1.
Pier Paolo Pasolini
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Pier Paolo Pasolini was an Italian film director, poet, writer and intellectual. Pasolini also distinguished himself as an actor, journalist, philosopher, novelist, playwright, painter and his murder prompted an outcry in some circles of Italy, with its circumstances continuing to be a matter of heated debate. Pasolini was born in Bologna, traditionally one of the most leftist politically of Italian cities and he was the son of Carlo Alberto Pasolini, a lieutenant of the Italian army, and Susanna Colussi, an elementary school teacher. His parents married in 1921, Pasolini was born in 1922 and his family moved to Conegliano in 1923 and, two years later, to Belluno, where another son, Guidalberto, was born. In 1926, Pasolinis father was arrested for gambling debts and his mother moved with the children to her familys house in Casarsa della Delizia, in the Friuli region. That same year, his father Carlo Alberto, first detained, at any rate, Carlo Alberto was persuaded of the virtues of fascism. Pasolini began writing poems at the age of seven, inspired by the beauty of Casarsa. One of his influences was the work of Arthur Rimbaud. In 1931, his father was transferred to Idria in the Julian March, in 1933 they moved again to Cremona in Lombardy, and later to Scandiano and Reggio Emilia. Pasolini found it difficult to adapt to all moves, though in the meantime he enlarged his poetry and literature readings. In the Reggio Emilia high school, he met his first true friend, the two met again in Bologna, where Pasolini spent seven years while completing high school, here he cultivated new passions, including football. With other friends, including Ermes Parini, Franco Farolfi, Elio Meli, in 1939 Pasolini graduated and entered the Literature College of the University of Bologna, discovering new themes such as philology and aesthetics of figurative arts. He also frequented the cinema club. Pasolini always showed his friends a virile and strong exterior, totally hiding his interior travail and he took part in the Fascist governments culture and sports competitions. In his poems of this period, Pasolini started to include fragments in Friulan, I learnt it as a sort of mystic act of love, a kind of félibrisme, like the Provençal poets. After the summer in Casarsa, in 1941 Pasolini published at his own expense a collection of poems in Friulan, the work was noted and appreciated by intellectuals and critics such as Gianfranco Contini, Alfonso Gatto and Antonio Russi. His pictures had also been well received, Pasolini was chief editor of the Il Setaccio magazine, but was fired after conflicts with the director, who was aligned with the Fascist regime. A trip to Germany helped him also to perceive the status of Italian culture in that era
2.
Pesticide
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Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests or weeds. The most common of these are herbicides which account for approximately 80% of all pesticide use, most pesticides are intended to serve as plant protection products, which in general, protect plants from weeds, fungi, or insects. In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes, although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants,9 of the 12 most dangerous, the term includes substances intended for use as a plant growth regulator, defoliant, desiccant, or agent for thinning fruit or preventing the premature fall of fruit. Also used as substances applied to either before or after harvest to protect the commodity from deterioration during storage. Pesticides can be classified by target organism, chemical structure, biopesticides include microbial pesticides and biochemical pesticides. Plant-derived pesticides, or botanicals, have been developing quickly and these include the pyrethroids, rotenoids, nicotinoids, and a fourth group that includes strychnine and scilliroside. Many pesticides can be grouped into chemical families, prominent insecticide families include organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates. Organochlorine hydrocarbons could be separated into dichlorodiphenylethanes, cyclodiene compounds, and they operate by disrupting the sodium/potassium balance of the nerve fiber, forcing the nerve to transmit continuously. Their toxicities vary greatly, but they have phased out because of their persistence. Organophosphate and carbamates largely replaced organochlorines, both operate through inhibiting the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, allowing acetylcholine to transfer nerve impulses indefinitely and causing a variety of symptoms such as weakness or paralysis. Organophosphates are quite toxic to vertebrates, and have in some cases replaced by less toxic carbamates. Thiocarbamate and dithiocarbamates are subclasses of carbamates, prominent families of herbicides include phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides, triazines, ureas, and Chloroacetanilides. Phenoxy compounds tend to selectively kill broad-leaf weeds rather than grasses, the phenoxy and benzoic acid herbicides function similar to plant growth hormones, and grow cells without normal cell division, crushing the plants nutrient transport system. Many commonly used pesticides are not included in these families, including glyphosate, Pesticides can be classified based upon their biological mechanism function or application method. Most pesticides work by poisoning pests, a systemic pesticide moves inside a plant following absorption by the plant. With insecticides and most fungicides, this movement is usually upward and outward, increased efficiency may be a result
3.
Polish Underground State
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The first elements of the Underground State were established in the final days of the German invasion of Poland that began in September 1939. The Underground State encompassed not only military resistance, one of the largest in the world, although the Underground State enjoyed broad support throughout much of the war, it was not supported or recognized by the far left. Influence of the communists eventually declined amid military reversals and the hostility of the USSR. The Soviet Union had created an alternative, puppet government in 1944, during the Soviet-backed communist takeover of Poland at the end of the war, many Underground State members were prosecuted as alleged traitors and died in captivity. Ultimately, hundreds of thousands of people were involved with various agencies of the Underground State. The rationale behind the creation of the civilian authority drew on the fact that the German. Hence, all created by the occupying powers were considered illegal. During the Cold War era, research on the Underground State was curtailed by Polish communist officials, hence, until recently, the bulk of research done on this topic was carried out by Polish scholars living in exile. In many respects, the history of the Polish Underground State mirrors that of the Polish non-communist resistance in general, SZP founder General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski received orders from Polish Commander-in-Chief Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły to organize and carry out the struggle in occupied Poland. This government was recognized by France and the United Kingdom. Raczkiewicz, described as weak and indecisive, held little influence compared to charismatic Sikorski. Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski supported that move, aiming to include parties marginalized by the Sanacja regime, Sikorski named General Kazimierz Sosnkowski the head of the ZWZ and Colonel Stefan Rowecki was appointed the commander of the ZWZ German occupation zone. Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski became the commander of the ZWZ Soviet zone, but was arrested in March 1940 by the Soviets when attempting to cross the new German-Soviet border, in June Sikorski appointed Rowecki as the commander of both zones. Sikorskis government opted for a more democratic procedure then the less democratic prewar Sanacja regime. The National Council was formed by the government in exile in December 1939, the structures in occupied Poland maintained close communication with the government in exile, through radio communications and hundreds, if not thousands of couriers, such as Jan Karski. The post of the Delegate could be seen as equivalent to that of a Deputy Prime Minister, unlike the GRP and PKP, which operated alongside the military structures but had no influence over them, the Delegation had budgetary control over the military. The Delegation was to oversee the military, and recreate the civilian administration, as early as 1940, the Underground States civilian arm was actively supporting underground education, it then set out to develop social security, information and justice networks. By 1942, most of the differences between politicians in occupied Poland and those in exile had been positively settled, by 1943, the PKP had evolved into the Home Political Representation, which served as the basis of the Council of National Unity, created on 9 January 1944
4.
Point Pleasant Park
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Point Pleasant Park is a large, partially forested municipal park at the southern tip of the Halifax peninsula. It once hosted several artillery batteries, and still contains the Prince of Wales Tower - the oldest Martello tower in North America, the park is a popular recreational spot for Haligonians, as it hosts forest walks and affords views across the harbour and out toward the Atlantic. Plays are performed in the park every summer by the Shakespeare by the Sea theatre company, the performances usually take place at Cambridge Battery and include both Shakespearean and more recent plays. Point Pleasant Park is owned by British Government and is leased to Halifax Regional Municipality for a ceremonial 1 shilling per year, the original lease for the land was negotiated by Sir William Young in 1866. Administration of the lease is performed by the Department of Canadian Heritage. St. Aspinquid’s Chapel was established by Priest Louis-Pierre Thury at Chebucto in the late 17th century, the chapel is a natural stone amphitheatre located by Chain Rock Battery on the Northwest Arm at Point Pleasant Park. There are numerous people who were interned in the burial grounds around the chapel. The chapel was also the location of the Mi’kmaq celebration the Feast of St. Aspinquid, the Chapel is also the site of a battle during the French and Indian War between two Mikmaq chiefs. In 1749, Edward Cornwallis arrived under instruction of the British Government to create a sizeable military and he first settled Point Pleasant Park but then, being too exposed to the elements, moved the settlement below Citadel Hill. Halifax was to become a settlement for the British and fortifications were primarily intended to prevent enemy ships from getting into the Halifax Harbour. Fortifications began to be constructed at present-day Point Pleasant Park toward the end of the French, there were a total of seven fortifications constructed, Chain Rock, Chain Battery, Point Pleasant Battery, Northwest Arm Battery, Fort Ogilvie, Prince of Wales Tower and Cambridge Battery. Most were rebuilt or modified four or five times over the subsequent 200 years, there were four defences that were constructed during the French and Indian War, Chain Battery, Chain Rock, Point Pleasant Battery and Northwest Arm Battery. The defences were built of logs, earth, and stone and they were built with wood-burning fireplaces, and furnaces were later added for smelting cannon shot. Chain Battery and Chain Rock were basic fortifications built on the terrain to protect the Northwest Arm. Unlike most of the fortifications, the battery here was not rebuilt in the 19th century. Because it was abandoned so early, the area has been reforested for most of the historic period, Point Pleasant Battery is one of the oldest fortification batteries. Though Point Pleasant Battery was first constructed in 1762, what is visible today dates mostly from the early 20th century. The fourth battery - the Northwest Arm Battery - was built during the war and it was moved further along the Northwest Arm shore
5.
Pakistan Peoples Party
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The Pakistan Peoples Party is a left-wing, socialist, and progressivist political party of Pakistan. Since its foundation in 1967, it had been a major and influential political left-wing force in the country and its centre of power lies in the southern province of Sindh. Since its formation in 1967, the PPP has been voted into power on five separate occasions. It dominated the politics of Pakistan during the 1970s, and after the re-establishment of Pakistan Muslim League, until the disqualification of Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani by the Supreme Court in 2012, the PPP was regarded as the most influential political party in the country. It is currently the largest opposition party in the National Assembly, the party maintains its status as the governing party in its stronghold province of Sindh, as well as the majority party in the Senate. The PPP was launched at its founding convention held in Lahore on November 30, at the same meeting, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was elected as its Chairman. Among the express goals for which the party was formed were the establishment of an egalitarian democracy, a more immediate task was to struggle against the hated dictatorship of General Ayub Khan, who was at the height of his power when the PPP was formed. The Pakistan Peoples Party was founded by members of the now-defunct Pakistan Socialist Party. In the 1960s, support for socialism as well as opposition to President Ayub Khans pro-Western/pro-American policies mounted in West-Pakistan, Khans unpopularity continued to grow following his decision to sign the Tashkent Agreement with rival India, in an effort to end the Indo-Pakistani war of 1965. It called for equality of citizens fraternity under the rule of democracy, within an order of social. In 1968, a massive program was launched by the party. Bhuttos program directly targeted the countrys poverty-stricken masses, the working class and labour movement quickly flocked to the party, believing it to be a party dedicated to the destruction of capitalism in the country. Many other members of society who had felt stifled and repressed by the press-control, the partys manifesto also attracted the countrys numerous sectarian minorities, who quickly joined the party. Eventually, the socialist-oriented catchphrase Roti, Kapra aur Makan, became a nationwide rallying-call for the party, by the 1970s, the Pakistan Peoples Party had become the largest and most influential leading socialist and democratic entity in the country. The party published its ideas in its newspapers, such as Nusrat, Fatah, after its foundation, the party gained prominence at an immediate, gravitating the poor mass, peasants and workers, and students throughout in West Pakistan. During this time, the Peoples Party intensified its support in West Pakistan, organizing itself and its socialist rationale Roti Kapra Aur Makaan and all power to the people, further popularize the party and the prominence that arise Bhutto and the Peoples Party. Tensions arisen with Peoples League and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the ideological differences further created hatred towards each other. The situation reached to a climax in 1970 where Awami League secured 160 seats out of 300 where the Peoples Party winning the 81 of 138 seats allocated to West Pakistan in the National Assembly
6.
Microsoft PowerPoint
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Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program currently developed by Microsoft, for use on both Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems. PowerPoint, initially named Presenter, was created by Forethought Inc, Microsofts version of PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22,1990, as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. PowerPoint is useful for helping develop the slide-based presentation format and is one of the most commonly used slide-based presentation programs available. Microsoft has also released the PowerPoint mobile application for use on Apple, originally designed for the Macintosh computer, the initial release was called Presenter, developed by Thomas Rudkin and Dennis Austin of Forethought, Inc. In 1987, it was renamed to PowerPoint due to problems with trademarks, by then some experts believed that desktop presentations, using computers to create flip charts and overhead transparencies, could become as large a market as desktop publishing. That year Forethought was bought by Microsoft for $14 million, and became Microsofts Graphics Business Unit, Microsofts version of PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22,1990, the same day that Microsoft released Windows 3.0. PowerPoint introduced many new changes with the release of PowerPoint 97 and it incorporated the Visual Basic for Applications language, underlying all macro generation in Office 97. PowerPoint 2000 introduced a clipboard that could hold objects at once. PowerPoint 2002 massively overhauled the engine, allowing users to create more advanced. PowerPoint 2011 makes it possible to remove image backgrounds, and provides additional effects for pictures. As of 2012, various versions of PowerPoint claim about 95% of the software market share. Among presenters world-wide, this program is used at a frequency of 350 times per second. PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of pages or slides. The slide analogy is a reference to the slide projector, slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely. The presentation can be printed, displayed live on a computer, for larger audiences the computer display is often a video projector. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts, PowerPoint provides three types of movements, Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint calls Custom Animations. Transitions, on the hand, there are movements between slides. These can be animated in a variety of ways, Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter, exit or move
7.
People's Party of Punjab
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Manpreet later merged the party with the congress after meeting party vice-president Rahul Gandhi. Manpreet Singh Badal resigned his seat in the Punjab Legislative Assembly prior to announcing the new party, the 2012 state election was the first to be contested by the party. It allied with the Communist Party of India, the Communist Party of India, Badal was the chief ministerial candidate of the coalition. The Sanjha Morcha was unsuccessful in winning any of the seats it had contested despite garnering an approximate share of 6% of the votes polled
8.
People's Power Party (Thailand)
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The Peoples Power Party is a defunct Thai political party. The party leader was Somchai Wongsawat, the Party Secretary General was Surapong Suebwonglee, most MPs of the party originally hailed from the Thai Rak Thai Party and thus the party was its de facto reincarnation with former prime minister Thaksin Shinawatra as its leader. The PPP had a populist platform and was strong in the North, Central, the party became the leader of the coalition government after the junta-government supported 2007 general election. PAD, the leading anti-Thaksin movement, vowed to oppose it after the party decided to launch the amendment of the 2007 Constitution, in December 2008, the party came under fire as its deputy chairman, Yongyuth Tiyapairat, faced charges of electoral fraud concerning the 2007 general election. These charges led to its dissolution by the verdict of the Constitutional Court in December 2008. On 29 July 2007, some former Thai Rak Thai party members, after the party was disbanded following a coup and this occurred after the Thai Rak Thai Party was dissolved by the Thai Supreme Court on May 30,2007. It also follows the ban on participating in politics from 111 former TRT party politicians such as former leader Thaksin Shinawatra, after some former TRT members joined the PPP, the junta allegedly issued a classified order to suppress the activities of the Party. The order was leaked to the public, leading to a complaint to the Election Commission from the PPP. The Electoral Commission had deployed 200,000 soldiers and police to maintain security and 1,500 officers to watch for election fraud during the December 23,2007 general election. Charnchai Silapauaychai, a popular former Democrat Party member from Phrae who defected to the PPP for the 2008 election, was assassinated, five men, one of them cousin of a powerful Democrat Party MP were arrested, but all of them denied involvement. Samak Sundaravejs 5-month-old government was in trouble on July 10,2008, after Pattama. Its deputy leader Yongyuth Tiyapairat, was banned from politics for 5 years, then, Chiya Sasomsub was removed from office by another top court, for illegally concealing his wifes assets. The Constitutional Court ruled on July 8 that Noppadon and the entire cabinet violated the charter by failing to ask parliamentary approval for an agreement with Cambodia. Noppadon signed the agreement on June, to support Cambodias bid to seek World Heritage status for the 900-year-old Preah Vihear temple, the Opposition filed a petition with deputy Senate Speaker Nikom Wairatpanit to impeach Noppadon Pattama over Preah Vihear Temple issue. Sathit Wongnongtoei submitted 141 signatures of MPs, Noppadon was accused of violating Article 190 and 270 of the Constitution. The Opposition filed the motion of no confidence before Noppadon stepped down, the PPPs policies were continuations of the populist social welfare policies of the former Thai Rak Thai government. The PPP has promised to offer amnesty for all banned TRT politicians including Thaksin Shinawatra, Thaksin Shinawatra and his family currently face multiple charges of corruption including telecommunications, property and family deals. The PPPs primary voter bases were the former TRT strongholds of the North, Northeast, East, the Supreme Court heard a claim that the PPP is essentially a proxy of the banned political party Thai Rak Thai, and should thus be banned
9.
Preputioplasty
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Preputioplasty may be performed by Z-plasty, also used in reconstructive surgery to loosen constricting scar tissue following traumatic burns. However, Y-plasty and Z-plasty require a degree of sophistication that physicians in general practice may lack. In the alternative to suturing, aemostasis performed with a probe using the flame of an alcohol lamp or with bipolar electrodiathermy. Only one incision is shown in Figure 3, if two or more such incisions are made this will prevent a V-shaped indentation at the opening of the foreskin when the penis is not erect. If incisions are placed on the sides of the phimotic ring and it is also recommended that the subcutaneous tissue be undermined to ensure a better cosmetic result. The opening of the foreskin is now normally wide enough for the foreskin to be easily retracted, the foreskin is also slightly shorter because the widening of the phimotic ring takes up some foreskin length. Circumcision Information and Resource page on Non-retractile foreskin Surgical technique Phimosis and treatment with Preputioplasty
10.
Phosphorylation
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Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphoryl group − to a molecule. In biology, phosphorylation and its counterpart, dephosphorylation, are critical for cellular processes. A large fraction of proteins are at least temporarily phosphorylated, as are many sugars, lipids, Phosphorylation is especially important for protein function as this modification activates many enzymes, thereby regulating their function. Protein phosphorylation is one type of post-translational modification, the prominent role of protein phosphorylation in biochemistry is illustrated by the huge body of studies published on the subject. Phosphorylation of sugars is often the first stage of their catabolism and it allows cells to accumulate sugars because the phosphate group prevents the molecules from diffusing back across their transporter. Phosphorylation of glucose is a key reaction in sugar metabolism because many sugars are first converted to glucose before they are metabolized further. The chemical equation for the conversion of D-glucose to D-glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of glycolysis is given by D-glucose + ATP -> D-glucose-6-phosphate + ADP ΔG° = -16.7 kJ/mol, the two enzymes have been identified as a specific glucokinase and non-specific hexokinase. Hepatic cell is freely permeable to glucose, and the rate of phosphorylation of glucose is the rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism by the liver. The role of glucose 6-phosphate in glycogen synthase, High blood glucose concentration causes an increase in levels of glucose 6 phosphate in liver, skeletal muscle. In liver, synthesis of glycogen is directly correlated by blood glucose concentration and in muscle and adipocytes. High blood glucose releases insulin, stimulating the trans location of specific glucose transporters to the cell membrane, the hexokinase enzyme has a low Km, indicating a high affinity for glucose, so this initial phosphorylation can proceed even when glucose levels at nanoscopic scale within the blood. The phosphorylation of glucose can be enhanced by the binding of Fructose-6-phosphate, fructose consumed in the diet is converted to F1P in the liver. This negates the action of F6P on glucokinase, which favors the forward reaction. The capacity of cells to phosphorylate fructose exceeds capacity of metabolize fructose-1-phosphate. Consuming excess fructose ultimately results in an imbalance in liver metabolism, Phosphorylation of glucose is imperative in processes within the body. For example, phosphorylating glucose is necessary for insulin-dependent mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway activity within the heart and this further suggests a link between intermediary metabolism and cardiac growth. Reversible phosphorylation of proteins is an important regulatory mechanism occurs in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Kinases phosphorylate proteins and phosphatases dephosphorylate proteins, many enzymes and receptors are switched on or off by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
