1.
TED (conference)
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TED is a media organization which posts talks online for free distribution, under the slogan ideas worth spreading. TED was founded in February 1984 as a conference, which has been held annually since 1990. TEDs early emphasis was technology and design, consistent with its Silicon Valley origins, but it has broadened its focus to include talks on many scientific, cultural. The main TED conference is held annually in Vancouver, British Columbia, prior to 2014, the conference was held in Long Beach. TED events are held throughout North America and in Europe and Asia. They address a range of topics within the research and practice of science and culture. The speakers are given a maximum of 18 minutes to present their ideas in the most innovative, TEDs current curator is the British former computer journalist and magazine publisher Chris Anderson. Since June 2006, TED Talks have been offered for free viewing online, under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives Creative Commons license, as of March 2016, over 2,400 TED Talks are freely available on the website. In June 2011, TED Talks combined viewing figure stood at more than 500 million, not all TED Talks are equally popular, however. Those given by academics tend to be watched more online while art, TED was conceived in 1984 by architect and graphic designer Richard Saul Wurman, who observed a convergence of the fields of technology, entertainment, and design. Presentations were given by famous mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot and influential members of the community, like Nicholas Negroponte. The event was unsuccessful, it took six years before the second conference was organized. In 2000, Wurman, looking for a successor at age 65, met with new-media entrepreneur, Andersons UK media company Future bought TED. And in November 2001, Andersons non-profit The Sapling Foundation acquired TED from Future for £6m, in February 2002, Anderson gave a TED Talk in which he explained his vision of the conference and his future role of curator. Wurman left after the 2002 conference, in 2006, attendance cost was $4,400 per person and was by invitation only. The membership model was shifted in January 2007 to a membership fee of $6,000, which includes attendance of the conference, club mailings, networking tools. The 2017 conference will be $8,500 per attendee, in 2014, the conference was relocated to Vancouver. TED is currently funded by a combination of revenue streams, including conference attendance fees, corporate sponsorships, foundation support, licensing fees
2.
George Orwell
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Eric Arthur Blair, better known by the pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is marked by lucid prose, awareness of injustice, opposition to totalitarianism. Orwell wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction, and polemical journalism and he is best known for the allegorical novella Animal Farm and the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. In 2008, The Times ranked him second on a list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945, Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903, in Motihari, Bengal Presidency, in British India. His grandfather, Thomas Richard Arthur Blair, was a clergyman, although the gentility passed down the generations, the prosperity did not, Eric Blair described his family as lower-upper-middle class. His father, Richard Walmesley Blair, worked in the Opium Department of the Indian Civil Service and his mother, Ida Mabel Blair, grew up in Moulmein, Burma, where her French father was involved in speculative ventures. Eric had two sisters, Marjorie, five years older, and Avril, five years younger, when Eric was one year old, his mother took him and his sister to England. His birthplace and ancestral house in Motihari has been declared a monument of historical importance. In 1904, Ida Blair settled with her children at Henley-on-Thames in Oxfordshire, Eric was brought up in the company of his mother and sisters, and apart from a brief visit in mid-1907, they did not see the husband and father Richard Blair until 1912. His mothers diary from 1905 describes a lively round of social activity, before the First World War, the family moved to Shiplake, Oxfordshire where Eric became friendly with the Buddicom family, especially their daughter Jacintha. When they first met, he was standing on his head in a field, on being asked why, he said, You are noticed more if you stand on your head than if you are right way up. Jacintha and Eric read and wrote poetry, and dreamed of becoming famous writers and he said that he might write a book in the style of H. G. Wellss A Modern Utopia. During this period, he enjoyed shooting, fishing and birdwatching with Jacinthas brother and sister. At the age of five, Eric was sent as a day-boy to a convent school in Henley-on-Thames and it was a Roman Catholic convent run by French Ursuline nuns, who had been exiled from France after religious education was banned in 1903. His mother wanted him to have a school education, but his family could not afford the fees. Ida Blairs brother Charles Limouzin recommended St Cyprians School, Eastbourne, Limouzin, who was a proficient golfer, knew of the school and its headmaster through the Royal Eastbourne Golf Club, where he won several competitions in 1903 and 1904. The headmaster undertook to help Blair to win a scholarship, in September 1911 Eric arrived at St Cyprians. He boarded at the school for the five years, returning home only for school holidays
3.
Propaganda
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Propaganda is information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote a political cause or point of view. Propaganda is often associated with material prepared by governments, but activist groups, in the 2010s, the term propaganda is associated with a manipulative approach, but propaganda historically was a neutral descriptive term. Propaganda is a modern Latin word, the form of propagare, meaning to spread or to propagate. Originally this word derived from a new body of the Catholic church created in 1622, called the Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. Its activity was aimed at propagating the Catholic faith in non-Catholic countries, from the 1790s, the term began being used also to refer to propaganda in secular activities. The term began taking a pejorative or negative connotation in the mid-19th century, primitive forms of propaganda have been a human activity as far back as reliable recorded evidence exists. The Behistun Inscription detailing the rise of Darius I to the Persian throne is viewed by most historians as an example of propaganda. During the era of the American Revolution, the American colonies had a network of newspapers and printers who specialized in the topic on behalf of the Patriots. During the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic era, propaganda was widely used, abolitionists in Britain and the United States in the 19th century developed large, complex propaganda campaigns against slavery. The first large-scale and organised propagation of government propaganda was occasioned by the outbreak of war in 1914, after the defeat of Germany in the First World War, military officials such as Erich Ludendorff suggested that British propaganda had been instrumental in their defeat. Adolf Hitler came to echo this view, believing that it had been a cause of the collapse of morale. Later, the Nazis adapted many British propaganda techniques during their time in power, most propaganda in Germany was produced by the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. Joseph Goebbels was placed in charge of this ministry, the 1930s and 1940s, which saw the rise of totalitarian states and the Second World War, are arguably the Golden Age of Propaganda. Leni Riefenstahl, a filmmaker working in Nazi Germany, created one of the propaganda movies. US war films in the early 1940s in the United States were designed to create a patriotic mindset, the West and the Soviet Union both used propaganda extensively during the Cold War. Both sides used film, television, and radio programming to influence their own citizens, each other, george Orwells novels Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four are virtual textbooks on the use of propaganda. During the Cuban Revolution, Fidel Castro stressed the importance of propaganda, Propaganda was used extensively by Communist forces in the Vietnam War as means of controlling peoples opinions. During the Yugoslav wars, propaganda was used as a strategy by governments of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and Croatia
4.
Surveillance
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Surveillance is the monitoring of the behavior, activities, or other changing information, usually of people for the purpose of influencing, managing, directing, or protecting them. The word surveillance comes from a French phrase for watching over, Surveillance is used by governments for intelligence gathering, the prevention of crime, the protection of a process, person, group or object, or the investigation of crime. It is also used by organizations to plan and commit crimes such as robbery and kidnapping, by businesses to gather intelligence. Surveillance is often a violation of privacy, and is opposed by civil liberties groups. Liberal democracies have laws which restrict domestic government and private use of surveillance, authoritarian government seldom have any domestic restrictions, and international espionage is common among all types of countries. The vast majority of computer surveillance involves the monitoring of data, there is far too much data on the Internet for human investigators to manually search through all of it. Computers can be a target because of the personal data stored on them. If someone is able to install software, such as the FBIs Magic Lantern and CIPAV, on a computer system, such software could be installed physically or remotely. The NSA runs a database known as Pinwale, which stores and indexes large numbers of emails of both American citizens and foreigners. Additionally, the NSA runs a program known as PRISM, which is a mining system that gives the United States government direct access to information from technology companies. Through accessing this information, the government is able to obtain search history, emails, stored information, live chats, file transfers and this program generated huge controversies in regards to surveillance and privacy, especially from U. S. citizens. The official and unofficial tapping of lines is widespread. Between 2003 and 2005, the FBI sent out more than 140,000 National Security Letters ordering phone companies to hand information about their customers calling. About half of these letters requested information on U. S. citizens, human agents are not required to monitor most calls. The StingRay tracker is an example of one of these used to monitor cell phone usage in the United States. Once the phone is connected to the device, there is no way for the user to know that they are being tracked. The operator of the stingray is able to extract information such as location, phone calls, and text messages, a lot of controversy surrounds the StingRay because of its powerful capabilities and the secrecy that surrounds it. Mobile phones are commonly used to collect location data
5.
Misinformation
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Misinformation is false or incorrect information, that is spread intentionally or unintentionally. In an age of technological advances, social networking sites are becoming more and more popular and these sites are an easy access point for misinformation. They provide users with the capabilities to spread quickly to other users without confirmation of its truth. This also makes more difficult when several other users can share or change data to accommodate their own thoughts. When researching these sources, it is important to learn the extent of which the misinformation will be disseminated, to what audience and these important clues can help Web sites know what plans of action need to be taken to avoid outbreaks. According to Anne Mintz, editor of Web of Deception, Misinformation on the Internet, look to see if information makes sense, if the founders or reporters of the sites are biased or have an agenda, and look at where the sites may be found. It is highly recommended to look at sites for that information, as it might be published and heavily researched. Readers cannot be gullible but cannot be paranoid that all information is incorrect, there is always a chance that even readers who have this balance will believe an error or they will disregard the truth as wrong. Libicki says that prior beliefs or opinions affect how readers interpret information as well, when readers believe something to be true before researching it, they are more likely to believe something that supports their prior thoughts. This may lead readers to believe misinformation, Misinformation is spread for numerous reasons. The next three sections explain how misinformation has spread and continues to spread as the Internet and other technologies expand, the Internet allows writers to write anything without peer review, qualifications, or backup documentation. Whereas a book found in a library generally has been reviewed and edited and they may be produced and put out to the world to see as soon as the writing is finished. A state may have official secrets, in wartime and even in peacetime, soldiers would be told only what they need be told at the time so that if they should be captured they would not divulge valuable information to the enemy. Governments might try to discourage curiosity about details that could harm the nation if they got into the wrong hands, to be sure, the state cannot deny even such information as casualty lists or military setbacks and cannot avoid acknowledging historical fact. The state may announce the truth when the truth can no longer harm military objectives—and must do so in a manner so that it can maintain its credibility. Failure to inform the public about this information could foster rumors and misinformation, an example to ignorance in the media can be seen when in November 2005, Chris Hansen on Dateline NBC made a claim that law enforcement officials estimate 50,000 predators are online at any moment. Afterwards the attorney general at the time, Alberto Gonzales, stated that Dateline estimated 50,000 predators are online at any given moment, however, the number that Hansen used in his reporting had no backing. Hansen said he received the information from Dateline expert Ken Lanning, however, Lenning admitted that he made up the number 50,000 because there was no solid data on the number
6.
Unperson
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In George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-Four, the fictional language Newspeak attempts to eliminate personal thought by restricting the expressiveness of the English language. To form an adjective, one adds the suffix -ful and to form an adverb, there are some irregular forms, such as the adjectival forms of Minitrue, Minipax, Miniplenty, and Miniluv. To say that something or somebody is the best, Newspeak uses doubleplusgood, the word bellyfeel means a blind, enthusiastic acceptance of an idea. The word likely comes from the idea that any good Oceanian should be able to internalise Party doctrine to the extent that it becomes a gut instinct – a feeling in the belly. Consider, for example, such a sentence from a Times leading article as Oldthinkers unbellyfeel Ingsoc. But this is not an adequate translation, Only a person thoroughly grounded in Ingsoc could appreciate the full force of the word bellyfeel, which implied a blind, enthusiastic, and casual acceptance difficult to imagine today. Blackwhite is defined as follows, this word has two contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it means the habit of impudently claiming that black is white, applied to a Party member, it means a loyal willingness to say that black is white when Party discipline demands this. But it means also the ability to believe that black is white, and more, to know that black is white, and to forget that one has ever believed the contrary. This demands an alteration of the past, made possible by the system of thought which really embraces all the rest. The word is an example of both Newspeak and doublethink and it represents the active process of rewriting the past, control of the past being a vital aspect of the Partys control over the present. The ability to believe anything, regardless of its absurdity, can have different causes, respect for authority, fear, indoctrination. Orwells blackwhite refers only to that caused by fear, indoctrination, or repression of ones individual critical thinking, a true Party member could automatically, and without thought, expunge any incorrect information and totally replace it with true information from the Party. If properly done, there is no memory or recovery of the Incorrect information that could cause unhappiness to the Party member by committing thoughtcrime and this ability is likened to the total erasure of information only possible in electronic storage. Crimethink is the Newspeak word for thoughtcrime, as well as the meaning to commit thoughtcrime. In the book, Winston Smith, the character, writes in his diary, Thoughtcrime does not entail death. The antonym of this is goodthink, duckspeak is a Newspeak term meaning literally to quack like a duck or to speak without thinking. Duckspeak can be good or ungood, depending on who is speaking
7.
Nineteen Eighty-Four
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Nineteen Eighty-Four, often published as 1984, is a dystopian novel published in 1949 by English author George Orwell. The novel is set in Airstrip One, a province of the superstate Oceania in a world of war, omnipresent government surveillance. The superstate and its residents are dictated to by a political regime euphemistically named English Socialism, shortened to Ingsoc in Newspeak, the tyranny is ostensibly overseen by Big Brother, the Party leader who enjoys an intense cult of personality, but who may not even exist. The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake and it is not interested in the good of others, it is interested solely in power. The protagonist of the novel, Winston Smith, is a member of the Outer Party, who works for the Ministry of Truth and his job is to rewrite past newspaper articles, so that the historical record always supports the party line. The instructions that the workers receive portray the corrections as fixing misquotations and never as what they really are, forgeries and falsifications. A large part of the Ministry also actively destroys all documents that have not been edited and do not contain the revisions, in this way, Smith is a diligent and skillful worker but secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion against Big Brother. The heroine of the novel, Julia, is based on Orwells second wife, as literary political fiction and dystopian science-fiction, Nineteen Eighty-Four is a classic novel in content, plot and style. Many of its terms and concepts, such as Big Brother, doublethink, thoughtcrime, Newspeak, Room 101, telescreen,2 +2 =5, and memory hole, have entered into common use since its publication in 1949. Nineteen Eighty-Four popularised the adjective Orwellian, which describes official deception, secret surveillance, in 2005, the novel was chosen by Time magazine as one of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005. It was awarded a place on lists of Modern Library 100 Best Novels, reaching number 13 on the editors list. In 2003, the novel was listed at number 8 on the BBCs survey The Big Read, on 4 December 1948, he sent the final manuscript to the publisher Secker and Warburg and Nineteen Eighty-Four was published on 8 June 1949. By 1989, it had translated into sixty-five languages, more than any other novel in English at the time. Warburg suggested changing the title to a more commercial one. In the novel 1985, Anthony Burgess suggests that Orwell, disillusioned by the onset of the Cold War, intended to call the book 1948. The introduction to the Penguin Books Modern Classics edition of Nineteen Eighty-Four reports that Orwell originally set the novel in 1980, the final title is also a permutation of 1948, the year of composition. The novel is in the domain in Canada, South Africa, Argentina, Australia. It will be in the domain in the United Kingdom and Brazil in 2021
8.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
9.
George Orwell bibliography
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His non-fiction cultural and political criticism constitutes the majority of his work, but Orwell also wrote in several genres of fictional literature. Orwell is best remembered for his political commentary as a left-wing anti-totalitarian, to that end Orwell used his fiction as well as his journalism to defend his political convictions. He first achieved acclaim with his fictional novella Animal Farm. Orwell wrote non-fiction—including book reviews, editorials, and investigative journalism—for a variety of British periodicals, in his lifetime he published hundreds of articles including several regular columns in British newsweeklies related to literary and cultural criticism as well as his explicitly political writing. Between 1941 and 1946 he also wrote fifteen London Letters for the American political and literary quarterly Partisan Review, only two compilations of Orwells body of work were published in his lifetime, but since his death over a dozen collected editions have appeared. The latter includes an addendum, The Lost Orwell, Orwell wrote six novels, Burmese Days, A Clergymans Daughter, Keep the Aspidistra Flying, Coming Up for Air, Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. In addition to his novels Orwell also wrote three non-fiction books, down and Out in Paris and London records his experiences tramping and teaching in those two cities. The Road to Wigan Pier is initially a study of poverty in the North of England, homage to Catalonia recounts his experiences as a volunteer fighting fascism with the Workers Party of Marxist Unification in anarchist Catalonia during the Spanish Civil War. His insights into linguistics, literature and politics—in particular anti-fascism, anti-communism, the latter press also published the collections Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays in 1950 and England Your England and Other Essays in 1953. The entire series was printed by Secker and Warburg in 1986, finished by Random House in 1998. Betrayal of the Left was printed by his regular publisher Victor Gollancz Ltd. in 1941, with material from Victor Gollancz, John Strachey. Came from The Labour Book Service on 15 May 1942, with Orwells Culture, James Burnham and the Managerial Revolution – Socialist Book Centre, printing of Second Thoughts on James Burnham under this title in July 1946. The English People was printed by HarperCollins 1947, British Pamphleteers Volume 1, From the 16th Century the 18th Century from Allan Wingate, spring 1948 was co-edited by Orwell and Reginald Reynolds with an introduction by Orwell. Orwell was not widely known for writing verse, but he did publish several poems that have survived, including many written during his school days, Awake. In addition to the pamphlets British Pamphleteers Volume 1, From the 16th Century the 18th Century and Talking to India, the magazine was published and distributed to the readers before being broadcast by the BBC. Issue five has not been recovered and was excluded from A. J. Wests collection of BBC transcripts. In the aforementioned series, Penguin also published the short collections Books v. Cigarettes, Some Thoughts on the Common Toad, and Decline of the English Murder. The later does not contain the same texts as Decline of the English Murder and Other Essays, the complete texts Orwell wrote for the Observer are collected in Orwell, The Observer Years published by Atlantic Books in 2003
10.
Mass surveillance
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Mass surveillance is the intricate surveillance of an entire or a substantial fraction of a population in order to monitor that group of citizens. The surveillance is carried out by governments or governmental organisations. Depending on each nations laws and judicial systems, the legality of and it is often distinguished from targeted surveillance. Mass surveillance has often cited as necessary to fight terrorism, to prevent social unrest, to protect national security, to fight child pornography. Such a state could also be referred to as a totalitarian state, in 2013, the practice of mass surveillance by world governments was called into question after Edward Snowden‘s 2013 global surveillance disclosure. Reporting based on documents Snowden leaked to media outlets triggered a debate about civil liberties. Mass surveillance is considered a global issue, balancing these factors, eight countries were rated as being endemic surveillance societies. Of these eight, China, Malaysia and Russia scored lowest, followed jointly by Singapore and the United Kingdom, then jointly by Taiwan, Thailand, the best ranking was given to Greece, which was judged to have adequate safeguards against abuse. Many countries throughout the world have already been adding thousands of cameras to their urban, suburban. On 12 March 2013 Reporters Without Borders published a Special report on Internet Surveillance, five countries were placed on the initial list, Bahrain, China, Iran, Syria, and Vietnam. The level of Internet filtering and surveillance in Bahrain is one of the highest in the world, the royal family is represented in all areas of Internet management and has sophisticated tools at its disposal for spying on its subjects. The online activities of dissidents and news providers are closely monitored, all Internet access in China is owned or controlled by the state or the Communist Party. Many foreign journalists in China have said that they take for granted that their telephones are tapped, the tools put in place to filter and monitor the Internet are collectively known as the Great Firewall of China. The Great Firewall has the ability to dynamically block encrypted connections, one of the country’s main ISPs, China Unicom, automatically cuts a connection as soon as it is used to transmit encrypted content. The monitoring system developed by China is not confined to the Great Firewall, monitoring is built into social networks, chat services. Private companies are responsible to the Chinese authorities for surveillance of their networks to ensure banned messages are not circulated. The QQ application, owned by the firm Tencent, allows the authorities to monitor in detail exchanges between Internet users by seeking certain keywords and expressions, the author of each message can be identified by his or her user number. The QQ application is effectively a giant Trojan horse, and since March 2012, new legislation requires all new users of micro-blogging sites to register using their own name and telephone number
11.
National security
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The concept developed all in the United States after World War II. Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, energy security, environmental security, the variety of definitions provide an overview of the many usages of this concept. National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, in 1990, Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power, National security. The variety of definitions provide an overview of the usages of this concept. National security objectively means the absence of threats to acquired values and subjectively, in 1990, Harvard University history professor Charles Maier defined national security through the lens of national power, National security. To be truly secure, a nation needs other forms of security, authorities differ in their choice of nation security elements. Besides the military aspect of security, the aspects of diplomacy or politics, society, environment, energy and natural resources, the elements of national security correlate closely to the concept of the elements of national power. Romm lists security from narcotic cartels, economic security, environmental security, military security is traditionally the earliest recognised form of national security. Military security implies the capability of a nation to defend itself, alternatively, military security implies the capability of a nation to enforce its policy choices by use of military force. The term military security is considered synonymous with security in much of its usage, diplomacy, negotiation and other interactions form the means of interaction between the objects. Historically, conquest of nations has made conquerors rich through plunder, access to new resources, economic security today forms, arguably, as important a part of national security as military security. The creation and protection of jobs that supply defense and non-defense needs are vital to national security, third world countries are less secure due to lack of employment for their citizens. Environmental security deals with issues which threaten the national security of a nation in any manner. The scope and nature of environmental threats to security and strategies to engage them are a subject of debate. While all environmental events are not considered significant of being categorised as threats, many transnational issues, romm classifies these as, Transnational environmental problems that threaten a nations security, in its broad defined sense. These include global environmental problems such as climate change due to warming, deforestation and loss of biodiversity. Environmental or resource problems that threaten a nations security, traditionally defined and these would be problems whose outcomes would result in conventional threats to national security as first or higher order outcomes. Environmentally threatening outcomes of warfare, e. g. Prabhakaran Paleris 2008 definition of a resource is. a support inventory, biotic or abiotic, renewable or expendable. for sustaining life at a heightened level of well-being
12.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
13.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
14.
Burmese Days
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Burmese Days is a novel by British writer George Orwell. It was first published in the UK in 1934 and it is a tale from the waning days of British colonialism, when Burma was ruled from Delhi as a part of British India – a portrait of the dark side of the British Raj. At its centre is John Flory, the lone and lacking individual trapped within a system that is undermining the better side of human nature. Orwells first novel, it describes corruption and imperial bigotry in a society where, after all, natives were natives—interesting, no doubt, a British edition, with altered names, appeared a year later. When it was published in the 1930s, Orwells harsh portrayal of society was felt by some old Burma hands to have rather let the side down. In a letter from 1946, Orwell said I dare say its unfair in some ways and inaccurate in some details, Orwell spent five years from 1922 to 1927 as a police officer in the Indian Imperial Police force in Burma. Burma had become part of the British Empire during the 19th century as an adjunct of British India, the British colonised Burma in stages—it was not until 1885 when they captured the royal capital of Mandalay that Burma as a whole could be declared part of the British Empire. Migrant workers from India and China supplemented the native Burmese population, although Burma was the wealthiest country in Southeast Asia under British rule, as a colony it was seen very much as a backwater. Among its exports, the country produced 75 percent of the worlds teak from up-country forests, Orwell served in a number of locations in Burma. Having spent a year of training in Mandalay and Maymyo, his postings included Myaungmya, Twante, Syriam, Insein—, —Moulmein. Kathar with its luxuriant vegetation, described by Orwell with relish, Burmese Days was several years in the writing. Orwell was drafting it in Paris during the time he spent there from 1928 to 1929 and he was still working on it in 1932 at Southwold while doing up the family home in the summer holidays. By December 1933 he had typed the final version, and in 1934 he delivered it to his agent Leonard Moore for publication by Victor Gollancz, Gollancz, smarting from fears of prosecution from another authors work, turned it down because he was worried about charges of libel. Heinemann and Cape turned it down for the same reasons, after demanding alterations, Harpers were prepared to publish it in the United States, where it made its debut in 1934. In the spring of 1935, Gollancz declared that he was prepared to publish Burmese Days provided that Orwell was able to demonstrate it was not based on real people, extensive checks were made in colonial lists that no British individuals could be confused with the characters. Many of the main European names have since been identified in the Rangoon Gazette, Gollancz brought out the English version on 24 June 1935. Burmese Days is set in 1920s imperial Burma, in the district of Kyauktada. The original of Kyauktada is Kathar, a town where Orwell served, like Kyauktada it is the head of a branch railway line above Mandalay on the Ayeyarwady River
15.
A Clergyman's Daughter
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A Clergymans Daughter is a 1935 novel by English author George Orwell. It tells the story of Dorothy Hare, the daughter of the title. Despite stating A Clergymans Daughter should be not reprinted, he did consent that after his death he did not object to cheap editions of any book which may bring in a few pounds for my heirs. After Orwell returned from Paris in December 1929 he used his parents house in Southwold as his base for the five years. Southwold is a provincial town on the coast of East Anglia. The family was established in the local community and he became acquainted with many local people. His sister Avril was running a teashop in the town, rana Balaj was tutoring Orwell and Orwell was writing at Southwold, and resumed his sporadic expeditions going undercover as a tramp in and around London. In August and September 1931 he spent two months in casual work picking hops in Kent, which was a regular East End tradition, during this time he lived in a hopper hut like the other pickers, and kept a journal in which Ginger and Deafie are described. Much of this journal found its way into A Clergymans Daughter, at the beginning of 1932 Orwell took a job teaching at a small private school in a manufacturing area at Hayes, West London. This school was owned by the manager of a local factory and comprised only 20 boys. Orwell became friendly with the curate and became involved with the local church. After four school terms he moved to a school with 200 pupils at Uxbridge. However, after one term he was hospitalised with pneumonia and in January 1934 he returned to Southwold to convalesce, Orwell started writing A Clergymans Daughter in mid-January 1934 and finished it by 3 October 1934. After sending the work to his agent, Leonard Moore, he left Southwold to work part-time in a bookshop in Hampstead, after various last-minute alterations for fear of libel, Gollancz published A Clergymans Daughter on 11 March 1935. Christopher Hitchens, author of the book Why Orwell Matters, speculated that Orwell took the title of the novel from James Joyces 1922 novel Ulysses, the story is told in five distinct chapters. A day in the life of Dorothy Hare, the daughter of a disagreeable widowed clergyman. Her father is Rector of Knype Hill, a town in East Anglia. She keeps house for him, fends off creditors, visits parishioners, throughout she practises mortification of flesh to be true to her faith
16.
Keep the Aspidistra Flying
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Keep the Aspidistra Flying, first published in 1936, is a socially critical novel by George Orwell. It is set in 1930s London, the main theme is Gordon Comstocks romantic ambition to defy worship of the money-god and status, and the dismal life that results. Orwell wrote the book in 1934 and 1935 when he was living at various locations near Hampstead in London, and drew on his experiences in these and the preceding few years. At the beginning of 1928 he lived in lodgings in Portobello Road from where he started his expeditions, sleeping rough. At this time he wrote a fragment of a play in which the protagonist Stone needs money for his childs life-saving operation, Stone would prefer to prostitute his wife rather than prostitute his artistic integrity by writing advertising copy. Orwells early publications appeared in The Adelphi, a literary journal edited by Sir Richard Rees. The character of Ravelston the wealthy publisher in Keep the Aspidistra Flying has much in common with Rees, Ravelston is acutely self-conscious of his upper-class status and defensive about his unearned income. Comstock speculates that Ravelston receives nearly two thousand pounds a year after tax—a very comfortable sum in those days—and Rees, in a volume of autobiography published in 1963 wrote. I have never had the spending of much less than £1,000 a year of unearned income, before the war, this was wealth, especially for an unmarried man. Many of my socialist and intellectual friends were paupers compared to me, in quoting this, Orwells biographer Michael Shelden commented One of these paupers—at least in 1935—was Orwell, who was lucky if he made £200 that year. In 1932 Orwell took a job as a teacher in a school in West London. From there he would take journeys into the country at places like Burnham Beeches, there are allusions to Burnham Beeches and walks in the country in Orwells correspondence at this time with Brenda Salkeld and Eleanor Jacques. The Westropes, who were friends of Nellie in the Esperanto movement, had an easy-going outlook and provided him with accommodation at Warwick Mansions. He was job sharing with Jon Kimche who also lived with the Westropes, Orwell worked at the shop in the afternoons, having the mornings free to write and the evenings to socialise. He was at Booklovers Corner for fifteen months, through his work in the bookshop Orwell was in a position to become acquainted with women, first as a clerk, then as a friend. And with whom, if circumstances were favourable, he might eventually embark upon a relationship and this for Orwell the author and Blair the man, was the chief reward of working at Booklovers Corner. In particular, Orwell met Sally Jerome, at this time working for an agency, and Kay Ekevall. By the end of February 1935 he had moved into a flat in Parliament Hill, his landlady and it was through a joint party with his landlady here that Orwell met his future wife Eileen OShaughnessy
17.
Coming Up for Air
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Coming Up for Air is a novel by George Orwell, first published in June 1939, shortly before the outbreak of World War II. It combines premonitions of the war with images of an idyllic Thames-side Edwardian era childhood. As a child, Orwell lived at Shiplake and Henley in the Thames Valley and he particularly enjoyed fishing and shooting rabbits with a neighbouring family. In 1937 Orwell spent some months fighting in the Spanish Civil War and he was wounded in the throat in May 1937, by a Fascist sniper at Huesca. Orwell was severely ill in 1938 and was advised to spend the winter in a warm climate. The novelist L. H. Myers anonymously gave £300 to enable this and Orwell went with his wife to North Africa where he stayed, in French Morocco, mainly in Marrakesh, from September 1938 to March 1939. Orwell wrote Coming Up for Air while he was in North Africa and it was submitted to Victor Gollancz, who had an option on Orwells next three novels, in spite of the cold treatment which had been given when Homage to Catalonia was rejected. In fact Orwell heard in April 1939 that Gollancz had reservations about the book, and was delaying a decision to accept it. The descriptions in the novel of a character who lectures at a meeting of Gollanczs Left Book Club, nevertheless, the publisher did bring out the novel without demanding major changes and it was published on 12 June 1939. It was the last Orwell novel to bear the Gollancz imprint and it is written in the first person, with George Bowling, the forty-five-year-old protagonist, who reveals his life and experiences while undertaking a trip back to his boyhood home as an adult. At the opening of the book, Bowling has a day off work to go to London to collect a new set of false teeth. A news-poster about the contemporary King Zog of Albania sets off thoughts of a biblical character Og, Bowling is wondering what to do with a modest sum of money that he has won on a horserace and which he has concealed from his wife and family. Fed up with this, he seeks his friend Old Porteous and he usually enjoys Porteous company, but on this occasion his dry dead classics makes Bowling even more depressed. Bowling decides to use the money on a trip down memory lane and he recalls a particular pond with huge fish in it which he had missed the chance to try and catch thirty years previously. He therefore plans to return to Lower Binfield but when he arrives, eventually he locates the old pub where he is to stay, finding it much changed. His home has become a tea shop and she fails to recognise him at all. Bowling remembers the slow and painful decline of his fathers seed business—resulting from the establishment of corporate competition. This painful memory seems to have sensitised him to – and given him a repugnance for – what he sees as the ravages of Progress
18.
Animal Farm
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Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. According to Orwell, the book reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917, Orwell, a democratic socialist, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the Spanish Civil War. The Soviet Union, he believed, had become a dictatorship, built upon a cult of personality. The original title was Animal Farm, A Fairy Story, U. S. publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, other titular variations include subtitles like A Satire and A Contemporary Satire. Orwell suggested the title Union des républiques socialistes animales for the French translation, which abbreviates to URSA, the Latin word for bear and it also played on the French name of the Soviet Union, Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques. The manuscript was rejected by a number of British and American publishers, including one of Orwells own, Victor Gollancz. It became a commercial success when it did appear partly because international relations were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the Cold War. Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels and it won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996, and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection. When Major dies, two pigs, Snowball and Napoleon, assume command and consider it a duty to prepare for the Rebellion. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible farmer Mr. Jones from the farm and they adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, All animals are equal. Snowball teaches the animals to read and write, while Napoleon educates young puppies on the principles of Animalism, food is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, some time later, several men attack Animal Farm. Jones and his men are making an attempt to recapture the farm, Snowball and the animals, who are hiding in ambush, defeat the men by launching a surprise attack as soon as they enter the farmyard. Snowballs popularity soars, and this event is proclaimed The Battle of the Cowshed and it is celebrated annually with the firing of a gun, on the anniversary of the Revolution. Napoleon and Snowball vie for pre-eminence, when Snowball announces his plans to modernize the farm by building a windmill, Napoleon has his dogs chase Snowball away and declares himself leader. Napoleon enacts changes to the structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs who will run the farm. Through a young pig named Squealer, Napoleon claims credit for the windmill idea, the animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. When the animals find the windmill collapsed after a violent storm, Napoleon, once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins to purge the farm with his dogs, killing animals he accuses of consorting with his old rival
19.
Down and Out in Paris and London
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Down and Out in Paris and London is the first full-length work by the English author George Orwell, published in 1933. It is a memoir in two parts on the theme of poverty in the two cities, the first part is an account of living in near-destitution in Paris and the experience of casual labour in restaurant kitchens. After giving up his post as a policeman in Burma to become a writer, Orwell moved to rooms in Portobello Road, London at the end of 1927 when he was 24. In spring of 1928 he moved to Paris and lived at 6 Rue du Pot de Fer in the Latin Quarter, American writers like Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald had lived in the same area. Following the Russian Revolution there was a large Russian emigre community in Paris, Orwells aunt Nellie Limouzin also lived in Paris and gave him social and, when necessary, financial support. He led a social life, worked on his novels and had several articles published in avant-garde journals. Orwell fell seriously ill in March 1929 and shortly afterwards had money stolen from the lodging house, the thief was probably not the young Italian described in Down and Out. Whoever reduced Orwell to destitution did him a good turn, his ten weeks in Paris sowed the seed of his first published book. Whether through necessity or just to collect material, and probably both, he undertook work as a dishwasher in restaurants. In August 1929 he sent a copy of The Spike to the Adelphi magazine in London, Orwell left Paris in December 1929 and returned to England, going straight home to his parents house in Southwold. Later he acted as a tutor to a handicapped child there and also undertook further tramping expeditions, culminating in a stint working in the Kent hop fields in August. After this adventure, he ended up in the Tooley Street kip, Orwells first version of Down and Out was called A Scullions Diary. Completed in October 1930, it used only his Paris material and he offered it to Jonathan Cape in the summer of 1931. Cape rejected it in the autumn and it was in the home of Mabel Fierz that Orwell then discarded the typescript. She had, with her husband, a London businessman named Francis, Fierz at this point took it to a literary agent, Leonard Moore, who recognised it as a natural for the new house of Gollancz. Victor Gollancz was prepared to publish the work, subject to the removal of bad language and some identifiable names, the title improvised by Gollancz, Confessions of a Down and Outer bothered Orwell. Would The Confessions of a Dishwasher do as well, I would rather answer to dishwasher than down & out. At the last minute, Gollancz shortened the title to Down and Out in Paris, the author, after possibilities including X, P. S
20.
The Road to Wigan Pier
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The Road to Wigan Pier is a book by the British writer George Orwell, first published in 1937. The second half is an essay on his middle-class upbringing. When this was refused Gollancz wrote an introduction to the book, Victor could not bear to reject it, even though his suggestion that the repugnant second half should be omitted from the Club edition was turned down. On this occasion Victor, albeit nervously, did overrule Communist Party objections in favour of his publishing instinct and his compromise was to publish the book with full of good criticism, unfair criticism, and half-truths. Orwell submitted the typescript of Keep the Aspidistra Flying to Gollancz on 15 January 1936, at some point in the next few days Gollancz asked him to consider a new project – writing a book about unemployment and social conditions in economically depressed northern England. In the period from 31 January to 30 March 1936, Orwell lived in Wigan, Barnsley, Gollancz was not only a successful publisher but also a dedicated social reformer. As a successful publisher however, he knew that to reach an audience he needed something more than a collection of facts, statistics, graphs. He reported that Gollancz had offered Orwell £500 to underwrite the trip, recent biographers, however, do not repeat this account. On 1 April 1936, Orwell rented a cottage in the village of Wallington, Hertfordshire. Biographer Michael Shelden points out that the rental for the cottage was less than £2 a month, Orwell, as well as living off the land, supplemented his income by running the cottage as the village store. Yet, writing to Jack Common in April 1936 about setting up shop, Orwell sounds hard put to find £20 in order to stock his shelves, rather than a man who had received £500 a couple of months earlier. When it came to marrying, Orwell wrote to Gorer, I should never be justified in marrying. D. J. Orwell set out on the journey on the last day of January 1936, having given up his job at Booklovers Corner and his flat in Kentish Town, he would not live in London again until 1940. He kept a diary from 31 January to 25 March, which records the unretouched material that he would develop into the first part of The Road to Wigan Pier. For three weeks in February 1936 he was in Wigan, the longest single stop he would make, March was allotted to Yorkshire – Sheffield, Leeds and he had completed a rough first draft of the book by October and sent off the final version to Moore in December. Gollancz published the work under the Left Book Club, which gave Orwell a far higher circulation than his previous works, however, Gollancz feared the second half would offend Left Book Club readers and inserted a mollifying preface to the book while Orwell was in Spain. The original edition included 32 illustrations that were photographs of Welsh coal miners, Orwell did not choose the images and their inclusion may not have been his idea. The book is divided two sections
21.
Homage to Catalonia
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Homage to Catalonia is George Orwells personal account of his experiences and observations in the Spanish Civil War. The first edition was published in the United Kingdom in 1938, the book was not published in the United States until February 1952, when it appeared with an influential preface by Lionel Trilling. The only translation published in Orwells lifetime was into Italian, in December 1948, a French translation by Yvonne Davet—with whom Orwell corresponded, commenting on her translation and providing explanatory notes—in 1938–39, was not published until five years after Orwells death. In June 1937, the leftist political party with whose militia he served was declared an illegal organisation, and Orwell was consequently forced to either flee or face imprisonment. Having arrived in Barcelona on 26 December 1936, Orwell told John McNair, the Independent Labour Partys representative there and he also told McNair that he would like to write about the situation and endeavour to stir working class opinion in Britain and France. McNair took him to the POUM barracks, where Orwell immediately enlisted, by his own admission, it was somewhat by chance that Orwell joined the POUM, rather than the far larger Soviet supported Communist-run International Brigades. Pollitt seems to have taken a dislike to him. And soon concluded that his visitor was politically unreliable, Orwell then telephoned the headquarters of the ILP, and its officials agreed to help him. The party was willing to accredit him as a correspondent for the New Leader, the ILPs weekly paper with which he was familiar, the ILP issued him a letter of introduction to their representative in Barcelona. The party was affiliated with the independent socialist group, the POUM, Orwell served on the Aragon front for 115 days. It was not until the end of April 1937 that he was granted leave and was able to see his wife Eileen in Barcelona again, Eileen wrote on 1 May that she found him, a little lousy, dark brown, and looking really very well. The Spanish government was seeking to direct control on Barcelona. The government decided to occupy the building and to disarm the workers, the anarcho-syndicalist CNT staff resisted. The struggle was called off by the CNT leaders after four days, large government forces were arriving from Valencia. On 17 May 1937, Largo Caballero resigned, the NKVD-controlled secret police pursued its persecution of persons who opposed the Moscow line. On 16 June, when the POUM was declared illegal, the Communists turned its headquarters in Barcelona into a prison for Trotskyists, leaders were handed over to NKVD operatives and taken to a secret prison in Madrid. Andreu Nin taken to Alcalá de Henares, where he was interrogated from 18 to 21 June and he was then moved to a summer house outside the city which belonged to the wife of Hidalgo de Cisneros and tortured to death. Diego Abad de Santillan remarked, Whether Juan Negrín won with his communist cohorts, or Franco won with his Italians and Germans, at the front, Orwell was shot through the throat by a sniper on 20 May 1937 and nearly killed
22.
Shooting an Elephant
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Shooting an Elephant is an essay by George Orwell, first published in the literary magazine New Writing in late 1936 and broadcast by the BBC Home Service on 12 October 1948. The essay describes the experience of the English narrator, possibly Orwell himself, because the locals expect him to do the job, he does so against his better judgment, his anguish increased by the elephants slow and painful death. The story is regarded as a metaphor for British imperialism, after Orwells death in 1950, the essay was republished several times, including in Shooting an Elephant and Other Essays, Inside the Whale and Other Essays, and Selected Writings. Britain conquered Burma over a period of 62 years, during which three Anglo-Burmese wars took place, and incorporated it into its Indian Empire. It was administered as a province of India until 1937, when it became a separate, self-governing colony, Moulmein used to be full of elephants. Haul logs in the timber firms, ordinary tamed elephants have been part of Burmese life for centuries. the rare and revered white elephant, is believed in Buddhist legend to be a symbol of purity and power. By the time Orwell moved to Moulmein, in 1926. he was most probably ambivalent about the state of which he was a part. The Kipling-inspired romance of the Raj had been worn thin by the realities of his job in which. he witnessed the dirty work of Empire at close quarters. Orwell writes how he was trapped between his own resentment towards the Empire and the Burmese peoples resentment towards him. As a member of the power, he is cornered into doing what the natives expect of him, He wears a mask. In Moulmein, the narrator—Orwell, writing in the first person—is a police officer during a period of intense anti-European sentiment, although his intellectual sympathies lie with the Burmese, his official role makes him a symbol of the oppressive imperial power. As such, he is subjected to constant baiting and jeering by the local people. After receiving a call regarding a normally tame elephants rampage, the narrator, armed with a.44 caliber Winchester rifle and riding on a pony, entering one of the poorest quarters, he receives conflicting reports and contemplates leaving, thinking the incident is a hoax. The narrator then sees a village woman chasing away children who are looking at the corpse of an Indian whom the elephant has trampled and killed. He sends an order to bring an elephant rifle and, followed by a group of roughly a few thousand people, heads toward the paddy field where the elephant has rested in its tracks. Although he does not want to kill the elephant now that it seems peaceful, after inquiring as to the elephants behavior and delaying for some time, he shoots the elephant several times, wounding it but unable to kill it. The narrator then leaves the beast, unable to be in its presence as it continues to suffer and he later learns that it was stripped, nearly to the bone, within hours. His elderly colleagues agree that killing the elephant was the best thing to do, the narrator then wonders if they will ever understand that he did it solely to avoid looking a fool
23.
Spilling the Spanish Beans
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Spilling the Spanish Beans is an article, in two parts, by George Orwell, that first appeared in the New English Weekly of 29 July and 2 September 1937. Orwell travelled to Spain in December 1936, to material for newspaper articles etc. and he had also. He carried a letter from Fenner Brockway to Paris and dropped in on Henry Miller and he arrived in Barcelona on 26 December 1936. It was the first time I had ever been in a town where the class was in the saddle. I recognised it immediately as a state of affairs worth fighting for and he had arrived with Independent Labour Party papers and the ILP was affiliated with the Workers Party of Marxist Unification, an anti-Stalinist party. Its leader, Andrés Nin, had once been an ally of Leon Trotsky. Nin had just been forced out of the Catalan government, a result of Communist influence which had grown in Spain since the first Russian supply ships had arrived in October 1936. In July 1936 the POUM paper La Batalla condemned the Moscow Show Trials - the Spanish Communists were complaining about the anarchists and Trotskyists, in September general Alexander Orlov of the NKVD arrived in Madrid. Communist influence and Orlovs power began to extend itself throughout Republican Spain, Orwell did not know at this time that the POUM was quite separate from the Communist-dominated International Brigade. After Orwell had spent a day or so absorbing the atmosphere he told McNair that he had decided to enlist. A 20-year-old journalist, Victor Alba, from La Batalla had spent some time showing him the scenes of the July street fighting, from Barcelona Orwell was sent to Alcubierre on the Aragon Front. Communism is now a counter-revolutionary force, using the whole of their powerful machinery to crush or discredit any party that shows signs of revolutionary tendencies. The Russians were able not only to get money for their weapons, put in their crudest form, the terms were, Crush the revolution or you get no more arms. It may be, that the spectacle of a revolution in Spain would rouse unwanted echoes in Russia. If the Communists had saved the Government from October 1936 onwards they had also, Orwell wrote and it is significant that as early as January of this year voluntary recruiting had practically ceased. Orwell and his wife Eileen left Spain on 23 June 1937, escaping the Stalinist purges and their holiday was not a success. Orwell found the place a bore and a disappointment and it was chilly weather, a persistent wind blew off the sea, the water was dull and choppy. Orwell could not help feeling that his time would be spent in writing articles which would spill the beans about communist duplicity
24.
Good Bad Books
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Good Bad Books is an essay by George Orwell first published in Tribune on 2 November 1945. After Orwells death, the essay was republished in Shooting an Elephant, the essay examines the lasting popularity of works not usually considered great literature. Orwell defines a good bad book as the kind of book that has no literary pretensions and he acknowledges G. K. Chesterton as the originator of the term, as seen in his defences of penny dreadfuls and detective stories in the 1901 collection The Defendant. Orwell claims that perhaps the supreme example of the good bad book is Uncle Toms Cabin and it is an unintentionally ludicrous book, full of preposterous melodramatic incidents, it is also deeply moving and essentially true, it is hard to say which quality outweighs the other. The notion is inverted in The Anti-Booklist by Brian Redhead and Kenneth McLeish, in which the authors critique a range of bad good books, bibliography of George Orwell Western canon Anderson, Paul. Orwell in Tribune, As I Please and Other Writings, ISBN 1-84275-155-7 Rodden, John The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell. ISBN 978-0-521-67507-9 Taylor, D. J. Orwell, The Life
25.
Decline of the English Murder
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Decline of the English Murder is an essay by George Orwell, wherein he analysed the kinds of murders depicted in popular media and why people like to read them. Tribune published it on 15 February 1946, and Secker and Warburg republished it after his death in Shooting an Elephant, Orwell then contrasted these with the Cleft Chin Murder, a recent murder during World War II, distinguished by its brutal casualness rather than by emotion or class. He suggested that this became a distraction amid the doodle-bugs and created excitement because the man was sentenced to death. According to Orwell, a call for the girl also to be hanged flowed from the effects of the war. The essay was collected in a compilation entitled Decline of the English Murder and Other Essays. The essays opening sentence pictures a typical working Englishman settling down with the News of the World after his Sunday lunch, the final issue of this newspaper in July 2011 quoted this sentence, claiming that Orwell had well-described the sentiments of the nation. However, media pundit Max Atkinson argued that Orwell was in fact satirizing the sensationalist tabloids, bibliography of George Orwell On Murder Considered as one of the Fine Arts Text of the essay Decline of the English Murder
26.
The Moon Under Water
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It was Orwells last contribution to the Evening Standard. Orwell stipulated ten key points that his perfect pub in the London area should have, The architecture, games, such as darts, are only played in the public bar so that in the other bars you can walk about without the worry of flying darts. The pub is quiet enough to talk, with the house possessing neither a radio nor a piano, the barmaids know the customers by name and take an interest in everyone. It sells tobacco and cigarettes, aspirins and stamps, and is obliging about letting you use the telephone, there is a snack counter where you can get liver-sausage sandwiches, mussels, cheese, pickles and large biscuits with caraway seeds. Upstairs, six days a week, you can get a good, solid lunch—for example, a creamy sort of draught stout, and it goes better in a pewter pot. They are particular about their drinking vessels at The Moon Under Water and never, for example, apart from glass and pewter mugs, they have some of those pleasant strawberry-pink china ones. But in my opinion beer tastes better out of china, Orwell admitted that to be fair, he did know of a few pubs that almost came up to his ideal, including one that had eight of the mentioned qualities. The J D Wetherspoon pub chain has used the name Moon Under Water for fifteen of its outlets, there is a Moon Under Water pub in St. Petersburg, Florida, USA. There is a Moon Under Water pub in Victoria, BC, george Orwell bibliography Pub names The article at The Orwell Prize
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