1.
The Simpsons
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The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a depiction of working-class life epitomized by the Simpson family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa. The show is set in the town of Springfield and parodies American culture, society, television. The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with producer James L. Brooks, Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name. The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19,1987. After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a prime time show and became an early hit for Fox. Since its debut on December 17,1989,615 episodes of The Simpsons have been broadcast and its 28th season began on September 25,2016. It is the longest-running American sitcom and the longest-running American animated program, the Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film, was released in theaters worldwide on July 27,2007, and grossed over $527 million. On May 4,2015, the series was renewed for seasons 27 and 28, on November 4,2016, the series was renewed for seasons 29 and 30, consisting of 22 episodes each. The Simpsons received widespread critical acclaim throughout its first nine or ten seasons, Time named it the 20th centurys best television series, and Erik Adams of The A. V. Club named it televisions crowning achievement regardless of format, on January 14,2000, the Simpson family was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. It has won dozens of awards since it debuted as a series, including 31 Primetime Emmy Awards,30 Annie Awards, Homers exclamatory catchphrase Doh. has been adopted into the English language, while The Simpsons has influenced many adult-oriented animated sitcoms. Despite this, the show has also criticized for what many perceive as a decline in quality over the years. The Simpsons are a family who live in a fictional Middle American town of Springfield, Homer, the father, works as a safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant, a position at odds with his careless, buffoonish personality. He is married to Marge Simpson, a stereotypical American housewife, although the family is dysfunctional, many episodes examine their relationships and bonds with each other and they are often shown to care about one another. The family owns a dog, Santas Little Helper, and a cat, Snowball V, renamed Snowball II in I, both pets have had starring roles in several episodes. The show includes an array of supporting characters, co-workers, teachers, family friends, extended relatives, townspeople. The creators originally intended many of these characters as jokes or for fulfilling needed functions in the town
2.
Solar energy
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Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, the large magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of electricity. The United Nations Development Programme in its 2000 World Energy Assessment found that the potential of solar energy was 1. This is several times larger than the world energy consumption. In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that the development of affordable, inexhaustible, hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments, they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared. The Earth receives 174,000 terawatts of incoming solar radiation at the upper atmosphere, approximately 30% is reflected back to space while the rest is absorbed by clouds, oceans and land masses. The spectrum of light at the Earths surface is mostly spread across the visible. Most of the population live in areas with insolation levels of 150-300 watts/m². Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earths land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe –, warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches an altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis, green plants convert solar energy into stored energy, which produces food, wood. The total solar energy absorbed by Earths atmosphere, oceans and land masses is approximately 3,850,000 exajoules per year, in 2002, this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year. Photosynthesis captures approximately 3,000 EJ per year in biomass, geography affects solar energy potential because areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation. However, the use of photovoltaics that can follow the position of the sun can significantly increase the energy potential in areas that are farther from the equator. Time variation effects the potential of energy because during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb. This limits the amount of energy that solar panels can absorb in one day, cloud cover can affect the potential of solar panels because clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells. In addition, land availability has an effect on the available solar energy because solar panels can only be set up on land that is otherwise unused
3.
Invention
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An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition or process. The invention process is a process within an overall engineering and product development process and it may be an improvement upon a machine or product or a new process for creating an object or a result. An invention that achieves a unique function or result may be a radical breakthrough. Such works are novel and not obvious to others skilled in the same field, an inventor may be taking a big step in success or failure. A patent legally protects the property rights of the inventor. The rules and requirements for patenting an invention vary from country to country, another meaning of invention is cultural invention, which is an innovative set of useful social behaviours adopted by people and passed on to others. The Institute for Social Inventions collected many such ideas in magazines, Invention is also an important component of artistic and design creativity. Inventions often extend the boundaries of knowledge, experience or capability. Brainstorming also can spark new ideas for an invention, collaborative creative processes are frequently used by engineers, designers, architects and scientists. Co-inventors are frequently named on patents, in addition, many inventors keep records of their working process - notebooks, photos, etc. including Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, Evangelista Torricelli, Thomas Jefferson and Albert Einstein. In the process of developing an invention, the idea may change. The invention may become simpler, more practical, it may expand, working on one invention can lead to others too. History shows that turning the concept of an invention into a device is not always swift or direct. Inventions may also more useful after time passes and other changes occur. For example, the became more useful once powered flight was a reality. Invention is often a creative process, an open and curious mind allows an inventor to see beyond what is known. Seeing a new possibility, connection, or relationship can spark an invention, inventive thinking frequently involves combining concepts or elements from different realms that would not normally be put together. Sometimes inventors disregard the boundaries between distinctly separate territories or fields, several concepts may be considered when thinking about invention
4.
Bart Simpson
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Bartholomew JoJo Bart Simpson is a fictional character in the American animated television series The Simpsons and part of the Simpson family. He is voiced by Nancy Cartwright and first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short Good Night on April 19,1987, cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed Bart while waiting in the lobby of James L. Brooks office. Groening had been called to pitch a series of shorts based on his strip, Life in Hell. While the rest of the characters were named after Groenings family members, after appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years, the Simpson family received its own series on Fox, which debuted December 17,1989. At ten years old, Bart is the eldest child and only son of Homer and Marge, Barts most prominent and popular character traits are his mischievousness, rebelliousness and disrespect for authority. He has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons – including video games, The Simpsons Movie, The Simpsons Ride, commercials, in casting, Nancy Cartwright originally planned to audition for the role of Lisa, while Yeardley Smith tried out for Bart. Smiths voice was too high for a boy, so she was given the role of Lisa, Cartwright found that Lisa was not interesting at the time, so instead auditioned for Bart, which she thought was a better role. Hallmarks of the character include his chalkboard gags in the sequence, his prank calls to Moe. Around the third season, the series started to more on the family as a whole. Time named Bart one of the 100 most important people of the 20th century, Nancy Cartwright has won several awards for voicing Bart, including a Primetime Emmy Award in 1992 and an Annie Award in 1995. In 2000, Bart, along with the rest of his family, was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The Simpsons uses a floating timeline in which the characters do not age at all, and as such, in several episodes, events have been linked to specific times, though sometimes this timeline has been contradicted in subsequent episodes. Barts year of birth was stated in I Married Marge as being in the early 1980s, in Simpsorama Bart states his birthday as February 23. He lived with his parents in the Lower East Side of Springfield until the Simpsons bought their first house, when Lisa was born, Bart was at first jealous of the attention she received, but he soon warmed to her when he discovered that Bart was her first word. Barts first day of school was in the early 1990s and his initial enthusiasm was crushed by an uncaring teacher and Marge became worried that something was truly wrong with Bart. One day during recess, Bart met Milhouse and started entertaining him and other students with various gestures, Principal Skinner told him youve just started school, and the path you choose now may be the one you follow for the rest of your life. In his moment of truth, Bart responded, eat my shorts, the episode That 90s Show contradicted much of the backstorys time frame, for example, it was revealed that Homer and Marge were childless in the early 1990s. Barts hobbies include skateboarding, watching television, reading books, playing video games
5.
The Burns Cage
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The Burns Cage is the seventeenth episode in the twenty-seventh season of the American animated television series The Simpsons, and the 591st episode of the series overall. It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 3,2016, in the episode, Waylon Smithers finally comes out as gay to his boss Mr. Burns, who rejects his love. Other characters attempt to find a boyfriend for Smithers, and he falls for Julio, meanwhile, Milhouse competes against a new boy for the lead role in a school production of Casablanca, so he can act alongside his own unrequited love, Lisa. Openly gay actor George Takei makes a cameo as himself, and the features a variety of cultural references, including to Grindr, Vladimir Putin, Equus. The episode was written by Rob LaZebnik, inspired by when his son came out. Critical reception was mixed, the emotionally touching aspects of LaZebniks script, the episode was covered by international media. Smithers declares his love for Mr. Burns after he saves Burns life in a skydiving accident, angry, Smithers treats Homer, Lenny and Carl harshly, so they determine finding Smithers a boyfriend will ease the ill-treatment. They invite potential partners to meet Smithers at a gay mens singles party, the two fall in love, and Smithers leaves his job at the power plant. Back in Springfield, Burns attempts to find a new assistant prove disastrous and he meets Smithers with money and other enticements to lure him back, but Smithers states that he is not swayed. Burns then says he has kept a secret bottled up, that Smithers performance review is excellent, meanwhile, Springfield Elementary put on a production of Casablanca, in which Lisa gets the lead role of Ilsa. Milhouse wants the lead role of Rick because of his love for Lisa, but he is challenged by a new boy, Jack Deforest. Milhouse enlists the bullies to beat up Jack, but Jack wins the fight, principal Skinner sees this violence and declares that Milhouse will play Rick instead of Jack, Lisa is angered as she does not believe that he is a good actor. Marge tells Lisa that it is important to people who are not skilled by telling them that they are. The production is a success, but at the end it is revealed that Jack was disguised as Milhouse, he, in an epilogue Milhouse goes to Moes Tavern, where Smithers teaches him that romantic setbacks make love feel better when it arrives. Moe tells the pair that he searches for gold, not girls. Smithers unrequited love for Mr. Burns is a gag on The Simpsons, the producers once joked that he was not gay. He added that he pitched the storyline three years earlier, and got approval for his script from his son. Smithers coming out is low-key, as was Johnnys, he told the Post that as he was the gayest little kid, the episode aired five days before Johnnys 22nd birthday, and he said he would have a viewing party because the episode would be particularly meaningful to him
6.
The Simpsons (season 6)
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The Simpsons sixth season originally aired on the Fox network between September 4,1994, and May 21,1995, and consists of 25 episodes. The Simpsons is a series about a working class family, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa. The show is set in the city of Springfield, and lampoons American culture, society, television. The showrunner for the production season was David Mirkin who executive-produced 23 episodes. Former showrunners Al Jean and Mike Reiss produced the two, they produced the two episodes with the staff of The Critic, the show they left The Simpsons to create. This was done in order to some of the stress The Simpsons writing staff endured. Fox moved The Simpsons back to its original Sunday night time and it has remained in this slot ever since. The sixth season won one Primetime Emmy Award, and received three additional nominations and it also won the Annie Award for Best Animated Television Production. The Complete Sixth Season DVD was released in the United States on August 16,2005, September 28,2005, in Australia, the set featured a plastic clam-shell Homer-head design and received many complaints. David Mirkin served as showrunner and executive producer for season six, steven Dean Moore and Swinton O. Scott III received their first directing credit. Other credited writers included Greg Daniels, Dan McGrath, Bill Oakley, John Swartzwelder, Jon Vitti, other directors included Bob Anderson, Wes Archer, Susie Dietter, Mark Kirkland, Jeffrey Lynch, Jim Reardon and David Silverman. The main cast consisted of Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria, other cast members included Doris Grau, Pamela Hayden, Tress MacNeille, Maggie Roswell, Russi Taylor and Marcia Wallace. Guest stars included Anne Bancroft, Mel Brooks, Kelsey Grammer, Phil Hartman, Larry King, Susan Sarandon, Patrick Stewart, Meryl Streep and Winona Ryder. The seasons first two episodes, Bart of Darkness and Lisas Rival, were held over from the previous season, the season finale Who Shot Mr. Burns. Came from Groening, who had wanted to do an episode in which Mr. Burns was shot, the writers decided to write the episode in two parts with a mystery that could be used in a contest. It was important for them to design a mystery that had clues, took advantage of freeze frame technology, during the production of the season, Groening and Brooks pitched a live-action spin-off series centered in Krusty the Clown entitled Krusty. Groening and Michael Weithorn wrote an episode where Krusty moved to Los Angeles. A recurring joke throughout the script was that Krusty lived in a house on stilts which were continuously being gnawed by beavers
7.
Chief Wiggum
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Chief Clarence Clancy Wiggum is a fictional character from the animated television series The Simpsons, voiced by Hank Azaria. He is the chief of police in the setting of Springfield. He is the father of Ralph Wiggum and the husband of Sarah Wiggum, the characters comedic value relies heavily on his incompetence and irresponsibility as a police officer, and his laziness and gluttony. Chief Wiggums more responsible fellow officers Eddie and Lou play the straight men to his shenanigans, Chief Wiggum was born in Ireland and moved to Springfield at an early age. Antibiotics used to kill the weapons cured Wiggums asthma, allowing him to join the police force, many episodes have dealt with the back story of how Wiggum, despite his incompetences, occupies such a high role in the police force. As with those of most supporting characters on the show, they are jokes for one episode, Wiggum was temporarily promoted to Commissioner of Police for Springfields state in the 2005 episode Pranksta Rap. Chief Wiggum is the father of Ralph Wiggum, whom he loves and is patient of, Wiggums descriptions of suspects, evidence and location is often very poor. In The Frying Game, he gleefully condemns Homer and Marge to death for murder without conducting an investigation and he has also, on occasion, had people arrested or put in a jail cell for an invalid reason. For example, in Midnight Rx, he attempts to arrest Grandpa on a charge of startling a police officer rather than for the drug smuggling he had involved in with Homer during the episode. Wiggum also often fails to comply with his duties in a real emergency. It is also implied that Chief Wiggum is corrupt. In addition in The Wandering Juvie when Bart and Gina are caught by the Springfield Police Force after escaping from juvenile hall, when Lou points out that they dont have to as these ones are actually guilty, Chief Wiggum remarks Super, it makes our job that much easier. Despite often not being bothered to do his work, Wiggum is emotionally attached to his occupation, on the few occasions where Wiggum loses his commission, he breaks down shockingly fast, even becoming a mugger. Once in a while, Wiggum will have an argument with his fellow officers, on one occasion, Lou had thought about leaving the force to pursue a career in home security, which leaves Wiggum nearly a tearful mess. Despite his general incompetence at his occupation, Wiggum on occasion has helped various other characters, in the episode Pranksta Rap he manages to find the presumed kidnapped Bart Simpson in Kirk Van Houtens apartment. He also arrived just in time during crucial moments such as the various times Sideshow Bob had attempted to kill Bart Simpson. Although Wiggum can often antagonize others as well, it is implied that it is not out of malice. His surname Wiggum is Matt Groenings mothers maiden name, as a conscious pun, Wiggum was designed to look like a pig
8.
Treehouse of Horror XXVI
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It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on October 25,2015. The episode, like the other Treehouse of Horror episodes, comprises three self-contained segments, showrunner Al Jean gave an interview about the episode in the month before it aired. Kelsey Grammer reprises his role as the guest voice of Sideshow Bob, Treehouse of Horror XXVI was watched by an audience of 6.75 million, the highest on Fox that night. Reception was mixed, with its perceived excess violence and lack of originality being criticized, the spirits chase after the Simpson children to their home, and the Frank Grimes monster takes Homers soul. Bart gets a message from Milhouse, telling him to come to the music room. When he gets there, he finds Sideshow Bob, who lured him there with Milhouses phone in order to accomplish his lifelong dream, Bob kills Bart with a spear gun and takes his body to his house to celebrate his accomplishment. As his main objective in life is done, he decides to complete other dreams, such as becoming a teacher at Springfield University. He discovers that the thing that has made him happy was hunting down Bart for 24 years. Bobs machine is discovered by Santas Little Helper, and the Simpson family break into his basement, Bob appears with a shotgun and has the legal right to kill the intruding Simpsons. Homer attacks Bob with a lamp, ripping his head off, Bart puts Bobs head into the Reanimator with a horn, frog legs, a chicken body, a tail and a booger, making a bizarre-looking creature. In a parody of Godzilla, a crazy old Japanese man based on Grampa Simpson is constantly mocked because every day he drops a perfect donut into the ocean. When asked why he does things, he says that is because if he does not. One day, as he is preparing a donut for his ritual, he chokes on the toppings, with nobody to drop the donuts, a sea monster called Homerzilla wakes up and destroys the city. The scene cuts to the present time, where executives are watching the Homerzilla film, two years later, they release Zilla, a total failure. They throw all the merchandising into the ocean, but the containers wake up Homerzilla, in a parody of Chronicle, Bart, Lisa and Milhouse are walking through a forest. Bart scares Lisa with dead owls, and she hits Milhouses nose with the camera, making him lose his balance, Bart and Lisa decide to jump into the hole to rescue him, making all the three stuck inside of it with nuclear waste from the nuclear power plant. The radioactive goo explodes, sending all three of them back outside the hole, when they wake up, Milhouse and Lisa discover that they have gained telekinesis, so they decide to use the powers for selfish purposes. Lisa only makes a few changes, but Milhouse goes mad with powers only to be struck by lightning, Lisa says she did not do it, making the family curious to discover who did this
9.
The Simpsons (season 7)
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The Simpsons seventh season originally aired on the Fox network between September 17,1995 and May 19,1996. The show runners for the production season were Bill Oakley. David Mirkin executive produced the four, including two hold overs that were produced for the previous season. The season was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Animated Program and won an Annie Award for Best Animated Television Program. The DVD box set was released in Region 1 December 13,2005, Region 2 January 30,2006, the set was released in two different forms, a Marge-shaped box and also a standard rectangular-shaped box in which the theme is a movie premiere. The season was the first season produced by Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein. They were chosen partly because they had been with the show since the third season and they also wanted to produce a Treehouse of Horror episode, episodes about Sideshow Bob, Itchy & Scratchy and several format-bending episodes such as 22 Short Films About Springfield. David Mirkin, who had been producer for the previous two seasons, was credited as a consulting producer for the seventh season but also executive produced the episodes Who Shot Mr. Burns. Radioactive Man, Lisa the Vegetarian and Team Homer, steve Tompkins, Dan Greaney, Richard Appel and Rachel Pulido received their first writing credits while Spike Feresten and Jack Barth received their only writing credits this season. Although the majority of the staff stayed on for the next season. Jon Vitti, who had left following the season, returned to write Home Sweet Homediddly-Dum-Doodily as well as The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular. Wes Archer, a director for The Simpsons who helped define the look of the show. Anderson, who had worked on the show as part of the animation staff. Doris Grau, script supervisor for the show and voice of Lunchlady Doris died on December 30,1995, the episode Team Homer, which aired eight days later, was one of the last episodes to feature her voice and featured a dedication to her. After that, Lunchlady Doris had speaking parts in Lisas Sax, from season nine until season eighteen, she appeared only as a background character but had a speaking role in The Mook, the Chef, the Wife and Her Homer where she was voiced by Tress MacNeille. The season started off with the heavily publicized Who Shot Mr. Burns, which was the resolution to the first part, which had been a cliffhanger. Burns, by laying out the clues and identifying the possible suspects. The special was criticized for taking the publicity of the episode too far, several critics said the special tainted Walshs credibility and was described as gimmicky, tacky and blatant groveling for viewers
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The Simpsons (season 8)
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The Simpsons eighth season originally aired on the Fox network between October 27,1996, and May 18,1997, beginning with Treehouse of Horror VII. The showrunners for the production season were Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein. The aired season contained two episodes that were hold-over episodes from season seven, which Oakley and Weinstein also ran and it also contained two episodes for which Al Jean and Mike Reiss were the show runners. Clausen also received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Music Direction for Simpsoncalifragilisticexpialacious, brother from Another Series was nominated for the Emmy for Sound Mixing For a Comedy Series or a Special. Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation awarded the episode the GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding TV – Individual Episode, the DVD box set was released in Region 1 on August 15,2006, Region 2 on October 2,2006, and Region 4 on September 27,2006. The set was released in two different forms, a Maggie-shaped head to match the Homer and Marge shaped heads of the two sets and also a standard rectangular shaped box. Like the seventh box set, both versions are available for sale separately. The DVD boxset for season eight was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on August 15,2006, as well as every episode from the season, the DVD release features bonus material including deleted scenes, Animatics, and commentaries for every episode. The menus continue the format from the previous three seasons, and the overall theme is various characters posing for photographs. List of The Simpsons episodes Bibliography Season 8 at The Simpsons. com Season 8 at the BBC Season 8 at TV. com
