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Outline of academic disciplines

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Collage of images representing different academic disciplines

An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of knowledge, taught and researched as part of higher education. A scholar's discipline is commonly defined by the university faculties and learned societies to which he or she belongs and the academic journals in which he or she publishes research.

Disciplines vary between well-established ones that exist in almost all universities and have well-defined rosters of journals and conferences and nascent ones supported by only a few universities and publications. A discipline may have branches, and these are often called sub-disciplines.

There is no consensus on how some academic disciplines should be classified, for example whether anthropology and linguistics are disciplines of the social sciences or of the humanities.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to academic disciplines.

Humanities[edit]

Arts[edit]

Performing arts[edit]

Visual arts[edit]

History[edit]

Languages and literature[edit]

Philosophy[edit]

Theology[edit]

Social sciences[edit]

Anthropology[edit]

Archaeology[edit]

Archaeology

Economics[edit]

Human geography[edit]

Human geography

Law[edit]

Political science[edit]

Psychology[edit]

Sociology[edit]

Natural sciences[edit]

Biology[edit]

Chemistry[edit]

Earth sciences[edit]

Edaphology
Environmental chemistry
Environmental science
Gemology
Geochemistry
Geodesy
Physical geography (outline)
- Atmospheric science / Meteorology (outline)
- Biogeography / Phytogeography
- Climatology / Paleoclimatology / Palaeogeography
- Coastal geography / Oceanography
- Edaphology / Pedology or Soil science
- Geobiology
- Geology (outline) (Geomorphology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Sedimentology, Speleology, Tectonics, Volcanology)
- Geostatistics
- Glaciology
- Hydrology (outline)/ Limnology / Hydrogeology
- Landscape ecology
- Quaternary science
Geophysics (outline)
Paleontology
- Paleobiology
- Paleoecology

Space sciences[edit]

Physics[edit]

Formal sciences[edit]

Computer Science[edit]

Also a branch of electrical engineering

Mathematics[edit]

Pure mathematics

Applied mathematics

Statistics[edit]

Applied sciences[edit]

Engineering and technology[edit]

Chemical Engineering

Civil Engineering

Educational Technology

Electrical Engineering

Materials Science and Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Systems science

Medicine and health[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Abbott, Andrew (2001). Chaos of Disciplines. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00101-2.
Oleson, Alexandra; Voss, John (1979). The Organization of knowledge in modern America, 1860-1920. ISBN 0-8018-2108-8.
US Department of Education Institute of Education Sciences. Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP). National Center for Education Statistics.

External links[edit]

Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP 2000): Developed by the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics to provide a taxonomic scheme that will support the accurate tracking, assessment, and reporting of fields of study and program completions activity.
Complete JACS (Joint Academic Classification of Subjects) from Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) in the United Kingdom
Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classification (ANZSRC 2008) (web-page) Chapter 3 and Appendix 1: Fields of research classification.
Fields of Knowledge, a zoomable map allowing the academic disciplines and sub-disciplines in this article be visualised.

v t e Outlines
General reference Culture and the arts Geography and places Health and fitness History and events Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences People and self Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences

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RELATED RESEARCH TOPICS

1. Knowledge – Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit or explicit, it can be more or less formal or systematic, however, several definitions of knowledge and theories to explain it exist. Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes, perception, communication, and reasoning, the eventual demarcation of philosophy from science was made possible by the notion that philosophys core was theory of knowledge, a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their foundation. Without this idea of a theory of knowledge, it is hard to imagine what philosophy could have been in the age of modern science, the definition of knowledge is a matter of ongoing debate among philosophers in the field of epistemology. Some claim that conditions are not sufficient, as Gettier case examples allegedly demonstrate. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the evidence for the belief necessitates its truth. In contrast to this approach, Ludwig Wittgenstein observed, following Moores paradox, that one can say He believes it, but it isnt so, but not He knows it, but it isnt so. He goes on to argue that these do not correspond to distinct mental states, what is different here is not the mental state of the speaker, but the activity in which they are engaged. For example, on account, to know that the kettle is boiling is not to be in a particular state of mind. Wittgenstein sought to bypass the difficulty of definition by looking to the way knowledge is used in natural languages and he saw knowledge as a case of a family resemblance. Following this idea, knowledge has been reconstructed as a concept that points out relevant features. Symbolic representations can be used to indicate meaning and can be thought of as a dynamic process, hence the transfer of the symbolic representation can be viewed as one ascription process whereby knowledge can be transferred. Other forms of communication include observation and imitation, verbal exchange, philosophers of language and semioticians construct and analyze theories of knowledge transfer or communication. In his collection of essays Technopoly, Neil Postman demonstrates the argument against the use of writing through an excerpt from Platos work Phaedrus, in this excerpt, the scholar Socrates recounts the story of Thamus, the Egyptian king and Theuth the inventor of the written word. In this story, Theuth presents his new invention writing to King Thamus, King Thamus is skeptical of this new invention and rejects it as a tool of recollection rather than retained knowledge. Media theorists like Andrew Robinson emphasise that the depiction of knowledge in the modern world was often seen as being truer than oral knowledge. It is harder to preserve records of what was said or who originally said it – usually neither the nor the content can be verified. Gossip and rumors are examples prevalent in both media, major libraries today can have millions of books of knowledge

2. Education – Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has an effect on the way one thinks, feels. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy, in most regions education is compulsory up to a certain age. Etymologically, the education is derived from the Latin ēducātiō from ēducō which is related to the homonym ēdūcō from ē-. Education began in prehistory, as trained the young in the knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation, story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be learned through imitation. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom, plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe. The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in 330 BCE, there, the great Library of Alexandria was built in the 3rd century BCE. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in CE476, after the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centres of advanced education, some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europes modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous, founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university. The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek, around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts, the Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe. In most countries today, full-time education, whether at school or otherwise, is compulsory for all children up to a certain age, formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system, such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces, student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more

3. Research – It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field, to test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of research are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development of methods. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences, there are several forms of research, scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, life, technological, etc. The earliest recorded use of the term was in 1577, Research has been defined in a number of different ways. Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell and it consists of three steps, pose a question, collect data to answer the question, and present an answer to the question. Original research is research that is not exclusively based on a summary and this material is of a primary source character. The purpose of the research is to produce new knowledge. Original research can take a number of forms, depending on the discipline it pertains to, in analytical work, there are typically some new mathematical results produced, or a new way of approaching an existing problem. The degree of originality of the research is among major criteria for articles to be published in academic journals, graduate students are commonly required to perform original research as part of a dissertation. Scientific research is a way of gathering data and harnessing curiosity. This research provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of the nature, scientific research is funded by public authorities, by charitable organizations and by private groups, including many companies. Scientific research can be subdivided into different classifications according to their academic, Research in the humanities involves different methods such as for example hermeneutics and semiotics. Humanities scholars usually do not search for the correct answer to a question. Context is always important, and context can be social, historical, political, cultural, an example of research in the humanities is historical research, which is embodied in historical method. Historians use primary sources and other evidence to systematically investigate a topic, other studies aim to merely examine the occurrence of behaviours in societies and communities, without particularly looking for reasons or motivations to explain these. These studies may be qualitative or quantitative, and can use a variety of approaches, Artistic research, also seen as practice-based research, can take form when creative works are considered both the research and the object of research itself. It is the body of thought which offers an alternative to purely scientific methods in research in its search for knowledge

4. Higher education – Higher education, post-secondary education, or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. Tertiary education at non-degree level is referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. The right of access to education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, in the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education, the term higher education was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion. Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work, within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level. The latter level of education is referred to as graduate school. Higher education is important to national economies, both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers. However, the admission of so many students of average ability to higher education inevitably requires a decline in academic standards. There is some question as to whether advanced mathematical skills or talent are in fact necessary for such as history, English, philosophy. In contrast, the higher education and training that takes place at vocational universities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications. Requirements for admission to such high-level graduate programs is extremely competitive, in the United States, there are large differences in wages and employment associated with different degrees. Medical doctors and lawyers are generally the highest paid workers, and have among the lowest unemployment rates and it may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective. Engineering disciplines include, aerospace, biological, civil, chemical, computer, electrical, industrial, examples are painting, sculpture, and drawing, etc. Higher educational institutions in these arts include Film schools and Art schools, Higher vocational education and training takes place at the non-university tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of education such as that offered by institutions of vocational education. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a broader scientific field

5. Academic journal – An academic or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny and they are usually peer-reviewed or refereed. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, the term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields, this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Upon receipt of an article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by scholars of the editors choosing who typically remain anonymous. Though these reports are confidential, some journals and publishers also practice public peer review. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, even accepted articles are often subjected to further editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take several weeks to several months. Review articles, also called reviews of progress, are checks on the published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms, some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some journals are enumerative, listing all significant articles in a subject, others are selective. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field, some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years. Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions and they are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field. Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the books published by scholars, unlike articles. Journals typically have a book review editor determining which new books to review. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editors request for a book review, publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook, an academic journals prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline there are dominant journals that receive the largest number of submissions, yet, not only the largest journals are of excellent quality

6. Consensus decision-making – Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process in which group members develop, and agree to support a decision in the best interest of the whole. Consensus may be defined professionally as a resolution, one that can be supported. Consensus is defined by Merriam-Webster as, first, general agreement and it has its origin in the Latin word cōnsēnsus, which is from cōnsentiō meaning literally feel together. It is used to both the decision and the process of reaching a decision. Consensus decision-making is thus concerned with the process of deliberating and finalizing a decision, as a decision-making process, consensus decision-making aims to be, Agreement Seeking, A consensus decision making process attempts to generate as much agreement as possible. Collaborative, Participants contribute to a proposal and shape it into a decision that meets the concerns of all group members as much as possible. Cooperative, Participants in a consensus process should strive to reach the best possible decision for the group and all of its members. Egalitarian, All members of a consensus decision-making body should be afforded, as much as possible, All members have the opportunity to present, and amend proposals. Inclusive, As many stakeholders as possible should be involved in the consensus decision-making process, participatory, The consensus process should actively solicit the input and participation of all decision-makers. Consensus decision-making is an alternative to commonly practiced group decision-making processes, roberts Rules of Order, for instance, is a guide book used by many organizations. This book allows the structuring of debate and passage of proposals that can be approved through majority vote and it does not emphasize the goal of full agreement. Critics of such a process believe that it can involve adversarial debate and these dynamics may harm group member relationships and undermine the ability of a group to cooperatively implement a contentious decision. Consensus decision-making attempts to address the beliefs of such problems, proponents claim that outcomes of the consensus process include, Better decisions, Through including the input of all stakeholders the resulting proposals may better address all potential concerns. Better implementation, A process that includes and respects all parties, Better group relationships, A cooperative, collaborative group atmosphere can foster greater group cohesion and interpersonal connection. The level of agreement necessary to finalize a decision is known as a decision rule and these groups use the term consensus to denote both the discussion process and the decision rule. Other groups use a process to generate as much agreement as possible. In this case, someone who has a strong objection must live with the decision, Giving consent does not necessarily mean that the proposal being considered is one’s first choice. Group members can vote their consent to a proposal because they choose to cooperate with the direction of the group, sometimes the vote on a proposal is framed, “Is this proposal something you can live with. ”This relaxed threshold for a yes vote can achieve full consent

7. Anthropology – Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies, linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life. Biological or physical anthropology studies the development of humans. The abstract noun anthropology is first attested in reference to history and its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann. Their New Latin anthropologia derived from the forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos and lógos. It began to be used in English, possibly via French anthropologie, various short-lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed. The Société Ethnologique de Paris, the first to use Ethnology, was formed in 1839 and its members were primarily anti-slavery activists. When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned and these anthropologists of the times were liberal, anti-slavery, and pro-human-rights activists. Anthropology and many other current fields are the results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century. For them, the publication of Charles Darwins On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect, Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild. Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s, there was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. When he read Darwin he became a convert to Transformisme. His definition now became the study of the group, considered as a whole, in its details. Broca, being what today would be called a neurosurgeon, had taken an interest in the pathology of speech and he wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the brain, today called Brocas area after him. The title was translated as The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples. The last two volumes were published posthumously, Waitz defined anthropology as the science of the nature of man. By nature he meant matter animated by the Divine breath, i. e. he was an animist and he stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation

Education [videos]

Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and …

Education - Lecture at the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, CTU, in Prague

Education - School children sitting in the shade of an orchard in Bamozai, near Gardez, Paktya Province, Afghanistan

Lecture at the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, CTU, in Prague

School children sitting in the shade of an orchard in Bamozai, near Gardez, Paktya Province, Afghanistan

Education - Student participants in the FIRST Robotics Competition, Washington, D.C.

Education - Nalanda, ancient centre for higher learning

Student participants in the FIRST Robotics Competition, Washington, D.C.

Nalanda, ancient centre for higher learning

Research [videos]

Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of …

Research - Basrelief sculpture "Research holding the torch of knowledge" (1896) by Olin Levi Warner. Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.

Research - Primary scientific research being carried out at the Microscopy Laboratory of the Idaho National Laboratory.

Basrelief sculpture "Research holding the torch of knowledge" (1896) by Olin Levi Warner. Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.

Primary scientific research being carried out at the Microscopy Laboratory of the Idaho National Laboratory.

Research - Scientific research equipment at MIT.

Research - German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), considered to be one of the founders of modern source-based history.

Scientific research equipment at MIT.

German historian Leopold von Ranke (1795–1886), considered to be one of the founders of modern source-based history.

Higher education [videos]

Higher education, post-secondary education, or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that …

Higher education - Image: Var 132

Higher education - The University of Pennsylvania considers itself the first institution in the United States of America to use the term "university" in its name.

Image: Var 132

The University of Pennsylvania considers itself the first institution in the United States of America to use the term "university" in its name.

Higher education - The University of Cambridge is an institution of higher learning in Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Higher education - The McGill University is an institution of higher learning in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

The University of Cambridge is an institution of higher learning in Cambridge, United Kingdom.

The McGill University is an institution of higher learning in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Anthropology [videos]

Anthropology is the study of various aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology and …

Anthropology - Image: African sccs cultures

Anthropology - Forensic anthropologists can help identify skeletonized human remains, such as these found lying in scrub in Western Australia, c. 1900–1910.

Image: African sccs cultures

Forensic anthropologists can help identify skeletonized human remains, such as these found lying in scrub in Western Australia, c. 1900–1910.

Anthropology - Excavations at the 3800-year-old Edgewater Park Site, Iowa

Anthropology - A Punu tribe mask. Gabon Central Africa

Excavations at the 3800-year-old Edgewater Park Site, Iowa

A Punu tribe mask. Gabon Central Africa

Social science [videos]

Social science is a major category of academic disciplines, concerned with society and the relationships among …

Social science - Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala.

Social science - A depiction of world's oldest university, the University of Bologna, in Italy

Buyers bargain for good prices while sellers put forth their best front in Chichicastenango Market, Guatemala.

A depiction of world's oldest university, the University of Bologna, in Italy

Social science - Map of the Earth

Social science - A trial at a criminal court, the Old Bailey in London

Map of the Earth

A trial at a criminal court, the Old Bailey in London

The arts [videos]

The arts refers to the theory and physical expression of creativity found in human societies and cultures. Major …

The arts - Hans Rottenhammer, Allegory of the Arts (second half of the 16th century). Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.

The arts - Lawrence Alma-Tadema's Catullus-at-Lesbia's (1865)

Hans Rottenhammer, Allegory of the Arts (second half of the 16th century). Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.

Lawrence Alma-Tadema's Catullus-at-Lesbia's (1865)

The arts - The Mona Lisa is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world.

The arts - The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece

The Mona Lisa is one of the most recognizable artistic paintings in the Western world.

The Parthenon on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece

Performing arts [videos]

Performing arts are a form of art in which artists use their voices or bodies, often in relation to other objects, to …

Performing arts - Dance is a type of performance art practiced all over the world.

Performing arts - A ballerina en pointe.

Dance is a type of performance art practiced all over the world.

A ballerina en pointe.

Performing arts - Commedia dell'arte troupe on a wagon, by Jan Miel, 1640

Performing arts - Isadora Duncan, one of the developers of free dance.

Commedia dell'arte troupe on a wagon, by Jan Miel, 1640

Isadora Duncan, one of the developers of free dance.

Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are …

Music - A painting on an ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BCE).

Music - In Greek mythology, the nine Muses were the inspiration for many creative endeavors, including the arts.

A painting on an ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BCE).

In Greek mythology, the nine Muses were the inspiration for many creative endeavors, including the arts.

Music - People composing music in 2013 using electronic keyboards and computers.

Music - French Baroque music composer Michel Richard Delalande (1657–1726), pen in hand.

People composing music in 2013 using electronic keyboards and computers.

French Baroque music composer Michel Richard Delalande (1657–1726), pen in hand.

Chamber music [videos]

Chamber music is a form of classical music that is composed for a small group of instruments—traditionally a group that …

Chamber music - Frederick the Great plays flute in his summer palace Sanssouci, with Franz Benda playing violin, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach accompanying on keyboard, and unidentified string players; painting by Adolph Menzel (1850–52)

Chamber music - Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen play a quartet on viols in this fanciful woodcut from 1516.

Frederick the Great plays flute in his summer palace Sanssouci, with Franz Benda playing violin, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach accompanying on keyboard, and unidentified string players; painting by Adolph Menzel (1850–52)

Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen play a quartet on viols in this fanciful woodcut from 1516.

Chamber music - Baroque musicians playing a trio sonata, 18th century anonymous painting

Chamber music - Score of Joseph Haydn's Op. 20, No. 4, showing conversational mode.

Baroque musicians playing a trio sonata, 18th century anonymous painting

Score of Joseph Haydn's Op. 20, No. 4, showing conversational mode.

Church music [videos]

Church music is music written for performance in church, or any musical setting of ecclesiastical liturgy, or music set …

Church music - Church singing, Tacuinum Sanitatis Casanatensis (14th century).

Church music - The Introit Gaudeamus omnes, scripted in square notation in the 14th–15th century Graduale Aboense, honours Henry, patron saint of Finland

Church singing, Tacuinum Sanitatis Casanatensis (14th century).

The Introit Gaudeamus omnes, scripted in square notation in the 14th–15th century Graduale Aboense, honours Henry, patron saint of Finland

Church music - Carol singers

Church music - The Church Music stained glass window at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina

Carol singers

The Church Music stained glass window at St. Matthew's German Evangelical Lutheran Church in Charleston, South Carolina

Conducting [videos]

Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert. It has been defined …

Conducting - Apo Hsu, using a baton, conducts the NTNU Symphony Orchestra in Taipei, Taiwan

Conducting - Steven Sametz conducting the Lehigh University Choir without a baton

Apo Hsu, using a baton, conducts the NTNU Symphony Orchestra in Taipei, Taiwan

Steven Sametz conducting the Lehigh University Choir without a baton

Conducting - Giuseppe Verdi conducting his opera Aida in 1881

Conducting - Herbert von Karajan conducting the Vienna Philharmonic in 1941

Giuseppe Verdi conducting his opera Aida in 1881

Herbert von Karajan conducting the Vienna Philharmonic in 1941

A choir (also known as a quire, chorale or chorus) is a musical ensemble of singers. Choral music, in turn, is the …

Choir - Evensong rehearsal in the quire of York Minster, showing carved choirstalls

Choir - Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue, Alexandria, Egypt

Evensong rehearsal in the quire of York Minster, showing carved choirstalls

Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue, Alexandria, Egypt

Choir - Lambrook School choir in the 1960s, a typical school choir

Choir - Choir in front of the orchestra

Lambrook School choir in the 1960s, a typical school choir

Choir in front of the orchestra

Orchestra [videos]

An orchestra (or US: ; Italian: [orˈkɛstra]) is a large instrumental ensemble typical of classical music, which mixes …

Orchestra - The Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra.

Orchestra - A modern orchestra concert hall: Philharmony in Szczecin, Poland

The Jalisco Philharmonic Orchestra.

A modern orchestra concert hall: Philharmony in Szczecin, Poland

Orchestra - Conducting an orchestra

Orchestra - Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the March 2, 1916 American premiere of Mahler's 8th Symphony.

Conducting an orchestra

Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra at the March 2, 1916 American premiere of Mahler's 8th Symphony.

Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, United States, in the late …

Jazz - Image: Louis Armstrong restored

Jazz - Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

Image: Louis Armstrong restored

Albert Gleizes, 1915, Composition pour Jazz, from the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York

Jazz - Double bassist Reggie Workman, saxophone player Pharoah Sanders, and drummer Idris Muhammad performing in 1978

Jazz - Ethel Waters sang Stormy Weather at the Cotton Club

Double bassist Reggie Workman, saxophone player Pharoah Sanders, and drummer Idris Muhammad performing in 1978

Ethel Waters sang Stormy Weather at the Cotton Club

Music education [videos]

Music education is a field of study associated with the teaching and learning of music. It touches on all learning …

Music education - A music class at the Taimei Elementary School in Tokyo, Japan

Music education - Depiction of Curwen's Solfège hand signs. This version includes the tonal tendencies and interesting titles for each tone.

A music class at the Taimei Elementary School in Tokyo, Japan

Depiction of Curwen's Solfège hand signs. This version includes the tonal tendencies and interesting titles for each tone.

Music education - Children in primary school are assembling a do-organ of Orgelkids

Music education - A music teacher leading a music ensemble in an elementary school in 1943.

Children in primary school are assembling a do-organ of Orgelkids

A music teacher leading a music ensemble in an elementary school in 1943.

Musicology [videos]

Musicology (from Greek μουσική (mousikē), meaning 'music', and -λογία (-logia), meaning 'study of') is the scholarly …

Musicology - Late 18th-century painting of instruments from the school of Zlatá Koruna. On the wall are several lutes and brass instruments. On the left is a cello-type instrument. In the middle are several drums. On the right is a small pipe organ.

Musicology - Historical musicology, which was traditionally the most prominent subdiscipline of musicology, studies the history of music. Central to this study is the examination of historical scores, such as this original manuscript sketch by Ludwig van Beethoven for Piano Sonata No. 28, Movement IV, Geschwind, doch nicht zu sehr und mit Entschlossenheit (Allegro), in his own handwriting. The piece was completed in 1816.

Late 18th-century painting of instruments from the school of Zlatá Koruna. On the wall are several lutes and brass instruments. On the left is a cello-type instrument. In the middle are several drums. On the right is a small pipe organ.

Historical musicology, which was traditionally the most prominent subdiscipline of musicology, studies the history of music. Central to this study is the examination of historical scores, such as this original manuscript sketch by Ludwig van Beethoven for Piano Sonata No. 28, Movement IV, Geschwind, doch nicht zu sehr und mit Entschlossenheit (Allegro), in his own handwriting. The piece was completed in 1816.

Musicology - Music historian Jack Stewart lectures at a conference.

Musicology - Image: Rosetta Reitz

Music historian Jack Stewart lectures at a conference.

Image: Rosetta Reitz

Organ (music) [videos]

In music, the organ (from Greek ὄργανον organon, "organ, instrument, tool") is a keyboard instrument of one or more …

Organ (music) - Image: Orgue Saint Thomas Strasbourg a

Organ (music) - Interior of the Seville Cathedral, showing the pipes of the organ.

Image: Orgue Saint Thomas Strasbourg a

Interior of the Seville Cathedral, showing the pipes of the organ.

Organ (music) - South corp in the Duomo di Milano. The history of this large organ (now with about 16,000 pipes) began in 1395, and it was continuously remodeled until 1986. The present decoration is from the 16th century.

Organ (music) - Chamber organ by Pascoal Caetano Oldovini (1762).

South corp in the Duomo di Milano. The history of this large organ (now with about 16,000 pipes) began in 1395, and it was continuously remodeled until 1986. The present decoration is from the 16th century.

Chamber organ by Pascoal Caetano Oldovini (1762).

The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented in Italy by Bartolomeo Cristofori around the year 1700 …

Piano - Image: Grand piano and upright piano

Piano - Grand piano by Louis Bas of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.

Image: Grand piano and upright piano

Grand piano by Louis Bas of Villeneuve-lès-Avignon, France, 1781. Earliest French grand piano known to survive; includes an inverted wrestplank and action derived from the work of Bartolomeo Cristofori (ca. 1700) with ornately decorated soundboard.

Piano - Duplex scaling of an 1883 Steinway Model 'A'. From lower left to upper right: main sounding length of strings, treble bridge, duplex string length, duplex bar (nickel-plated bar parallel to bridge), hitchpins, plate strut with bearing bolt, plate hole.

Piano - The mechanism and strings in upright pianos are perpendicular to the keys.

Duplex scaling of an 1883 Steinway Model 'A'. From lower left to upper right: main sounding length of strings, treble bridge, duplex string length, duplex bar (nickel-plated bar parallel to bridge), hitchpins, plate strut with bearing bolt, plate hole.

The mechanism and strings in upright pianos are perpendicular to the keys.

The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has a number of individual strings running at an angle to its …

Harp - 1A Sassanid era mosaic excavated at Bishapur

Ur lyre

1A Sassanid era mosaic excavated at Bishapur

Harp - A medieval European harp (the Wartburg harp) with buzzing bray pins.

Harp - A Mangbetu man playing a bow harp.

A medieval European harp (the Wartburg harp) with buzzing bray pins.

A Mangbetu man playing a bow harp.

The oud is a short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped stringed instrument (a chordophone in the Hornbostel-Sachs …

Oud - Image: Oud MIM PHX

Oud - Egyptian lute players. Fresco from the tomb of Nebamun, a nobleman in the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (c. 1350 BC).

Image: Oud MIM PHX

Egyptian lute players. Fresco from the tomb of Nebamun, a nobleman in the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt (c. 1350 BC).

Oud - Syrian musicians in Aleppo with an oud, circa 1915.

Oud - Various lutes

Syrian musicians in Aleppo with an oud, circa 1915.

Various lutes

Guitar [videos]

The guitar is a fretted musical instrument that usually has six strings. The sound is projected either acoustically, …

Guitar - Illustration labeled "cythara" in the Stuttgart Psalter, a Carolingian psalter from the 9th century. The instrument shown is of the chordophone family, possibly an early citole or lute

Guitar - Guitar collection in Museu de la Música de Barcelona

Illustration labeled "cythara" in the Stuttgart Psalter, a Carolingian psalter from the 9th century. The instrument shown is of the chordophone family, possibly an early citole or lute

Guitar collection in Museu de la Música de Barcelona

Guitar - The Guitar Player (c. 1672), by Johannes Vermeer

Guitar - An 8-string baritone tricone resonator guitar.

The Guitar Player (c. 1672), by Johannes Vermeer

An 8-string baritone tricone resonator guitar.

Brass instrument [videos]

A brass instrument is a musical instrument that produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator …

Brass instrument - Image: High brass x 6 large

Brass instrument - Brass instrument piston valves

Image: High brass x 6 large

Brass instrument piston valves

Brass instrument - Flugelhorn with three pistons and a trigger

Brass instrument - Quartet with plastic trombones

Flugelhorn with three pistons and a trigger

Quartet with plastic trombones

Percussion instrument [videos]

A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater (including …

Percussion instrument - Yoruba drummers: One holds omele ako and batá, the other two hold dunduns.

Percussion instrument - Orchestral percussion section with timpani, unpitched auxiliary percussion and pitched tubular bells

Yoruba drummers: One holds omele ako and batá, the other two hold dunduns.

Orchestral percussion section with timpani, unpitched auxiliary percussion and pitched tubular bells

Percussion instrument - Djembé and balafon played by Susu people of Guinea

Percussion instrument - Concussion idiophones (claves), and struck drums (conga drum)

Djembé and balafon played by Susu people of Guinea

Concussion idiophones (claves), and struck drums (conga drum)

Sound recording and reproduction [videos]

Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of …

Sound recording and reproduction - Frances Densmore recording Blackfoot chief Mountain Chief on a cylinder phonograph for the Bureau of American Ethnology (1916)

Sound recording and reproduction - Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone

Frances Densmore recording Blackfoot chief Mountain Chief on a cylinder phonograph for the Bureau of American Ethnology (1916)

Emile Berliner with disc record gramophone

Sound recording and reproduction - Magnetic audio tapes: acetate base (left) and polyester base (right)

Sound recording and reproduction - A typical Compact Cassette

Magnetic audio tapes: acetate base (left) and polyester base (right)

A typical Compact Cassette

History of dance [videos]

The history of dance is difficult to access because dance does not often leave behind clearly identifiable physical …

History of dance - Veiled dancer, ancient Greek terracotta figurine from Myrina, ca. 150–100 BC. Louvre Museum

History of dance - Shiva as Nataraja (Lord of Dance).

Veiled dancer, ancient Greek terracotta figurine from Myrina, ca. 150–100 BC. Louvre Museum

Shiva as Nataraja (Lord of Dance).

History of dance - Details from a copy of a 10th-century painting Night Revels of Han Xizai by Gu Hongzhong, depicting a dancer performing a dance known in the Tang dynasty.

History of dance - Pietro Longhi, La lezione di danza ("The Dancing Lesson"), ca 1741, Venezia, Gallerie dell'Accademia.

Details from a copy of a 10th-century painting Night Revels of Han Xizai by Gu Hongzhong, depicting a dancer performing a dance known in the Tang dynasty.

Pietro Longhi, La lezione di danza ("The Dancing Lesson"), ca 1741, Venezia, Gallerie dell'Accademia.

Television [videos]

Television (TV) is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome (black and white), or …

Television - Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store in 2008.

Television - The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)

Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store in 2008.

The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)

Television - Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929)

Television - Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939

Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929)

Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939

Theatre [videos]

Theatre or theater is a collaborative form of fine art that uses live performers, typically actors or actresses, to …

Theatre - Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet, in 1899

Theatre - Greek theatre in Taormina, Sicily

Sarah Bernhardt as Hamlet, in 1899

Greek theatre in Taormina, Sicily

Theatre - A depiction of actors playing the roles of a master (right) and his slave (left) in a Greek phlyax play, circa 350/340 BCE

Theatre - Mosaic depicting masked actors in a play: two women consult a "witch"

A depiction of actors playing the roles of a master (right) and his slave (left) in a Greek phlyax play, circa 350/340 BCE

Mosaic depicting masked actors in a play: two women consult a "witch"

History of theatre [videos]

The history of theatre charts the development of theatre over the past 2,500 years. While performative elements are …

History of theatre - Performer playing Sugriva in the Koodiyattam form of Sanskrit theatre

History of theatre - Hannah Pritchard as Lady Macbeth and David Garrick as Macbeth at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in April 1768

Performer playing Sugriva in the Koodiyattam form of Sanskrit theatre

Hannah Pritchard as Lady Macbeth and David Garrick as Macbeth at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in April 1768

History of theatre - Roman theatre at Orange, France

History of theatre - Hrosvitha of Gandersheim, the first dramatist of the post-classical era.

Roman theatre at Orange, France

Hrosvitha of Gandersheim, the first dramatist of the post-classical era.

Musical theatre [videos]

Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story …

Musical theatre - Image: Crookfinale

Musical theatre - A Gaiety Girl (1893) was one of the first hit musicals

Image: Crookfinale

A Gaiety Girl (1893) was one of the first hit musicals

Musical theatre - George Gershwin

Musical theatre - Chinese opera performers

George Gershwin

Chinese opera performers

Puppetry [videos]

Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance that involves the manipulation of puppets – inanimate objects, often …

Puppetry - Image: Teatro dei burattini

Puppetry - Traditional Burmese Commandar-in-chief Marionette

Image: Teatro dei burattini

Traditional Burmese Commandar-in-chief Marionette

Puppetry - Puppeteer from Rajasthan (India)

Puppetry - Karagoz, Turkish shadow puppetry

Puppeteer from Rajasthan (India)

Karagoz, Turkish shadow puppetry

Scenic design [videos]

Scenic design (also known as scenography, stage design, set design, or production design) is the creation of …

Scenic design - Scenic design, The 2010 Family Series, by Glenn Davis

Scenic design - Set design model by Marcel Jambon for an 1895 Paris production of Giuseppe Verdi's Otello.

Scenic design, The 2010 Family Series, by Glenn Davis

Set design model by Marcel Jambon for an 1895 Paris production of Giuseppe Verdi's Otello.

Scenic design - Scenic designer Robert Edmond Jones (1887-1954) drawing at a waist high table (c. 1920).

Scenic design - Theatre decor by Reginald Gray for The Wood of the Whispering by M. J. Molloy

Scenic designer Robert Edmond Jones (1887-1954) drawing at a waist high table (c. 1920).

Theatre decor by Reginald Gray for The Wood of the Whispering by M. J. Molloy

Consensus decision-making [videos]

Consensus decision-making is a group decision-making process in which group members develop, and agree to support a …

Consensus decision-making - Image: Meeting in York

Consensus decision-making - Members of the Shimer College Assembly reaching a consensus through deliberation.

Image: Meeting in York

Members of the Shimer College Assembly reaching a consensus through deliberation.

Consensus decision-making - Completed Dotmocracy sheet

Consensus decision-making - Flowchart of basic consensus decision-making process.

Completed Dotmocracy sheet

Flowchart of basic consensus decision-making process.

Music theory [videos]

Music theory is the study of the practices and possibilities of music. The Oxford Companion to Music describes three …

Music theory - Iubal, Pythagoras and Philolaus engaged in theoretical investigations, in a woodcut from Franchinus Gaffurius, Theorica musicæ (1492).

Music theory - Barbershop quartets, such as this US Navy group, sing 4-part pieces, made up of a melody line (normally the second-highest voice, called the "lead") and 3 harmony parts.

Iubal, Pythagoras and Philolaus engaged in theoretical investigations, in a woodcut from Franchinus Gaffurius, Theorica musicæ (1492).

Barbershop quartets, such as this US Navy group, sing 4-part pieces, made up of a melody line (normally the second-highest voice, called the "lead") and 3 harmony parts.

Music theory - A violinist performing.

Music theory - Tibetan musical score from the 19th century.

A violinist performing.

Tibetan musical score from the 19th century.

String instrument [videos]

String instruments, stringed instruments, or chordophones are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating …

String instrument - Numerous stringed instruments of Chinese make on display in a shop.

String instrument - Viol, fidel and rebec (from left to right) on display at Amakusa Korejiyokan in Amakusa, Kumamoto, Japan

Numerous stringed instruments of Chinese make on display in a shop.

Viol, fidel and rebec (from left to right) on display at Amakusa Korejiyokan in Amakusa, Kumamoto, Japan

String instrument - The strings of a piano

String instrument - An acoustic guitar being strummed.

The strings of a piano

An acoustic guitar being strummed.

Singing [videos]

Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice and augments regular speech by the use of sustained …

Singing - A labeled anatomical diagram of the vocal folds or cords

Singing - Ercole de' Roberti: Concert, c. 1490

A labeled anatomical diagram of the vocal folds or cords

Ercole de' Roberti: Concert, c. 1490

Singing - A group of singers performing arrangements of popular music with only their voices

Singing - A trio of female singers performing at the Berwald Hall in 2016.

A group of singers performing arrangements of popular music with only their voices

A trio of female singers performing at the Berwald Hall in 2016.

Humanities [videos]

Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture. In the renaissance, the term …

Humanities - Image: Head Platon Glyptothek Munich 548

Humanities - Bust of Homer, the most famous Greek poet

Image: Head Platon Glyptothek Munich 548

Bust of Homer, the most famous Greek poet

Humanities - Shakespeare wrote some of the most acclaimed works in English literature.

Shakespeare wrote some of the most acclaimed works in English literature.

Dance is a performing art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has …

Dance - Members of a dance routine.

Dance - Members of an American jazz dance company perform a formal group routine in a concert dance setting

Members of a dance routine.

Members of an American jazz dance company perform a formal group routine in a concert dance setting

Dance - Mesolithic dancers at Bhimbetka

Mesolithic dancers at Bhimbetka

Acting [videos]

Acting is an activity in which a story is told by means of its enactment by an actor or actress who adopts a …

Acting - Actors in samurai and ronin costume at the Kyoto Eigamura film set

Acting - Members of the First Studio, with whom Stanislavski began to develop his 'system' of actor training, which forms the basis for most professional training in the West.

Actors in samurai and ronin costume at the Kyoto Eigamura film set

Members of the First Studio, with whom Stanislavski began to develop his 'system' of actor training, which forms the basis for most professional training in the West.

Acting - Two masked characters from the commedia dell'arte, whose "lazzi" involved a significant degree of improvisation.

Two masked characters from the commedia dell'arte, whose "lazzi" involved a significant degree of improvisation.

Knowledge [videos]

Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness, or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, …

Knowledge - Robert Reid, Knowledge (1896). Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.

Knowledge - Los portadores de la antorcha (The Torch-Bearers) – Sculpture by Anna Hyatt Huntington symbolizing the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next (Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain)

Robert Reid, Knowledge (1896). Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.

Los portadores de la antorcha (The Torch-Bearers) – Sculpture by Anna Hyatt Huntington symbolizing the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next (Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain)

Knowledge - Sir Francis Bacon, "Knowledge is Power"

Sir Francis Bacon, "Knowledge is Power"

Concert band [videos]

A concert band, also called wind ensemble, symphonic band, wind symphony, wind orchestra, wind band, symphonic winds, …

Concert band - A full concert band—Indiana Wind Symphony in concert, 2014

Concert band - A military band—The United States Army Band, 2012

A full concert band—Indiana Wind Symphony in concert, 2014

A military band—The United States Army Band, 2012

Concert band - A high school concert band—BHS Band in performance, 2013

A high school concert band—BHS Band in performance, 2013

Keyboard instrument [videos]

A keyboard instrument is a musical instrument played using a keyboard, a row of levers which are pressed by the …

Keyboard instrument - The piano, a common keyboard instrument

Keyboard instrument - Bandoneon

The piano, a common keyboard instrument

Keyboard instrument - Image: Mosaic of the Female Musicians

Image: Mosaic of the Female Musicians

Theatre director [videos]

A theatre director or stage director is an instructor in the theatre field who oversees and orchestrates the mounting …

Theatre director - A director providing instruction

Theatre director - Jean Fouquet: The Martyrdom of St. Appollonia (1460), depicting the staging of a mystery play, led by a theatre director

A director providing instruction

Jean Fouquet: The Martyrdom of St. Appollonia (1460), depicting the staging of a mystery play, led by a theatre director

Theatre director - A portrait of Constantin Stanislavski by Valentin Serov

A portrait of Constantin Stanislavski by Valentin Serov

Outline of guitars [videos]

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to guitars: — A guitar is a plucked string …

Outline of guitars - A variety of guitars.

Outline of guitars - An Epiphone Les Paul electric guitar

A variety of guitars.

An Epiphone Les Paul electric guitar

Woodwind instrument [videos]

Woodwind instruments are a family of musical instruments within the more general category of wind instruments. There …

Woodwind instrument - Alto and tenor saxophone reeds

Woodwind instrument - A piper playing the bagpipes in Newport, Rhode Island.

Alto and tenor saxophone reeds

A piper playing the bagpipes in Newport, Rhode Island.

Dance notation [videos]

Dance notation is the symbolic representation of human dance movement and form, using methods such as graphic symbols …

Dance notation - La Cachucha, by Friedrich Albert Zorn.

Dance notation - Valerie Sutton in a dance pose and its corresponding "Sutton DanceWriting" notation.

La Cachucha, by Friedrich Albert Zorn.

Valerie Sutton in a dance pose and its corresponding "Sutton DanceWriting" notation.

Film studies [videos]

Film studies is an academic discipline that deals with various theoretical, historical, and critical approaches to …

Film studies - Film screening room at Georgetown University, Washington D.C.

Film studies - Film screening room at Georgetown University

Film screening room at Georgetown University, Washington D.C.

Film screening room at Georgetown University

Outline of music [videos]

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to music: Music – human expression in the medium …

Outline of music - Image: Location mexico in america

Outline of music - Image: Location Western Africa

Image: Location mexico in america

Image: Location Western Africa

Outline of music - Image: Location Northern Africa

Outline of music - Image: Location Central Middle Africa

Image: Location Northern Africa

Image: Location Central Middle Africa

Accompaniment [videos]

Accompaniment is the musical parts which provide the rhythmic and/or harmonic support for the melody or main themes of …

Accompaniment - A waltz melody, which is usually in triple meter, is often supported by an "oom-pah-pah"-style accompaniment, which consists of a bass note in beat one followed by a chord that is played twice in beats two and three.

Accompaniment - A guitarist playing the basso continuo accompaniment part for Baroque music composer Antonio Vivaldi's Cello concerto in 2008.

A waltz melody, which is usually in triple meter, is often supported by an "oom-pah-pah"-style accompaniment, which consists of a bass note in beat one followed by a chord that is played twice in beats two and three.

A guitarist playing the basso continuo accompaniment part for Baroque music composer Antonio Vivaldi's Cello concerto in 2008.

Accompaniment - "Walking basslines", so-named because they rise and fall in a regular pattern, are a widely used style of accompaniment bassline in jazz, blues and rockabilly.

Accompaniment - Image: Mozart k 545 opening

"Walking basslines", so-named because they rise and fall in a regular pattern, are a widely used style of accompaniment bassline in jazz, blues and rockabilly.

Image: Mozart k 545 opening

Musical composition [videos]

Musical composition can refer to an original piece of music, either a song or an instrumental music piece, the …

Musical composition - A page from the score for a string quartet for two violins, viola and cello.

Musical composition - Image: Scherzo in A flat (Borodin)

A page from the score for a string quartet for two violins, viola and cello.

Image: Scherzo in A flat (Borodin)

Musical composition - Jazz, rock and pop songwriters typically write out newly composed songs in a lead sheet, which notates the melody, the chord progression, and the tempo or style of the song (e.g., "slow blues").

Jazz, rock and pop songwriters typically write out newly composed songs in a lead sheet, which notates the melody, the chord progression, and the tempo or style of the song (e.g., "slow blues").

Music history [videos]

Music history, sometimes called historical musicology, is the highly diverse subfield of the broader discipline of …

Music history - A famous Tang Dynasty guqin "Jiu Xiao Huan Pei". The guqin has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favored by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement.

A famous Tang Dynasty guqin "Jiu Xiao Huan Pei". The guqin has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favored by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement.