1.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
2.
Charles de Gaulle Airport
–
Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, also known as Roissy Airport, is the largest international airport in France. It is named after Charles de Gaulle, leader of the Free French Forces during the Second World War, founder of the French Fifth Republic, Charles de Gaulle Airport is located within portions of several communes 25 km to the northeast of Paris. The airport serves as the hub for Air France as well as a European hub for fellow SkyTeam alliance partner Delta Air Lines. In 2016, the airport handled 65,933,145 passengers and 472,950 aircraft movements, thus making it the worlds ninth-busiest airport and it is also the worlds tenth-busiest and it is Europes second-busiest airport in aircraft movements. In terms of traffic, the airport is the twelfth-busiest in the world. The incumbent director of the airport, Franck Goldnadel, was appointed to his position on 1 March 2011, Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport covers 32.38 square kilometres of land. Management of the airport lies solely on the authority of Paris Aéroport, which also manages Orly, Le Bourget, Marsa Alam in Egypt, the planning and construction phase of what was known then as Aéroport de Paris Nord began in 1966. On 8 March 1974 the airport, renamed Charles de Gaulle Airport, Terminal 1 was built in an avant-garde design of a ten-floors-high circular building surrounded by seven satellite buildings, each with six gates allowing sunlight to enter through apertures. The main architect was Paul Andreu, who was also in charge of the extensions during the following decades, the Frutiger typeface was commissioned for use in the airport and implemented on signs throughout the building in 1975. Initially called Roissy, it was renamed after its designer Adrian Frutiger, until 2005, every PA announcement made at Terminal 1 was preceded by a distinctive chime, nicknamed Indicatif Roissy and composed by Bernard Parmegiani in 1971. The chime can be heard in the Roman Polanski film Frantic, the chime was officially replaced by the Indicatif ADP chime. Charles de Gaulle Airport has three terminals, Terminal 1 is the oldest and situated opposite to Terminal 3, Terminal 2 is located at another side with 7 sub-terminal buildings. Terminal 2 was originally exclusively for Air France, since then it has been expanded significantly. Terminals 2A to 2F are interconnected by elevated walkways and situated next to each other, Terminal 2G is a satellite building connected by shuttle bus. Terminal 3 hosts charter and low-cost airlines, the CDGVAL light-rail shuttle connects Terminal 2 to Terminals 1/3 and their parking lots. Refer to Ground Transportation below for inter-terminal transfers and transport to central Paris, the first terminal, designed by Paul Andreu, was built in the image of an octopus. It consists of a terminal building which houses key functions such as check-in counters. Seven satellites with boarding gates are connected to the building by underground walkways
3.
Orly Airport
–
Paris Orly Airport is an international airport located partially in Orly and partially in Villeneuve-le-Roi,7 NM south of Paris, France. Prior to the construction of Charles de Gaulle Airport, Orly was the airport of Paris. Orly Airport covers 15.3 square kilometres of land, originally known as Villeneuve-Orly Airport, the facility was opened in the southern suburbs of Paris in 1932 as a secondary airport to Le Bourget. Before this two huge airship hangars had been built there by the engineer Eugène Freyssinet from 1923 on, the 50th Fighter Group flew P-47 Thunderbolt fighter-bomber aircraft from the airport until September, then liaison squadrons used the airfield until October 1945. The USAAF diagram from March 1947 shows the 6140-foot 27/207 runway with 5170-foot 81/261 runway crossing it at its north end. The November 1953 Aeradio diagram shows four runways, all 197 feet wide, 03L7874 ft, 03R6069 ft, 08L5118 ft. The American United States Army Air Forces 1408th Army Air Force Base Unit was the operator at Orly Field until March 1947 when control was returned to the French Government. The Americans left in 1967 as a result of Frances withdrawal from NATOs integrated military command, in May 1958 Pan Am DC-7Cs flew to Los Angeles in 21 hr 56 min, TWA, Air France and Pan Am flew nonstop to New York in 14 hrs 10-15 min. Air France flew to Tokyo in 31 hr 5 min via Anchorage or 44 hr 45 min on a seven-stop 1049G via India, Air Frances ten flights a day to London were almost all Viscounts, the only other London flight was Alitalias daily DC-6B. Paris-Orly Airport features two passenger terminal buildings, Terminal Sud and Terminal Ouest, The brick-style southern terminal building consists of six floors. The airside area and departure gates are located on the upper level 1, the waiting area, which features several shops as well, houses gates A1-A10 and A40-A42 and is furthermore connected to the gate areas Hall A and Hall B to each side of the building. 15 of the departure gates are equipped with jet-bridges, some of them are able to handle wide-body aircraft. The western terminal has a different layout than Terminal Sud, consisting of two floors and a area of four fingers rather than a brick-style layout. The ground level 0 features the arrivals facilities including 8 baggage reclaim belts as well as several service facilities, the departures area is located on level 1 with more stores and restaurants located here. This central departures area is connected to four areas named halls 1-4 which contain departure gates 10A-10P, 20A-20L, 31A-31F. 23 stands at this terminal are equipped with jet-bridges, with several of them able to handle wide-body aircraft. AOM French Airlines had its office in Orly Airport Building 363 in Paray-Vieille-Poste. After AOM and Air Liberté merged in 2001, the new airline, Air Lib, Orly Airport is connected to the RER B train line at Antony train station by the Orlyval automatic shuttle
4.
Thierry Marx
–
Thierry Marx is a French chef, specialised in molecular gastronomy. Thierry Marx was born and raised in Paris in the area of Ménilmontant and his grandfather, Marcel Marx, was a Polish Jewish refugee and resistant communist during World War II. Thierry Marx thought of becoming a baker, but later joined the Compagnons du Devoir in 1978 and graduated with a degree of pastry chef, chocolatier, at age 18, he joined the army as a paratrooper in the marines. He then became a casque bleu in 1980 during the Lebanese Civil War, at his return to France, he went through various jobs, including being a security guard, a cash transporter and a warehouseman, but finally went back into cooking. He worked as an assistant at Ledoyen, Taillevent and Robuchon. He later became chef at the Regency Hotel in Sydney and travels to Singapore, Hong Kong and Tokyo. In 1988, he received one star at the Guide Michelin for the restaurant Roc en Val at Tours, and from 1990 to 1995 for the Cheval Blanc at Nîmes, where he received one star in 1991. Chef at the Relais et Château Cordeillan-Bages at Pauillac since 1996, he received his first star at the Michelin in 1996 and he was elected by Gault Millau Chef of the Year in 2000. In February 2008, the daily economic newspaper Les Échos allows him an interview, since February 2010, he is a member of the jury in the French version of the cooking TV show Top Chef on M6. Since April 2010, he is at head of the restaurant Mandarin Oriental, Paris, in which he opened in June 2011, the restaurants Sur-mesure by Thierry Marx, Le Camélia, in 2012, his restaurant Sur-mesure by Thierry Marx received two stars at the Guide Michelin. Planète Marx Easy Marx Marx Sweet Marx Street Marx Bon, best of Marx Comment je suis devenu chef étoilé Thierry Marx official website Mandarin Oriental, Paris
5.
Air France
–
Air France, stylized as AIRFRANCE, is the French flag carrier headquartered in Tremblay-en-France. It is a subsidiary of the Air France–KLM Group and a member of the SkyTeam global airline alliance. The airlines global hub is at Charles de Gaulle Airport with Orly Airport, Air Frances corporate headquarters, previously in Montparnasse, Paris, are located on the grounds of Charles de Gaulle Airport, north of Paris. During the Cold War, from 1950 until 1990, it was one of the three main Allied scheduled airlines operating in Germany at West Berlins Tempelhof and Tegel airports. In 1990, it acquired the operations of French domestic carrier Air Inter and it served as Frances primary national flag carrier for seven decades prior to its 2003 merger with KLM. Between April 2001 and March 2002, the airline carried 43.3 million passengers and had a revenue of €12. 53bn. In November 2004, Air France ranked as the largest European airline with 25. 5% total market share, Air France operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing widebody jets on long-haul routes, and uses Airbus A320 family aircraft on short-haul routes. Air France introduced the A380 on 20 November 2009 with service to New York Citys JFK Airport from Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, the carriers regional airline subsidiary, HOP. operates the majority of its regional domestic and European scheduled services with a fleet of regional jet aircraft. Of these airlines, SGTA was the first commercial company in France. The constituent members of Air France had already built extensive networks across Europe, to French colonies in North Africa, during World War II, Air France moved its operations to Casablanca. In 1936, Air France added French-built twin engine Potez 62 aircraft to its featuring a two compartment cabin that could accommodate 14 to 16 passengers. A high wing monoplane, it had a fuselage with composite coating while the wings were fabric covered with a metal leading edge. Equipped with Hispano-Suiza V-engines, they were used on routes in Europe, South America, on 26 June 1945 all of Frances air transport companies were nationalised. On 29 December 1945, a decree of the French Government granted Air France the management of the entire French air transport network, Air France appointed its first flight attendants in 1946. The same year the airline opened its first air terminal at Les Invalides in central Paris and it was linked to Paris Le Bourget Airport, Air Frances first operations and engineering base, by coach. At that time the network covered 160,000 km, claimed to be the longest in the world, Société Nationale Air France was set up on 1 January 1946. European schedules were initially operated by a fleet of Douglas DC-3 aircraft, on 1 July 1946, Air France started direct flights between Paris and New York via refuelling stops at Shannon and Gander. Douglas DC-4 piston-engine airliners covered the route in just under 20 hours, in September 1947 Air Frances network stretched east from New York, Fort de France and Buenos Aires to Shanghai
6.
Yoga
–
Yoga is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India. There is a variety of Yoga schools, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism. Among the most well-known types of yoga are Hatha yoga and Rāja yoga, the chronology of earliest texts describing yoga-practices is unclear, varyingly credited to Hindu Upanishads. The Yoga Sutras of Patanjali date from the first half of the 1st millennium CE, Hatha yoga texts emerged around the 11th century with origins in tantra. Yoga gurus from India later introduced yoga to the west, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th, in the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more physical exercise, it has a meditative. One of the six orthodox schools of Hinduism is also called Yoga, which has its own epistemology and metaphysics. Many studies have tried to determine the effectiveness of yoga as an intervention for cancer, schizophrenia, asthma. On December 1,2016, Yoga was listed as UNESCO’s Intangible cultural heritage, in Sanskrit, the word yoga comes from the root yuj which means to add, to join, to unite, or to attach in its most common senses. By figurative extension from the yoking or harnessing of oxen or horses, all further developments of the sense of this word are post-Vedic. More prosaic moods such as exertion, endeavour, zeal, there are very many compound words containing yoga in Sanskrit. Yoga can take on such as connection, contact, union, method, application, addition. In simpler words, Yoga also means combined, thus, bhaktiyoga means devoted attachment in the monotheistic Bhakti movement. The term kriyāyoga has a sense, meaning connection with a verb. But the same compound is given a technical meaning in the Yoga Sutras, designating the practical aspects of the philosophy. In the context of the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the root yuj samādhau is considered by commentators as the correct etymology. In accordance with Pāṇini, Vyasa who wrote the first commentary on the Yoga Sutras, according to Dasgupta, the term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, yujir yoga or yuj samādhau. Someone who practices yoga or follows the philosophy with a high level of commitment is called a yogi or yogini
7.
Paris
–
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town
8.
Arrondissements of Paris
–
The city of Paris is divided into twenty arrondissements municipaux, administrative districts, more simply referred to as arrondissements. These are not to be confused with departmental arrondissements, which subdivide the 101 French départements, the word arrondissement, when applied to Paris, refers almost always to the municipal arrondissements listed below. The number of the arrondissement is indicated by the last two digits in most Parisian postal codes, the twenty arrondissements are arranged in the form of a clockwise spiral, starting from the middle of the city, with the first on the Right Bank of the Seine. The French cities of Lyon and Marseille have, more recently, in French, notably on street signs, the number is often given in Roman numerals. For example, the Eiffel Tower belongs to the VIIe arrondissement while Gare de lEst is in the Xe arrondissement, with the Bois de Vincennes 2. Without the Bois de Vincennes 3, with the Bois de Boulogne 4. Without the Bois de Boulogne 5,2005 is the year of the most recent official estimate, population of these arrondissements may still be growing Each arrondissement is subdivided administratively into four quartiers. Paris thus has eighty quartiers administratifs, each containing a police station, for a table giving the names of the eighty quartiers, see Quarters of Paris. On 11 October 1795, Paris was divided into twelve arrondissements and they were numbered from west to east, with the numbers 1-9 situated on the Right Bank of the Seine and the numbers 10-12 on the Left Bank. Each arrondissement was subdivided into four quartiers, which corresponded to the 48 original districts created in 1790, emperor Napoleon III and the Prefect of the Seine Baron Haussmann developed a plan to incorporate several of the surrounding communes into the Paris jurisdiction in the late 1850s. Parliament passed the legislation in 1859, and the expansion took effect when the law was promulgated on 3 November 1859. The previous twelve arrondissements were reorganized from twelve arrondissements into twenty, the mayor of Passy, Possoz, devised the idea of a numbering the arrondissements in a spiral pattern beginning with the first centered on the imperial palaces, which put Passy in the sixteenth. In historical records, when it is important to distinguish between two systems, the original arrondissements are indicated by adding the term ancienne, for example, arrondissement, for other uses of the term. Paris districts Paris, je taime, film composed of sequences on each arrondissement Cobb, Richard, Breach. Official Paris website Diagrams of each arrondissement showing its quartiers administratifs
9.
1st arrondissement of Paris
–
The 1st arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. Situated principally on the bank of the River Seine, it also includes the west end of the Île de la Cité. It is the least populated of the arrondissements and one of the smallest by area, a significant part of which is occupied by the Louvre Museum. Much of the remainder of the arrondissement is dedicated to business, the 1st arrondissement is very small, with a land area of only 1,83 km2. The area now occupied by the first arrondissement attained its peak population in the preceding the re-organization of Paris in 1860. In 1999, the population was 16,888, while the arrondissement hosted 63,056 jobs, making it one of the most active for business after the 2nd, 8th, and 9th. ¹The peak of population actually occurred before 1861, but the arrondissement was created in 1860, each of the 20 Paris arrondissements is divided into four quarters. The table below lists the four quarters of the 1st arrondissement, at one time Air Inters head office was located in the first arrondissement. When Minerve, an airline, existed, its office was in the first arrondissement. In terms of state-operated schools, the first arrondissement has two schools, two primary schools, one école polyvalente, one high school, and one sixth form college. The state-operated nursery schools are École Maternelle Auxerrois and École Maternelle Sourdiere, the state-operated primary schools are École Élémentaire Arbre Sec and École Élémentaire DArgenteuil. The arrondissement has one école polyvalente, École Polyvalente Cambon, collège Jean-Baptiste Poquelin is the sole state-operated high school in the arrondissement. Lycée Professionnel Commercial Pierre Lescot is the sole state-operated sixth form college in the first arrondissement
10.
2nd arrondissement of Paris
–
The 2nd arrondissement is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, the capital city of France. The arrondissement contains the former Paris Bourse and a number of banking headquarters, as well as a textile district, known as the Sentier. The 2nd arrondissement is also the home of most of Pariss surviving 19th-century glazed commercial arcades, at the beginning of the 19th century most of the streets of Paris were dark and muddy and lacked sidewalks. A few entrepreneurs copied the success of the Passage des Panoramas and its well-lit, dry, ¹The peak of population actually occurred before 1861, but the arrondissement was created in 1860, so we do not have figures before 1861. The French newspaper LObs has its office in the arrondissement. Bourbon has its office in the arrondissement. All Nippon Airways has its Paris Office in the arrondissement, china Airlines also has its France office in the arrondissement. Aigle Azurs registered office is in the arrondissement, in terms of state-operated schools, the second arrondissement has three nursery schools, five primary schools, and one high school. The nursery schools are École Maternelle Dussoubs, École Maternelle Saint Denis, the primary schools are École Élémentaire Beauregard, École Élémentaire Dussoubs, École Élémentaire Etienne Marcel, École Élémentaire Jussienne, and École Élémentaire Louvois. Collège César Franck is the sole state-operated high school in the arrondissement, École Élémentaire Privée Saint-Sauveur is the sole private primary school institution in the second arrondissement. 2nd arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
11.
3rd arrondissement of Paris
–
The 3rd arrondissement of Paris, situated on the right bank of the River Seine, is the smallest in area after the 2nd arrondissement. The arrondissement contains the northern, quieter part of the district of Le Marais. The oldest surviving house of Paris, built in 1407, is to be found in the 3rd arrondissement. The ancient Jewish quarter, the Pletzel which dates from the 13th century begins in the part of the 3rd arrondissement. It is home to the Musée dart et dhistoire du judaïsme, although trendy boutiques are now taking up many of the storefronts, there are still landmark stores selling traditional Jewish foods. With a land area of 1.171 km2, the 3rd arrondissement is the second smallest arrondissement in the city, the area now occupied by the third arrondissement attained its peak population in the period preceding the re-organization of Paris in 1860. In 1999, the population was 34,248, while the arrondissement hosted a total of 29,723 jobs, ¹The peak of population actually occurred before 1861, but the arrondissement was created in 1860, so we do not have figures before 1861
12.
4th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 4th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. The 4th arrondissement contains the Renaissance-era Paris City Hall, the eastern parts of the Île de la Cité as well as the Île Saint-Louis are also included within the 4th arrondissement. The 4th arrondissement is known for its streets, cafés. It is desirable for those insisting on old buildings and multi-cultural exposure, with a land area of 1.601 km2, the 4th arrondissement is the third smallest arrondissement in the city. The peak of population of the 4th arrondissement actually occurred before 1861, in 1999, the population was 30,675, while the arrondissement hosted 41,424 jobs. ¹The peak of population actually occurred before 1861, but the arrondissement was created in 1860, the Île de la Cité has been inhabited since the 1st century BC, when it was occupied by the Parisii tribe of the Gauls. The Right Bank was first settled in the early Middle Ages, since the end of the 19th century, le Marais has been populated by a significant Jewish population, the Rue des Rosiers being at the heart of its community, with a handful of kosher restaurants. Since the 1990s, gay culture has made an impact on the arrondissement, opening a number of bars and cafés in the area by the town hall
13.
5th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 5th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. Situated on the bank of the River Seine, it is one of the central arrondissements of the capital. The arrondissement is notable for being the location of the Quartier Latin, a district dominated by universities, colleges, the 5th arrondissement is also one of the oldest districts of the city, dating back to ancient times. Traces of the areas past survive in such sites as the Arènes de Lutèce, a Roman amphitheatre, and the Thermes de Cluny, the 5th arrondissement covers some 2.541 km² in central Paris. The population of the arrondissement peaked in 1911 when the population density reached almost 50,000 inhabitants per km², in 1999, the population was 58,849, while 48,909 worked in the arrondissement. The Ve arrondissement is the oldest arrondissement in Paris, and was first built by the Romans. The construction of the Roman town Lutetia dates back from the 1st century BC, the Ministry of Higher Education and Research has its head office in the arrondissement. As part of the Latin Quarter, the 5th arrondissement is known for its concentration of educational
14.
6th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 6th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. Sulpice Church and square, the Pont des Arts and the Jardin du Luxembourg and it is a major locale for art galleries and one of the most fashionable districts of Paris as well as Paris most expensive area. The new Palace turned the neighborhood into a district for French nobility. The land area of the arrondissement is 2.154 km², in 1999, the population was 44,919 inhabitants while the arrondissement provided 43,691 jobs. Toei Animation Europe has its office in the arrondissement. The company, which opened in 2004, serves France, Germany, Italy, Spain, 6th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
15.
7th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 7th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city in France. It is also home to foreign diplomatic embassies, some of them occupying outstanding Hôtels particuliers. The arrondissement has been home to the French upper class since the 17th century, the 7th arrondissement of Paris and Neuilly-sur-Seine form the most affluent and prestigious residential area in France. The district became so fashionable within the French aristocracy that the phrase le Faubourg has been used to describe French nobility ever since. The oldest and most prestigious families of the French nobility built outstanding residences in the area, such as the Hôtel Matignon, the Hôtel de Salm, and the Hôtel Biron. After the Revolution many of these mansions, offering magnificent inner spaces, many receptions rooms, the French expression les ors de la Republique, referring to the luxurious environment of the national palaces, comes from that time. During the Restauration, the Faubourg recovered its past glory as the most exclusive high nobility district of Paris and was the heart of the country. After the Fall of Charles X, the district lost most of its political influence, during the 19th century, the arrondissement hosted no less than five Universal Exhibitions that have immensely impacted its cityscape. The Eiffel Tower and the Orsay building have been built for these Exhibitions, the land area of the arrondissement is 4.088 km². The 7th arrondissement attained its peak population in 1926 when it had 110,684 inhabitants, because it is the location of so many French government bodies, this arrondissement has never been as densely populated as some of the others. In 1999, the population was 56,985, while the arrondissement provided 76,212 jobs, the American University of Paris, a private liberal arts university, maintains several buildings near the Quai dOrsay. The Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of National Education have their offices in the arrondissement. The arrondissement hosted the events for the 1900 Summer Olympics. 7th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
16.
8th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 8th Arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. Situated on the bank of the River Seine and centred on the Champs-Élysées. According to the 1999 census, it was the place of employment of people than any other single arrondissement of the capital. The land area of the arrondissement is 3.881 km2, the arrondissement had its highest population of 107,485 in 1891. In 1999, it had almost a third of that number and it is one of Pariss least densely populated arrondissements and contains 1. 8% of the total population of Paris. The head offices of AXA, Bouygues, Électricité de France, Eurazeo, Sanofi-Aventis, GDF Suez, HSBC France, standard & Poors France office is located in the 8th arrondissement. Air China and China Southern Airlines have their Paris offices in the arrondissement, at one time the head office of Union des Transports Aériens was located in this arrondissement. The predecessor airline Union Aéromaritime de Transport also had its office in the 8th arrondissement. When Suez existed, its office was in the 8th arrondissement. When Unibail existed, its office was in the arrondissement. At one time Groupe Danone had its office in the 8th arrondissement. At one time Alcatel-Lucents head office was located in the arrondissement, at one time Northwest Airlines had its Paris offices in the Madeleine station. At one time All Nippon Airways operated an office in the arrondissement. The classes are held at the École Maternelle et Primaire Saint Francois dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, intégrale, Institut denseignement supérieur privé has also one of its campus in the 8th arrondissement. 8th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
17.
9th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 9th arrondissement, located on the Right Bank, is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. Along with the 2nd and 8th arrondissements, it one of the business centers of Paris. The land area of this arrondissement is 2.179 km2, groupe Danone has its head office in the 17 Boulevard Haussmann building in the 9th arrondissement. BNP Paribas has its office in the arrondissement. Kroll Inc. also has an office in this arrondissement, until June 1995, the head office of Société Générale was in this arrondissement. On that month the head office moved to the Société Générale Towers, the former head office remains as the companys registered office. Google Paris has its offices in the arrondissement, the peak population of the 9th arrondissement occurred in 1901, when it had 124,011 inhabitants. Since then, the arrondissement has widely attracted business activity, as a result, the population was in 1999 only 55,838 inhabitants, while it held 111,939 jobs. Media related to Paris 9e arrondissement at Wikimedia Commons 9th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
18.
10th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 10th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. Situated on the bank of the River Seine, the arrondissement contains two of Pariss six main railway stations, the Gare du Nord and the Gare de lEst. Built during the 19th century, these two termini are among the busiest in Europe, the 10th arrondissement also contains a large portion of the Canal Saint-Martin, linking the northeastern parts of Paris with the River Seine. The land area of the arrondissement is 2.892 km2, the 10th arrondissement is often referred to as lEntrepôt. Today, the arrondissement remains dense in both population and business activity, with 89,612 inhabitants and 71,962 jobs at last census in 1999. Due to its large Turkish minority, the 10th arrondissement is often called La Petite Turquie
19.
11th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 11th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. Situated on the Right Bank of the River Seine, the 11th is one of the most densely populated urban districts not just of Paris, the eleventh arrondissement is a varied and engaging area. The Place de la Bastille and the rue du Faubourg St Antoine are full of fashionable cafés, restaurants, and nightlife, the Oberkampf district to the north is another popular area for nightlife. The east is residential, with more wholesale commerce, while the areas around the Boulevard Voltaire. In recent years this district has emerged as one of the trendiest regions of Paris, on November 13th 2015, it was the site of coordinated shootings and bombings that left 132 dead. The land area of this arrondissement is 3.666 km2, the peak population of Pariss 11th arrondissement occurred in 1911, with 242,295 inhabitants. Today, the arrondissement remains the most densely populated in Paris, accompanied by a volume of business activity,149,102 inhabitants and 71,962 jobs in the last census. The population consists of a number of single adults, though its eastern portions are more family-oriented. There is a community spirit in most areas of the eleventh. Cirque dhiver Église Saint-Ambroise ESCP-EAP Musée Édith Piaf Musée du Fumeur 11th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage Mairie du 11e website
20.
12th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 12th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. The 12th arrondissement contains the Opéra de la Bastille, the second largest opera house in Paris and it was inaugurated in 1989, on the 200th anniversary of the storming of the Bastille. The Bois de Vincennes is also located in this arrondissement, the land area of this arrondissement is 16.324 km2, two-thirds of which consists of the Bois de Vincennes park. Excluding the Bois de Vincennes, its area is 6.377 km2. The peak of population of Pariss 12th arrondissement occurred in 1962 and was followed by three decades of decline, recently, however, the population has begun to grow again, since the restructuring of the 1990s. As of the last census, in 1999, the population was 136,591 inhabitants, the same census showed that the 12th arrondissement, heavily involved in business activity, contained 112,336 jobs, mainly around the new district of Bercy. The Derichebourg Group, the parent company of Servisair, has its office in the arrondissement. Foster Wheeler has its Foster Wheeler France division offices in the 12th arrondissement, lycée Paul Valéry is located in this arrondissement. Ensemble Scolaire Saint Michel de Picpus has two campuses in this arrondissmement
21.
13th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 13th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. The neighborhood features a concentration of ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese businesses. The 13th arrondissement also hosts the Bibliothèque François Mitterrand and the newly built district of Paris Rive Gauche. The 13th arrondissement is still growing in population, mainly because of an influx of Asian immigrants, during the late 1970s and early 1980s, the first wave of Vietnamese refugees from the Vietnam War settled in the arrondissement, largely concentrated near Masséna Boulevard. Later waves of refugees and Asian immigrants transitioned from being exclusively ethnic Vietnamese to include ethnic Chinese from Vietnam and these migrants largely settled in the southern area of the arrondissement, creating an Asian quarter and establishing a commercial district and community institutions. Teochew, Cantonese, Vietnamese, Lao and Khmer are spoken by residents in the community. At the last census in 1999, the population was 171,533, the 13th arrondissement is also rapidly growing in business activity, thanks to the new business district of Paris Rive Gauche. In 1999, the arrondissement contained 89,316 jobs, the head office of Accor, including the companys executive management, is in the Immeuble Odyssey in the 13th arrondissement. This facility is the registered office. Ubisoft has its business office in the arrondissement, the teaching and learning center is settled at the number 151. Pariss main Asian district, the Quartier Asiatique, also called la Triangle de Choisy or la petite Asie, is located in the southeast of the arrondissement. The following can be found in area, Les Olympiades, Super-Italie and various other towers among the tallest in Paris Tang Frères and Paristore Asian supermarkets. Chinese community in Paris Vietnamese community in Paris 13th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
22.
14th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 14th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. Situated on the bank of the River Seine, it contains most of the Montparnasse district. It is today best known for its skyscraper, the Tour Montparnasse, and its railway terminus. The district has traditionally been home to artists as well as a Breton community. The 14th arrondissement also contains the Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris, which is located near the Parc Montsouris, the land area of this arrondissement is 5.621 km². The 14th arrondissement attained its peak population in 1954 when it had 181,414 inhabitants and it continues to have a high density of both population and business activity with 132,844 inhabitants and 71,836 jobs as of the last census, in 1999. Aéroports de Paris has its office in the arrondissement. In addition Société dexploitation de lhebdomadaire Le Point, the company that operates Le Point, has its office in the arrondissement. SNCF, the French rail company, formerly had its office in Montparnasse. La Santé Prison, operated by the Ministry of Justice, is in the arrondissement, the head office of the Agency for French Education Abroad, the French international schooling network, is in the arrondissement. The International Astronomical Union head office is located on the floor of the Institut dAstrophysique de Paris
23.
15th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 15th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France, also called Arrondissement de Vaugirard. Situated on the Rive Gauche of the River Seine and sharing the Montparnasse district with the 6th and 14th arrondissements, the Tour Montparnasse – the tallest skyscraper in Paris – and the neighbouring Gare Montparnasse are both located in the 15th arrondissement, at its border with the 14th. It is also home to the convention center Paris expo Porte de Versailles, the loi du 16 juin 1859 decreed the annexation to Paris of the area between the old Wall of the Farmers-General and the wall of Thiers. The communes of Grenelle, Vaugirard, and Javel were incorporated into Paris in 1860, as in all the Parisian arrondissements, the fifteenth is made up of four administrative quarters. To the south, quartier Saint-Lambert occupies the site of the village of Vaugirard. The geography of the area was particularly suited to wine-making, as well as quarrying, in fact, many Parisian monuments, such as the École Militaire, were built from Vaugirard stone. The village, not yet being part of Paris, was considered by Parisians to be a suburb, pleasant for country walks or its cabarets. In 1860 Vaugirard was annexed to Paris, along with adjoining villages, to the east, quartier Necker was originally an uninhabited space between Paris and Vaugirard. The most well-known landmarks in the area are the Gare Montparnasse train station, the area around the train station has been renovated and now contains a number of office and apartment blocks, a park, and a shopping center. Finally, the contains a number of public buildings, the Lycée Buffon. To the north, quartier Grenelle was originally a village of the same name, the whole area broke off from the commune of Vaugirard in 1830, becoming the commune of Grenelle, which was in turn annexed to Paris in 1860. A century later, a number of apartment and office towers were built along the Seine, to the west, quartier Javel lies to the south of Grenelle plain. In addition, to the south of the highway, an extension of the 15th, formerly an aerodrome at the beginning of the 20th century, is now a heliport, a gym. The early airfield here has been encroached upon by development and a sports centre. The Sécurité Civile has a detachment there close to maintenance facilities, customs facilities are available and especially busy during the Salon dAeronautique airshows held at Le Bourget on the other side of the city. The land area of this arrondissement is 8.502 km2, the peak of population of Pariss 15th arrondissement occurred in 1962, when it had 250,551 inhabitants. Since then it has lost approximately one-tenth of its population, but it remains the most populous arrondissement of Paris, with 144,667 jobs at the same census, the 15th is also very dense in business activities. Musée Pasteur Musée du Service des Objets Trouvés Musée Bourdelle Musée Mendjisky specializing in school of Paris artists, Musée Jean Moulin, French Resistance – Church of Notre-Dame de la Salette in Paris Beaugrenelle Shopping Center
24.
16th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 16th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, the capital city of France. It includes a concentration of museums between the Place du Trocadéro and the Place dIéna, the Bois de Boulogne, the second-largest public park in Paris, is also located in this arrondissement. The land area of this arrondissement is 16.305 km2, excluding the Bois de Boulogne, its land area is 7.846 km2. It is the largest arrondissement in Paris in terms of land area, the 16th arrondissement population peaked in 1962, when it had 227,418 inhabitants. At the last census, the population was 169,372, the 16th arrondissement contains a great deal of business activity, in 1999 it hosted 106,971 jobs. It is also the arrondissement in Paris to be divided into two separate postal codes. The southern part of the arrondissement carries a postal code of 75016, four Fortune Global 500 have their head offices in this arrondissement, PSA Peugeot Citroën, Kering, Lafarge, and Veolia. In addition Lagardère and Technip have their headquarters in this arrondissement, at one time Aérospatiale had its head office in the arrondissement. This scene was shot on Avenue dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, a notorious serial murder case, which generated an international media circus, centered in the 16th arrondissement during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. The focal point of the case was French doctor Marcel Petiot, on 11 March 1944, Petiots neighbors complained to police of a foul stench in the area and of large amounts of smoke billowing from a chimney of the house. Fearing a chimney fire, the police summoned firemen, who entered the house, in the fire, and scattered in the basement, were human remains. Following an investigation, during which time Petiot attempted to evade capture and he was convicted of 26 counts of murder and sentenced to death. On 25 May, Petiot was beheaded, after a stay of several days due to a problem in the mechanism of the guillotine. International schools, Russian Embassy School of Paris, on the grounds of the Russian Embassy in Paris, colegio Español Fecerico García Lorca, a Spanish international primary school owned by the Spanish government The Spanish secondary school, Liceo Español Luis Buñuel, is located in Neuilly sur Seine. The two campuses of the International School of Paris Kingsworth International School The Université Paris-Dauphine is in the arrondissement, the renowned classes préparatoires establishment Intégrale, Institut denseignement supérieur privé have one of their campuses in the arrondissement. The École de langue japonaise de Paris, a supplementary Japanese education programme, is held at the École Maternelle et Primaire Saint Francois dEylau in the 16th arrondissement, the school has its offices at the Association Amicale des Ressortissants Japonais en France in the 8th arrondissement. Media related to Paris 16e arrondissement at Wikimedia Commons 16th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
25.
17th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 17th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. The land area of this arrondissement is 5.669 km2, the town hall of the 17th arrondissement is on Rue des Batignolles. It is the town hall of Paris to be located in a modern building. The original building was torn down in 1971 to make room for the current edifice, the 17th arrondissement also hosts the Palais des Congrès of Paris, which is a large exhibition center with an associated high-rise hotel, the Hyatt Regency Paris Étoile, the largest in the city. The peak population of Pariss 17th arrondissement was reached in 1954, today, the arrondissement remains dense in population and business activity, with 160,860 inhabitants and 92,267 jobs as of the most recent census. The southwestern part of the arrondissement is very dense in offices, several big companies have their headquarters there. The head office of Dailymotion is located in the Immeuble Horizons 17, when it existed, Gaz de France had its head office in the 17th arrondissement. Batignolles and Épinettes, two industrial areas, are now mostly residential. The area around the avenue de Clichy, shared with the 8th, 9th and 18th arrondissement of Paris, is occupied by a lot of shops and this is the third biggest avenue of Paris in terms of sales. 17th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
26.
18th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 18th arrondissement, located on the Rive Droite, is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. It is mostly known for hosting the district of Montmartre, which contains a hill dominated by the Sacré Cœur basilica, along with the house of music diva Dalida and well known Moulin Rouge cabaret. The 18th arrondissement also contains the African and North African district of Goutte dOr which is famous for its market, the marché Barbès, the land area of this arrondissement is exactly 6.005 km2. The population of Pariss 18th arrondissement peaked in 1931 with 288,810 inhabitants, today, the arrondissement remains very dense in population and business activity with 184,586 inhabitants and 70,285 jobs as of the most recent census. In 2012 John Henley of The Guardian said the 18th arrondissement was a comparable in many ways to Londons Tower Hamlets. Montmartre Pigalle Goutte dOr, a neighborhood in the arrondissement Quartier de La Chapelle Dailymotion formerly had its headquarters in the arrondissement. In addition, Dargaud also has its headquarters there, 18th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
27.
19th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 19th arrondissement of Paris is one of the 20 arrondissements of the capital city of France. Situated on the Right Bank of the River Seine, it is crossed by two canals, the Canal Saint-Denis and the Canal de lOurcq, which meet near the Parc de la Villette, the land area of the arrondissement is 6.786 km2. The population of the 19th arrondissement is still increasing, at the last census, in 1999, the population was 172,730 inhabitants. As of the census,68,101 people worked in the arrondissement. This sector has become the home for immigrants to France. Parc des Buttes Chaumont Parc de la Villette Parc de la Butte-du-Chapeau-Rouge The Cent Quatre arts centre 19th arrondissement travel guide from Wikivoyage
28.
20th arrondissement of Paris
–
The 20th arrondissement, located on the Right Bank, is one of the 20 arrondissements of Paris, France. It contains the districts of Ménilmontant and Belleville which have welcomed many successive waves of immigration since the middle of the 19th century. Despite this, the arrondissement elected and was represented by the anti-immigration Front National politician Jean-Marie Le Pen, today, Belleville contains the second largest Chinatown in Paris. The 20th arrondissement is also known for the Père Lachaise Cemetery where one can find the tombs of many famous composers, writers, painters, musicians. The land area of this arrondissement is 5.984 km2, the population of Pariss 20th arrondissement peaked in 1936, when it had 208,115 inhabitants. Today it remains very dense in population and business activity with 182,952 inhabitants and 54,786 jobs as of the last census, parc de Belleville Père Lachaise Cemetery District of Belleville District of Ménilmontant The Directorate-General for External Security has its head office in the arrondissement. The humour publication Charlie Hebdo has its office in the arrondissement
29.
Architecture of Paris
–
The city of Paris has notable examples of architecture of every period from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. The great Paris Universal Expositions of 1889 and 1900 added Paris landmarks, including the Eiffel Tower, in the 20th century, the Art Deco style of architecture first appeared in Paris, and Paris architects also influenced the postmodern architecture of the second half of the century. Very little architecture remains from the ancient town of Lutetia, founded by a Celtic tribe known as the Parisii in about the 3rd century BC and it was conquered by the Romans in 52 BC, and turned into a Gallo-Roman garrison town. It was rebuilt in 1st century AD on the classic Roman plan, an axis, or cardo. The center of Roman administration was on the island, the Roman governors palace stood where the Palais de Justice is located today, the right bank was largely undeveloped. The city grew up the Left Bank, on the slopes of Mount Saint-Geneviève, vestiges of one bath, the Thermes de Cluny, can still be seen on Boulevard Saint-Michel. It was the largest of the three baths, one hundred meters by sixty-five meters, and was built at the end of the 2nd century or beginning of the 3rd century BC, at the height of the towns grandeur. The baths are now part of the Musée national du Moyen Âge, nearby, on rue Monge, are the vestiges of the Roman amphitheater, called the Arenes de Lutece, which was discovered and restored in the 19th century. Though the population of the town was no more than 5–6 thousand persons, the amphitheater measured 130 meters by 100 meters. Fifteen tiers of seats remain from the original thirty-five and it was built in the 1st century AD and was used for the combat of gladiators and animals, and also for theatrical performances. It is now on display in the Roman baths at the Museum of the Middle Ages, unlike the south of France, Paris has very few examples of Romanesque architecture, most churches and other buildings in that style were rebuilt in the Gothic style. The most remarkable example of Romanesque architecture in Paris is the church of the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, an earlier church had been destroyed by the Vikings in the 9th century. The oldest elements of the original church existing today are the tower, and it is considered the earliest existing place of worship in Paris. The gothic choir, with its buttresses, was added in the mid-12th century, it was consecrated by Pope Alexander III. It was one of the earliest gothic style elements to appear in a Paris church, Romanesque and Gothic elements are found together in several old Paris churches. The interior of the church of Saint-Julien-le-Pauvre has been rebuilt, but it still has massive Romanesque columns. The former priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs has a choir and chapels supported by contreforts and it now belongs to the Musee des Arts et Metiers. In 987 Hugues Capet became the first King of France, and established his capital in Paris, though at the time his kingdom was little bigger than the Île-de-France, or modern Paris region
30.
Culture of Paris
–
The culture of Paris concerns the arts, music, museums, festivals and other entertainment in Paris, the capital city of France. The city is one of the worlds leading business and cultural centers, entertainment, music, media, fashion. Paris is also home to cultural attractions such as the Louvre, Musée Picasso, Musée Rodin, Musée du Montparnasse. Art and artifacts from the Middle Ages can be seen in Musée Cluny while Musée dOrsay is notable for housing Impressionist era masterpieces, a variety of landmarks and objects are cultural icons associated with Paris, such as Eiffel Tower, Notre Dame de Paris and Opéra Garnier. Many of Paris once-popular local establishments have come to cater to the tastes and expectations of tourists, Le Lido, the cabaret-dance hall, for example, is a staged dinner theater spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabarets former atmosphere. All of the former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms. Much of Paris hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become dependent on tourism. Haussmanns renovation of Paris during the century created many of its wide boulevards and characteristic multi-level housing, often with shops. The purpose of the renovations was to replace crowded, dilapidated Medieval-era housing, other notable landmarks erected during the 19th century feature elaborate Art Nouveau designs popular during the Belle Epoque, such as the Palais Garnier and the Galeries Lafayette shopping centre. The citys cathedrals are another attraction, its Notre Dame de Paris. The Eiffel Tower, by far Paris most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and more than 200 million since its construction. Modern landmarks of Paris architecture include the Centre Georges Pompidou, which opened in 31 January 1977. The regional daily edition of Le Parisien is available in ten departmental editions, there are four free daily newspapers distributed around Paris, three in the morning, and one free evening newspaper, which are often read on public transportation. Le Monde is based in Paris and provides coverage of national and international news. Le Figaro is a daily newspaper, while Libération is a liberal daily newspaper. LOfficiel des spectacles and Pariscope offer in-depth coverage of the cultural events. The large English-language newspaper of Paris is the International Herald Tribune, there is also a monthly publication, Irish Eyes, targeting the English-language community in Paris. Télif, offers the local city channels by cable, ADSL or satellite
31.
Cycling in Paris
–
Paris has steadily increased its network of bicycle paths since the late 1990s. As of 2015 there is 700 km of cycling routes in Paris, including bike paths, there are 700 km of cycle paths and routes in Paris. These include piste cyclable and bande cyclable, also since 2008,29 km of specially marked bus lanes are free to be used by cyclists. Cyclists have also given the right to ride in both directions on certain one-way streets. Paris bike routes are detailed in guides such as Paris de Poche, managed by the company JCDecaux there were originally 10,648 bikes available at 750 Vélib stations. More than 20,600 bikes at 1,451 stations are planned for late 2007, vélibs main aim is to replace car use in Paris for short trips. Paris Respire is a scheme where certain roads are closed to vehicular traffic on Sundays. The roads closed include those by the River Seine, in the Marais, cycling and walking are the main forms of getting around on these roads on these days. Some of the French cycle routes known as Voies vertes pass through Paris, one is the Piste du canal de LOurcq which runs 97 km through Paris to Sevran. The long-distance cycle path EuroVelo 3, dubbed the Pilgrims Route, other international routes include the Avenue Verte route which runs between Paris and London. The Avenue Verte crosses the English Channel at Dieppe via the Newhaven – Dieppe ferry. mdb-idf. org/spip/
32.
Economy of Paris
–
Paris, including both the City of Paris and the Île-de-France region, is the most important center of economic activity in France, accounting for about thirty percent of the French GDP. The story is similar in the Paris Region, or Île-de-France,76.7 percent of enterprises are engaged in commerce and services, and 3.4 percent in industry. The fourth-largest company, Société Générale, has its headquarters in Paris. Other notable clusters of major companies are located at Issy-les-Moulineaux, Boulogne-Billancourt, in 2012, the Gross Domestic Product of the Paris Region as calculated by INSEE was €624 billion, The PIB per inhabitant of the region was 51,250 Euros, the highest in France. The GDP of the Paris Region accounted for 30.7 percent of the GDP of Metropolitan France, in 2011 the GDP of the Paris Region was the second-largest in Europe, just after Nordrhein-Westfalen in Germany. The GDP per inhabitant was the 4th highest in Europe, after Luxembourg, Brussels, the Paris regional GDP grew steadily by an average of 2.3 percent a year between 1993 and 2007. However, during the recession of 2009, the GDP declined sharply by 4.9 percent, the Paris regional economy is largely a tertiary, or services, economy. The value added by industry dropped from 12 percent in 2000 to 8 percent in 2011, the top twelve French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 for 2015 all have their headquarters in the Paris Region, either in the city or the suburbs. The economy of both Paris and the Paris Region is primarily a service economy, employment in the Paris Regional economy, like that of the economy of the City of Paris, is overwhelming in commerce, services, transport, public administration, education, health and social welfare. The picture is similar in the City of Paris itself. The Paris Region had 5.4 million salaried employees in 2010, in 2010 it was the workplace of 500,000 salaried employees, about thirty percent of the salaried employees in Paris and ten percent of those in the Île-de-France. The largest sectors of activity in the business district were finance and insurance. The district also includes a concentration of department stores, shopping areas, hotels and restaurants. The second-largest business district in terms of employment is La Défense, just west of the city, in 2010 it was the workplace of 144,600 employees, of whom 38 percent worked in finance and insurance,16 percent in business support services. Two other important districts, Neuilly-sur-Seine and Levallois-Perret, are extensions of the Paris business district, another district, including Boulogne-Billancourt, Issy-les-Moulineaux and the southern part of the 15th arrondissement, is a center of activity for the media and information technology. Six of the twelve largest companies in the Paris region are banks, the largest banks, in order of 2014 revenue, are BNP Paribas, Société Générale, Credit Agricole, and Groupe BPCE. The largest insurance companies are AXA and CNP Assurances, a 2015 survey ranking banks around the world by assets ranked BNP Paribas the 7th largest bank in the world, Credit Agricole in tenth place, and Societe Generale in 20th place. French banks have traditionally had their offices in the center of Paris, not far from the Opera and the Banque de France
33.
Education in Paris
–
Paris is home to several of Frances most prestigious high-schools such as Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Lycée Henri-IV, Lycée Janson de Sailly and Lycée Condorcet. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye, the Kingsworth International School along with the International School of Paris, are within the city. In the academic year 2004–2005, the Paris Regions 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students, the cathedral of Notre-Dame was the first centre of higher-education before the creation of the University of Paris, Le Sorbonne, which was founded in about 1150. The universitas was chartered by King Philip Augustus in 1200, as a corporation granting teachers the right to rule independently from crown law. At the time, many classes were held in open air, non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or colleges, created for the boursiers coming from afar. Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe, the University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties, law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature, and theology. Following the 1968 student riots, there was a reform of the University of Paris. The following year, the former unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities located throughout the city of Paris and its suburbs, each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. In 1991, four universities were created in the suburbs of Paris. Students also have the opportunity to study abroad in North America via the MICEFA program, the Paris region hosts Frances highest concentration of the prestigious grandes écoles – specialised centres of higher-education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements, other prestigious engineering schools are located in Paris, including École Centrale Paris, considered one of the top 3 in France, and Supélec. There are also many business schools, including INSEAD, ESSEC, HEC, the administrative school such as ENA has been relocated to Strasbourg, the political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Pariss left bank 7th arrondissement. The Parisian school of journalism CELSA département of the Paris-Sorbonne University is located in Neuilly-sur-Seine and these courses provide entry to the grandes écoles. Many of the best prépas are located in Paris, including Lycée Louis-le-Grand, Lycée Henri-IV, Lycée Saint-Louis, Lycée Janson de Sailly, two other top-ranking prépas are located in Versailles, near Paris. Student selection is based on grades and teacher remarks. Prépas are known to be demanding in terms of work load. The Pasteur Institute is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, micro-organisms, diseases, the École de langue japonaise de Paris, a supplementary Japanese education programme, is held at the École Maternelle et Primaire Saint Francois dEylau in the 16th arrondissement of Paris. The school has its offices at the Association Amicale des Ressortissants Japonais en France in the 8th arrondissement, media related to Education in Paris at Wikimedia Commons
34.
History of Paris
–
In 52 BC, a Roman army led by Titus Labienus defeated the Parisii and established a Gallo-Roman garrison town called Lutetia. The town was Christianised in the 3rd century AD, and after the collapse of the Roman Empire, it was occupied by Clovis I, the King of the Franks, who made it his capital in 508. During the Middle Ages, Paris was the largest city in Europe, an important religious and commercial centre, the University of Paris on the Left Bank, organised in the mid-13th century, was one of the first in Europe. It suffered from the Bubonic Plague in the 14th century and the Hundred Years War in the 15th century, between 1418 and 1436, the city was occupied by the Burgundians and English soldiers. In the 16th century, Paris became the capital of Europe. In the 19th century, Napoleon I embellished the city with monuments to military glory and it became the European capital of fashion and the scene of two more revolutions. In the latter part of the century, millions of tourists came to see the Paris International Expositions, in the 20th century, Paris suffered bombardment in World War I and German occupation from 1940 until 1944 in World War II. Between the two wars, Paris was the capital of art and a magnet for intellectuals, writers. The population reached its high of 2.1 million in 1921. New museums were opened, and the Louvre given its glass pyramid, in 2015, the city and the nation were shocked by two deadly terrorist attacks carried out by Islamic extremists. Other more recent traces of settlements had been found at Bercy in 1991. The excavations at Bercy found the fragments of three wooden canoes used by fishermen on the Seine, the oldest dating to 4800-4300 BC and they are now on display at the Carnavalet Museum. Excavations at the Rue Henri-Farman site found traces of settlements from the middle Neolithic period, the early Bronze Age, the archaeologists found ceramics, animal bone fragments, and pieces of polished axes. Hatchets made in eastern Europe were found at the Neolithic site in Bercy, between 250 and 225 BC, during the Iron Age, the Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, settled on the Île de la Cité and on the banks of the Seine. At the beginning of the 2nd century BC, they built an oppidum, a fort, either on the Île de la Cité or nearby. The settlement was called Lucotocia or Leucotecia, and may have taken its name from the Celtic word lugo or luco, coins from the towns along the Rhine and Danube and even from Cádiz in Spain were found in the excavations of the ancient city. He force-marched six legions north to Orléans, where the rebellion had begun, and then to Gergovia, at the same time, he sent his deputy Titus Labienus with four legions to subdue the Parisii and their allies, the Senons. The Commander of the Parisii, Camulogene, burned the bridge connected the oppidum to the left bank of the Seine
35.
Timeline of Paris
–
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Paris, France. 9000-5000 BCE first known settlements in Paris during Mesolithic era, located near rue Henri-Farman in the 15th arrondissement, 250-225 BCE The Parisii, a Celtic tribe, found a town, called Lucotecia, on the Île de la Cité. 53 BCE Julius Caesar addresses an assembly of leaders of the Gauls in Lucotecia,52 BCE The Parisii are defeated by the Roman general Titus Labienus at the Battle of Lutetia. A Gallo-Roman garrison town, called Lutetia, is founded on the bank of the Seine. Between 14 and 37 CE The sailors of Lutetia erect the Pillar of the Boatmen in honor of the Roman god Jupiter, C.250 CE Arrival of Christianity in Paris, execution by Romans of Bishop Saint Denis on Montmartre, the Mountain of Martyrs. 275-276 The settlement on the bank is ravaged by Germanic tribes. About 300 CE A rampart is built around the Île de la Cité,358 CE The Roman commander Julian the Apostate resides in Paris during the winter, when not fighting the Germanic tribes. 360 CE Julian is proclaimed Roman Emperor by his soldiers, 365-366 The Emperor Valentinian I resides briefly in Paris. 385 Saint Martin of Tours visits Paris, and according to tradition heals a leper at the gate of the town. 451 Paris is threatened by the Huns, Saint Genevieve persuades the Parisians not to abandon the city, and the Huns attack Tours instead. 464 The city is blockaded by Chilperic I, King of the Franks,486 Clovis I, King of the Franks, negotiates with Saint Genevieve the submission of Paris to his authority. About 502 Burial of Saint Genevieve atop the hill on the bank which now bears her name. A basilica, the Basilique des Saints Apôtres, is built on the site and it later becomes the site of the Basilica of Saint-Genevieve, which after the French Revolution becomes the Panthéon. 511 Clovis I, the king of the Franks, makes Paris his capital, about 540-550 Construction of the Saint-Étienne cathedral, predecessor to Notre-Dame de Paris, begins. 543 Founding of the Basilica of Saint-Vincent, by Childebert I, the Basilica becomes the burial place for the first French kings, beginning with Childebert. 576 Saint Germain, the Bishop of Paris, is buried at the Abbey of Saint-Vincent,577 King Chilperic I has the Roman amphitheater repaired, and theatrical events are performed there. 585 A fire destroys most of the buildings on the Île de la Cité,639 King Dagobert I is buried in the abbey of Saint-Denis, which becomes the main necropole for French kings. About 680 The city stops minting gold coins and replaces them with silver coins,775 Consecration of the new Basilica of Saint-Denis, attended by the Emperor Charlemagne 820 Mention is made in documents of what is the oldest known street in Paris, rue Saint-Germain-lAuxerrois
36.
Landmarks in Paris
–
This article presents the main landmarks in the City of Paris within its administrative limits divided by the 20 Arrondissements of Paris. Landmarks located in the suburbs of Paris, outside of its administrative limits, the 1st arrondissement forms much of the historic centre of Paris. The old Halles were demolished in 1971 and replaced by the Forum des Halles, the central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to Rungis, in the southern suburbs. The former Conciergerie prison held some prominent Ancien Régime members before their deaths during the French Revolution, the 2nd arrondissement of Paris lies to the north of the 1st. The Boulevard des Capucines, Boulevard Montmartre, Boulevard des Italiens, Rue de Richelieu, also of note are the Académie Julian, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Café Anglais and Galerie Vivienne. The 3rd arrondissement is located to the northeast of the 1st, Le Marais is a trendy district spanning the 3rd and 4th arrondissements. It is architecturally very well preserved, and some of the oldest houses and it is a very culturally open place, known for its Chinese, Jewish and gay communities. Several hotels are located in this district including Hôtel de Guénégaud, the 4th arrondissement is located to the east of the 1st. Place de la Bastille is a district of historical significance, for not just Paris. Bibliothèque de lArsenal, La Force Prison, Centre Georges Pompidou, roads running through the 4th arrondissement include Rue Charlemagne, Rue de Rivoli, Rue des Francs-Bourgeois, and Rue des Rosiers. It is known for its atmosphere and many bistros. The Panthéon church is where many of Frances illustrious men and women are buried, the 6th arrondissement, to the south of the centre and Seine has numerous hotels and restaurants and also educational institutions. Among the museums located in the 6th arrondissement are the Musée Bible et Terre Sainte, Musée dAnatomie Delmas-Orfila-Rouvière, Musée Dupuytren, and Musée Edouard Branly. A symbol of the Revolution are the two Statues of Liberty located on the Île aux Cygnes in the Luxembourg Garden of the 6th arrondissement and on the Seine between the 15th and 16th arrondissements. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to the United States in 1886, the Odéon-Théâtre de lEurope is located in this district, as is the Luxembourg Palace. The Pont des Arts, Pont Neuf, and Pont Saint-Michel bridges lead across the Seine to the historic centre, the 7th arrondissement lies to the southwest of the centre, across the Seine. The Eiffel Tower is the most famous landmark of the 7th arrondissement and it was a temporary construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Universal Exposition, but was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris, instantly recognized throughout the World. The Axe historique is a line of monuments, buildings, many hotels are located in this district including Hôtel Biron, Hôtel de Castries, Hôtel de Conti, Hôtel de Mademoiselle de Condé, Hôtel du Châtelet, and Hôtel Matignon
37.
Libraries in Paris
–
Paris, the capital of France, has many of the countrys most important libraries. The Bibliothèque nationale de France operates public libraries in Paris, among them the François-Mitterrand, Richelieu, Louvois, Opéra, in the 2nd arrondissement, the Bibliothèque Richelieu is to a design by Henri Labrouste with nine domes, it opened in 1868. There are three libraries in the 4th arrondissement. The Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève is in 5th arrondissement, designed by Henri Labrouste and built in the mid-1800s, it contains a rare book, the Human and Social Sciences Library Paris Descartes-CNRS is associated with the national public library as a mixed service unit in the Latin Quarter. Situated in the 6th arrondissement, Bibliothèque Mazarine is the oldest public library in France, the Médiathèque Musicale Mahler in the 8th arrondissement opened in 1986 and contains collections related to music. The Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand in the 13th arrondissement was completed in 1994 to a design of Dominique Perrault, in the same arrondissement, Bibliothèque Marguerite Durand opened in 1931 and holds a collection on feminism. The childrens library, Petite Bibliothèque Ronde, opened in 1965, the are several academic libraries and archives in Paris. The Bibliothèque de la Sorbonne in the 5th arrondissement is the largest university library in Paris, situated in the 7th arrondissement, The American Library in Paris opened on 20 May 1920 and is part of a private, non-profit organisation. It originated from cases of books sent by the American Library Association to U. S. soldiers in France, other academic libraries include Interuniversity Pharmaceutical Library, Leonardo da Vinci University Library, Paris School of Mines Library, and the René Descartes University Library. Opened in 2009, the Bibliothèque Sainte-Barbe is an inter-university library located in the buildings of the former College of St. Barbara, media related to Libraries in Paris at Wikimedia Commons
38.
Music in Paris
–
Such as the Algerian-born music known as Raï. Leading musical institutions include the Paris Opera, the Orchestre de Paris, and the Paris Conservatory, the first state music conservatory in Europe. The Cité de la Musique at La Villette is home of the new Paris Symphony Hall, the Conservatory, a museum of musical instruments, and Le Zenith, many of the churches in Paris have magnificent historic organs, and often host concerts. The city is known for its music halls and clubs. The Paris Opera, officially called the Opéra National de Paris founded in 1669, is the oldest and most famous company of France. It mainly produces operas at its modern 2700-seat theatre Opéra Bastille which opened in 1989, small scale and contemporary works are also staged in the 500-seat Amphitheatre under the Opéra Bastille. The companys annual budget is in the order of 200 million euros, with this money, the company runs the two houses and supports a large permanent staff, which includes the orchestra of 170, a chorus of 110 and the corps de ballet of 150. Each year, the Opéra presents about 380 performances of opera, ballet and other concerts, to an audience of about 800,000 people. In the 2012/13 season, the Opéra presented 18 opera titles,13 ballets,5 symphonic concerts, the companys training bodies are also active, with 7 concerts from the Atelier Lyrique and 4 programmes from the École de Danse. The Paris Opera Ballet is the oldest national ballet company in the world, founded in 1669, just after the Opera, many famous romantic ballets, including Giselle and Le Corsaire, were first danced by the Paris Opera company. The Paris Opera has had many different official names during its long history, the company presents ballet primarily at the Palais Garnier. The director of the Paris Opera Ballet until his resignation in February 2016 was Benjamin Millepied, previous musical directors included and Herbert von Karajan was hired as an interim music advisor from 1969 to 1971. Later musical directors music include Sir Georg Solti, Daniel Barenboim, the main venue of the Orchestre de Paris is the Philharmonie de Paris in the Cité de la Musique, in the Parc de la Villette in the 19th arrondissement. The hall, designed by Jean Nouvel, was inaugurated in 2015, the orchestra has 119 musicians, and will be giving fifty concerts during the 2015-2016 season. The musical director since 2010 is Paavo Järvi and he will be replaced in September 2016 by Daniel Harding. Paris has several other important orchestras and venues for classical music, the Lamoureux Orchestra, officially known as the Société des Nouveaux-Concerts, founded by Claude Lamoureux in 1881, has had an illustrious role in Paris music. It gave the first performances of Claude Debussys Nocturnes and La mer, the current artistic director is Pierre Thilloy, and it performs both classical and new works. Performances are held at the Théâtre du Châtelet, the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées, and sometimes at the Grand Rex movie theater, Radio France is the home of two professional symphony orchestras
39.
Paris syndrome
–
Similar syndromes include Jerusalem syndrome and Stendhal syndrome. The condition is commonly viewed as a form of culture shock. It is particularly noted among Japanese travelers, professor Hiroaki Ota, a Japanese psychiatrist working in France, is credited as the first person to diagnose the condition in 1986. Japanese visitors are observed to be especially susceptible and it was first noted in Nervure, the French journal of psychiatry in 2004. As of 2004 the Japanese embassy runs a 24-hour help line to assist Japanese tourists suffering from this condition, the embassy also reported that at this time on average twelve people suffered from the disorder annually. The authors of an article in the 2004 French psychiatry journal Nervure, cite the following as contributory factors for Japanese people, Language barrier – few Japanese speak French and this is believed to be the principal cause and is thought to engender the remainder. Cultural difference – the large difference between not only the languages but the manner, the French can communicate on an informal level in comparison to the rigidly formal Japanese culture, which proves too great a difficulty for some Japanese visitors. It is thought that it is the rapid and frequent fluctuations in mood, tense and attitude, especially in the delivery of humour, which cause the most difficulty. Idealized image of Paris – Paris Syndrome may be caused by an inability to reconcile the Japanese popular image of Paris with the reality of Paris. The Japanese often picture Paris as a land of dreams, the land of beauty, culture, however, they soon find out the contrary when they visit Paris for the first time. They find it to be a regular place, the facilities are disorganized, many areas are unclean. Jerusalem syndrome Mean world syndrome Psychosis Multiculturalism Japanese community of Paris Notes References Viala, A. H. Ota, les Japonais en voyage pathologique à Paris, un modèle original de prise en charge transculturelle. Paris Syndrome, a 2010 short documentary
40.
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris
–
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris is one of twenty-three archdioceses of the Roman Catholic Church in France. The original diocese is thought to have been created in the 3rd century by St. Denis and corresponded with the Civitas Parisiorum. Its suffragan dioceses, created in 1966 and encompassing the region, are in Créteil, Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes, Meaux, Nanterre, Pontoise, Saint-Denis. Its liturgical centre is at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, the archbishop resides on rue Barbet de Jouy in the 6th arrondissement, but there are diocesan offices in rue de la Ville-Eveque, rue St. Bernard and in other areas of the city. The archbishop is ordinary for Eastern Catholics in France, the title of Duc de Saint-Cloud was created in 1674 for the archbishops. Prior to 1790 the diocese was divided into three archdeaconries, France, Hurepoix, Brie, until the creation of new dioceses in 1966 there were two archdeaconries, Madeleine and St. Séverin. The churches of the current diocese can be divided into several categories and these are grouped into deaneries and subject to vicars-general who often coincide with auxiliary bishops. Ii) Churches belonging to religious communities, iii) Chapels for various foreign communities using various languages. Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae, quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo, ratisbon, Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V. Patavii, Messagero di S. Antonio, hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI. Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi sive summorum pontificum, S. R. E. cardinalium, ecclesiarum antistitum series, VII usque ad pontificatum Gregorii PP. Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi, IX usque ad Pontificatum Leonis PP. Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi, X usque ad pontificatum Benedictii PP. Fastes épiscopaux de lancienne Gaule, II, le clergé de France, ou tableau historique et chronologique des archevêques, évêques, abbés, abbesses et chefs des chapitres principaux du royaume, depuis la fondation des églises jusquà nos jours. Histoire chronologique et biographique des archevêques et évêques de tous les diocèses de France, les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusquà1801. Lépiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusquà la Séparation, List of religious buildings in Paris List of Roman Catholic archdioceses Official website Herbermann, Charles, ed. Paris
41.
Squares in Paris
–
Paris is known as the City of Light. Part of the credit for this soubriquet can be ascribed to long-standing city ordinances that have restricted the height of buildings in the central city. A more modest skyline, interrupted only by the Eiffel Tower, the Tour Montparnasse, Sacré-Coeur, the following article concern the public spaces known as squares and places in Paris. In Paris, the English word, square, has been borrowed to describe a type of public space. Specifically, a Parisian square is an urban green space that is not large enough to be called a parc or a bois. In the English-speaking world, a Parisian square might be called a park or, simply. Such a public space would be called a place in Paris, so, in summary, the French have squares that might be called squares in English, and they use the word place to denote what an anglophone would almost certainly call a square. To make things a bit complicated, in Paris, a square may abut a place, or a square may, in fact. The square and the associated place typically have different names and these open spaces also beckon visitors just to wander and daydream, and many offer lush green lawns for sitting, taking a rest, or perhaps a picnic. One is advised, nonetheless, to watch for signs posted on lawns that are accessible to the public, as of 1 May 2008, the city of Paris acknowledged the following public squares. A citizen of Paris will notice, of course, that the following alphabetized list includes both squares and places, which have been segregated from one another within this single list
42.
Transport in Paris
–
On a national level, it is the centre of a star of road and railway, and at a more local level, it is covered with a dense mesh of bus, tram and metro service networks. Paris is known for the non-linearity of its map, as it is a city that grew naturally around roadways leading to suburban. This remained relatively unchanged until the 1970s, and the construction of cross-city, although reducing traffic flow within the city itself, this traffic modification often results in traffic congestion at the capitals gateway thoroughfares. This is complemented above-ground by a complex bus route map of 347 lines, and, since 1992. Paris is also the hub of the Réseau Express Régional, a higher-speed and wider-spaced-station above-, the Transilien, in a rail network radiating from the capitals train and RER stations, compliments this in turn with yet more suburban destinations. Metro, Tramway, most of the Bus services and a few sections of inner-city RER are run by the RATP, the rest of the RER, as well as the Transilien, are run by the SNCF. Pariss métro has 14 lines, and 12 of these penetrate into the surrounding suburbs, most lines cross the city diametrically and only the above-mentioned inner-city circular lines serve as a unique lateral interconnection. The RER is a network of regional trains that run far into the suburbs of Paris. From its first line A in 1977 it has grown into a network of five lines, A, B, C, D and E, three pass through Paris largest and most central Châtelet-Les-Halles metro station. Line C occupies the path of railways along the Seines Rive Gauche quays. These are suburban lines connecting Paris main stations to the suburbs not reached by the RER. The Transilien lines are named as a play-on-words for the transit of Franciliens, lien also mean link in French. All of Paris tramways had stopped running by 1957, but this mode of transport has returned recently, beginning in 1992, two lines were built parallel to the outer boundaries of the capital. The T3 line, opened in 2006, occupies a grassy track running alongside most of Paris Left Bank boundary, Paris bus lines interconnecting all points of the capital and its closest suburban cities. There are 58 bus lines operating in Paris that have a terminus within city limits, the capitals bus system has been given a major boost over the past decade. Beginning in early 2000, Paris major arteries have been thinned to reserve a lane reserved only for bus and taxi, usually designated with signs. Cycling is a mode of transportation in Paris. The Vélib bike hire scheme was introduced in the middle of 2007 with over 20,000 bicycles available at points throughout the city
