Building
Municipal corporation
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Chennai Corporation headquarters
Municipal corporation
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Municipal Corporation Building, Mumbai
Municipal corporation
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Municipal Corporation of Delhi Headquarters
11.
2010 United States Census
–
The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
2010 United States Census
–
President Obama completing his census form in the
Oval Office on March 29, 2010.
2010 United States Census
–
Seal of the
U.S. Census Bureau
12.
American Community Survey
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The American Community Survey is an ongoing statistical survey by the U. S. Census Bureau. These data are used by many public-sector, private-sector, and not-for-profit stakeholders to allocate funding, track shifting demographics, plan for emergencies, sent to approximately 295,000 addresses monthly, it is the largest survey after the decennial census that the Census Bureau administers. From the 1940 census through the 2000 census, a subset of all Americans received a form containing additional questions. Many Americans found filling out the form to be burdensome and intrusive. In 1994, the Bureau began the process of changing the means of obtaining the demographic, housing, social, testing began in 1995, and the ACS program began producing test data in 2000,2001, and 2002. The survey was implemented in 2005. The following year, the Census Bureau released estimates for all areas with populations of 65,000 or more using the data collected from January to December 2005. In 2010, the ACS produced its first set of estimates for areas of all population sizes, the American Community Survey cites 13 U. S. C. §141 and 13 U. S. C. §193 as the authority to request survey responses. In 2002, the GAO concluded that the Bureau has authority to conduct the survey, the ACS has an initial sample of approximately 3. Data are collected primarily by mail, with follow-ups by telephone, because approximately two-thirds of mail/telephone nonrespondents are not selected for in-person follow-up interviews, the ACS only includes approximately 2 million final interviews per year. In 2012, completed ACS interviews represented 67.1 percent of the housing units initially selected for inclusion in the sample, like the decennial census, ACS responses are confidential. Every employee at the Census Bureau takes an oath of nondisclosure and is sworn for life to not disclose identifying information, violations can result in a 5-year prison sentence and/or $250,000 fine. §9, census responses are immune from legal process and may not be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, the Census Bureau aggregates individual ACS responses into estimates at many geographic summary levels. Estimates for census blocks are not available from ACS, for example, the 2013 ACS 1-year estimates were released in 2014 and summarize responses received in 2013 for all states but only the 26% of counties with 65,000 people or more. This is most suitable for users interested in shorter-term changes at medium to large geographic scales. 3-year estimates were available for areas with 20,000 people or more. For example, the 2013 ACS 3-year estimates were released in 2014 and summarize responses received in 2011,2012 and this data product was discontinued in 2015 due to budget cuts, meaning the last 3-year release is the 2011-2013 estimates. 5-year estimates are available for all areas down to the block group scale, for example, the 2013 ACS 5-year estimates were released in 2014 and summarize responses received in 2009,2010,2011,2012, and 2013 for all geographies
American Community Survey
–
This article needs additional citations for
verification. Please help improve this article by
adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015)
13.
ZIP code
–
ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
ZIP code
–
A 1963 U.S. Post Office sign encouraging the use of ZIP codes
ZIP code
ZIP code
–
"Use Zip code" labels were also used to promote the use of a ZIP code.
ZIP code
–
USA postage stamp, 1973: "It all depends on ZIP code".
14.
North American Numbering Plan
–
The North American Numbering Plan is a telephone numbering plan that encompasses 25 distinct regions in twenty countries primarily in North America, including the Caribbean and the U. S. territories. Not all North American countries participate in the NANP, each participating country forms a regulatory authority that has plenary control over local numbering resources. The FCC also serves as the U. S. regulator, Canadian numbering decisions are made by the Canadian Numbering Administration Consortium. The NANP divides the territories of its members into numbering plan areas which are encoded numerically with a telephone number prefix. Each telephone is assigned a telephone number unique only within its respective plan area. The telephone number consists of a central office code and a four-digit station number. The combination of a code and the telephone number serves as a destination routing address in the public switched telephone network. For international call routing, the NANP has been assigned the calling code 1 by the International Telecommunications Union. The North American Numbering Plan conforms with ITU Recommendation E.164, from its beginnings in 1876 and throughout the first part of the 20th century, the Bell System grew from essentially local or regional telephone systems. These systems expanded by growing their subscriber bases, as well as increasing their service areas by implementing additional local exchanges that were interconnected with tie trunks and it was the responsibility of each local administration to design telephone numbering plans that accommodated the local requirements and growth. As a result, the Bell System as a developed into an unorganized system of many differing local numbering systems. The diversity impeded the efficient operation and interconnection of exchanges into a system for long-distance telephone communication. The new numbering plan was accepted in October 1947, dividing most of North America into 86 Numbering Plan Areas. Each NPA was assigned a Numbering Plan Area code, often abbreviated as area code and these codes were first used by long-distance operators to establish long-distance calls between toll offices. The first customer-dialed direct call using area codes was made on November 10,1951, from Englewood, New Jersey, to Alameda, California. Direct distance dialing was introduced across the country and by the early 1960s most areas of the Bell System had been converted and it was commonplace in cities. In the following decades, the system expanded to all of the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda. By 1967,129 area codes had been assigned, mexican participation was planned, but implementation stopped after two area codes had been assigned and Mexico opted for an international numbering format, using country code 52
North American Numbering Plan
–
Letters of the alphabet are mapped to the digits of the telephone dial pad.
North American Numbering Plan
–
Countries participating in NANP
15.
Demographics
–
Demography is the statistical study of populations, especially human beings. As a very general science, it can analyse any kind of dynamic living population, Demography encompasses the study of the size, structure, and distribution of these populations, and spatial or temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing, and death. Based on the research of the earth, earths population up to the year 2050 and 2100 can be estimated by demographers. Demographics are quantifiable characteristics of a given population, demographic analysis can cover whole societies or groups defined by criteria such as education, nationality, religion, and ethnicity. Educational institutions usually treat demography as a field of sociology, though there are a number of independent demography departments, demographic thoughts can be traced back to antiquity, and were present in many civilizations and cultures, like Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, India and China. In ancient Greece, this can be found in the writings of Herodotus, Thucidides, Hippocrates, Epicurus, Protagoras, Polus, Plato and Aristotle. In Rome, writers and philosophers like Cicero, Seneca, Pliny the elder, Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus, Cato, in the Middle ages, Christian thinkers devoted much time in refuting the Classical ideas on demography. Important contributors to the field were William of Conches, Bartholomew of Lucca, William of Auvergne, William of Pagula, and Ibn Khaldun. One of the earliest demographic studies in the period was Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt. Among the studys findings were that one third of the children in London died before their sixteenth birthday, mathematicians, such as Edmond Halley, developed the life table as the basis for life insurance mathematics. Richard Price was credited with the first textbook on life contingencies published in 1771, followed later by Augustus de Morgan, at the end of the 18th century, Thomas Robert Malthus concluded that, if unchecked, populations would be subject to exponential growth. He feared that population growth would tend to outstrip growth in production, leading to ever-increasing famine. He is seen as the father of ideas of overpopulation. Later, more sophisticated and realistic models were presented by Benjamin Gompertz, the period 1860-1910 can be characterized as a period of transition wherein demography emerged from statistics as a separate field of interest. There are two types of data collection—direct and indirect—with several different methods of each type, direct data comes from vital statistics registries that track all births and deaths as well as certain changes in legal status such as marriage, divorce, and migration. In developed countries with good registration systems, registry statistics are the best method for estimating the number of births and deaths, a census is the other common direct method of collecting demographic data. A census is conducted by a national government and attempts to enumerate every person in a country. Analyses are conducted after a census to estimate how much over or undercounting took place and these compare the sex ratios from the census data to those estimated from natural values and mortality data
Demographics
–
Sociology
16.
White American
–
White Americans are Americans who are considered or reported as White. The United States Census Bureau defines White people as those having origins in any of the peoples of Europe. Like all official U. S. racial categories, White has a not Hispanic or Latino and a Hispanic or Latino component, the term Caucasian is often used interchangeably with White, although the terms are not synonymous. Whites constitute the majority, with a total of about 246,660,710, non-Hispanic Whites totaled about 197,870,516, or 62. 06% of the U. S. population. Definitions of who is White have changed throughout the history of the United States, the term White American can encompass many different ethnic groups. Although the United States Census purports to reflect a social definition of race, the 2000 U. S. census states that racial categories generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country. They do not conform to any biological, anthropological or genetic criteria, the Census Bureau defines White people as follows, White refers to a person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East or North Africa. It includes people who indicated their race as White or reported entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Arab, Moroccan or Caucasian. In U. S. Hispanic and Latino Americans as a make up a racially diverse group. In cases where individuals do not self-identify, the U. S. census parameters for race give each national origin a racial value. Additionally, people who reported Muslim, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or Caucasian as their race in the Some other race section, the US Census considers the write-in response of Caucasian or Aryan to be a synonym for White in their ancestry code listing. In the contemporary United States, essentially anyone of European descent is considered White, the definition of White has changed significantly over the course of American history. Among Europeans those not considered White at some point in American history include Italians, Greeks, Spaniards, Irish, Swedes, Germans, Finns, Russians, early on in the United States, white generally referred to those of British ancestry or northern and northwestern European descent. David R. Roediger argues that the construction of the race in the United States was an effort to mentally distance slave owners from slaves. The process of officially being defined as white by law came about in court disputes over pursuit of citizenship. Scholars such as David Roediger, Paul Gilroy, and others have based some of their work on this notion, moreover, Whites tend to be disproportionately represented in powerful positions, controlling almost all political, economic, and cultural institutions. Whites made up 79. 8% or 75% of the American population in 2008 and this latter number is sometimes recorded as 77. 1% when it includes about 2% of the population who are identified as white in combination with one or more other races. The largest ethnic groups among White Americans were Germans, followed by Irish and English, White Americans are projected to remain the majority, though with their percentage decreasing to 72% of the total population by 2050
White American
–
President
Abraham Lincoln was descended from
Samuel Lincoln, and was of English and Welsh ancestry.
White American
–
The countries from which White Americans claim their ancestry.
White American
–
Actress
Raquel Welch of Spanish (via Bolivia) and English ancestry back to the
Mayflower.
White American
–
Three members of the Kennedy political dynasty,
John,
Robert and
Edward. All eight of their great-grandparents emigrated from
Ireland.
17.
African American
–
African Americans are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The term may also be used to only those individuals who are descended from enslaved Africans. As a compound adjective the term is usually hyphenated as African-American, Black and African Americans constitute the third largest racial and ethnic group in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved peoples within the boundaries of the present United States. On average, African Americans are of 73. 2–80. 9% West African, 18–24% European, according to US Census Bureau data, African immigrants generally do not self-identify as African American. The overwhelming majority of African immigrants identify instead with their own respective ethnicities, immigrants from some Caribbean, Central American and South American nations and their descendants may or may not also self-identify with the term. After the founding of the United States, black people continued to be enslaved, believed to be inferior to white people, they were treated as second-class citizens. The Naturalization Act of 1790 limited U. S. citizenship to whites only, in 2008, Barack Obama became the first African American to be elected President of the United States. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony, the ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterwards of an epidemic, the settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to Haiti, whence they had come. The first recorded Africans in British North America were 20 and odd negroes who came to Jamestown, as English settlers died from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. Typically, young men or women would sign a contract of indenture in exchange for transportation to the New World, the landowner received 50 acres of land from the state for each servant purchased from a ships captain. An indentured servant would work for years without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery, servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or running away. Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom and they raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or English settlers. By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of slavery when they sentenced John Punch. One of Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson, would own one of the first black slaves, John Casor
African American
–
An artist's conception of
Crispus Attucks (1723–1770), the first "
martyr " of the
American Revolution. He was of
Native American and African American descent.
African American
–
Jesse Owens shook racial stereotypes both with Nazis and segregationists in the USA at the 1936 Berlin Olympics.
African American
–
An African-American boy outside of
Cincinnati,
Ohio in the 1940s.
African American
–
March on Washington, August 28, 1963, shows civil rights leaders and union leaders.
18.
Asian American
–
Asian Americans are Americans of Asian descent. The term refers to a group that includes diverse populations who have ancestral origins in East Asia, Southeast Asia, or South Asia. This includes people who indicate their race on the census as Asian or reported entries such as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, and Other Asian. Asian Americans with no other ancestry comprise 4. 8% of the U. S. population, although migrants from Asia have been in parts of the contemporary United States since the 17th century, large-scale immigration did not begin until the mid-18th century. Nativist immigration laws during the 1880s-1920s excluded various Asian groups, eventually prohibiting almost all Asian immigration to the continental United States, after immigration laws were reformed during the 1940s-60s, abolishing national origins quotas, Asian immigration increased rapidly. Analyses of the 2010 census have shown that Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic minority in the United States, starting in the first few years of the 2000 decade, Asian American earnings began exceeding all other racial groups for both men and women. For example, in 2008 Asian Americans had the highest median household income overall of any racial demographic, in 2012, Asian Americans had the highest educational attainment level and median household income of any racial demographic in the country. In 2015, Asian American men were the highest earning racial group as they earned 117% as much as white American men, once country of birth and other demographic factors are taken into account, Asian Americans are no more likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in poverty. As with other racial and ethnicity based terms, formal and common usage have changed markedly through the history of this term. Prior to the late 1960s, people of Asian ancestry were referred to as Oriental, Asiatic. Today, Asian American is the term for most formal purposes, such as government and academic research. The most commonly used definition of Asian American is the US Census Bureau definition, which all people with origins in the Far East, Southeast Asia. This is chiefly because the census definitions determine many government classifications, notably for equal opportunity programs, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, Asian person in the United States is sometimes thought of as a person of East Asian descent. In vernacular usage, Asian is often used to refer to those of East Asian descent or anyone else of Asian descent with epicanthic eyefolds. This differs from the U. S. Census definition and the Asian American Studies departments in many universities consider all those of East, before 1980, Census forms listed particular Asian ancestries as separate groups, along with white and black or negro. Asian Americans had also been classified as other, in 1977, the federal Office of Management and Budget issued a directive requiring government agencies to maintain statistics on racial groups, including on Asian or Pacific Islander. The 1980 census marked the first classification of Asians as a large group, by the 1990 census, Asian or Pacific Islander was included as an explicit category, although respondents had to select one particular ancestry as a subcategory. The 2000 census onwards separated the category into two separate ones, Asian American and Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, the definition of Asian American has variations that derive from the use of the word American in different contexts
Asian American
–
Eleanor Mariano
Asian American
Asian American
–
Kalpana Chawla
Asian American
–
Eugene H. Trinh
19.
Pacific Islander American
–
Pacific Islands Americans, also known as Oceanian Americans, are Americans who have ethnic ancestry among the indigenous peoples of Oceania. For its purposes, the US Census also counts Indigenous Australians as part of this group, Pacific Islander Americans make up 0. 5% of the U. S. population including those with partial Pacific Islander ancestry, enumerating about 1.4 million people. The largest ethnic subgroups of Pacific Islander Americans are Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Guamanian/Chamorros, Native Hawaiians, Samoans, Tongans, and Chamorros have large communities in Hawaii, California, and Utah, with sizable communities in Washington, Texas, Nevada, and Oregon. American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Guam are insular areas, in the 2010 census 1,225,195 Americans claimed Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander as their race alone or in combination. Micronesian Americans are Americans of Micronesian descent, the largest Micronesian American subgroups are Marshallese and Chamoru Americans. Other significant groups include Yapese, Pohnpeian, Kosraean, Chuuk, Chamorro Americans, or the Chamoru, are the indigenous inhabitants of the Marianas, which are politically divided between Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. The Chamoru have been subject to the jurisdiction of the United States since the U. S. captured Guam during the Spanish–American War in 1898, the rest of the archipelago did not become affiliated with the U. S. until it invaded in 1944. In the 2010 census,147,798 identified as Guamanian or Chamorro, because of economic conditions in the Marianas, particularly from the 1990s onward, many emigrated to the States in search of work and better opportunities. There are now more Chamorros in the 50 states than there are in the Marianas. S and it also revealed that the Chamoru people are the most geographically dispersed Oceanic ethnicity in the country. Marshallese Americans or Marshallese come from the Marshall Islands, in the 2010 census 22,434 Americans identified as being of Marshallese descent. Because of the Marshall Islands entering the Compact of Free Association in 1986, Marshallese have been allowed to migrate, there are many reasons why Marshallese came to the United States. Some Marshallese came for educational opportunities, particularly for their children, others sought work or better health care than what’s available in the islands. Massive layoffs by the Marshallese government in 2000 led to a big wave of immigration. Arkansas has the largest Mashallese population with over 6,000 residents, many live in Springdale, and the Marshallese comprise over 5% of the citys population. Other significant Marshallese populations include Spokane and Costa Mesa, Polynesian Americans are Americans of Polynesian descent. Large subcategories of Polynesian Americans include Native Hawaiians and Samoan Americans, in addition there are smaller communities of Tongan Americans, French Polynesian Americans, and Māori Americans. A Samoan American is an American who is of ethnic Samoan descent either from the independent nation Samoa or the American territory of American Samoa, Samoan American is a subcategory of Polynesian American. About 65,000 people live on American Samoa, while the US census in 2000 and 2008 has found 4 times the number of Samoan Americans live in the mainland USA
Pacific Islander American
Pacific Islander American
Pacific Islander American
Pacific Islander American
20.
Native Americans in the United States
–
In the United States, Native Americans are people descended from the Pre-Columbian indigenous population of the land within the countrys modern boundaries. These peoples were composed of distinct tribes, bands, and ethnic groups. Most Native American groups had historically preserved their histories by oral traditions and artwork, at the time of first contact, the indigenous cultures were quite different from those of the proto-industrial and mostly Christian immigrants. Some of the Northeastern and Southwestern cultures in particular were matrilineal, the majority of Indigenous American tribes maintained their hunting grounds and agricultural lands for use of the entire tribe. Europeans at that time had patriarchal cultures and had developed concepts of property rights with respect to land that were extremely different. Assimilation became a consistent policy through American administrations, during the 19th century, the ideology of manifest destiny became integral to the American nationalist movement. Expansion of European-American populations to the west after the American Revolution resulted in increasing pressure on Native American lands and this resulted in the ethnic cleansing of many tribes, with the brutal, forced marches coming to be known as The Trail of Tears. As American expansion reached into the West, settler and miner migrants came into increasing conflict with the Great Basin, Great Plains and these were complex nomadic cultures based on horse culture and seasonal bison hunting. Over time, the United States forced a series of treaties and land cessions by the tribes, in 1924, Native Americans who were not already U. S. citizens were granted citizenship by Congress. Contemporary Native Americans have a relationship with the United States because they may be members of nations, tribes. The terms used to refer to Native Americans have at times been controversial, by comparison, the indigenous peoples of Canada are generally known as First Nations. It is not definitively known how or when the Native Americans first settled the Americas and these early inhabitants, called Paleoamericans, soon diversified into many hundreds of culturally distinct nations and tribes. The archaeological periods used are the classifications of archaeological periods and cultures established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips 1958 book Method and they divided the archaeological record in the Americas into five phases, see Archaeology of the Americas. The Clovis culture, a hunting culture, is primarily identified by use of fluted spear points. Artifacts from this culture were first excavated in 1932 near Clovis, the Clovis culture ranged over much of North America and also appeared in South America. The culture is identified by the distinctive Clovis point, a flaked flint spear-point with a notched flute, dating of Clovis materials has been by association with animal bones and by the use of carbon dating methods. Recent reexaminations of Clovis materials using improved carbon-dating methods produced results of 11,050 and 10,800 radiocarbon years B. P, other tribes have stories that recount migrations across long tracts of land and a great river, believed to be the Mississippi River. Genetic and linguistic data connect the people of this continent with ancient northeast Asians
Native Americans in the United States
–
Pushmataha
Native Americans in the United States
Native Americans in the United States
–
Charles Eastman
Native Americans in the United States
–
Wilma Mankiller
21.
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Hispanic Americans and Latino Americans, are Americans who are descendants of the peoples of Spain, Portugal, or the Spanish- or Portuguese-speaking countries of Latin America. More generally, it includes all persons in the United States who self-identify as Hispanic or Latino, other U. S. government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term, including Brazilians and other Portuguese-speaking groups. The Census Bureau uses the terms Hispanic and Latino interchangeably, origin can be viewed as the ancestry, nationality group, lineage, or country of birth of the person or the persons parents or ancestors before their arrival in the United States. People who identify as Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino may be of any race, as the only specifically designated category of ethnicity in the United States, Hispanics form a pan-ethnicity incorporating a diversity of inter-related cultural and linguistic heritages. Most Hispanic Americans are of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, Salvadoran, Dominican, Guatemalan, the predominant origin of regional Hispanic populations varies widely in different locations across the country. Hispanic Americans are the second fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States after Asian Americans, hispanic/Latinos overall are the second-largest ethnic group in the United States, after non-Hispanic Whites. Hispanics have lived within what is now the United States continuously since the founding of St. Augustine by the Spanish in 1565, after Native Americans, Hispanics are the oldest ethnic group to inhabit much of what is today the United States. Spain colonized large areas of what is today the American Southwest and West Coast, the terms Hispanic and Latino refer to an ethnicity, people of this group may be of any race. Hispanic people may share some commonalities in their language, culture, history, according to the Smithsonian Institution, the term Latino includes peoples with Portuguese roots, such as Brazilians, as well as those of Spanish-language origin. In the United States, many Hispanics and Latinos are of both European and Native American ancestry, others are wholly or predominately of European ancestry, or wholly or predominantly of Amerindian ancestry. Many Hispanics and Latinos from the Caribbean, as well as regions of Latin America where African slavery was widespread. The difference between the terms Hispanic and Latino is confusing to some, the U. S. Census Bureau equates the two terms and defines them as referring to anyone from Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas. The term Latino has developed a number of definitions, one definition of Latino is a Latin male in the United States. This is the oldest and the definition used in the United States. This definition encompasses Spanish speakers from both Europe and the Americas, under this definition, immigrants from Spain and immigrants from Latin America are both Latino. This definition is consistent with the 21st-century usage by the U. S. Census Bureau and OMB, a later definition of Latino is as a condensed form of the term Latino-Americano, the Spanish word for Latin-American, or someone who comes from Latin America. Under this definition a Mexican American or Puerto Rican, for example, is both a Hispanic and a Latino, a Brazilian American is also a Latino by this definition, which includes those of Portuguese-speaking origin from Latin America. An immigrant from Spain, however, would be classified as Hispanic, while the U. S. Census Bureaus definition of Hispanic is limited to Spain and Spanish-speaking Latin America, other government agencies have slightly different definitions of the term
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, 16th century Spanish admiral who founded the first European settlement in North America (
Saint Augustine, Florida).
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Percent of Hispanic and Latino population by state in 2012.
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Castillo de San Marcos in
Saint Augustine, Florida. Built in 1672 by the Spanish, it is the oldest masonry fort in the United States.
Hispanic and Latino Americans
–
Miami 's
Brickell neighborhood is known for its large concentration of wealthy Hispanics, largely of
South American descent.
22.
Illinois
–
Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
Illinois
–
Mississippian copper plate found at the Saddle Site in
Union County, Illinois
Illinois
–
Flag
Illinois
–
Illinois in 1718, approximate modern state area highlighted, from Carte de la Louisiane et du cours du Mississipi by
Guillaume de L'Isle.
Illinois
–
Native women and children fleeing the
Battle of Bad Axe during the
Black Hawk War
23.
Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
Chicago
–
Clockwise from top:
Downtown Chicago, the
Chicago Theatre, the
'L',
Navy Pier,
Millennium Park, the
Field Museum, and the
Willis Tower.
Chicago
–
Traditional
Potawatomi costume on display at the
Field Museum
Chicago
–
A 1903 painting of Chicago in 1833
Chicago
–
An artist's rendering of the
Great Chicago Fire of 1871
24.
Interstate 80
–
Interstate 80 is a transcontinental limited-access highway in the United States that runs from downtown San Francisco, California, to Teaneck, New Jersey, in the New York City Metropolitan Area. The highway was designated in 1956 as one of the routes of the Interstate Highway System. Its final segment was opened to traffic in 1986 and it is the second-longest Interstate Highway in the United States, following I-90. I-80 is the Interstate Highway that most closely approximates the route of the historic Lincoln Highway, from near Chicago east to near Youngstown, Ohio, I-80 is a toll road, containing the majority of both the Indiana Toll Road and the Ohio Turnpike. I-80 runs concurrently with I-90 from near Portage, Indiana, to Elyria, in Pennsylvania, I-80 is known as the Keystone Shortway, a non-tolled freeway that crosses rural north-central portions of the state on the way to New Jersey and New York City. I-80 begins at an interchange with U. S. Route 101 in San Francisco and it then heads northeast through Vallejo, Sacramento, and the Sierra Nevada mountains before crossing into Nevada. A portion of the route through Pinole involved the experimental transplantation of the rare species Santa Cruz tarweed in the right-of-way, in Nevada, I-80 traverses the northern portion of the state. The Nevada portion of I-80 follows the paths of the Truckee and Humboldt rivers, the Interstate also follows the historical routes of the California Trail, First Transcontinental Railroad, and Feather River Route throughout portions of the state. I-80 in Nevada closely follows, and at points directly overlaps, the original route of the Victory Highway, State Route 1. After crossing Utahs western border in Wendover, I-80 crosses the desolate Bonneville Salt Flats west of the Great Salt Lake, the longest stretch between exits on an Interstate Highway is located between Wendover and Knolls, with 37.4 miles between those exits. This portion of I-80, crossing the Great Salt Lake Desert, is flat and straight, dotted with large warning signs about driver fatigue. It ascends Parleys Canyon and passes within a few miles of Park City as it follows a route through the mountains towards the junction with the terminus of the western section of I-84. From the junction it continues up Echo Canyon and on towards the border with Wyoming, the route of the Utah section of I-80 is defined in Utah Code Annotated § 72-4-113. In Wyoming, I-80 reaches its maximum elevation of 8,640 feet above sea level at Sherman Summit, near Buford, farther west in Wyoming, the Interstate passes through the dry Red Desert and over the Continental Divide. I-80 enters Nebraska west of Bushnell, the western portion of I-80 in Nebraska runs very close to the state of Colorado, without entering the state. The intersection of I-76 and I-80 is visible from the Colorado–Nebraska state line, from its intersection with I-76 to Grand Island, I-80 lies in the valley of the South Platte River and the Platte River. Along this length, the road does not vary from a straight line by more than a few yards. After Lincoln, I-80 turns northeast towards Omaha and it then crosses the Missouri River in Omaha to enter the state of Iowa
Interstate 80
–
Interstate 80 is a major urban freeway in the San Francisco Bay Area
Interstate 80
–
Interstate 80
Interstate 80
–
I-80 descending into
Reno from the
Sierra Nevada
Interstate 80
–
Mountains of the
Great Salt Lake as seen approaching
Salt Lake City from the west
25.
Chicago Loop
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The Loop is the central business district of Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the citys 77 designated community areas, the Loop is home to Chicagos commercial core, City Hall, and the seat of Cook County. In the late century, cable car turnarounds and prominent elevated railway encircled the area. In what is now the Loop, on the bank of the Chicago River, near todays Michigan Avenue Bridge. It was the first settlement in the sponsored by the United States. Other research has concluded that the Loop was not used as a proper noun until after the 1895–97 construction of the Union elevated railway loop, Loop architecture has been dominated by skyscrapers and high-rises since early in its history. Some of the buildings in this district were instrumental in the development of towers. Chicagos street numbering system – dividing addresses into North, South, East, Chicago is still the nations rail transportation hub and passenger lines once reached seven Loop-area stations by the 1890s. Transfers from one to the other was a business for taxi drivers until the long-distance lines gave way to Amtrak in the 1970s with the majority of trains concentrated at Chicago Union Station. This area abounds in shopping opportunities, including the Loop Retail Historic District and it includes Chicagos former Marshall Fields department store location in the Marshall Field and Company Building, the original Sullivan Center Carson Pirie Scott store location. Chicagos Downtown Theatre District is also found within this area, along with numerous restaurants, Chicago has a famous skyline which features many of the tallest buildings in the world as well as the Chicago Landmark Historic Michigan Boulevard District. Chicagos skyline is spaced out throughout the area, giving it a graceful beautiful appearance. Chicagos third tallest building, the Aon Center, is located just south of Illinois Center, the complex is at the east end of the Loop, east of Michigan Avenue. Two Prudential Plaza is also located here, just to the west of the Aon Center, the Loop contains a wealth of outdoor sculpture, including works by Pablo Picasso, Joan Miró, Henry Moore, Marc Chagall, Magdalena Abakanowicz, Alexander Calder, and Jean Dubuffet. Chicagos waterfront, which is almost exclusively recreational beach and park areas from north to south, the area also hosts the annual music festival Lollapalooza which features popular alternative rock, heavy metal, EDM, hop hop and punk rock artists. Trips down the Chicago River, including tours, by commercial boat operators are great favorites with both locals and tourists alike. The Loop is the seat of Chicagos government and it is also the government seat of Cook County, Illinois and houses an office for the governor of the State of Illinois. The century old City Hall/County Building houses the chambers of the Mayor, City Council, across the street, the Richard J. Daley Center accommodates a famous Picasso sculpture and the state law courts
Chicago Loop
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The Loop
Chicago Loop
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In 1900
Chicago Loop
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View of the
Chicago 'L' tracks,
35 East Wacker, and
Trump International Hotel and Tower (Chicago)
Chicago Loop
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East Monroe Drive
26.
Chicago Midway International Airport
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Chicago Midway International Airport is a commercial airport on the southwest side of Chicago, Illinois, eight miles from the Loop. Formerly Chicagos main airport, traffic is dominated by low-cost carrier Southwest Airlines. Midway is the Dallas-based carriers largest focus city, as of 2013, the airport suffered a decline in traffic with the opening of OHare International Airport but later experienced significant traffic growth. Midway Airport is the second-largest passenger airport in the Chicago metropolitan area, as well as the state of Illinois, both the Stevenson Expressway and the Chicago Transit Authoritys Orange Line provide passengers access to Downtown Chicago. Originally named Chicago Air Park, Midway Airport was built on a 320-acre plot in 1923 with one cinder runway mainly for airmail flights, in 1926 the city leased the airport and named it Chicago Municipal Airport on December 12,1927. By 1928, the airport had twelve hangars and four runways, a major fire early on June 25,1930, destroyed two hangars and 27 aircraft,12 of them tri-motor passenger planes. The loss was estimated at more than two million dollars, the hangars destroyed were of the Universal Air Lines, Inc. and the Grey Goose Airlines, the latter under lease to Stout Air Lines. The fire followed an explosion of undetermined cause in the Universal hangar, in 1931 a new passenger terminal opened at 62nd St, the following year the airport claimed to be the Worlds Busiest with over 100,846 passengers on 60,947 flights. The March 1939 OAG shows 47 weekday departures,13 on United,13 American,9 TWA,4 Northwest, new Yorks airport was then the busiest airline airport in the United States, but Midway passed LaGuardia in 1948 and kept the title until 1960. The record-breaking 1945 Japan–Washington flight of B-29s refueled at the airport on their way to Washington DC, in July 1949 the airport was renamed after the Battle of Midway. That year Midway saw 3.2 million passengers, passengers peaked at 10 million in 1959, the diagram on the January 1951 C&GS approach chart shows four parallel pairs of runways, all 4240 ft or less except for 5730-ft runway 13R and 5230-ft runway 4R. Air France, Lufthansa, and REAL had a few flights per week. Midway was running out of room and in any case could not handle the 707 and DC-8 jets that appeared in 1959, every Chicago jet flight had to use OHare, which had opened to the airlines in 1955. Electras and Viscounts could have continued to fly out of Midway, from July 1962 until United returned in July 1964, Midways only scheduled airline was Chicago Helicopter. In August 1966 a total of four fixed-wing arrivals were scheduled, by 1967 reconstruction began at the airport, adding three new concourses with 28 gates and three ticket counters, and in 1968 the city invested $10 million in renovation funds. In May 1968 there were 22 scheduled departures, six United 727s to MSP, DCA and LGA,12 Northwest 727s to MSP and CLE, one Delta DC-9 to STL and three Ozark FH227s. Midway Airlines arrived on October 31,1979 with DC-9 nonstops to Kansas City, Detroit and Cleveland Lakefront and their September 1989 timetable shows 117 weekday departures to 29 cities, plus 108 departures on their commuter affiliates to 22 more cities. In 1982, the city of Chicago purchased Midway Airport from the Chicago Board of Education for $16 million, three years later, Southwest Airlines began operations at Midway
Chicago Midway International Airport
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Chicago Midway International Airport
Chicago Midway International Airport
Chicago Midway International Airport
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The greater Chicago area, featuring Chicago Midway and
O'Hare International Airports
Chicago Midway International Airport
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Southwest Airlines is the dominant carrier at Midway, operating more than 225 daily flights out of Midway.
27.
Homer Glen, Illinois
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Homer Glen is a village, located 32 miles southwest of downtown Chicago, in Homer Township, Will County, Illinois. The village was incorporated on April 17,2001, Homer Glen is located at 41°37′22″N 87°56′29″W. The boundaries of the village of Homer Glen are one block south of 131st Street to the north, 183rd Street to the south, Will-Cook Road to the east. The village shares its boundaries with the village of Lemont to the north, the village of Orland Park to the east, the village of New Lenox to the south and the city of Lockport to the west. The three major roads in Homer Glen are Bell Road, which runs North-South, 143rd Street, and 159th Street, as of the 2010 census, there were 24,220 residents. The racial composition of the city was,95. 5% White,0. 6% Black or African American,1. 0% from some other race,1. 7% Asian 1. 1% from two or more races. Homer Glen has a Hispanic or Latino population of 4. 9%, the current village president is George Yukich. There are two school districts and one high-school district serving the village. Homer Community Consolidated School District 33C serves most of the community, Lockport Township High School, District 205, is the public high school serving the village. The Village finished construction of its first trail system, the Homer Glen Heroes Trail, the trail is dedicated to local heroes and individuals that have made a positive impact on the community. The first event to place on the Trail was the Mike Hike 5k. Olivieri, who lost his life serving in Iraq in June 2011. Homer Glen is the location of Annunciation of the Mother of God Byzantine Catholic Church and this church has been awarded for its green initiatives, specifically its 10 acres of landscaping that focuses on native plant life and water retention / management. Annunciation is notably one of the few new parishes of the Byzantine Catholic Metropolitan Church of Pittsburgh, Homer Glen is home to St. Bernards Parish and Our Mother of Good Counsel Parish, both Roman Catholic churches. It is also home to 15 other churches of the Christian faith, Homer Glen is the site of the Sri Ramakrishna Universal Temple, a branch of the Vivekananda Vedanta Society of Chicago. Homer Glen is part of the Chicago metropolitan area media market for television, radio, the Chicago Tribune and the Chicago Sun-Times, and also the Joliet Herald are widely available. The news of Homer Glen itself is covered by The Homer Horizon newspaper which has a circulation of approximately 13,400 homes and businesses in Homer Glen. The Homer Horizon is focused solely on the coverage of Homer Township and is a publication of 22nd Century Media, which is based in Orland Park
Homer Glen, Illinois
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Location in
Will County and the state of
Illinois.
28.
Orland Hills, Illinois
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Orland Hills is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 7,149 at the 2010 census, Orland Hills is located at 41°35′19″N 87°50′27″W. Orland Hills has two lakes, Lake Ashbourne and Lake Lorin and it is also home to Kelly Park. According to the 2010 census, Orland Hills has an area of 1.148 square miles. As of the 2000 census, there were 6,779 people,2,153 households, as of 2012, there is 7,206 residents. The population density was 6,217.2 people per square mile, there were 2,182 housing units at an average density of 2,001.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 86. 71% White,5. 10% African American,0. 25% Native American,3. 32% Asian,1. 73% from other races, and 2. 89% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 03% of the population, the top five non-African, non-Hispanic ancestries reported in Orland Hills as of the 2000 census were Irish, German, Polish, Italian and Czech. 14. 7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 3.15 and the average family size was 3.51. In the village, the population was out with 34. 1% under the age of 18,9. 1% from 18 to 24,35. 7% from 25 to 44,16. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years, for every 100 females there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.8 males, the median income for a household in the village was $61,884, and the median income for a family was $65,191. Males had an income of $47,074 versus $33,477 for females. The per capita income for the village was $21,415, about 4. 3% of families and 5. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7. 7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over. Orland Hills is divided between two congressional districts, the area north of 163rd Street is in Illinois 1st congressional district, while the area south of 163rd Street is part of the 3rd district. Village of Orland Hills official website
Orland Hills, Illinois
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Location in
Cook County and the state of
Illinois.
29.
Mokena, Illinois
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Mokena is a village in Will County, Illinois, United States. The population was 14,583 at the 2000 census, as of 2010, the population was 18,740. Mokena is a derived from a Native American language meaning turtle. Mokena is located at 41°32′4″N 87°52′37″W, according to the 2010 census, Mokena has a total area of 8.893 square miles, of which 8.89 square miles is land and 0.003 square miles is water. Mokena is served by Lincoln-Way Community High School District 210, students attend Lincoln-Way East High School, Lincoln-Way Central High School, schools within District 159 include MES, MIS, and MJHS. Higher education is provided through Joliet Junior College, the nations first public community college, as of the census of 2010, there were 18,740 people,6,358 households, and 5,120 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,432.4 people per square mile, there were 4,848 housing units at an average density of 808.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 94. 5% White,1. 3% African American,0. 01% Native American,2. 0% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 9% from other races, and 0. 63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 8% of the population,14. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the family size was 3.46. In the village, the population was out with 32. 4% under the age of 18,7. 1% from 18 to 24,32. 7% from 25 to 44,21. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 101.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.3 males, the median family income is $82,596 and the median income for a household is $91,817. Males had an income of $58,226 versus $31,522 for females. The per capita income for the village was $31,944, as of 2008, the median house value was $350,130, up from $211,300 in 2000. About 0. 7% of families and 1. 0% of the population were below the poverty line, the Village of Mokena is serviced by the Metra rail service Rock Island District. Mokena is also served by I-80, which runs along the border of the village. Through I-80, commuters have convenient access to I-355 and to I-57, the main north-south thoroughfares are US Route 45 and Wolf Rd
Mokena, Illinois
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Major city
Mokena, Illinois
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Location in
Will County and the state of
Illinois.
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United States![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small}
